<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981</id><updated>2024-09-12T10:19:12.804+09:00</updated><category term="world"/><category term="asia"/><category term="japan"/><category term="landslide"/><category term="sfm"/><category term="volcano"/><category term="3d"/><category term="anatolia"/><category term="europe"/><category term="fluvial"/><category term="photogrammetry"/><category term="waterfall"/><category term="arabic"/><category term="coast"/><category term="earthquake"/><category term="island"/><category term="kyushu"/><category term="north america"/><category term="oceania"/><category term="tokyo"/><category term="active fault"/><category term="caucasus"/><category term="cave"/><category term="fukushima"/><category term="karst"/><category term="mud volcano"/><category term="oman"/><category term="orthophoto"/><category term="uav"/><category term="weathering"/><category term="wildfire"/><title type='text'>DYNAMIC EARTH</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>26</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-4860460143542734596</id><published>2020-05-28T07:35:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2020-05-28T07:35:07.513+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="landslide"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sfm"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="uav"/><title type='text'>Three-dimensional point cloud of slope failures in the Sensuikyo Valley (Aso City, Kumamoto, Japan) obtained by UAS-based SfM-MVS photogrammetry / UASとSfM多視点ステレオ写真測量を用いた3次元点群モデルの例（熊本県阿蘇市仙酔峡）</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/28459631081/in/album-72157632389867830/&quot; title=&quot;Three-dimensional point cloud of slope failures in the Sensuikyo Valley (Aso City, Kumamoto, Japan) obtained by UAS-based SfM-MVS photogrammetry / UASとSfM多視点ステレオ写真測量を用いた3次元点群モデルの例（熊本県阿蘇市仙酔峡）&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Three-dimensional point cloud of slope failures in the Sensuikyo Valley (Aso City, Kumamoto, Japan) obtained by UAS-based SfM-MVS photogrammetry / UASとSfM多視点ステレオ写真測量を用いた3次元点群モデルの例（熊本県阿蘇市仙酔峡）&quot; height=&quot;349&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/8646/28459631081_454061bff2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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This is an example of 3D point cloud by Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Multi-View Stereo (MVS) photogrammetry. The 3D point cloud was produced from thousands of aerial photographs taken by small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or unmanned aircraft or aerial system (UAS). The spectrum of colors indicates different information given to each point: red-green-blue (RGB) color, normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) calculated using a near infrared camera data, topographic shade by eye-dome lighting (EDL), morphological roughness, and surface curvature. These data are readily obtained by SfM-MVS photogrammetry, and can be effectively used for various applications in geomorphology and related studies. For more details on SfM-MVS photogrammetry, see our review article in this issue (p. 321-343).&lt;br /&gt;
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(Yuichi S. Hayakawa, Hiroyuki Obanawa, Hitoshi Saito, Shoichiro Uchiyama)&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304674520_SfMduoshidiansutereoxiezhenceliangnodexingxuedeyingyong_Geomorphological_Applications_of_Structure-from-Motion_Multi-View_Stereo_Photogrammetry_A_Review&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer nofollow&quot;&gt;www.researchgate.net/publication/304674520_SfMduoshidians...&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/4860460143542734596/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2020/05/three-dimensional-point-cloud-of-slope.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/4860460143542734596'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/4860460143542734596'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2020/05/three-dimensional-point-cloud-of-slope.html' title='Three-dimensional point cloud of slope failures in the Sensuikyo Valley (Aso City, Kumamoto, Japan) obtained by UAS-based SfM-MVS photogrammetry / UASとSfM多視点ステレオ写真測量を用いた3次元点群モデルの例（熊本県阿蘇市仙酔峡）'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Japan, 〒869-2600 Kumamoto, Aso, Ichinomiyamachi Miyaji, 仙酔峡</georss:featurename><georss:point>32.9109186 131.1265977</georss:point><georss:box>9.274326600000002 89.818003699999991 56.5475106 172.4351917</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-6736625204914639050</id><published>2020-05-21T07:31:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2020-05-21T07:31:05.118+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="asia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mud volcano"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Dashgil Mud Volcano at Gobustan, Azerbaijan / ダシュギル泥火山（アゼルバイジャン共和国）</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/35415605925/in/album-72157632389867830/&quot; title=&quot;Dashgil Mud Volcano at Gobustan, Azerbaijan / ダシュギル泥火山（アゼルバイジャン共和国）&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Dashgil Mud Volcano at Gobustan, Azerbaijan / ダシュギル泥火山（アゼルバイジャン共和国）&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/4238/35415605925_6e4e150650.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Numerous mud volcanoes are present in both offshore and onshore areas around Baku on the western coast of the Caspian Sea. Geomorphological studies have been carried out in the Dashgil Mud Volcano, located 50 km southwest of Baku, next to the Gobustan National Park that is a World Heritage with its cultural landscapes with prehistoric rock arts. The Dashgil has a 3-km diameter and 100-m summit elevation, and similar mud volcanoes are densely present in this region. &quot;Dash (daş)&quot; stands for rock or stone, while &quot;gil&quot; means clay. Normally, activities of these mud volcanoes are moderate with the continuous eruption of relatively cold materials including mud, water, and gas, but they can occasionally erupt massive gas to &quot;explode&quot; with flames hundreds of meters high.&lt;br /&gt;
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カスピ海沿岸に位置するアゼルバイジャンの首都バクー周辺には、海底だけでなく陸上にも泥火山（でいかざん）が多数噴出している。地形学的な研究も行われているダシュギル泥火山は、バクーから南西に約50 km。近辺には、先史時代の岩絵などの文化的景観が世界遺産として登録されている、ゴブスタン国立保護区がある。ダシュギルは、直径3 km、標高100 m ほどの山であり、周辺にも同様の規模の泥火山が密に分布する。名称のダシュは石・岩、ギルは泥・粘土をあらわす。このような泥火山は、普段は穏やかに泥や水、ガスを噴出しているが、時折、何らかの要因で大量に放出されたガスが発火し、数百m もの高さの炎をともない「噴火」することがある。&lt;br /&gt;
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（表紙写真：地形 38 (3), 2017）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/6736625204914639050/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2020/05/dashgil-mud-volcano-at-gobustan.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/6736625204914639050'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/6736625204914639050'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2020/05/dashgil-mud-volcano-at-gobustan.html' title='Dashgil Mud Volcano at Gobustan, Azerbaijan / ダシュギル泥火山（アゼルバイジャン共和国）'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Qobustan, Azerbaijan</georss:featurename><georss:point>40.111446099999988 49.3783861</georss:point><georss:box>39.723383099999985 48.7329391 40.49950909999999 50.0238331</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-5562659957240949718</id><published>2020-05-14T07:30:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2020-05-14T07:30:10.523+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="north america"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="weathering"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="wildfire"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Hoodoos in Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona (USA) / チリカウワ国立公園の奇岩群（アメリカ合衆国）</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/26015417322/in/album-72157632389867830/&quot; title=&quot;Hoodoos in Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona (USA) / チリカウワ国立公園の奇岩群（アメリカ合衆国）&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Hoodoos in Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona (USA) / チリカウワ国立公園の奇岩群（アメリカ合衆国）&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/1654/26015417322_1c9f483052.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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A large amount of rock monuments, composed of rhyolite welded ignimbrite by the Turkey Creek caldera eruption 27 million years ago, are present in this arid hilly land. Weathering and erosion along weak lineaments (joints) caused the formation of the tors, some of which are gravitationally displaced but keep superb balance before collapsing. Extensive wildfire (Horseshoe Two Fire) occurred in May-June 2011 to burn ca. 90,000 ha in this area.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
