<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565627030017812182</id><updated>2024-08-30T06:50:00.261-07:00</updated><title type='text'>दिलिप</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://durlav02.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4565627030017812182/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://durlav02.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16889868774884611473</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>2</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565627030017812182.post-895760325186336045</id><published>2012-08-20T22:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-08-20T22:08:01.570-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Mushroom Farming in Nepal</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.byaapar.com/2011/10/mushroom-farming.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #434a4e; font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mushroom Farming / च्याउको ब्याबसयिक खेती&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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फंगस समूह को जिबाणु ,बनस्पति जागत मा पर्ने च्याउ एक प्रकार को खाध्य तत्व&amp;nbsp; हो l&amp;nbsp;अरु विरुवा&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;हरुले जस्तो आफ्नो खाना आँफै&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;बनाउन नसक्ने हुदा च्याउ लाई &amp;nbsp;खान सक्ने खाना बनाइ दिएर हावा पानी मिलाई सुरक्ष्यित स्थानमा ब्यवस्थित सँग यसको खेती गरी उत्पादन गर्न सकिन्छ l&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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काँचो र नपाकेको वा पुरै सडेको पदार्थमा यसको उत्पादन नहुने हुदा यसलाई&amp;nbsp;हरियो र काँचोपन हटेको तर&lt;br /&gt;
त्यस बस्तुको तत्व नस्ट&amp;nbsp; नभै सकेको पदार्थ चाहिन्छ l जस्तै&amp;nbsp; पराल सुकेको हुन्छ तर कुहेको हुँदैन वा तत्व सकिएको हुँदैन l&lt;/div&gt;
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च्याउमा मसिना रेसा जस्ता तन्तु हुन्छन जसबाट फैलिएर ठुलो साइज़ मा खान योग्य च्याउ तयार हुन्छ च्याउ तरकारीको रुपमा प्रयोग &amp;nbsp;गरिने अती स्वादिलो साथै मानिसको लागि उपयुक्त खाना हो यसलाई &amp;nbsp;साकाहारी र माम्साहारी दुबै थरिले मन पराउने हुदा यसको ब्याबसायिक खेती गरी ठुलो आम्दानी गर्न सकिन्छ &amp;nbsp;l&lt;br /&gt;
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च्याउ को इतिहास &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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छ सय बर्ष पहिले देखी चीन मा गरीएको&amp;nbsp; च्याउको खेती गरेको पाईन्छ&amp;nbsp;प्रचिन कालका बादशहहरुले अनेक प्रकारका रुपमा प्रयोग गरिने भोजनका साथै औषधीयुक्त च्याउ खाइ आफुलाइ सधैं जबान राख्न चाहन्थे l&lt;/div&gt;
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बिकसित देशहरुले च्याउको उत्पादन उपयोग र त्यसको महत्वबारे जन समक्ष्य ल्याइ उत्पादन र उपयोग गरेका छन अन्तरराष्ट्रिय जगतमा च्याउ खेती किसानको एउटा &amp;nbsp;सशक्त खेती र च्याउका बारेका ब्यापक प्रचार प्रसार गरी जन समक्ष्य ल्याइ च्याउको उपभोग्य संसार फराकिलो पारीदिएको छ l&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;छिमेकी राष्ट्र चिन लाई नै हेर्ने हो भने सशक्त च्याउ उत्पादन गर्ने र अरु देशलाई च्याउ बिक्री गर्न सक्ने देखिन्छ नेपालको बजारमा चाइनाकै च्याउको क्यान पाईन्छ भारतमा पनि प्रसस्त रुपमा अहिले पनि च्याउ खेती भएको र धेरै&lt;/div&gt;
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च्याउका विउहरु पनि चाइना र भारतबाट नेपालमा ल्याइेएको पाईन्छ / हाम्रो देशको नजिकै भारतको पश्चिम बंगाल र सोलानमा पनि धेरै च्याउ खेतिको राम्रो प्रचार प्रसार भएको पाईन्छ l&amp;nbsp; हाम्रो देशमा पनी&amp;nbsp;च्याउ खेती ३५&amp;nbsp; देखी ३८ बर्ष को ईतिहास रहेको पाईन्छ l&lt;/div&gt;
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कन्ये&amp;nbsp;च्याउ&amp;nbsp;खेती&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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सानो पुँजिको उत्पादनले क्रान्ति&amp;nbsp;ल्याउन सक्ने कन्ये च्याउकै बारेमा भन्ने हो भने २० देखी २५ हजारको लगानिमा ३०&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;१४ फिटको छाप्रोमा एक पटक खेती गर्दा राम्रोसँग मेहनत गरे १५०० किलो&amp;nbsp;च्याउ उत्पादन गर्न सकिन्छ एउटा छाप्रोमा वर्शको दुइचोटि खेती गरे ३०००&amp;nbsp; किलो च्याउ फलाउन सकिन्छ , यती सानो संसारबाट यात्त्रो &amp;nbsp;च्याउ उत्पादन हुन्छ l कन्ये च्याउ काठमान्डू मा पुष माघमा पनि उत्पादन भएको छ झापाको केचना नजिकैको चाराली र धुलाबारी सम्मको गर्मी ठाउमा पनि कन्ये&amp;nbsp;खेती गरिएको छ / हिमालि भेगको जौको नलदेखी पहाडको मकैको ढोड , खोस्टा र&amp;nbsp;तराइको खोलाको काँसदेखी गहुँको छवाली र परालमा समेत् कन्ये च्याउको खेती&amp;nbsp;गर्ने स्रोत हुन l तरकारी , अचार् सुकाएर जसरी पनि बिरामी र सुत्केरी&amp;nbsp;जस्ताले पनि दुब्ला र मोटाजस्तालाई पनि बुढा , युवक , र वच्चा सबैले खान&amp;nbsp;हुने / खेती गरेको २० देखी ४० दिनमै उत्पादन लिन सकिने नेपालको एक स्तरिय&amp;nbsp;खेती कन्ये च्याउ हो नेपालमा कन्ये च्याउको खेती राम्रोसँग गरे १२ महिना नै&lt;/div&gt;
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गर्न सकिन्छ । गोब्रे च्याउ भन्दा स्वास्थ्यको हिसाबले कन्ये च्याउ खानको&amp;nbsp;लागि धेरै उपयुक्त मानिन्छ ।गोब्रे च्याउमा जस्तो यसमा डि ए पि , युरिया र&amp;nbsp;चिनी मल जस्ता रासायनिक मल प्रयोग गरिदैन । गोब्रे च्याउलाई खान अयोग्य&amp;nbsp;सोडा प्रयोग गरेर धोइन्छ भने कन्ये च्याउमा यस्तो केमिकल प्रयोग गरेर&amp;nbsp;पखालिदैन । सिधैपोकाबाट टिपेर बेचिन्छ । हर हिसाब, हर ठाउमा , यसको&amp;nbsp;उत्पादन गर्न सकिन्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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छाप्रा बनाउन चाहिने सामानहरु&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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- छाप्रो बनाउन आवश्यक हतियार&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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- बाँस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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- बाँसका छाप्रालाई मिल्ने नापका खामाहरु&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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- बाँसका बलाहरु&lt;/div&gt;
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- घुमाउने भाटाहरु&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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- सिधा भाटाहरु&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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- छाप्रोको खामा, बला र भाटाहरु बाँध्ने डोरी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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- छाउने प्लास्टिक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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- माथिबाट छोप्ने गुन्द्री&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-पोका झुन्ड्याउदै जाँदा विचमा टेका दिने बलाहरु&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-सिकुवा बार्नको लागि आवश्यक भाटा , किला , बाँस , पराल वा छवाली&lt;/div&gt;
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कन्ये च्याउको छाप्रो कस्तो चाहिन्छ ?&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPQeVRsMtuTE8ZwXoHuc8It1RmVUxm16gWJrMwcjZZ9wDsd6ifQficZg23s9YM51teXQtetpY-DU4xbp5rSYWaW-2GABHL7NPn1H8E0C2leVeOwgrJB4x4wzUGGbiRwE2ZJG7AN6LxDFg/s1600/chinese-farming-practices-132993.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; color: #666666; float: right; font-family: Arial, Verdana; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;214&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPQeVRsMtuTE8ZwXoHuc8It1RmVUxm16gWJrMwcjZZ9wDsd6ifQficZg23s9YM51teXQtetpY-DU4xbp5rSYWaW-2GABHL7NPn1H8E0C2leVeOwgrJB4x4wzUGGbiRwE2ZJG7AN6LxDFg/s320/chinese-farming-practices-132993.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;झुन्ड्याउने&amp;nbsp;प्रविधिको कन्ये च्याउको छाप्रो निश्चित नापको चाहिन्छ । कती&amp;nbsp;पोका झुन्ड्याउने, कती अट्छ सबै पहिले नै योजना बनाउन पर्दछ। आफ्नो&amp;nbsp;जग्गाको स्तिथी हेरेर छाप्रोको तयार गर्ने । छाप्रो पुर्व,पश्चिम, उत्तर,&amp;nbsp;दक्षिण जता फर्काएर बनाए पनि हुन्छ । पहिला धुरिमा खामो गाड्ने, धुरिको&amp;nbsp;खामो १ फिट पर विचको झुन्ड्याउने खामो गाड्ने । धुरी खामोको साँढे ४ फिट पर&amp;nbsp;छेउको झुन्ड्याउने खामो गाड्ने । अर्को पट्टि पनि त्यसरी नै यही नापमा&amp;nbsp;विचका र छेउका झुन्ड्याउने खामाहरु गाड्ने । साँढे ४ फिटको ठाउमा छाप्रामा&amp;nbsp;पानी हाल्ने र च्याउ टीप्न जाने बाटो रहन्छ । विचमा दुई खामोबिच २ फिट फरक&amp;nbsp;ठाउमा मानिस हिंड्न चाँही ठाउँ हुँदैन तर त्यो विचबाट छिरेको हावाले विच&amp;nbsp;भागअको च्याउलाई राम्ररी फाल्न सहयोग पुर्याउँछ । दुबैपट्टि&amp;nbsp;सिकुवामा ३ फिटमाथि छ फिट सम्मको दुरिमा झ्याल हुनुपर्छ । त्यसभन्दा माथिको भाग बन्द गरी बार्नुपर्छ । यसरी ३ फित्देखी छ फिटसम्मको उचाइमा खोलिएको झ्यालमा केही&amp;nbsp;बाँसका भाटाले बुनेको जाली आकारको टाटी &amp;nbsp;त्यसमा झुल माथिबाट लाउन र खोल्न&amp;nbsp;मिल्ने कालो प्लाश्टिकको झ्यालमा दुबैपट्टि&amp;nbsp;सिकुवामा हुनुपर्छ । मानिस&amp;nbsp;पस्ने ढोका सधैं बन्द हुनुपर्छ । च्याउ फलेको बेलामा च्याउलाई चाहिने&amp;nbsp;आवश्यक हावा दिन मिल्नेखालको छाप्रो हुनुपर्छ । पराल वा छवालिले राम्ररी&amp;nbsp;सिकुवा बार्नुपर्दछ । सिकुवा बारेको राम्रो भएन भने छिद्र वा दुलाबाट किरा र&amp;nbsp;घाम पसी च्याउलाई बाधा पुर्याउछ । छानामाथि हालेको गुन्द्री मिलेको&amp;nbsp;हुनुपर्दछ , गुन्द्री पातलो भए वा हुँदै नभए प्लाश्टिकबाट घामको तातो छिरेर&amp;nbsp;फलेको च्याउलाई सुकाइदिन्छ । छाप्राका झ्याल सिधा हावा सरर छिर्ने खालको&amp;nbsp;हुनुपर्दछ। हावा नछिर्ने छप्रामा उत्पादन कम् हुन्छ । &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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छाप्रोको&amp;nbsp;लागि बाँस कस्तो चाहिन्छ?&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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बाँस हुनेबितीकै सबै बाँस छाप्रोको लागि उपयुक्त हुँदैनन । यसमा पनि कन्ये&amp;nbsp;च्याउको झुन्ड्याउने प्रबिधिको छाप्रोमा त धेर बोझिलो कामको छाप्रो हो ।&amp;nbsp;कन्ये च्याउको छाप्रो बनाउने बाँस स्तरिय,बलियो,छिप्पेको, सिधा, र राम्रो&amp;nbsp;जातको चाहिन्छ । कलिलो, बाङ्गो,किराले खाएको र कमसल जातको काम लाग्दैन ।&amp;nbsp;राम्रो बाँस निश्चित नाप गुणस्तर सिपमा छाप्राको काम सुरु गर्नुपर्दछ ।