乾燥したアリゾナの台地に多数の岩が林立する。約2700万年前のターキークリークのカルデラ噴火による流紋岩質の溶結火砕流堆積物からなる。弱線沿いに風化と侵食が進み、傾きつつも絶妙なバランスで崩落を免れている岩も多く見られる。2011年5〜6月には大規模な山火事でこの付近の9万haが焼けた。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：地形 37 (2), 2016）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/5562659957240949718/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2020/05/hoodoos-chiricahua.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5562659957240949718'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5562659957240949718'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2020/05/hoodoos-chiricahua.html' title='Hoodoos in Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona (USA) / チリカウワ国立公園の奇岩群（アメリカ合衆国）'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Chiricahua National Monument, E Bonita Canyon Rd, Willcox, AZ 85643, USA</georss:featurename><georss:point>32.0135714 -109.3422953</georss:point><georss:box>8.3769793999999962 -150.65088930000002 55.6501634 -68.0337013</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-8611909438256768962</id><published>2016-04-19T17:21:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2016-04-19T22:06:33.229+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="3d"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="earthquake"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="japan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="landslide"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="photogrammetry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sfm"/><title type='text'>prompt 3D mapping of the earthquake-triggered lansdlide in Minami-Aso, Kumamoto, Japan</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHeHMN7lt4GmaLJckdYF5zg9l7gCJeUyXTLD1XGISjQ3vCja6iqIIhJtIQNJjuuUdG0sOt7jFXpwU694zQcyb7jssz26RHGaEy8frfHa3dyoRnYUdy-_v7A7hHCWZTGM9QbsJQdKnVUZk/s1600/gsi_photos_5x3thumnails.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHeHMN7lt4GmaLJckdYF5zg9l7gCJeUyXTLD1XGISjQ3vCja6iqIIhJtIQNJjuuUdG0sOt7jFXpwU694zQcyb7jssz26RHGaEy8frfHa3dyoRnYUdy-_v7A7hHCWZTGM9QbsJQdKnVUZk/s640/gsi_photos_5x3thumnails.png&quot; width=&quot;580&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
(photos taken by GSI)&lt;/div&gt;
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The series of earthquakes in Kumamoto (western Japan) in April 2016 triggered a large amount of landslides in the area around Mt. Aso.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Crisis Mapping&quot; on OpenStreetMap is one of the cases that people in areas away from the earthquake-affected area can contribute to enrich the geographical information shown on online maps.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tasks.hotosm.org/?sort_by=priority&amp;amp;direction=asc&amp;amp;search=kumamoto&quot;&gt;http://tasks.hotosm.org/?sort_by=priority&amp;amp;direction=asc&amp;amp;search=kumamoto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://crisismappers.jp/about.html&quot;&gt;http://crisismappers.jp/about.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If with the technique of SfM-MVS (Structure-from-Motion Multi-View Stereo) photogrammetry, one can contribute to visualize geographical information in specific areas with more details, in 3 dimensions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is an example of the landslide occurred near the former Aso Bridge (which was destroyed away) in Minami-Aso region. Among else, this landslide was the largest and most distinct one related to the earthquakes. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after the landslide was triggered by the midnight earthquake, many organizations began to obtain the aerial videos and images to be distributed online.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a prompt trial, I used a newscast video taken from a manned helicopter. The original video by Fuji News Network is found at:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/fnn?a=20160416-00000923-fnn-soci&quot;&gt;http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/fnn?a=20160416-00000923-fnn-soci&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the resolution, sharpness and locational accuracy were not so high, this prompt result was good enough to help understanding the positional details of the landslide.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;3D model generated from the newscast video&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; mozallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; onmousewheel=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/ec9cc2816b5b40adb42ef3489b6abcbb/embed?autospin=0.2&amp;amp;transparent=1&quot; webkitallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/ec9cc2816b5b40adb42ef3489b6abcbb?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;landslide aso bridge&lt;/a&gt;
    by &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/yshaya?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;yuichi hayakawa&lt;/a&gt;
    on &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sketchfab&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://skfb.ly/N6OD&quot;&gt;https://skfb.ly/N6OD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
(texture of the 3D model can be changed)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxnExWREm1yj7OHuEdyE6XDY1SEvhSkMY82cU9i_dLNxIUYRD_kmD8dAKL0eV1839CvmZrRijAw1nMW-urXw8uS9XJcWnyOg_Q6OdTaAWrKoV9yB1yLq8-7RoqtC9IUuAmhn8B7JPIlF4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-19+14.35.27.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;98&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxnExWREm1yj7OHuEdyE6XDY1SEvhSkMY82cU9i_dLNxIUYRD_kmD8dAKL0eV1839CvmZrRijAw1nMW-urXw8uS9XJcWnyOg_Q6OdTaAWrKoV9yB1yLq8-7RoqtC9IUuAmhn8B7JPIlF4/s200/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-19+14.35.27.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNp_OTBy8Od-LUKNdbedVR25EFRijjy5g8XV8YLzkFEwsXDbz2qHv84GACGA9rHiAjtAgGQ6v2xcrDzHGI0IzVNIFuulnGqrwDoPKJggfpVxIwSdb64-jrnvMfrcbbFJzdH5TyySrtKA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-19+14.35.39.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;99&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNp_OTBy8Od-LUKNdbedVR25EFRijjy5g8XV8YLzkFEwsXDbz2qHv84GACGA9rHiAjtAgGQ6v2xcrDzHGI0IzVNIFuulnGqrwDoPKJggfpVxIwSdb64-jrnvMfrcbbFJzdH5TyySrtKA/s200/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-19+14.35.39.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2-dimensional geographic information&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Orthorectified photograph, hillshade image and topographic contour lines (with 100-m grid, north-up)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheJCpuT3iOjISxuwBUfg0aFFgMsCWpa34axyLOibVukDcAfxyy3Afpgj2OD8eQK5kiPq4jIp4U4E0kdKW5QXFaZiQ4H0QIa9mnG0J391YGL4DfbBhMo2dIa3KruIDm360FyAnGqYD7Kaw/s1600/160416_aso_bridge_landslide.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheJCpuT3iOjISxuwBUfg0aFFgMsCWpa34axyLOibVukDcAfxyy3Afpgj2OD8eQK5kiPq4jIp4U4E0kdKW5QXFaZiQ4H0QIa9mnG0J391YGL4DfbBhMo2dIa3KruIDm360FyAnGqYD7Kaw/s400/160416_aso_bridge_landslide.gif&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Below is a previous trial when a gigantic landslide occurred in Afghanistan in 2014; at that time only still images were available.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2014/05/3d-3d-data-construction-of-landslide-in.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;北東アフガニスタンの斜面崩壊：報道写真からの3Dデータ作成 / 3D data construction of the landslide in northeastern Afghanistan from reported photographs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then, using aerial images (oblique views) taken from a manned aircraft operated by GSI (Geospatial Authority of Japan), a 3D model and 2D map information were generated.&lt;br /&gt;
The images used are also shown at the top of this article.&lt;br /&gt;
Because the images had their positional information probably by camera-mounted GPS/GNSS receiver, the georeferencing of the 3D model was readily performed (however some errors may remain). The quality of the 3d model (resolution etc) was actually much better than that from the prompt newscast video.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3D model generated from the aerial oblique images&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; mozallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; onmousewheel=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/8ed3df3496aa4e47b649a885d50210ee/embed?transparent=1&quot; webkitallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/8ed3df3496aa4e47b649a885d50210ee?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;aso bridge landslide&lt;/a&gt;
    by &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/yshaya?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;yuichi hayakawa&lt;/a&gt;
    on &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sketchfab&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://skfb.ly/No9E&quot;&gt;https://skfb.ly/No9E&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The 3D model exported to a KML file enables to compare the conditions before and after the earthquake on Google Earth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuXAQU_HBGue9sQRSaLuwkcwp8nhexknzJbRXY2AKUPt50mP2QS2yiGTkD_k1JobUgjVX6XR6yG6DzJiZ-NNA8_05aGTaq28bmy-ZHmV-5JDQraD-iBmDug2k6yas7-869rGRn3hZqG-4/s1600/160416_landslide_gsi_before_after.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;209&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuXAQU_HBGue9sQRSaLuwkcwp8nhexknzJbRXY2AKUPt50mP2QS2yiGTkD_k1JobUgjVX6XR6yG6DzJiZ-NNA8_05aGTaq28bmy-ZHmV-5JDQraD-iBmDug2k6yas7-869rGRn3hZqG-4/s320/160416_landslide_gsi_before_after.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2D geographic information&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Orthorectified photograph, hillshade image and topographic contours with 100-m grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Detailed morphological features can be recognized.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0R4u6ejlU_vAT1GbBB8SqmeKRVo8L993wqBTRxSU6fKxdHfuF_lAAjzAJE0Lb8S3758j9USgKCYg10d0LvjPwNmEzYEo9Vra1BzuDFqZatZO_4LFnPiwAB2aeb8RqFE5eugtwlsM7KLQ/s1600/160416_aso_bridge_landslide_gsi_diagonalphotos.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0R4u6ejlU_vAT1GbBB8SqmeKRVo8L993wqBTRxSU6fKxdHfuF_lAAjzAJE0Lb8S3758j9USgKCYg10d0LvjPwNmEzYEo9Vra1BzuDFqZatZO_4LFnPiwAB2aeb8RqFE5eugtwlsM7KLQ/s400/160416_aso_bridge_landslide_gsi_diagonalphotos.gif&quot; width=&quot;351&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A zoom-up view (orthomosaic image and topographic contours):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRIdxRwqCKtYIcTvn078FxNT6yvDrh-5muDt4XB1tWpwwxRlde6PaLaeZ4ZuwDuwZaFufCrUPHQaAm9RvVNQc85a1i3ycq_iSG3gtzwDgWw0mhczTx01lCU1b8dqa9CkFqJGQbi5Q_uak/s1600/Untitled.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRIdxRwqCKtYIcTvn078FxNT6yvDrh-5muDt4XB1tWpwwxRlde6PaLaeZ4ZuwDuwZaFufCrUPHQaAm9RvVNQc85a1i3ycq_iSG3gtzwDgWw0mhczTx01lCU1b8dqa9CkFqJGQbi5Q_uak/s400/Untitled.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, using a video taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, namely Drone) provided by GSI, more precise 3D model was generated.&lt;br /&gt;
Although the data is a video (not still images), the resolution of the images taken from the lower height is high enough to reconstruct the detailed features of the landslide. When we watch a video taken by a UAV, we may be able to recognize the detailed information of the objects in the video, but further information can be obtained if the images are projected onto a geographic space, i.e., the images are appropriately &quot;mapped&quot;. Particularly, mapping of such information enables to find the changes of landscapes or landforms by comparing with existing map data. Here I put 6 GCPs (ground control points), whose geographical coordinates (XYZ) were obtained from an online map GSI Maps to refine georeference results. However some errors (several to tens of meters) may remain in the model - to correct this, it would be necessary to put more accurate coordinates of the GCPs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Original video taken by UAV&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
provided by GSI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27-kumamoto-earthquake-index.html&quot;&gt;http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27-kumamoto-earthquake-index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/C52Niq2jNdI&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3D model generated from aerial video&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;by UAV&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; mozallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; onmousewheel=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/ccb3c818c1274804ba4c5532c187c9a3/embed?transparent=1&quot; webkitallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 5px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/ccb3c818c1274804ba4c5532c187c9a3?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;aso bridge landslide by uav (run1)&lt;/a&gt;
    by &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/yshaya?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;yuichi hayakawa&lt;/a&gt;
    on &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sketchfab&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://skfb.ly/NppE&quot;&gt;https://skfb.ly/NppE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the area of coverage of images/videos by a UAV is limited due to some reasons (ability of flight, legal restrictions) compared to a manned aircraft. The UAV-derived model above actually lacks data in surrounding areas of the landslide.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then the data by manned and unmanned aircrafts are merged to create a more complete model of the landslide and surroundings. A wide area can be covered by the images from high-altitude manned aircraft, while more detailed shape can be obtained by the pictures from low-altitude UAV. The 3D data is shown online as a point cloud. The point cloud was first generated using SfM software PhotoScan (Agisoft), and then it was tiled and optimized to be shown online by using &quot;laspublish&quot; function in LAStools (rapidlasso).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3D point cloud of the landslide obtained by both manned and unmanned aircrafts&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/pointclouds/160416_aso_bridge_landslide_gsi/sfm_airphotos.html&quot;&gt;http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/pointclouds/160416_aso_bridge_landslide_gsi/sfm_airphotos.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
RGB color&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6fQDn6yWwelZsAfUU5TDqw9CFfvCYSQJJpJo7h2kFS3oD3lHXmGhfAPNx7GUy3_Hvn1gytvhdxghJqYg-ebiFuwFPq3BRFYXgUX5Uj_FJjzBViW_tFa0B_7SEJs5cJ_u2G0Ts63eZ86w/s1600/potree_rgb_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6fQDn6yWwelZsAfUU5TDqw9CFfvCYSQJJpJo7h2kFS3oD3lHXmGhfAPNx7GUy3_Hvn1gytvhdxghJqYg-ebiFuwFPq3BRFYXgUX5Uj_FJjzBViW_tFa0B_7SEJs5cJ_u2G0Ts63eZ86w/s320/potree_rgb_.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Color-coded by elevation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBm3y6IQrwQykN_dxnUvmY1ZavzIjgmAYPZdogtdvhdVSjIuwBlVOCVTnC1RBoTe9rGvlQfFVN4QVDFvwg37W7y7FFbOzR8MBBQPJaI9Qu8jxUlNPkj7obn5osX6VpncjnbgJ-FghRIUg/s1600/potree_elevation_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBm3y6IQrwQykN_dxnUvmY1ZavzIjgmAYPZdogtdvhdVSjIuwBlVOCVTnC1RBoTe9rGvlQfFVN4QVDFvwg37W7y7FFbOzR8MBBQPJaI9Qu8jxUlNPkj7obn5osX6VpncjnbgJ-FghRIUg/s320/potree_elevation_.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The WebGL system, &quot;potree&quot;, also enables to perform some basic measurements of the point cloud, including calculation of distance, angle, area and volume, as well as extraction of swath profiles. Such functions are found in the left-side pane of the browser.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