&amp;nbsp;छाप्राको लागि आवश्यक बाँसका सामानहरु खामा, बला, र भातहरु ठीक मिल्दो&amp;nbsp;साइजका हुनुपर्दछ । बाँसका यि सामान कमजोर अभाव भयो भने स्तरिय काम लाग्ने&amp;nbsp;छाप्रो बनाउन सकिदैन ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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छाप्रो&amp;nbsp;च्याउ खेतिको लागि मानिसहरु बसेको घर भन्दा प्लाश्टिकले छाएर माथिबाट&amp;nbsp;गुन्द्रिले छोपिएको प्लाश्टिक घर बढी राम्रो हुन्छ । यस्तो प्लास्तिक घर&amp;nbsp;बनाउनलाई हाम्रो आर्थिक हिसबमा बाँसको भाटा बनाइ प्लाश्टिक् ओढाएर बनाएको&amp;nbsp;छाप्रो चलन चल्तिमा छ । हुन त बाँसको ठाउमा फलाम प्रयोग गर्दा खर्छ बढी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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हुन्छ र पछी फलाम खियाले भाचिदा वा बिग्रदा कवाडी मुल्यमा जान्छ भने&amp;nbsp;बाँसलाई तरकारीको थाङ्ग्रो र पराल बफ्याउदा वा दाउराको रुपमा बाल्ने काममा&amp;nbsp;समेत प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । त्यसकारण पहिलो बाँस स्वदेशी उत्पादनको &amp;nbsp;सदुपयोग भयो पुन प्रयोग गरिने पदार्थ भयो तेस्रो काम मुल्यमा किन्न सकिने&amp;nbsp;भयो । फलाम भन्दा बाँस धेरै कम् मुल्य र सरल खर्चमा पर्दछ ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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खामोको बाँस कस्तो चाहिन्छ?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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खामोको लागि बाँसको फेदको भाग सिधा,बलियो र बलाभन्दा केही ठुलो छाप्राको&amp;nbsp;पुरै भारी थाम्ने हुन पर्दछ । प्रत्यक खामोको बलो राख्ने ठाउको चोक&amp;nbsp;आँख्लामा हुनुपर्दछ नत्र बलो राख्दा खामो चिरिन्छ । खामो कती गाढ्ने भन्ने&amp;nbsp;कुरा ठाउमा भर पर्दछ। सामान्यतया साँढे १ फिट गाड्नु पर्दछ । यो पनि ठाउँ&amp;nbsp;हेरी खाल्टोमा इन्टा,ढुङा राख्ने सतर्कता अपनाउने हो भने पछी भासिने&amp;nbsp;समस्याले दु:ख पर्दैन । खामो जुन जातको बाँस भएपनी हुन्छ तर खामोको काम&amp;nbsp;धान्ने हुनुपर्दछ ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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खामोको&amp;nbsp;उचाइ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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यहाँ हाम्रो छाप्राको आधारमा टहराको वर्णन गरिएको छ। अग्लो उचाइमा धेरै&amp;nbsp;पोका अट्ने र टहरो स्तरिय हावा राम्रो सन्चालन हुने र व्यवसायिक हिसाबले&amp;nbsp;सान्दर्भिक हुने भएकाले यस प्रकारको उचाइमा जोड दीएको हो। जस्तै&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-धुरी खामो १० फिट&amp;nbsp; उचाइको आवश्यक अनुसार&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-विचको खामो ९ फिटका आधा उचाइको ७ फिट आधाको फरकमा गाड़ने&amp;nbsp; र कमजोर खामो भए&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;मिल्दो गरी गाड्ने&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-विचको अर्को लाइन खामो पनि ९ फिट्का आधा उचाइको ७ फिट आधाको फरकमा गाड्ने&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-छेउका दुबै पत्टिका खामाहरु ७ फिट आधा उचाइका ७ फिट आधा फरकमा गाड्ने &amp;nbsp;।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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खामाले थेग्नुपर्ने भार&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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झुन्ड्याउने कन्ये च्याउमा एक पोकाको तौल् ५ देखी ७ के.जि सम्म हुने&amp;nbsp;भएकाले चार पाँच सय पोकाको तौल् तीन हजार के.जि सम्म भार थेग्ने खालको&amp;nbsp;खामो गाड्नुपर्दछ। खामाहरु बलिया भएनन भने थेग्न सक्दैनन र छाप्राहरु लड्छन। छाप्रो बनाउदा नै पछीको समस्या प्रती गहिरो सोच राखेर काम गर्नु पर्दछ।&amp;nbsp;पोका झुन्ड्याइसकेपछि खामो कमजोर भयो भने बलो लर्केर पोका भुइमा&amp;nbsp;लड्छ&amp;nbsp;र&amp;nbsp;पोका बिग्रन्छ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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च्याउ छाप्रोमा भाटा दुई प्रकारअका हुन्छन । घुमाउने र सिधा घुमाउने भाटाले डाँडाको काम पनि गर्नुपर्ने भएकाले भाटा भरपर्दो, दरो, र स्तरिय &amp;nbsp;हुनुपर्दछ। घुमाउने भाटा किरा लागेको मसिना, लुलो, झिनो र गान्सेको&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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हुनुहुन्दैन। छाप्रो स्तरिय बनाउनको लागि यो भाटा २ फितको फरकमा राख्नु&amp;nbsp;पर्दछ। छाप्रोको निश्चित नाप मिलाई दुबै लाइनमा २ फिटको किला ठोकेर बलियो&amp;nbsp;गरी गाड्ने। धुरी बलो माथिबाट भाटा मिलाई दुबै पट्टि किलामा घुमाउने भाटो&amp;nbsp;बांध्ने । यसरी किलामा डोरिले बाँधेको भाटा उसै गाडेको भन्दा बलियो हुनको&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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साथै स्तरिय छाप्रो बन्दछ बातासले उडाउने समस्या कम् हुन्छ। बाँस चिर्दा&amp;nbsp;खेरी नै स्तरिय भाटा चिर्नु पर्छ ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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सिधा भाटा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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यो घुमाउने भाटाको सहयोगी पनि हो। यो भाटा टुक्रा कमजोरी खालको हुँदा पनि&amp;nbsp;हुन्छ। सिधा भाटा घुमाउने भाटा लाई सहयोग गर्दै छानाको काम पुरा गर्ने भएकाले टुक्रा खेर जाने खालको बाङ्गा टुप्पा साना सबै खालको भाटाहरु सिधा तेस्रो&amp;nbsp;भाटामा प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पराल&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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कन्ये च्याउ खेतिको लागि राम्रो पराल चाहिन्छ। पराल पठुवा पाकेको वा&amp;nbsp;नपाकेको दुबै हुन्छ। पठुवा पाकेको पराल अली नरम र पोका पार्न सजिलो &amp;nbsp;हुन्छ।निम राखेको पराल अररो कडा हुने हुनाले पोका पार्दा प्लास्टिक&amp;nbsp; छेड्ने र पोका मिलाउने समस्या हुन्छ, उत्पादनमा दुबै उस्तै हुन। कन्ये च्याउको लागि&amp;nbsp;पानीले भिजेको कालो टिका लागेको, मकिएको र कुहिएको हुनु हुँदैन। पुरानो&amp;nbsp;पराल हुन्छ तर नयाँ पराल राम्रो नसुकेको हरियो वा डाठमा चिसो भएको हुनु&amp;nbsp;हुँदैन। धेरै मलिलो ठाउको पत्ता बढी भएको परालमा उत्पादन कम् हुन्छ। धान&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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फलेको बालो भागमा च्याउ उत्पादन हुँदैन । रुखो खेतको&amp;nbsp;डाठ&amp;nbsp;बढी र पात घटी&amp;nbsp;भएको परालमा उत्पादन बढी हुन्छ। परालबाहेक गहुँको छवाली मकैको खोस्ता,उखुको रस निचोरेको बाँकी&amp;nbsp;डाठ&amp;nbsp;र &amp;nbsp;कान्समा &amp;nbsp;पनि कन्ये च्याउमा खेती गर्न सकिन्छ ।&amp;nbsp;तर परालमा जती उत्पादन भने लिन सकिदैन । &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पराल&amp;nbsp;काट्ने सामान&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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कन्ये च्याउ खेतिमा पराल पोका पार्नु पर्ने हुनाले पराललाई टुक्रा&amp;nbsp;पार्नुपर्दछ । पराल कात्नुलाई भुशा काट्ने भन्ने गरिन्छ। हामीले दुई&amp;nbsp;प्रकारअका हतियारले पराल टुक्रा बनाउछौ। सानो खर्चको कैची र ठुलो हातले वा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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मोटर् विजुलिबाट चल्ने ब्लेडवाला मेसिन दुबै हतियार पराल काट्नलाई आफ्नो&amp;nbsp;आर्थिक क्षमताअनुसार प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ।&amp;nbsp;यसरी कातेको पराल आधा इन्च देखी दुई इन्चसम्म प्रयोग गरिएको हुन्छ । आधा वा एक इन्चको पराल छोटो हुँदा पोका मिलाउन सजिलो हुन्छ भने देढ वा दुई&amp;nbsp;इन्चको परालको टुक्रामा च्याउ टिप्दा धेरै खाल्टो &amp;nbsp;पर्छ र अर्को पटकालाई&amp;nbsp;फल्ने पराल खेर जान्छ। देढ वा दुई इन्चको परालमा च्याउ टिप्दा पोका त्यसरी&amp;nbsp;धेरै खेर जाने गरेर आउँदैन।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पराल पखाल्ने ठाउँ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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कन्ये च्याउको राम्ररी पखाल्नु पर्ने हुनाले ठाउँ वा भाडो निश्चित&amp;nbsp;हुनुपर्छ। आफ्नो आर्थीक अवस्था अनुसार पखाल्ने ड्रम , बाटा वा सिमेन्टले&amp;nbsp;प्लश्टर गरिएको पोखरी हुनु जरुरी छ।&amp;nbsp;यसरी काटेको टुक्रा पराललाई राम्रोसँग पखालेर मात्रा बाफ्याउनू पर्दछ।&amp;nbsp;पराल राम्ररी भिज्ने गरी केही समय २ देखी ३ घण्टासम्मा पानीमा डुबाइ राख्ने त्यसपछी दुइवटा तरिकाले उठाउन सकिन्छ सानो थोर र फुर्सद छ भने परालको पानी तर्काइ बफ्याउने भान्डोमा भरी बफ्याउने। यदी तुरुन्तै पोका पार्नुछ भने&amp;nbsp;४०, ५० के.जि को जुट को बोरामा भरी बोरमै बफ्याउने गरी ड्रममा भर्ने किनकी&amp;nbsp;बोराको पराल अर्को खाली बोरा हातमा पन्जा जस्तै लगाएर तातो बोरा झिक्न&amp;nbsp;सकिन्छ त्यही तातो ड्रममा अर्को पराल बफ्याउन सकिन्छ। &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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चुलो&lt;/div&gt;
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आफ्नो आर्थिक अवस्थाले जुटाएको भाडोअनुसारको चुलो हुनु जरुरी छ। व्यबसायिक&amp;nbsp;हिसाबले खेती गर्दा चाँही उपयुक्त भाडो ड्रम नै हो। एक ड्रममा ९ देखी १०&amp;nbsp;वटा पोकासमा बफ्याउन सकिन्छ। बफ्याउने चुलो ड्रमको लागि १६ इन्च गहिरो चुलो गोलो वा चारपाटे दुबै हुन्छ। चुलो जमिनको सतहभन्दा तल भएमा पाकेको पराल&amp;nbsp;ड्रमबाट झिक्न सजिलो हुन्छ। बातासले आगोलाई हान्दैन र अली छिटो हुन्छ।&amp;nbsp;जमिनको सतह माथि हुँदा पराल झिक्न असजिलो हुन्छ। बातासले बढी सताउछ। यो&amp;nbsp;चुलो दाउराको भुस भरेर दाउराले मात्रा पकाउने हो भने उचाइ १० इन्च र&amp;nbsp;फराकिलो १६ इन्चकै चुलो ठीक हुन्छ। अहिले आधुनिक चुलो पनि प्रयोगमा आएको छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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बफ्याउने तरिका&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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कन्ये च्याउ खेतिको लागि मेशिन वा कैचिमा टुक्राएको पराललाई पखालेपछी ड्रम&amp;nbsp;वा भाडोमा ६ इन्च पानी राखी पानीमा सफा खालको इटा वा ढुङ्गा राखी ड्रम भए&amp;nbsp;त्यसैको माथिको विर्को भाग काटी त्यो बिर्कोलाई ढलाई काटी ले प्वाल पारी&amp;nbsp;ड्रममा त्यो विर्कोलाई छिराइ इटा माथि राखेर त्यसपछी खुला वा जुटको बोरामा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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झरेको परालको बोराले ड्रम भर्दा बोरा टाडे पर्‍यो भने परालको बोरा नताती&amp;nbsp;एकै फेरी वाफ माथि आउछ । परालको बोरा ड्रममा भर्दा&amp;nbsp; निकै ध्यान दिएर टाडे &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;नपर्ने गरी मिलाएर भर्ने। बोरा वा परालले ड्रम भरिएपछी बाक्लो प्लाश्टिकले&amp;nbsp;बोरासहित ड्रमको मुख छोपी साइकलको ट्युबले कसेर ड्रमको मुख बान्ध्ने।