An example of longitudinal profile extraction&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsSyTa0Oomce-meMR-pT5pT4hh5UrRRt_aCKamRGQpz6afxcpGmT5h9BPRHh3ePiavPoG9w0Hux4SFLzl7saZeUi84qBUBYtGdBPeGKUu7RT1x2MxwDJRtF4KMI0QNQQPlqrI9qKmEOA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-18+23.17.24.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;203&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsSyTa0Oomce-meMR-pT5pT4hh5UrRRt_aCKamRGQpz6afxcpGmT5h9BPRHh3ePiavPoG9w0Hux4SFLzl7saZeUi84qBUBYtGdBPeGKUu7RT1x2MxwDJRtF4KMI0QNQQPlqrI9qKmEOA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-18+23.17.24.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, one can download the original point cloud data in LAZ format. Geographic projection is Japan Plane Rectangle CS II (JGD 2000 Datum). One may use free software such as LAStools (&lt;a href=&quot;https://rapidlasso.com/lastools/lasview/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;lasview&lt;/a&gt; function), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.danielgm.net/cc/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CloudCompare&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://appliedimagery.com/download/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;QuickTerrainReader (free version)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
download by clicking &quot;D&quot;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj83hJIEG128oAExEgYzz3EViWhEjlivBlMsGnC4xqVCAJIPtJZmc7-RF1CqGWan403LClsbDPvUjRCdK1EeykrnBe3ABYarIQSuGoUZvmwaCS4XbIKvLtQ3oCHeBN0LVyK5ltwyS_bvnw/s1600/potree_2dmap_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;276&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj83hJIEG128oAExEgYzz3EViWhEjlivBlMsGnC4xqVCAJIPtJZmc7-RF1CqGWan403LClsbDPvUjRCdK1EeykrnBe3ABYarIQSuGoUZvmwaCS4XbIKvLtQ3oCHeBN0LVyK5ltwyS_bvnw/s320/potree_2dmap_.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using such the three-dimensional data, further observation and analyses would become possible to obtain further insights into the landslide phenomena. For instance, one may think about the landslide damming of the river and following outburst flood, which could have caused further erosion and landslides on the valley-side slopes downstream, from differing points of view in the 3D data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/8611909438256768962/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2016/04/prompt-3d-mapping-of-earthquake.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/8611909438256768962'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/8611909438256768962'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2016/04/prompt-3d-mapping-of-earthquake.html' title='prompt 3D mapping of the earthquake-triggered lansdlide in Minami-Aso, Kumamoto, Japan'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHeHMN7lt4GmaLJckdYF5zg9l7gCJeUyXTLD1XGISjQ3vCja6iqIIhJtIQNJjuuUdG0sOt7jFXpwU694zQcyb7jssz26RHGaEy8frfHa3dyoRnYUdy-_v7A7hHCWZTGM9QbsJQdKnVUZk/s72-c/gsi_photos_5x3thumnails.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-6897108087548781212</id><published>2016-04-19T16:15:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2016-04-19T22:05:21.859+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="3d"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="earthquake"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="japan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="landslide"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="photogrammetry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sfm"/><title type='text'>阿蘇大橋を流した斜面崩壊：速報的リモート3次元計測</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHeHMN7lt4GmaLJckdYF5zg9l7gCJeUyXTLD1XGISjQ3vCja6iqIIhJtIQNJjuuUdG0sOt7jFXpwU694zQcyb7jssz26RHGaEy8frfHa3dyoRnYUdy-_v7A7hHCWZTGM9QbsJQdKnVUZk/s1600/gsi_photos_5x3thumnails.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHeHMN7lt4GmaLJckdYF5zg9l7gCJeUyXTLD1XGISjQ3vCja6iqIIhJtIQNJjuuUdG0sOt7jFXpwU694zQcyb7jssz26RHGaEy8frfHa3dyoRnYUdy-_v7A7hHCWZTGM9QbsJQdKnVUZk/s640/gsi_photos_5x3thumnails.png&quot; width=&quot;580&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（国土地理院撮影）&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
熊本の一連の地震活動により、阿蘇地域においても多数の斜面崩壊が発生した。&lt;br /&gt;
発災後すぐに、状況を把握するために、遠方にいる者ができることとして、地図づくりがある。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
一つはOpenStreetMapというオンライン地図に情報を書き込んでいくというものである。クライシスマッピングと呼ばれている。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tasks.hotosm.org/?sort_by=priority&amp;amp;direction=asc&amp;amp;search=kumamoto&quot;&gt;http://tasks.hotosm.org/?sort_by=priority&amp;amp;direction=asc&amp;amp;search=kumamoto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://crisismappers.jp/about.html&quot;&gt;http://crisismappers.jp/about.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
インターネットに接続されていれば、「だれでも」「どこでも」作業ができるため、参加の敷居も低い。&lt;br /&gt;
基本的には、2次元の情報を地図に集約するというものである。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
一方、3次元的により細かな情報を可視化することもできる。&lt;br /&gt;
SfM多視点写真測量という技術を用いて、報道された動画や画像から、3Dモデルや2次元地図画像を生成することが可能だ。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
以下には、阿蘇大橋の付近（南阿蘇村立野）で生じた斜面崩壊について紹介する。&lt;br /&gt;
今回の地震にともなう斜面崩壊は、実際はここだけでなく、各所多数生じている。&lt;br /&gt;
これはその中でもとくに規模の大きい崩壊であった。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
斜面崩壊の発生後、各組織が有人機により撮影した空中写真や動画を、オンラインで提供し始めた。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
そのうち、速報的な報道映像からの3Dモデル生成をまずは試みた。&lt;br /&gt;
FNN &lt;a href=&quot;http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/fnn?a=20160416-00000923-fnn-soci&quot;&gt;http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/videonews/fnn?a=20160416-00000923-fnn-soci&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
解像度、鮮明度や位置精度は低いが、速報的な意味では「どこがどう崩れたか」といった理解を助けるものにはなった。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
報道映像から生成した3Dモデル&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; mozallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; onmousewheel=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/ec9cc2816b5b40adb42ef3489b6abcbb/embed?autospin=0.2&amp;amp;transparent=1&quot; webkitallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/ec9cc2816b5b40adb42ef3489b6abcbb?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;landslide aso bridge&lt;/a&gt;
    by &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/yshaya?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;yuichi hayakawa&lt;/a&gt;
    on &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sketchfab&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://skfb.ly/N6OD&quot;&gt;https://skfb.ly/N6OD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
（テクスチャ表示も変更可能）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxnExWREm1yj7OHuEdyE6XDY1SEvhSkMY82cU9i_dLNxIUYRD_kmD8dAKL0eV1839CvmZrRijAw1nMW-urXw8uS9XJcWnyOg_Q6OdTaAWrKoV9yB1yLq8-7RoqtC9IUuAmhn8B7JPIlF4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-19+14.35.27.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;98&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxnExWREm1yj7OHuEdyE6XDY1SEvhSkMY82cU9i_dLNxIUYRD_kmD8dAKL0eV1839CvmZrRijAw1nMW-urXw8uS9XJcWnyOg_Q6OdTaAWrKoV9yB1yLq8-7RoqtC9IUuAmhn8B7JPIlF4/s200/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-19+14.35.27.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNp_OTBy8Od-LUKNdbedVR25EFRijjy5g8XV8YLzkFEwsXDbz2qHv84GACGA9rHiAjtAgGQ6v2xcrDzHGI0IzVNIFuulnGqrwDoPKJggfpVxIwSdb64-jrnvMfrcbbFJzdH5TyySrtKA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-19+14.35.39.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;99&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNp_OTBy8Od-LUKNdbedVR25EFRijjy5g8XV8YLzkFEwsXDbz2qHv84GACGA9rHiAjtAgGQ6v2xcrDzHGI0IzVNIFuulnGqrwDoPKJggfpVxIwSdb64-jrnvMfrcbbFJzdH5TyySrtKA/s200/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-19+14.35.39.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2次元情報（地図）&lt;br /&gt;
オルソ補正画像（正射投影）、地形陰影図、等高線の表示（1グリッド＝100 m）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheJCpuT3iOjISxuwBUfg0aFFgMsCWpa34axyLOibVukDcAfxyy3Afpgj2OD8eQK5kiPq4jIp4U4E0kdKW5QXFaZiQ4H0QIa9mnG0J391YGL4DfbBhMo2dIa3KruIDm360FyAnGqYD7Kaw/s1600/160416_aso_bridge_landslide.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheJCpuT3iOjISxuwBUfg0aFFgMsCWpa34axyLOibVukDcAfxyy3Afpgj2OD8eQK5kiPq4jIp4U4E0kdKW5QXFaZiQ4H0QIa9mnG0J391YGL4DfbBhMo2dIa3KruIDm360FyAnGqYD7Kaw/s400/160416_aso_bridge_landslide.gif&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