&amp;nbsp;ड्रमको सबै भागमा तातो पर्ने गरी आगो लाउने, यसरी पराल तातेर माथिसम्म वाफ&amp;nbsp;आएपछी प्लाश्टिक भुक्क भएर फुल्छ। पूरा तातेपछी वाफले ट्युब र प्लास्टिक &amp;nbsp;फालिदिन्छ। त्यस बेला ड्रमको खुल्ला वा बोराको पराल पूरा सबै तातेको छ कि&amp;nbsp;छैन भनी राम्रोसँग छामेर हेर्ने। यदी पराल वा बोरा सबैमा तातो पुगेको छैन&amp;nbsp;भने तात्ने गरी फेरी बप्ग्याउने । पुरै पाकेर मात्र झिक्ने। नपाकेको&amp;nbsp;परालमा कन्ये च्याउको विउ बाँच्न सक्दैन। जङ्गली च्याउ उम्रन्छ र हरियो&amp;nbsp;ढुसिले आक्रमण गर्छ। &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: orange; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;सानो&amp;nbsp;हिसाबमा थोरै खेती गर्दा आफुसँग भएका डेक्ची, ड्रम जस्ता भाडा मा पनि&amp;nbsp;हामीले बफाउन सक्छौ। ड्रममा जस्तै पिधमा ६ इन्च पानी त्यसमा सफा इटा वा&amp;nbsp;ढुङ्गा राखी त्यसमाथि केही बाँसका कप्टेरा वा साना साना साइजको काठको&amp;nbsp;मिल्ने फ्ल्याक वा फलाम का&amp;nbsp; जाली केही मिल्दो जुल्दो गरी त्यसैमा पराल राखेर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: orange; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;बफ्याई घरेलु उत्पादनको कार्य गर्न सक्छौ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #f4cccc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका पार्ने ठाउँ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पराल बफ्याए पछीको महत्वपूर्ण दोश्रो काम पोका पार्नु हो। यसको&amp;nbsp;लागि राम्रो ठाउँ चाहिन्छ। ठुलो खेती गर्नेले छुट्टै पोका पार्ने टहरा&amp;nbsp;बनाउछन । सानो खेती गर्नेले च्याउ लगाउने टहरामै पोका पार्छन। यसको लागि&amp;nbsp;मझेरी मिलेको हुनुपर्दछ, त्रिपाल वा बाक्लो प्लाश्टिक ओछ्याइएको हुनुपर्छ,पोका पार्ने कोठामा सफा पारी डायथिन् एम ४५ लुगा धुने सरफ १ लिटर पानीमा&amp;nbsp;१०० ग्रामका दरले राखी छाप्रो र भुइमा सबै तिर स्प्रे गर्ने।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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बफ्याएको परालमा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-वेविस्तिन १ लिटर पानीमा ५ ग्रामका दरले&lt;/div&gt;
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-फर्मालिन १ लिटर पानीमा ५ एम.एल का दरले रेन्कर को निमतेल १ ली .पानीमा २ एम.एल मिलाई आफ्नो आवश्यक परालको&amp;nbsp;आनुपातमा औषधी घोली स्प्रेमा हाली पोका पार्ने ठाउमा स्प्रे गर्दै खन्याउदै&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;गर्ने यसरी पोका पार्ने ठाउमा खन्याएको परालमा सबैतिर औषधीको मात्रा&amp;nbsp;पुगेको हुनु पर्दछ। नत्र त्यो पराल रोग मुक्त हुन सक्दैन र हरियो ढुसी र&amp;nbsp;जङ्गली च्याउले आक्रमण गर्छ। औषधी स्प्रेसँग हातले चलाएर पनि मिलाउनु&amp;nbsp;पर्दछ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका पार्ने ठाउमा जुत्ता चप्पल लगाएर जान पनि मनाही गर्नुपर्दछ।&amp;nbsp;कुनै फोहोर मैला हात खुट्टा लिएर काम गर्न हुँदैन। खाजा, चिया, चुरोट, र&amp;nbsp;खैनी जस्ता पदार्थ त्यहा बसेर सेवन् गर्नु हुँदैन। आगोबाट झिक्दा झिक्दै&amp;nbsp;कही तातै वा वाफ छुट्दै गरेको पनि पोका पार्दा हुन्छ। चिसो भएपछी पारे पनि&amp;nbsp;हुन्छ। तातोले पराल पोका पार्न सजिलो हुनुका साथै ढुसी पनि चाडै फैलिन्छ। &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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प्लाश्टिक&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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कन्ये&amp;nbsp;च्याउ खेतिको लागि राम्रो सिफारिस प्लाश्टिक १६×&amp;nbsp;२६ को एल डिलाइ हो । आर्थिक&amp;nbsp;तथा व्यबहारिक हिसाबअले १६×&amp;nbsp;२६ साइजको प्लाश्टिक २० ग्राम तौलको ठीक हुन्छ।&amp;nbsp;प्लाश्टिक धेरै पातलो हुँदा पोका कसिदैन, पोका कसिएन भने खुकुलो पोकामा उतपादन कम हुन्छ l&amp;nbsp;बढ़ी बाक्लो प्लास्टिक मा पोका &amp;nbsp;पार्न असजिलो भाई पोका बाध्दा &amp;nbsp;प्लाश्टिक मर्किदैन र कस्न सकिदैन भने&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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बाक्लो तौल् बढी हुँदा मुल्य पनि बढी पर्दछ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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च्याउ खेतिको लागि बिउ&lt;/div&gt;
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अरु खेतिलाई जस्तै च्याउ खेतिलाई पनि राम्रो विउको आवश्यकअता पर्छ।&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;विउको स्तर छुट्याउन त समस्या नै छ तर पनि&amp;nbsp;मदर कल्चरको माउ बिउ राम्रो हुन्छ। यसको लागि विश्वासनिय प्रविधिसँग&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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संपर्क राखी पछी उत्पादन नराम्रो भए सो खेतिको जवाफदेही प्राबिधिकले लिने सर्तमा च्याउको विउ खरिद गर्नु पर्दछ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;विउ कस्तो&amp;nbsp;हुनुपर्दछ?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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-विउमा कालो हरियो कुनै रङ्ग देखिनु हुँदैन।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-बोतल वा प्लाश्टिकमा हेर्दा राम्ररी ढुसी फैलिएको हुनुपर्दछ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-विउ बनाएको मिती धेरै भै च्याउ पलाइसकेको पनि हुनु&amp;nbsp;हुँदैन।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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-विउ कुहिएको गन्हाउने कडा डल्ला भएको हुनुहुँदैन। &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका&amp;nbsp;पार्ने तरिका&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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प्लाश्टिकको थैलो बन्द भएपट्टि मुजा पारी रबर वा सुतलिले बाध्ने र १ लिटर&amp;nbsp;पानीमा ५ एम.एल फर्मालिन मिलाई भाडो मा राख्ने र प्लास्टिक &amp;nbsp;थैलो फर्मालिन&amp;nbsp;पानीमा चोभ्ने र त्यो चोभेको भागअलाई पराल भर्ने पट्टि फर्काइ पोका भर्न&amp;nbsp;सुरु गर्ने। पहिला विचमा हाल्ने भागको आधा भाग बिउ प्लास्टिकको पिधमा&amp;nbsp;राखेर पराल भर्न सुरु गर्ने। कारीब २ इन्च खादेको परालको फरकमा बिउ रख्दै&amp;nbsp;जाने l &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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एक पोकाको उचाइ १२ देखी १४ इन्चको हुनुपर्दछ। यसमा लगाइने विउलाई&amp;nbsp;तह&amp;nbsp; भनिन्छ। एउटा पोकामा ५ देखी ७&amp;nbsp; तहसम्म विउ छर्नुपर्दछ। पराल पुरा&amp;nbsp;भएपछी अन्त्यमा पनि पिधमा जस्तै &amp;nbsp;विच भागको तुलनामा आधा विउ हाल्ने एक&amp;nbsp;पोकामा १५० ग्रामदेखी २०० ग्रामसम्म विउ चाहिन्छ। पोका बाध्ने बेलामा&amp;nbsp;पहिला पराल मिलाई जोडले खाद्ने । पोका भर्दा पराल प्रेसले खादेर मात्रा विउ&amp;nbsp;राख्दै जाने। पोका खादिएन भने उत्पादन कम् &amp;nbsp;हुन्छ। विउ हाल्दा बाहिरबाट&amp;nbsp;देखिने भागपट्टि &amp;nbsp;बिउ मिलएर त्यहाँ प्रश्ट देखिने गरी हाल्ने भित्रपट्टि&amp;nbsp;नदेखिने भागमाविऊ छेउको तुलनामा ४ भागमा एक भाग मात्र हाल्ने। त्यसो हुँदा&amp;nbsp;छेउबाट ढुसी फैलिएर सबै पराललाई राम्ररी ढुसिले ढाक्न सक्ने पोका हातले&amp;nbsp;मात्र कस्न नसके घुडा को सहायतामा पनि खाद्न सकिन्छ। कन्ये च्याउ राम्रो&amp;nbsp;फलाउन राम्ररी खाद्नुपर्दछ। यसरी खाद्ने काम पूरा भएपछी च्याप्प हातले&amp;nbsp;पोकाको प्लाश्टिकको मुख समाइ केही घुमाएर रबर वा सुतलिले बाध्ने र सिरक&amp;nbsp;तग्ने ठुलो सियोले २०० देखी २५० वटा &amp;nbsp;सम्म सबैतिर पर्नेगरी प्वाल पार्ने।&amp;nbsp;एउटा मात्रा सियोले खोप्दा धेरै समय लाग्ने हुँदा १० देखी १२ वटा &amp;nbsp;जती&amp;nbsp;सियोलाई एउटा बट्टा को वारीपरी राखेर ट्युबको केही सानो भागले बाध्ने र&amp;nbsp;खोप्ने । २० पटकामै २०० भन्दा माथि प्वाल हुन्छ। &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका&amp;nbsp;राख्ने ठाउँ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका पारेर खोपिसकेपछी केही समय पोकालाई भुइमा प्लास्टिक &amp;nbsp;ओछ्याएर राख्ने।&amp;nbsp;७ &amp;nbsp;देखी १० दिन पछी झुन्ड्याउने, भुइमै राख्ने भए लाइन मिलाएर पानी दिने र&amp;nbsp;च्याउ टिप्ने बाटो मिलाएर राख्ने, यसलाई इटा वा ढुङ्गा माथि राख्दा बढी&amp;nbsp;राम्रो हुन्छ। यसरी पोका पारेर ७ &amp;nbsp;देखी १० दिन राख्दा पोकामा राम्रो ढुसी&amp;nbsp;फैलिदै जाने हुनाले धुसिमा च्याउको फूलको जस्तै बास्ना चल्छ। यो&amp;nbsp;बास्नाको कारण किराले र भुसुनाले ढुसिलाई आक्रमण गर्न खोज्छ। त्यसकारण&amp;nbsp;रेगुलर औषधी प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ। पोका पारेको दिन देखी लिएर च्याउको मुना&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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नआउन्जेल सम्म दैनिक औषधी स्प्रे गर्नुपर्छ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;पहिलो दिन&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;:&amp;nbsp;निम तेल १ लि. पानीमा २ एम.एल का दरले&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;दोस्रो दिन&lt;/u&gt;:&amp;nbsp;निम तेल र डेसीस १ लि.पानीमा ५ एम.एल का दरले&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;तेस्रो दिन&lt;/u&gt;:&amp;nbsp;निम तेल र वेबीस्टीन १लि. पानीमा ५ ग्राम का दरले&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;चौथो दिन&lt;/u&gt;:&amp;nbsp;निम तेल र डेसीस १ लि.पानीमा ५ एम.एल का दरले&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;पचौ दिन&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;:&amp;nbsp;निम तेल २ एम.एल १ लि.पानीमा २ एम.एल का दरले&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;छैठौ दिन&lt;/u&gt;:&amp;nbsp;निम तेल र वेबीस्टीन १लि. पानीमा २ एम.एल ५ ग्राममा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;सातौ दिन&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;:&amp;nbsp;निम तेल र वेबीस्टीन १लि. पानीमा २ एम.एल ५ ग्राममा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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झुन्ड्याउने तरिका&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका&amp;nbsp;झुन्ड्याउनलाई छप्रो बनाउदा नै ध्यान दिनुपर्छ। सामान्यतया बलो भन्दा&amp;nbsp;अली ठुलो बासको &amp;nbsp;खामो हुनुपर्छ। बलो धेरै छिप्पेको सिधा तारु बास भए बढी&amp;nbsp;राम्रो हुन्छ। यसमा एक बाट अर्को खामोको फरक ७ फिट आधामा गाड्दा एक कबोल&amp;nbsp;वा एक खामो देखी अर्को खामोसम्मको ६ लाइन&amp;nbsp; पोका&amp;nbsp;झुन्ड्याउन सकिन्छ। यदी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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टुप्पो वा लुलो बलो&amp;nbsp;झुन्ड्याउदा नुहियो भने तीन वटा &amp;nbsp;पोकाको विच्बाट &amp;nbsp;टेको&amp;nbsp;दिएर पनि कमजोर बास लाई सदुपयोग गर्न सकिन्छ। यसरी&amp;nbsp;झुन्ड्याउदा बढीमा&amp;nbsp;हामीले छेउको बलामा ६ फिट उचाइमा ४ पोका झुन्ड्याउने गरिन्छ।&lt;/div&gt;
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बिचको बलामा ८ फिट उचाइमा ६ पोका झुनड्याउने l छाप्रो र खामो बलाको क्षेमेता कम छ वा उचाई होचो छ भने यो लेख भन्दा छाप्रो को स्थिति संग मिल्ने र थाम्ने हिसाब ले गर्न सकिन्छ l यसमा उन्लेख बमोजिम ३० फिट लम्बाई र १४ देखि १५ फिट चौडाई छाप्रो ७.५ फुटको र १४ देखि १५ फिट चौडाई छाप्रो मा ७.५ फट्को कबोलमा ६ लाइन &amp;nbsp;झुनड्याउदा र छाप्रो मा पानी हाल्ने र च्याउ टिप्ने बाटो राख्दा ४६८ पोका झुनड्याउन सकिन्छ l&lt;br /&gt;
छेउको लाइनमा 4 × ६ = २४ लाइन हुन्छ&lt;br /&gt;
२४ लाइन × ४ = ९६ पोका हुन्छ l&lt;br /&gt;
२ छेउ ९६ × २ = १९२ बिचमा बाटो राख्दा&lt;br /&gt;
२३ लाइन ६ पोका को दरले २३ × ६ = १३८ बिचमा बाटो राख्दा २३ लाइन ६ पोका को दरले २३ × ६ = १३८ चार लाइन जम्मा = ४६८ हुन्छ l&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका काट्ने&amp;nbsp;कात्ने समय&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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गर्मी मौसममा कारीब १३ देखी १८ दिनमा र जाडो मौसममा २५ देखी ४० दिनमा पोका&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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कात्ने समय हुन्छ तर पोकाको स्थितिचाही राम्ररी जाँच्न सक्नुपर्छ ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;पोका&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;काट्ने&lt;u style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;बेला भएको कसरी थाहा पाउने &amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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क) हामीले पोका पारेको परालको कलर एकदमै फरक भाई रातो,पहेलो वा राम्रो पराल कलरमा हुनु।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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ख) हामीले पोकामा राखेको विउको तह&amp;nbsp; सबै ठाउमा एकै खालको हुनु। तल्लो र माथिलो तह जोड़ीनु&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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ग) पोकाको सबै परालमा राम्ररी ढुसी मिलेको देखिनु।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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घ) विउमा देखिने गहुको दाना पुरै धुसिमा बिलाउनु ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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ड.) परैबाट हेर्दा ढुसिले आकर्शक पोका देखिनु।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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हामीले बनाएको च्याउको पोकाको यो&amp;nbsp; स्थिती देखिएपछी तुरुन्तै पोका काट्न सक्छौ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका काट्ने&amp;nbsp; तरिका&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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स्तरिय च्याउ फलाउना प्लास्टिक खोल्नु हुदैन सिमित ठाउबाट मात्र फलाउने गरी&amp;nbsp;प्लास्टिक काट्नु पर्छ &amp;nbsp;प्लास्टिक सबै खोल्दा च्याउको विरुवालाई खाने तत्व कम्&amp;nbsp;हुन्छ फलस्वरोप च्याउ गुणस्तर को हुदैन । एउटा पोकामा ३ देखी ४ वटा ठाउमा काट्दा सबै भागबाट&amp;nbsp;उत्पादन लिन सकिन्छ। अगाडि पट्टी र पछाडिपट्टी&amp;nbsp;डोरिको छेउमा नयाँ ब्लेडले&amp;nbsp;पराल नछरिने गरी र प्लास्टिक मात्र कट्ने गरी पराल राम्ररी काट्नु पर्दछ।&amp;nbsp;कन्ये च्याउ प्लास्टिक काटेकोआधारमा झुपाको साइज निकाल्ने दुई ठाउमा काटे&amp;nbsp;साना साना झुप्पा हुन्छ। यसरी प्लास्टिक काट्दा &amp;nbsp;पानीको सुक्खापन कम हुन्छ। किरा, वा बाहिरी बतासले पनि धेरै सताउन सक्दैन। त्यसकारण लामो&amp;nbsp;समयसम्म पोका सुरक्षित रहन्छ र उत्पादन बढी हुन्छ। &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका काटे पछी&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका काटेपछि को समय भनेको नजिक को च्याउ फल्ने समय मा हामी पुगेका हुन्छौ l त्यसैले निकै ध्यान दिएर पोकामा पनि दिने झ्याल बाट हावा दिने जस्ता काम सक्रिय हुनुपर्छ l हावा दिदा छाप्रो बनाउदा निश्चित हिसाब ले राखेको झ्याल त्यसै बाट हावा खोल्न र छोप्न मिल्ने प्लास्टिक राखी गर्मि मा रातमा र जाडोमा दिउसो घाम लागेको बेलामा झ्याल खोलि हावा दिन सकिन्छ l हावा दिने झ्याल मा भित्र पट्टि झुल र बाहिर कालो कलर को बाक्लो प्लास्टिक ले राम्ररी ढाक्ने गरि मिलायको हुनु पर्दछ l झुल सधै किराहरु नपस्ने गरि राखियको हुनु पर्छ प्लास्टिक चाही खोल्न /निकाल्न मिल्ने हुनु पर्दछ l काटेको पोको धेरै समय सुक्खा भयो भने उम्रन लागेको बिरुवा मर्छ l त्यसैले बिरुवा ओसिलो भइरहनु पर्दछ l स्प्रे बाट राम्ररी सफा स्वच्छ र पोटास प्रयोग गरियको पानी दिदा च्याउ लाई l पानी दिदा सबै पोकामा पर्ने गरि दिनु पर्छ l जमेको वा कुलो को फोहोर र नराम्रो पानी च्याउ मा हाल्नु हुदैन l यसरि पानी को चिस्यान र राम्ररी हावा आवत जावत गर्ने झ्याल को ब्यबस्थित छाप्रो मा च्याउ राम्रो स्थारिया फाल्नु को साथै उत्पादन बढी हुन्छ l&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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च्याउ&amp;nbsp;टिप्ने तरिका&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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हाम्रो खेतिमा फलेका च्याउ कलर पहिलेको भन्दा फिक्का सेता च्याउको पत्ता&amp;nbsp;छेउ नै पातलो भई फुटन लागेको हुनु, झुप्पाको सबैभन्दा माथिल्लो पात केही&amp;nbsp;कुप्रो आकारको देखिनु यि अवस्थाका च्याउ टिप्ने बेलाका हुन। डाक्टरहरुले&amp;nbsp;कन्ये च्याउ हतियार प्रयोग गरी टिप्ने सल्लाह दिएका छन। तर यो तरिकाभन्दा&amp;nbsp;रायोको साग जस्तै गरी घुमाएर टिप्दा त्यो च्याउको जरैदेखिको सम्बन्धित भाग&amp;nbsp;आउने हुँदा अर्को आउने च्याउलाई पहिलेको पुरानो भागले समस्या पर्दैन।&amp;nbsp;कटदा रहेको फेदको भागले निम्त्याउने भुसुनाको प्रकोप पनि कम् हुन्छ।&amp;nbsp;काटेर रहेको भाग तुरुन्तै सफा गर्न नसके त्यसैबाट हरियो ढुसी चाडै फैलन्छ।&amp;nbsp;त्यसकारण काटेर च्याउ टिप्ने भन्दा मर्काएर टिप्दा बढी राम्रो हुन्छ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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पोका सफा गर्ने तरिका&lt;/div&gt;
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च्याउ तिपिसकेपछी त्यो तिपेको भागमा रहेको बाँकी मसिनो च्याउ वा टिप्दा भाचिएर रहेको डाठ को कुनै भाग वा त्यो च्याउ फलेको वारीपरी जमेको केही बाक्लो ढुसिको भाग च्याउ टीपिसकेपछी त्यस ठाउबाट अर्को फेरी च्याउ पलाउने भएकाले रहेको बाँकी डाठ, च्याउ र आवश्यक बाक्लो ढुसिलाई राम्ररी सफा गर्नुपर्छ। यसरी सफा गर्नाले अर्को पटक आउने च्याउलाई समस्या पर्दैन र सफा च्याउ उम्रन सक्छ। पोका सफा नगरनाले फेरी आउने च्याउलाई सढे &amp;nbsp;गलेको भागले छोपी समस्या पार्छ र उत्पादन घट्छ। प्लास्टिक काटेको &amp;nbsp;पोकामा सबै ठाउबाट च्याउ आउन खुल्ला नभएकाले सियोले खोपेको प्वालबाट च्याउ आउछ। त्यो प्वाल साघुरो भएकाले च्याउको केही फेदको भाग खिल जस्तो च्याउ टिप्दा उम्रेकै ठाउमा प्लास्टिक भित्र रहन्छ। यस्तो भागअलाई प्लास्टिक &amp;nbsp;काटेर बाँकी रहेको भाग वा खिललाई निकाल्ने । च्याउ प्लास्टिक भित्र टुसाइरहेको छ तर बाहिर निस्कन नसक्दा प्लास्टिक &amp;nbsp;भित्र विरुवा मर्छ र सढेर बस्छ। यस्तो सढेकोलाई पनि प्लास्टिक काटेर पोका सफा गर्नुपर्छ।&lt;/div&gt;
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कन्ये च्याउमा लाग्ने रोगहरु र यसको &amp;nbsp;रोक थाम&lt;/div&gt;
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१) हरियो ढुसी&lt;/div&gt;
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२) कालो टिका&lt;/div&gt;
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३) पोकाको केही भागमा देखिने कालो&lt;/div&gt;
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४) भुसुना र किरा&lt;/div&gt;
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५) पोकैमा पर्ने किरा&lt;/div&gt;
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६) सुन्तला रङ्का किरा&lt;/div&gt;
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७) चिप्ले किरा&lt;/div&gt;
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हरियो ढुसी: &amp;nbsp;कन्ये च्याउ खेतिमा लाग्ने सबै भन्दा ठुलो रोग हरियो ढुसी हो। यसलाई खेती गर्दा सफा हावा चल्ने र &amp;nbsp;सफा पराल हुनुपर्छ। यसमा गर्नुपर्ने सफाइ र औषधीको तालिका बमोजिम काम गर्नुपर्छ। यसरी पनि पोकामा हरियो ढुसी देखियो भने तालिका अनुसारको फर्मालिन र वेविस्तिनको झोल बनाइ हरियो ढुसी आएको भागको प्लास्टिक आधा इन्चको फरकमा चिरेर औषधी झुम्रामा राखी केही मोडे जसरी हरियो ढुसी आएको भागमा लगाए नियन्त्रन हुन्छ।&lt;/div&gt;
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कालो टिका : &amp;nbsp; कुनै बिउ खराब हुने हुँदा पोका पारेको केही दिन पछी विउबाट नै कालो टिका देखिन्छ। यो कालो टिका बिउबाट आउने हुँदा पोकामा विउ राख्दा राम्ररी ध्यानपुर्याएर हेर्नु पर्छ।&lt;/div&gt;
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पोकाको केही भागमा देखिने कालो : बफ्याउदा नपाकेको परालमा बिउ बाँच्न नसक्दा पराल कालो देखिन्छ।&lt;/div&gt;
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भुसुना र किरा : &amp;nbsp;च्याउमा बास्ना चल्ने भएकाले पोका पारेको लगत्तै च्याउको ढुसी खान भुसुना&lt;/div&gt;
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आउछन। यसको लागि झ्याल झुल लगाउनुपर्छ र औषधी स्प्रे गर्नुपर्छ।&lt;/div&gt;
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पोकामा पर्ने किरा: &amp;nbsp;च्याउ ढुसी भुसुना ले खाए पछी ठुलो संख्या मा फुल पर्छ र पछी किरामा परिणत हुन्छ l&lt;/div&gt;
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सुन्तले रंग को किरा : &amp;nbsp; च्याउ फल्दै गरेको बेलामा च्याउ मा लाग्छ सुन्तले रंग को किरा यसको लागी १ एम .एल डेसिस मा ४ एम.एल नीम तेल प्रति लीटर पानीमा राखेर स्प्रे गर्ने&lt;/div&gt;
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चिप्ले किरा : यो किरा लाइ बाटा माँ औषदी छरी नियंत्रण गर्ने l छाप्रो भित्र पानी जम्ने खाल्डो नराख्ने , छाप्रो भित्र जथा भाबी मान्छे लाई पश्न नदीने , च्याउ मा हाल्ने पानी पोटास हालेर मात्र प्रयोग गर्ने l&lt;/div&gt;
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यी कुरा हरुमा मिहिनेत संग गरे तपाई एक कुसल च्याउ ब्याबसयी बन्न सफल हुनुहुनेछ &amp;nbsp;...........धन्यवाद !&lt;/div&gt;
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प्रति १ के.जी च्याउमा पाइने पौषटिक तत्वहरु&lt;br /&gt;
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-कार्बो हाइड्रेड &amp;nbsp; ८१.८ &amp;nbsp;--ग्राम&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;-प्रोटीन &amp;nbsp;१०.५ &amp;nbsp; --ग्राम&lt;br /&gt;
-बोसो ---१.६ &amp;nbsp;-- &amp;nbsp;ग्राम&lt;br /&gt;
-फाइबर --७.५ &amp;nbsp; --ग्राम&lt;br /&gt;
-शक्ती (इनर्जी ) --३६७.० - क्यालोरी&lt;br /&gt;
-राइबो फ्रबिन -- ४.७ मिनी ग्राम&lt;br /&gt;
-थाइमिन -- ४.८ मिनी ग्राम&lt;br /&gt;