※以前、アフガニスタンで大規模な斜面崩壊が起きた際も似たようなことを行った。この時は動画はなく、静止画のみが利用可能だった。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2014/05/3d-3d-data-construction-of-landslide-in.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;北東アフガニスタンの斜面崩壊：報道写真からの3Dデータ作成 / 3D data construction of the landslide in northeastern Afghanistan from reported photographs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
次に、国土地理院から提供された斜め空中写真を用いて、3Dモデルと2次元地図情報の生成を試行した。&lt;br /&gt;
使用した画像は、このページの最上部に示したものだ。&lt;br /&gt;
写真画像に撮影位置情報が含まれていたので、位置合わせは容易だった（ただしその撮影位置にも誤差があるため、結果としてモデルの位置精度もそれに依存する）。&lt;br /&gt;
生成されたモデルも、静止画を利用していることもあり、報道映像から切り出した画像よりずっと高精細に再現できている。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
斜め空中写真から生成した3Dモデル&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; mozallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; onmousewheel=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/8ed3df3496aa4e47b649a885d50210ee/embed?transparent=1&quot; webkitallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/8ed3df3496aa4e47b649a885d50210ee?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;aso bridge landslide&lt;/a&gt;
    by &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/yshaya?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;yuichi hayakawa&lt;/a&gt;
    on &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sketchfab&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://skfb.ly/No9E&quot;&gt;https://skfb.ly/No9E&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
これをKMLにエクスポートし、Google Earth 上で表示することで、崩壊前後の簡便な比較ができる。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuXAQU_HBGue9sQRSaLuwkcwp8nhexknzJbRXY2AKUPt50mP2QS2yiGTkD_k1JobUgjVX6XR6yG6DzJiZ-NNA8_05aGTaq28bmy-ZHmV-5JDQraD-iBmDug2k6yas7-869rGRn3hZqG-4/s1600/160416_landslide_gsi_before_after.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;209&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuXAQU_HBGue9sQRSaLuwkcwp8nhexknzJbRXY2AKUPt50mP2QS2yiGTkD_k1JobUgjVX6XR6yG6DzJiZ-NNA8_05aGTaq28bmy-ZHmV-5JDQraD-iBmDug2k6yas7-869rGRn3hZqG-4/s320/160416_landslide_gsi_before_after.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2次元情報（地図）&lt;br /&gt;
オルソ補正画像（正射投影）、地形陰影図、等高線の表示（1グリッド＝100 m）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
報道映像からのものよりも、より精細に地形が表現されている。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0R4u6ejlU_vAT1GbBB8SqmeKRVo8L993wqBTRxSU6fKxdHfuF_lAAjzAJE0Lb8S3758j9USgKCYg10d0LvjPwNmEzYEo9Vra1BzuDFqZatZO_4LFnPiwAB2aeb8RqFE5eugtwlsM7KLQ/s1600/160416_aso_bridge_landslide_gsi_diagonalphotos.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0R4u6ejlU_vAT1GbBB8SqmeKRVo8L993wqBTRxSU6fKxdHfuF_lAAjzAJE0Lb8S3758j9USgKCYg10d0LvjPwNmEzYEo9Vra1BzuDFqZatZO_4LFnPiwAB2aeb8RqFE5eugtwlsM7KLQ/s400/160416_aso_bridge_landslide_gsi_diagonalphotos.gif&quot; width=&quot;351&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
拡大図&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRIdxRwqCKtYIcTvn078FxNT6yvDrh-5muDt4XB1tWpwwxRlde6PaLaeZ4ZuwDuwZaFufCrUPHQaAm9RvVNQc85a1i3ycq_iSG3gtzwDgWw0mhczTx01lCU1b8dqa9CkFqJGQbi5Q_uak/s1600/Untitled.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRIdxRwqCKtYIcTvn078FxNT6yvDrh-5muDt4XB1tWpwwxRlde6PaLaeZ4ZuwDuwZaFufCrUPHQaAm9RvVNQc85a1i3ycq_iSG3gtzwDgWw0mhczTx01lCU1b8dqa9CkFqJGQbi5Q_uak/s400/Untitled.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
さらに、国土地理院が撮影した小型UAV（無人航空機、通称ドローン）による動画からのモデル生成を行った。&lt;br /&gt;
有人機よりも低空で撮影されているので、より高解像度に現況を見ることができる。動画だけでももちろん充分に分かりやすいのだが、それを地理空間に投影する、つまり地図化すると、その前の状況との比較も可能となり、さらに理解を深める助けとなろう。&lt;br /&gt;
なお、ここではGCP（地上制御点）を6個ほど設置し、地理院地図からその地理座標（XYZ）を得て、できる限りの位置補正は行った。ただし、地理院地図からの座標値取得でも誤差は避けられないので、数メートルから十数メートルの位置誤差は仕方ない範囲となる。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
元の動画（UAVによる撮影）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27-kumamoto-earthquake-index.html&quot;&gt;http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/H27-kumamoto-earthquake-index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/C52Niq2jNdI&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
UAV動画から生成した3Dモデル&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; mozallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; onmousewheel=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/ccb3c818c1274804ba4c5532c187c9a3/embed?transparent=1&quot; webkitallowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 5px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/models/ccb3c818c1274804ba4c5532c187c9a3?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;aso bridge landslide by uav (run1)&lt;/a&gt;
    by &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/yshaya?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;yuichi hayakawa&lt;/a&gt;
    on &lt;a href=&quot;https://sketchfab.com/?utm_medium=embed&amp;amp;utm_source=website&amp;amp;utm_campain=share-popup&quot; style=&quot;color: #1caad9; font-weight: bold;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sketchfab&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://skfb.ly/NppE&quot;&gt;https://skfb.ly/NppE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ただし、UAVによる撮影はその飛行能力等の制限から、有人機によるより高高度からの撮影と比べると、カバーできる範囲が限られてしまう。上のUAVによるモデルでも、崩壊面の周囲はデータの欠落が多い。&lt;br /&gt;
そこで、有人機によるデータと無人機（UAV）によるデータを合成し、広範囲をカバーしつつ、部分的により高解像度な情報を見ることができるような3次元データを作成した。&lt;br /&gt;
これは、点群データとしてオンライン表示できるようにしてある。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
有人機による斜め空中写真とUAVによる低空動画から生成された合成3Dモデル&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/pointclouds/160416_aso_bridge_landslide_gsi/sfm_airphotos.html&quot;&gt;http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/pointclouds/160416_aso_bridge_landslide_gsi/sfm_airphotos.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
カラー表示&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6fQDn6yWwelZsAfUU5TDqw9CFfvCYSQJJpJo7h2kFS3oD3lHXmGhfAPNx7GUy3_Hvn1gytvhdxghJqYg-ebiFuwFPq3BRFYXgUX5Uj_FJjzBViW_tFa0B_7SEJs5cJ_u2G0Ts63eZ86w/s1600/potree_rgb_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6fQDn6yWwelZsAfUU5TDqw9CFfvCYSQJJpJo7h2kFS3oD3lHXmGhfAPNx7GUy3_Hvn1gytvhdxghJqYg-ebiFuwFPq3BRFYXgUX5Uj_FJjzBViW_tFa0B_7SEJs5cJ_u2G0Ts63eZ86w/s320/potree_rgb_.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
標高による色分け表示&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBm3y6IQrwQykN_dxnUvmY1ZavzIjgmAYPZdogtdvhdVSjIuwBlVOCVTnC1RBoTe9rGvlQfFVN4QVDFvwg37W7y7FFbOzR8MBBQPJaI9Qu8jxUlNPkj7obn5osX6VpncjnbgJ-FghRIUg/s1600/potree_elevation_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBm3y6IQrwQykN_dxnUvmY1ZavzIjgmAYPZdogtdvhdVSjIuwBlVOCVTnC1RBoTe9rGvlQfFVN4QVDFvwg37W7y7FFbOzR8MBBQPJaI9Qu8jxUlNPkj7obn5osX6VpncjnbgJ-FghRIUg/s320/potree_elevation_.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ここで使用している点群データ表示システム（potree）では、ウェブブラウザ上で距離、角度、断面、体積といった簡易計測が可能だ。&lt;br /&gt;
画面左上のボタンを押すと、画面左側にメニューが表示される。&lt;br /&gt;
（点の色わけや、影をつける、点の形を変えるといったことも可能）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://anan.skr.jp/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E8%AA%AC%E6%98%8E.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;使用説明（日本語）&lt;/a&gt;（阿南測量設計提供）も参考に、いろいろと試してみると良いかもしれない。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
縦断面表示の例&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsSyTa0Oomce-meMR-pT5pT4hh5UrRRt_aCKamRGQpz6afxcpGmT5h9BPRHh3ePiavPoG9w0Hux4SFLzl7saZeUi84qBUBYtGdBPeGKUu7RT1x2MxwDJRtF4KMI0QNQQPlqrI9qKmEOA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-18+23.17.24.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;203&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsSyTa0Oomce-meMR-pT5pT4hh5UrRRt_aCKamRGQpz6afxcpGmT5h9BPRHh3ePiavPoG9w0Hux4SFLzl7saZeUi84qBUBYtGdBPeGKUu7RT1x2MxwDJRtF4KMI0QNQQPlqrI9qKmEOA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2016-04-18+23.17.24.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
加えて、ここでは点群データそのものもダウンロード可能としている。&lt;br /&gt;