-माइसिन &amp;nbsp; --१०८.७ मिनी ग्राम&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Mushroom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Mushrooms have been valued throughout the world as both food and medicine for thousands of years.&amp;nbsp; They are a rich source of nutrition and form a major chunk of health foods. Fats occur in mushrooms in minor amounts, especially compared with protein and carbohydrates, and the fatty fraction consists predominantly of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, they may be the perfect food for maintaining a healthy heart and cardiovascular system. Earlier Mushroom eating was restricted to specific regions and areas of the world but due to globalization, interaction between different cultures, growing consumerism has ensured the accessibility of Mushrooms in all areas. Mushrooms are increasingly gaining acceptance in different Cusines and in everyday consumption. They have created a space in a common man’s kitchen. Also, current trend of consumption conveys the opportunity that lies in the area of mushroom exports.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;The two most commonly grown species of mushroom in Nepal are white Button mushroom and Oyster mushroom. Most of the production of white button mushroom in our country is seasonal. The cultivation is done using conventional methods. Usually, unpasteurized compost is used, hence yields are very low. However, in recent years, yield of mushroom has increased as a result of introduction of improved agronomic practices. Cultivation of the common white button mushroom requires technical skill. Apart from other factors, the system requires humidity, two different temperatures i.e. Temperature for spawn or vegetative growth (Spawn Run): 22-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C, for reproductive Phase (fruit body formation): 15-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;, Humidity: 85-95% and enough ventilation during substrates that are sterilized are easily contaminated unless spawned under very aseptic conditions. Therefore steaming at 100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;C (pasteurization) is more acceptable.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Pleurotus is the scientific name for Oyster mushroom. In many parts of &amp;nbsp;Nepal. This mushroom includes many species e.g. Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, P. florida, P. sapidus, P. flabellatus, P. eryngii and many other edible species. Mushroom growing is an occupation requiring perseverance, patience, intelligent observation and a skill that can be developed only through intelligent experience.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Pleurotus mushroom requires a temperature of 20oC to 30oC, both for its vegetative growth (spawn run) and reproductive phase, i.e. for formation of fruit bodies. The suitable cultivation period at high altitude – 1100-1500 meters above mean sea level – is March to October, mid altitude – 600-1100 meters above mean sea level – is February to May &amp;amp; September to November and at Low altitude – Below 600 meters above mean sea level – is October to March.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Materials Required&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Paddy Straw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;– Fresh golden yellow paddy straw free from moulds and properly stored in a dry place not exposed to rain.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Plastic Sheet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;of 400 gauge thickness – 1 sq. m. of plastic sheet is required for making one block.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Wooden Mould&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;– Wooden Mould of 45X30X15 cms size each having no top or bottom but having a separate wooden cover 44X29 cms dimension.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Hand Chopper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;or Chaff cutter for cutting the straw.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Drum for boiling straw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(minimum two).&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jute rope, coconut rope or plastic ropes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Gunny bags.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Spawn or mushroom culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;– which can be obtained from the Office of the Assistant Pathologist, Mushroom Development Center for each block.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;One sprayer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Straw Storage Shed -10X8m size.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Process:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Compost Preparation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Agricultural by products like cereal straw (wheat, barley, paddy, oat and rice), maize stalks, hay, sugarcane bagasse or any other cellulose wastes can be used for compost preparation. Wheat straw should be freshly harvested, shining yellow in colour and should not have been exposed to rains. The straw should be in about 5-8cm long pieces, otherwise heap prepared by long straw would be less compact which may lead to improper fermentation. Conversely; too short straw makes heap too compact to allow enough oxygen to enter the centre of the heap and lead to anaerobic fermentation. Wheat straw or any of the above materials provide cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are utilized by the mushroom mycelium as the carbon source. These materials also provide physical structure to the substrate needed to ensure proper aeration during composting for the build up of microflora, which is essential for the fermentation. Rice and barley straw are very soft, degrade very quickly during composting and also absorb more water as compared to wheat straw. While using these substrates, care should, therefore, be taken on the quantity of water to be used, schedule of turnings and adjustment to the rate and type of supplements. Since the byproducts used in composting do not have adequate nitrogen and other components required for the fermentation process, compounding mixture is supplemented with the nitrogen and carbohydrates, to start this process.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Spawning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Spawning is mixing of spawn infor optimum and timely yields. Optimum dose for spawn ranges between 0.5 and 0.75% of fresh weight of compost. Lower rates result in slow spread of mycelium and chances for diseases and competitors may increase. Higher rates may increase cost of spawning and very high rate of spawn sometimes results in unusual heating of compost.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;The optimum temperature for growth of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A. bisporus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is 23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(+) (–) 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;C. Relative humidity in growing room should range from 85-90% during spawn-run.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Harvesting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Usually 3 to 4 days after opening the bags, mushroom primordia begin to form. Mature mushrooms become ready for harvesting in another 2 to 3 days. An average biological efficiency (fresh weight of mushrooms harvested divided by air-dry substrate weight x 100) can range between 80 to 150% and sometimes even more. To harvest the mushrooms, they are grasped by the stalk and gently twisted and pulled. A knife should not be used. The mushrooms remain fresh for up to 3 to 6 days in a refrigerator/cool place.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Mushroom house / rooms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cube preparing Room&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;An ideal room should have an R.C.C. floor, well ventilated and dried. An R.C.C. platform of 2 cms. height should be constructed inside the room for placing the wooden frame, for making cube and another R.C.C. platform, according to necessity for draining of pasteurized bags of straw. Only those materials needed for cube making are to be kept inside the room. Care should be taken to allow inside the room, only persons preparing the cubes.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Incubation Room&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A room for spawn running.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;This room can be either an R.C.C. building or an Assam type room (i.e., any separate room in the house) and should be installed with shelves made of clean whole bamboo in three tiers for keeping the block. The first tier should be 100cms above the ground and the other tiers should be at least 60cms apart.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cropping Room&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;An ideal house/room would be an R.C.C. building installed with proper insulation and provisions for heating and cooling the rooms. However, an indigenous low cost house has been recommended using locally available materials like bamboo, thatch and mud plaster. Walls of split bamboo plastered evenly with a mixture of mud and cow dung may be made.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;In order to provide a crude insulation system, a second wall is made all around the house keeping about 15cms space between the first wall and the second. Mud plastering should be done on the outside of the outside wall. The air space in between the two walls will act as an insulator, since air is a bad conductor of heat. An even better insulation could be provided if the space between the walls is filled with well dried thatch. The floor of the house should preferably be of cement but where it is not possible, a well-beaten and plastered mud floor will suffice. However, more care will have to be taken in case of a mud floor. The roof should be made of thick thatch layers or preferably asbestos sheets. A false ceiling is essential to avoid contamination of unwanted materials from the thatch roof. Besides the front door, ventilators should also be provided from both the upper and lower sides of the front and the rear side of the room for proper exchange of air inside the room. The house/room should be installed /framed with horizontal and vertical bamboo poles required for hanging the block after the incubation period. The vertical poles can also be arranged in a 3 (three)-tier system as the incubation shelves. Poles should be preferably 60cms away from the walls and in between each row of three tiers, a minimum space of 1m should be maintained. A cropping room of 3.0 X 2.5 X 2.0 m will accommodate about 35 to 40 cubes.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Chop the straw either manually or mechanically into bits of 3-5cms in length and pack in gunny bags. Boil water in a drum. When the water start boiling, place the gunny bag along with the straw in the boiling water and boil as such for 15 to 20 minutes. Then remove the gunny bag from the drum and leave as such for 8 to 10 hrs. to drain the excess waters and also allow the straw to cool. Care should be taken that the bag is not open till the time of block making, as this will contaminate the boiled straw. The desirable moisture content of the straw can be tested by squeezing the straw in between the palms, and see that droplets of water do not trickle out from the straw.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Another method of pasteurization of the straw is by steaming. This method requires little modification of the drum. (Punch a small hole in the lid of the drum, and while boiling the straw, seal the surrounding of the lid with a rubber tube). The chopped straw should be previously wetted and excess water drained off. Place a few stones in the drum and pour water only at the level of the stones. Boiled the wetted straw by keeping it in a bamboo basket and place the basket over the stones inside the drum. Close the lid of the drum and seal the rim of the lid by means of a rubber tube. The steam generated from the boiled water will pass through the straw and pasteurize it. After boiling, transfer the straw into a previously sterilized gunny bag and leave it as such for 8-10 hrs. for cooling.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Take a wooden frame and place on a smooth floor. Place jute ropes, two vertically and one horizontally. Line the frame with a plastic sheet, previously sterilized by dipping in boiled water.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fill approximately 5cms of boiled straw and compress it with the help of a wooden lid and sprinkle spawn over the whole surface.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the first layer of spawning, put another 5cms of straw and again sprinkle spawn over the surface, compress it as in the first layer. In this way, continue to sprinkle spawn over the layer of straw for 4 to 6 layers till the straw is in level with the top of the frame. Only (1) one packet of spawn should be used for one cube or block.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The plastic sheet is now folded over the top of the frame and tied down with help of jute ropes previously placed below the plastic.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After tying, the frame can be removed and what is left behind is a rectangular block of straw.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Punch holes (2mm diameter) on all sides of the block for aeration.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Place the block in an incubation room, side by side in shelves in single layer only taking care that they are not place directly on the floor or on the top of each other as this will generate excess heat.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The temperature of the block should be maintained at 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;C. This can be noted by inserting a thermometer into the holes of the block. If the temperature rises above 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;C, it is advisable to aerate the room, and if the temperature falls, the room should be slowly heated up.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It takes 12 to15 days for the spawn to spread throughout the straw and when the entire block has been completely white, it is a sign that spawn running is over.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After spawn running, remove the ropes as well as the plastic sheet from the block. Tie the block vertically with coconut rope and hang it in a cropping room. From this stage onwards, the relative humidity of the room should not be less than 85%. This can be maintained by periodically spraying water on the walls and floor of the room. If it is a cemented floor, it is advisable to pour water on the floor so that water always remains on the floor. If the block shows signs of drying light, spraying can be done with the help of sprayer.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Within a week to 10 days, tiny pinheads will be seen on the surface of the block and these will grow into full-size mushrooms within a day or two.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When fruits bodies start forming, the requirement of air is increased. Therefore, once fruit bodies start forming, it is essential that there is an exchange of fresh air every 6 to 12 hrs, by opening the ventilator provided at the front and backside of the room.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The fruits bodies (mushrooms) are ready for picking just when the periphery of the caps starts turning upward. This will be evident as small crinkles appear on the side of the piles (cap). To harvest the mushrooms, take hold of the stripe (stalk) at the base with thumb and forefinger and with a gentle anti-clockwise twist, detach the mushroom from the straw without disturbing the straw or any small mushroom growing alongside. Do not use knife or scissors for harvesting. The block will again come to fruiting after about a week.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Yield&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Mushrooms appear in flushes. About 2 to 3 flushes may be harvested from a single cube. The yield of the first flush is more and then gradually decreases, giving a total yield of 1.5 kg to 2 kg of fresh mushroom from one cube. Then the cube is discarded and dump in a pit situated far from the cropping room or can be used as manure in a garden or field.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Preservation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Mushroom can be consumed fresh or may be dried. Since they are highly perishable in nature, it is necessary to preserve the product for further use or for distant marketing. The oldest and cheapest method of preserving oyster mushroom is by sun drying.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Hot air drying is effectively used, whereby mushrooms are dried in the equipment called “Dehydrator” (a locally designed equipment). Mushrooms are placed in wire netted racks fitted in a closed chamber and hot air (50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;C – 55&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 7.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;C) is passed through the rack for about 7 to 8 hrs. After drying the mushroom, it can be stored in air-tight containers or sealed in poly bags for 6 to 8 months. After complete drying, the mushroom are reduce to about 1/13th of their fresh weight which may vary depending upon the variety. The dried mushroom can be easily re-hydrated when soaked in warm water.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Diseases and Pests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A number of diseases and pests may attack the mushroom crop if left un-cared.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Disease&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Green mould (&lt;/b&gt;Trichoderma viridae): It is the most common disease in oyster mushroom where green coloured patches are observed on cubes.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Control :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dip a cotton swab in formalin solution (4%) and scrapped off the affected area. If the fungus attacks more than half of the cube then the entire cube should be discarded. Care should be taken that the contaminated cube is burnt or buried in a place far from the cropping room to avoid re-infection.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Insects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Flies:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Scarid flies, Phorid flies, Cecid flies are found to be attracted to mushroom and odour of spawn. They lay eggs on the straw or mushrooms, and the larva emerging from them damage the crop. Larva feed on the mycelium, mushroom and penetrate inside the fruiting bodies making it unfit for consumption.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Control:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;To check entry of adult flies during the cropping period, screen the doors, windows or ventilators, if any with 30mesh nylon or wire net. Use fly-trap or repellent in mushroom house.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Mites&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;: These are very thin, small crawling insects that appear on the mushroom body. They are not damaging, but annoyed the grower when present in large numbers.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Control:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Maintain a hygienic condition of the house as well as its surroundings.