平面直角II系（JGD2000）に投影されたLAZ（点群データの汎用的なファイルフォーマットの一つ）データとしてダウンロードできるので、点群データのヴューアソフト（たとえばLAStools (&lt;a href=&quot;https://rapidlasso.com/lastools/lasview/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;lasview&lt;/a&gt;)、&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.danielgm.net/cc/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CloudCompare&lt;/a&gt;、&lt;a href=&quot;http://appliedimagery.com/download/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;QuickTerrainReader（フリー版）&lt;/a&gt;など）でローカル環境で表示、分析も可能だ（ただし位置座標には誤差が含まれる）。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
「D」ボタンでダウンロード&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj83hJIEG128oAExEgYzz3EViWhEjlivBlMsGnC4xqVCAJIPtJZmc7-RF1CqGWan403LClsbDPvUjRCdK1EeykrnBe3ABYarIQSuGoUZvmwaCS4XbIKvLtQ3oCHeBN0LVyK5ltwyS_bvnw/s1600/potree_2dmap_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;276&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj83hJIEG128oAExEgYzz3EViWhEjlivBlMsGnC4xqVCAJIPtJZmc7-RF1CqGWan403LClsbDPvUjRCdK1EeykrnBe3ABYarIQSuGoUZvmwaCS4XbIKvLtQ3oCHeBN0LVyK5ltwyS_bvnw/s320/potree_2dmap_.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
こうした3次元データを利用して、いろいろな観察や考察を深めることもできる。&lt;br /&gt;
たとえば、この斜面崩壊に関連する河道閉塞（河川のせき止め）とその決壊洪水や、それに伴う副次的崩壊の特徴など、動画や画像だけではわかりにくいものが、視点を変えて覗き込むと、鮮明に見えてくるのだ。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/6897108087548781212/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2016/04/3.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/6897108087548781212'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/6897108087548781212'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2016/04/3.html' title='阿蘇大橋を流した斜面崩壊：速報的リモート3次元計測'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHeHMN7lt4GmaLJckdYF5zg9l7gCJeUyXTLD1XGISjQ3vCja6iqIIhJtIQNJjuuUdG0sOt7jFXpwU694zQcyb7jssz26RHGaEy8frfHa3dyoRnYUdy-_v7A7hHCWZTGM9QbsJQdKnVUZk/s72-c/gsi_photos_5x3thumnails.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-3341895147588063881</id><published>2015-06-05T05:56:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2015-06-05T05:56:00.176+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="active fault"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="asia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fluvial"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="waterfall"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Bedrock erosion by waterfall recession after the 921 Chi-Chi earthquake, central Taiwan / 台湾中部，九二一地震で生じた滝の後退による岩盤侵食</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/18269477900&quot; title=&quot;Bedrock erosion by waterfall recession after the 921 Chi-Chi earthquake, central Taiwan / 台湾中部，九二一地震で生じた滝の後退による岩盤侵食 by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Bedrock erosion by waterfall recession after the 921 Chi-Chi earthquake, central Taiwan / 台湾中部，九二一地震で生じた滝の後退による岩盤侵食&quot; height=&quot;375&quot; src=&quot;https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/471/18269477900_6c1e8132e0.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The Chi-Chi earthquake (M7.7), occurred on September 21, 1999, was associated with the activity of the Chelungpu Fault, along which surface ruptures continues for ca. 100 km with up to 10 m of vertical displacement. Waterfalls were formed in rivers flowing over the ruptures, and the most famous one having a height of 7 m was appeared in the Tachia River at the northernmost portion of the fault. The picture shows a fault-induced waterfall with 4-m height (at the center, slightly seen as white color) and a gorge of inner channel downstream of the waterfall in the Gan River in July 2005. This waterfall has receded for more than 200 m from the original location in 6 years after the earthquake, where rapid waterfall recession can be caused by abundant gravels transported from upstream areas with harder rocks, acting as abrasion material. We can also observe sidewall notches and downstream widening of the gorge, which suggest lateral erosion by the river following the waterfall recession. On the right side of the Gan River, facilities of formerly an elementary school, located just on the fault rupture and broken by the earthquake, are preserved and on exhibit as the Earthquake Museum.&lt;br /&gt;
(July 26, 2005, photo and text by Yuichi S. Hayakawa)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　1999年9月21日，台湾中部でM7.7 の大地震が発生した。この際活動した車籠埔断層に沿って，地表には約100 km に渡る地震断層が生じ，その鉛直変位量は最大で10 m に及んだ。断層が河川を横切る地点は滝となり，とくに断層北部の大甲渓で高さ7 mの滝が形成されたことは多く報じられた。写真は，断層を跨ぐ河川の一つである乾渓において，2005年7月に撮影されたものである。細長く続く峡谷（inner channel）の奥に高さ約4 m の滝があり，この滝は地震発生から6年の間に元の断層の位置から200 m 以上も後退した。年間で数十メートルという後退速度は，岩盤侵食速度としては極端に大きい。これは，風化に対して脆弱な泥質の岩盤であることに加え，上流域から運搬されてくる硬質な砂礫が摩耗剤としてはたらき，侵食作用を促進させていることが一因であると考えられている。また，峡谷は下流ほど幅が広がり，その側壁にはノッチが形成されており，滝が後退したあとの側刻作用による谷の拡幅を示している。この乾渓右岸，断層の真上にあった学校は，その倒壊した建物や盛り上がった校庭が，地震教育園として保存・公開されている。&lt;br /&gt;
解説・写真：早川裕一&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/18430789686&quot; title=&quot;Untitled by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Untitled&quot; height=&quot;243&quot; src=&quot;https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8840/18430789686_cca233008a.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000420078_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形29-1, 2008&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/3341895147588063881/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/06/bedrock-erosion-by-waterfall-recession.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/3341895147588063881'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/3341895147588063881'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/06/bedrock-erosion-by-waterfall-recession.html' title='Bedrock erosion by waterfall recession after the 921 Chi-Chi earthquake, central Taiwan / 台湾中部，九二一地震で生じた滝の後退による岩盤侵食'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>台湾 台中市 霧峰区 坑口里</georss:featurename><georss:point>24.041413166713706 120.70086342745208</georss:point><georss:box>24.039600666713707 120.69834192745208 24.043225666713706 120.70338492745208</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-5364736774575698023</id><published>2015-04-08T05:48:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2015-04-08T05:48:00.211+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="arabic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="asia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fluvial"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Cliff of fluvial terrace along the Euphrates River near Ar-Raqqa, Syrian Arab Republic / シリア共和国ラッカ近郊、ユーフラテス川右岸の河岸段丘崖</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/17039226871&quot; title=&quot;Cliff of fluvial terrace along the Euphrates River near Ar-Raqqa, Syrian Arab Republic / シリア共和国ラッカ近郊、ユーフラテス川右岸の河岸段丘崖 by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Cliff of fluvial terrace along the Euphrates River near Ar-Raqqa, Syrian Arab Republic / シリア共和国ラッカ近郊、ユーフラテス川右岸の河岸段丘崖&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7628/17039226871_23b7b7110a.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(March 7, 2010, photo by Yuichi S. Hayakawa)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　ビシュリの台地の北縁は、ユーフラテス川により切り込まれ比高60 m ほどの段丘崖をなす。崖は中新統の石灰岩・石膏岩と挟在するシルト質泥岩からなるが、1974年のタブカダム建設以降ユーフラテスの氾濫は抑えられ、現状、崖が侵食されることはほとんどない。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000474239_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形32-3, 2011&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/5364736774575698023/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/04/cliff-of-fluvial-terrace-along.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5364736774575698023'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5364736774575698023'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/04/cliff-of-fluvial-terrace-along.html' title='Cliff of fluvial terrace along the Euphrates River near Ar-Raqqa, Syrian Arab Republic / シリア共和国ラッカ近郊、ユーフラテス川右岸の河岸段丘崖'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-7169911839663779068</id><published>2015-04-07T06:37:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2015-04-07T06:37:00.349+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="anatolia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="asia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="volcano"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Erosional landforms of layered, non-welded ignimbrites in Cappadocia, Turkey / トルコ共和国、カッパドキアにおける火砕流堆積物の侵食地形</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/17038558442&quot; title=&quot;Erosional landforms of layered, non-welded ignimbrites in Cappadocia, Turkey / トルコ共和国、カッパドキアにおける火砕流堆積物の侵食地形 by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Erosional landforms of layered, non-welded ignimbrites in Cappadocia, Turkey / トルコ共和国、カッパドキアにおける火砕流堆積物の侵食地形&quot; height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7689/17038558442_4f00af53f7.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;The rock mound on the right side is an inserberg named Uçhisar, in which many artificial caves are formed. Visited during the field trip of JGU-Ankara University joint meeting.&lt;br /&gt;