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Slugs, Snails:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;These pests chew up portion of the mushroom which may later get infected with bacteria and affect the quality of the crop.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Control:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Remove the pests from the cubes and kill them. Maintain hygienic conditions.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Other Pests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Rodents:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;The attack by rodents is found mostly in low cost mushroom house (mud house). They eat the grain spawn and make holes inside the cubes.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Control:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Use rat poison bait in the mushroom house. Burrow of rats should be close down with glass pieces and plaster.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Ink caps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Coprinus spp.): It is a weed of mushroom that develop on the cubes before cropping begins. They subsequently disintegrate into a black sliming mass at maturity.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Control:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Physical removal of Coprinus from the cube is the only control measure recommended.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Precautions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;“Prevention is better than cure” is the fundamental motto of mushroom growing since it is a very delicate crop and curative measures are often difficult. The mushroom itself being a fungus, when fungal diseases appear, it is often very difficult to control as the chemicals used against the disease may affect the mushroom itself. Thus, infinite care has to be exercised from the very start to discourage the entry of any foreign “germs” or contamination. The following precautions should not be over-looked :&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;The very first requirement in mushroom growing is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;sanitation and hygienic conditions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Most of the problems in mushroom growing arise due to improper hygiene:&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1. The room where mushrooms are to be grown should be thoroughly washed and then whitewashed with lime. The floor should also be limed.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2. The surrounding of the house should be devoid of stagnant drains, shrubs and other weeds as these harbour harmful diseases and insect pests.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3. At the entry of every room, there should be a trough filled with 2% formalin solution, wherein the shoes or feet must be dipped before entering the room.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;The workers should be clean and preferably wear clean overalls.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;No trash or surplus straw etc. should be left around the house.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;In case of contamination, the contaminated block should be remove to a spot well away from the house and buried in a pit or burnt.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;At the end of every cropping process, the room should be washed again and white- washed and fumigated with formalin.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;The plastic sheets should be washed thoroughly and then soaked in 2% formalin as a final wash and then dried out, after every lot is removed.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;Any fallen bits of straw or mushroom should not be left on the floor of the room. Cleaning and cutting off of the base of the mushroom stalk should be done outside the growing room and properly disposed off.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;10. Broken pieces of the mushroom stalk, while harvesting, should not be left on the blocks. If the stalk breaks, it should be removed entirely from the bed.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;Clean straw is important for mushroom growing. While preparing the block, care should be taken that it is properly compressed. The more the compression, the better will be the spawn running.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;12.&amp;nbsp;Excessive moisture at any stage of growth is harmful. The environment should be damp but not wet. For this reason a sprayer with a very fine nozzle is advisable to avoid large droplets. Excessive moisture will invite unwanted contaminants, which will be a hindrance, and in many cases will be serious competitors to the mushroom spawn.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;13.&amp;nbsp;While raising the temperature of the room, when required, care should be taken that there is no sudden rise in temperature. The temperature should be raised gradually till it attains the required level.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;14.&amp;nbsp;When placing the block for spawn running do not place them on top of each other, otherwise this will generate excess heat. Place the blocks side by side in single layers only.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;15.&amp;nbsp;The block should not be left un-opened in the plastic for more than 24 hours after the spawn has completely impregnated the straw.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;16. There should be gentle exchange of air in the room with fresh air. Wind current cause drying and formation of malformed mushroom.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Objectives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;The main focus of the project should be motivation, Training, Information dissemination, Technical and Financial assistance for preparation of culture/spawn cultivation, harvesting, storage, processing, packaging, marketing linkages with farmers to increase employment opportunities and generating income.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Awareness generation, motivation and involvement of farmers in cultivation of&amp;nbsp; Mushrooms.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;The Project should target at providing technical training to women, small, marginal and landless farmers, rural youth etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Providing technical and financial assistance to the farmers for developing Spawn/culture centers.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4. Information dissemination to the farmers, tribals about the market available for different varieties of Mushrooms. Identification and arrangement of suitable market for the collected produce.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Conducting meetings/ seminars/ workshops for providing common platform for farmers and marketers.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Documentation and publication of useful information concerning preparation of Spawn/culture, techniques of cultivation of various types of mushroom, their semi-processing and preservation, quality control packaging and marketing.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Networking and collaboration among the various stakeholders dealing with Mushroom Cultivation and marketing.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The project proposal should be short-term result oriented in nature, normally upto 1 to 2 years.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Economics:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;An average yield of 2 kgs per cube (45 X 30 X 15 cms ) are expected from a well maintained mushroom house, although in some cases, an average yield of 3 kgs per cube are obtained. The prevailing market rate of fresh Pleurotus mushroom range from Rs. 50/- to Rs. 60/- per kg and the present estimated overall cost of production is approximately at Rs. 25/-per kg. Hence the farmer obtains a 100% profit from Pleurotus mushroom cultivation&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp;Infrastructure/equipment/materials:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;300 sq.ft. thatched shed and erection of 6 tier : Rs. 10,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;bamboo racks- material support.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cost of trays for mushroom beds and other&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; : Rs.&amp;nbsp; 5,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Covering materials .&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; : Rs.&amp;nbsp; 15,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Operational Costs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cost of substrates (straws etc) per year&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :7,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cost of plastic bags for packing products/year:1,500-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cost of Spawns/year&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;:6,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous costs (Chemical etc.)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1,500-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;_________&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 16,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;The Spawn Unit will prepare spawns and distribute to the 20 cultivators and collect/purchase their products for collective local marketing.&amp;nbsp; The expenses in this regard would be:&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Infrastructure/equipment/materials:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;i)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 40’ x 10’ floor area shed @ Rs. 150/- per sq.ft:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 60,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;ii)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A 22 liter pressure cooker&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 40,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;iii)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; LPG Gas cylinder &amp;amp; stove &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 9,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;iv)&amp;nbsp; Miscellaneous utensils/accessories&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;___________&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;75,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Operational Costs:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;i)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;first Generation Spawns in glass glucose bottles:&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;FGS x 25 Cycles&amp;nbsp; = 200 FGS @ Rs. 70/-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “ 14,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;ii)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Tissue Culture in Glass Test Tubes – 3 Beds X 20 cultivators&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;= 60 Beds x 14 days per cycles&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;308 second generation spawns in polypropylene&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;pouches ( 104 Tissue Culture yearly x Rs. 100/-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “10,400-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;iii&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Polypropylene bags @ Rs. 250 x 26 cycles&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; :” 6,500-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cost of 2800 Kg. Jowar/Wheat grains&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;required for culturing 26 cycles @ Rs. 10/- per Kg.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;iv)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cost of other chemical components &amp;amp;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;miscellaneous expenses&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; THE PROPOSED BUDGET:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Capital Investment Credit Support:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1. The Beneficiaries:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Credit Investment Support to 20 identified&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Beneficiaries @ Rs. 20,000/- per beneficiary&amp;nbsp; Rs. 4,00,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(Rs. 20000/- x 20) vide illustration 4.3 above&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;Spawn&amp;nbsp;Center:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Infrastructure costs, operational costs&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;and purchase credit capital as detailed &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Rs. 2,10,900-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;under 4.3 above.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Rs. 6,10,900-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;B. Operational Grants:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1. Training for the identical 20 beneficiaries&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Rs.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 10,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;in scientific Topical Mushroom Cultivation&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2. Salary for a Coordinator of the project @&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Rs. 5000/- per month&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Rs.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 60,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(Rs. 5000 x 12 months)&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3. Technical &amp;amp; /Resource support from expert&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Rs:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 10,000-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4. Administrative expenses 10% of the&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;total budget ( Communications, stationers &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Rs.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 87,600-00&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;and contributory establishment costs)&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Grand Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Rs. 7,78,500-00&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Project Proposal Components&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;: -&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;The project proposal is prepared as per the ARTS guidelines.&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;The proposed activities and methodologies should be specified such as:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Awareness Generation and Motivation&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Training&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Cultivation&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;·&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Compost preparation&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;·&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Preparation Of mushroom&amp;nbsp; House / Rooms-Cube Preparing Room /Incubation room/ Cropping&amp;nbsp; Room&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;·&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Spawn /Culture&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Semi-processing/ Packaging&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; Marketing&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; Documentation and Publication&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp; Staff Salaries&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp; Travel/TA/DA&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp; Equipment&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;10. Contingencies/Unforeseen Expenses&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;9. Budget&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(i)&amp;nbsp;Infrastructure (shed etc.)&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(ii) Equipment(trays,polythene bags ,cylinders,Drums etc)&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(iii) Raw Materials and Supplies (Straw Chemicals etc).&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(iv)Awareness and Training&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(v)&amp;nbsp;Salaries(Technical support/consultancy/supervisor/extension worker)&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(vi) Processing&amp;nbsp; and Packaging&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(vii)Marketing Linkage&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(viii)Unforseen/Miscellaneous&lt;o:p style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: olive; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(ix)&amp;nbsp;Administrative Expenses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://durlav02.blogspot.com/feeds/895760325186336045/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://durlav02.blogspot.com/2012/08/mushroom-farming-in-nepal.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4565627030017812182/posts/default/895760325186336045'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4565627030017812182/posts/default/895760325186336045'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://durlav02.blogspot.com/2012/08/mushroom-farming-in-nepal.html' title='Mushroom Farming in Nepal'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16889868774884611473</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCEAiX-MtOHfFUjpyRz041BZbHpSuxpeKNw0IjqAT2JfmSZytrbII1IIuEOZIcDJWpSm1c-vRBw2uZhwemHUhXeyalfR821dK696UDknPI1gUPF6y2x4NynMhq3bDZAFci9Y1zpRCl-hE/s72-c/chyau.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4565627030017812182.post-3053907929439398449</id><published>2012-07-20T21:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-07-20T21:30:29.876-07:00</updated><title type='text'>घुम्न जाउँ पहाडकी रानी पाल्पा</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;सुन्दर पहाडी जिल्ला तानसेन 
पर्यटकका लागि आकर्षक गन्तव्य हो। हिमाली दृश्यावलोकन गर्न र पहाडी 
सुन्दरता नियाल्न यहाँ बाह्रैमास स्वदेशी विदेशी पर्यटक आउँछन्।&amp;nbsp;जाडोयाममा 
यहाँबाट देखिने हिमाली शृंङ्खलाले जो कोहिको पनि मन लोभ्याउँछ। 



शितल हावापानी यहाँको अर्को बिशेषता हो। श्रीनगरको फेँदमा फैलिएको तानसेन 
बजार र माडी फाँटको दृश्य सुन्दर लाग्छ। बतासे डाँडा फिल्मकर्मीका लागि 
समेत &#39;सुटिङ स्पट&#39;का रुपमा परिचित छ।&lt;br /&gt; &lt;img src=&quot;http://www.nagariknews.com/images/stories/2012/july/palpa-2.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.nagariknews.com/images/stories/2012/july/palpa-3.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.nagariknews.com/images/stories/2012/july/palpa-4.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.nagariknews.com/images/stories/2012/july/palpa-5.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.nagariknews.com/images/stories/2012/july/palpa-6.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.nagariknews.com/images/stories/2012/july/palpa-7.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.nagariknews.com/images/stories/2012/july/palpa-8.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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