(September 16, 2010, photo by Yuichi S. Hayakawa)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　非溶結の火砕流堆積物が風化・侵食を受け、奇岩地形が広がっている。右側の岩山はウチヒサルと呼ばれる残丘地形。多くの洞穴が掘られている。JGU合同大会（アンカラ大学との共催）の巡検で訪れた。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000470945_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形32-2, 2011&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/7169911839663779068/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/04/erosional-landforms-of-layered-non.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/7169911839663779068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/7169911839663779068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/04/erosional-landforms-of-layered-non.html' title='Erosional landforms of layered, non-welded ignimbrites in Cappadocia, Turkey / トルコ共和国、カッパドキアにおける火砕流堆積物の侵食地形'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-1113831894981112262</id><published>2015-04-06T05:04:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2015-04-06T05:04:00.041+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="asia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="caucasus"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fluvial"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Deeply dissected valley in an alluvial fan of the Tovus River, western Azerbaijan / アゼルバイジャン共和国西部、トヴス川扇状地の開析谷</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/17039849535&quot; title=&quot;Deeply dissected valley in an alluvial fan of the Tovus River, western Azerbaijan / アゼルバイジャン共和国西部、トヴス川扇状地の開析谷 by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Deeply dissected valley in an alluvial fan of the Tovus River, western Azerbaijan / アゼルバイジャン共和国西部、トヴス川扇状地の開析谷&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8794/17039849535_c56f5abf27.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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July 25, 2012, photo by Yuichi S. Hayakawa&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　小コーカサス山脈から北流（写真左から右）するトヴス川は、本流であるクラ川に注ぐところで北向きの扇状地を形成する。その開析谷の比高は写真の地点で約60 m に及び、谷の内部には後氷期に形成された数段の段丘がみられる。現河床からは礫の採取も活発に行われ、対岸ではその工場からの煙が立ち上がっている。扇状地上を東西に流れる灌漑用水は、径2 m 超のパイプを通り、サイフォンとしてトヴスの深い谷を横断する。
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000488806_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形34-1, 2013&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/1113831894981112262/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/04/deeply-dissected-valley-in-alluvial-fan.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/1113831894981112262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/1113831894981112262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/04/deeply-dissected-valley-in-alluvial-fan.html' title='Deeply dissected valley in an alluvial fan of the Tovus River, western Azerbaijan / アゼルバイジャン共和国西部、トヴス川扇状地の開析谷'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>アゼルバイジャン トブズ</georss:featurename><georss:point>40.996270783501963 45.65904026599128</georss:point><georss:box>40.990278783501964 45.648955265991283 41.002262783501962 45.669125265991276</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-8283831984805670928</id><published>2015-02-03T06:03:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2015-02-03T06:03:00.373+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="north america"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="waterfall"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Erosion of Niagara Falls, Canada and the USA / ナイアガラフォールズの侵食</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/15795228154&quot; title=&quot;Erosion of Niagara Falls, Canada and the USA / ナイアガラフォールズの侵食 by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Erosion of Niagara Falls, Canada and the USA / ナイアガラフォールズの侵食&quot; height=&quot;349&quot; src=&quot;https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8644/15795228154_b52645b410.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Niagara Falls was formed at the Niagara Escarpment, 11 km downstream the present location of the waterfall, on ca. 12,500 years ago when the Niagara River drained from upstream Lake Erie across the cliff. The mean recession rate is ca. 1 m/y, while the long-term recession rate has varied due to changes of water discharge of the Niagara River. Water intake for power plant since a century ago caused decrease of the water discharge flowing over the waterfall, and the waterfall erosion has been stagnated, with its present recession rate on the order of centimeters a year. The embowed horseshoe shape of the waterfall can also be another factor stabilizing the waterfall against erosion.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;An erosion model on Niagara Falls has been proposed by G.K. Gilbert a century ago, suggesting the caprock structure of the waterfall face, in which erosion dominates on the lower shale layer (undercut by plunge-pool swirling flow). Although the model has long been regarded as representative one that explains waterfall erosion, such a caprock model cannot be applied for many other waterfalls that are buttressed, and severe erosion in the plunge pool is also doubtful because currents in the deep pool may not be so strong to cause entrainment of fallen brocks and bedrock erosion.&lt;br /&gt;
Photo and text by Yuichi S. Hayakawa&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　ナイアガラフォールズは約12,500 年前，ローレンタイド氷床の後退にともない，エリー湖からオンタリオ湖へ向けて北流したナイアガラ川が，東西に走るナイアガラ・エスカープメントを横切る地点で形成された。以降，継続的な侵食により滝は現在の位置まで約11 kmを後退した。平均して年間約1 m 弱の後退速度となるが，過去の後退速度は一定ではなく，たとえば約1万年前からの5000年間は，エリー湖より上流の氷河湖からの流出経路が異なったため，1 kmしか後退が進まなかったことが貝化石の14C 年代（未較正）から推定されている。また，20 世紀には水力発電のための取水が始まり，観光用に日中の流量は確保されているものの，滝を通過する総流量は激減した。同時に滝の侵食も遅くなり，現在の後退速度は年間数 cm 程度であると言われている。また，ホースシューフォールズ（写真手前）は300 年前にはより直線的な平面形状を呈していたが，これが徐々に馬蹄形となることで応力分散により安定し，侵食が遅くなる一因となっているという説もある。&lt;br /&gt;
　20世紀初頭に提案されたG.K. Gilbert によるナイアガラフォールズの侵食モデルは，滝壺の渦流が滝面下部の頁岩の水平層を侵食し，キャップロックとなる上部のドロマイトが崩落する，というものであった。長い間これが滝の侵食の典型的なモデルとして広まっていたが，実際にはキャップロック構造をもたない滝は多く，滝一般においての事例としてはむしろ稀な方であろう。さらに滝壺底部に侵食をもたらすほどの渦流が生じるという説明は，ナイアガラフォールズにおいてさえ推測の域を出ておらず，滝の侵食プロセスに関して不明な点は未だに多い。&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDjSW2RALhXkwE32_-H1vxj7J1e8JRA9oAKECS3Ug8X6-JxLDND5rMAHcMoLY5T_Jcf14XzXOV2jyaqeDR1n3G2ZlpGtbzoP3uSHEv1XeebfukIltE48IpG3LLBRLJLqXW0UN53hlsig/s1600/niagara_cover_back.tif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDjSW2RALhXkwE32_-H1vxj7J1e8JRA9oAKECS3Ug8X6-JxLDND5rMAHcMoLY5T_Jcf14XzXOV2jyaqeDR1n3G2ZlpGtbzoP3uSHEv1XeebfukIltE48IpG3LLBRLJLqXW0UN53hlsig/s1600/niagara_cover_back.tif&quot; height=&quot;166&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000421888_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形 29-2, 2008&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/8283831984805670928/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/02/erosion-of-niagara-falls-canada-and-usa.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/8283831984805670928'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/8283831984805670928'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/02/erosion-of-niagara-falls-canada-and-usa.html' title='Erosion of Niagara Falls, Canada and the USA / ナイアガラフォールズの侵食'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDjSW2RALhXkwE32_-H1vxj7J1e8JRA9oAKECS3Ug8X6-JxLDND5rMAHcMoLY5T_Jcf14XzXOV2jyaqeDR1n3G2ZlpGtbzoP3uSHEv1XeebfukIltE48IpG3LLBRLJLqXW0UN53hlsig/s72-c/niagara_cover_back.tif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-5198539544859788536</id><published>2015-02-02T07:01:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2015-02-02T07:01:00.358+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="anatolia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="volcano"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Disappearing glacier in Mt. Erciyes, central Turkey / トルコ共和国中部、エルジエス火山の山頂とその直下に現存する氷河</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/16225983268&quot; title=&quot;Disappearing glacier in Mt. Erciyes, central Turkey / トルコ共和国中部、エルジエス火山の山頂とその直下に現存する氷河 by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Disappearing glacier in Mt. Erciyes, central Turkey / トルコ共和国中部、エルジエス火山の山頂とその直下に現存する氷河&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8572/16225983268_b75897723c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Disappearing glacier in Mt. Erciyes, central Turkey.&lt;br /&gt;
(August 2014, photo by Yuichi S. Hayakawa)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　トルコ中部、カイセリ近郊に位置するエルジエス山（山頂標高3,916 m）には氷河や岩石氷河が現存する。しかし1900年代初頭に初めて報告されてから氷河は後退を続けており、現在は山頂直下の崖下にわずかに残るのみとなる（写真中央右）。氷河より下流にはモレーンやアウトウォッシュプレーンなど氷河性の堆積物も分布している。（2014.08）&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：地形 35-4, 2014）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/5198539544859788536/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/02/disappearing-glacier-in-mt-erciyes.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5198539544859788536'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5198539544859788536'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/02/disappearing-glacier-in-mt-erciyes.html' title='Disappearing glacier in Mt. Erciyes, central Turkey / トルコ共和国中部、エルジエス火山の山頂とその直下に現存する氷河'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-6952409078660917382</id><published>2015-02-01T00:38:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2015-02-01T08:26:14.311+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="asia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>The Naryn River and mountains in Naryn, northern Tien Shan (Kyrgiz) / キルギス共和国中部，ナリン高地</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/14582482534&quot; title=&quot;Mountians and the Naryn River around Naryn, the northern Tien Shan (Kyrgiz) / キルギス共和国中部、ナリン周辺の山地と河川（2014.07） by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Mountians and the Naryn River around Naryn, the northern Tien Shan (Kyrgiz) / キルギス共和国中部、ナリン周辺の山地と河川（2014.07）&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3856/14582482534_4081633769.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Naryn River and mountains in Naryn, northern Tien Shan (Kyrgiz)&lt;br /&gt;
(July 2014, photo by Yuichi S. Hayakawa)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　天山山脈の北部，ナリンから北方を望む．写真中央を西に流れるナリン川は，上流の氷河からの濁った水を湛え，その下流ではシルダリヤ川と名を変えアラル海に注ぐ．谷中に形成された段丘面上には，旧石器時代に遡る遺跡が分布している．（2014.07）&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形&lt;/a&gt;36-1, 2015）&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/6952409078660917382/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/02/mountians-and-naryn-river-around-naryn.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/6952409078660917382'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/6952409078660917382'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2015/02/mountians-and-naryn-river-around-naryn.html' title='The Naryn River and mountains in Naryn, northern Tien Shan (Kyrgiz) / キルギス共和国中部，ナリン高地'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-344543352328987314</id><published>2014-05-08T15:55:00.002+09:00</published><updated>2014-05-08T16:31:40.479+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="3d"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="asia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="landslide"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sfm"/><title type='text'>北東アフガニスタンの斜面崩壊：報道写真からの3Dデータ作成 / 3D data construction of the landslide in northeastern Afghanistan from reported photographs</title><content type='html'>2014年5月2日に発生した北東アフガニスタンでの大規模斜面崩壊（地すべり）について、報道されている写真から3Dデータ化を試みた。&lt;br /&gt;
I tried to construct three-dimensional data from photographs taken by reporters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
使用したのは、以下のようなサイトでも公開されている、様々なソースの写真。最終的に5つの空中写真を利用した。
（はじめは先に公開されていた地上写真からも試みたが、視点が異なり過ぎてうまくマッチングしなかった。）
&lt;br /&gt;
The photographs from various sources shown in the websites below were used for the 3D reconstruction. Five aerial photographs were successful to be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2014/05/afghanistan_landslide_rescuers_give_up_hope_o.html&quot;&gt;boston.com&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/05/massive-landslide-buries-remote-afghan-village/100729/&quot;&gt;The Atlantic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
PhotoScan(R) を使用し、基準点座標はGoogle Earth から参照しながら、SfM（モーションからの構造解析）による3Dモデルを作成。
&lt;br /&gt;
Structure-from-Motion (SfM) was performed to create a 3D model from the photographs using PhotoScan(R) software. Coordinates of ground control points (GCP) were obtained by referring to the points in satellite images on Google Earth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJiXCOU7SyVQ09wMFQQtMN_18R50mHXXEej64XlkFBLRUH9V8TkrUkYLGCZUju2vnVEGzhA-3MnWaXhEC8LUUI9NU_yRXbKfJaK2foP-9shA0dYFwGo9aYtuL73CYY210n9w9ORJ1jOC4/s1600/ce67bc6fbabf1f7154ec73bec6bf6860.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJiXCOU7SyVQ09wMFQQtMN_18R50mHXXEej64XlkFBLRUH9V8TkrUkYLGCZUju2vnVEGzhA-3MnWaXhEC8LUUI9NU_yRXbKfJaK2foP-9shA0dYFwGo9aYtuL73CYY210n9w9ORJ1jOC4/s1600/ce67bc6fbabf1f7154ec73bec6bf6860.png&quot; height=&quot;165&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ただしモデル作成後の基準点座標には100 m 近いの誤差も含まれる（Total error = 53.8 m）。
&lt;br /&gt;
The GCP errors are typically 53.8 m but some are nearly 100 m.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
KML（KMZ）ファイルにエクスポートし、Google Earth 上で表示させると、崩壊発生前後の変化がよく読み取れる。
&lt;br /&gt;
Exporting to KML (KMZ) file, the scenery before and after the landslide occurrence can be seen on Google Earth. [&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/475617/kml/afghan_landslide_20140502.kmz&quot;&gt;source KML&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbua-Qt2Wa4V-wctjl4g7gAl_7Qrzee2hRW0ea2b-Sp59vEjejhXNc5M0v2c2CJpOZflG5vw6aq-K7bXWmKup4JPCjJUBmdMiSFH32zn1bWw5Y12jgt5DUDXjhAsaHblKIKGZ_cEOBfmI/s1600/afghan_lansdlide_20140502_before-after.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbua-Qt2Wa4V-wctjl4g7gAl_7Qrzee2hRW0ea2b-Sp59vEjejhXNc5M0v2c2CJpOZflG5vw6aq-K7bXWmKup4JPCjJUBmdMiSFH32zn1bWw5Y12jgt5DUDXjhAsaHblKIKGZ_cEOBfmI/s400/afghan_lansdlide_20140502_before-after.jpg&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/344543352328987314/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2014/05/3d-3d-data-construction-of-landslide-in.html#comment-form' title='1 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/344543352328987314'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/344543352328987314'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2014/05/3d-3d-data-construction-of-landslide-in.html' title='北東アフガニスタンの斜面崩壊：報道写真からの3Dデータ作成 / 3D data construction of the landslide in northeastern Afghanistan from reported photographs'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJiXCOU7SyVQ09wMFQQtMN_18R50mHXXEej64XlkFBLRUH9V8TkrUkYLGCZUju2vnVEGzhA-3MnWaXhEC8LUUI9NU_yRXbKfJaK2foP-9shA0dYFwGo9aYtuL73CYY210n9w9ORJ1jOC4/s72-c/ce67bc6fbabf1f7154ec73bec6bf6860.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Fayzabad, アフガニスタン</georss:featurename><georss:point>37.012199787647276 70.359663963317871</georss:point><georss:box>37.010614787647278 70.357142463317871 37.013784787647275 70.362185463317871</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-3804358305843629375</id><published>2014-05-05T08:33:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2014-05-05T08:33:00.678+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="anatolia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="volcano"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Low-relief erosional surfaces and Erciyes Dağı (Mt. Erciyes) volcano in Anatolian highland / アナトリア高原の小起伏面とエルジエス火山（トルコ共和国カイセリ県）</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/14089779332&quot; title=&quot;Low-relief erosional surfaces and Erciyes Dağı (Mt. Erciyes) volcano in Anatolian highland / アナトリア高原の小起伏面とエルジエス火山（トルコ共和国カイセリ県） by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Low-relief erosional surfaces and Erciyes Dağı (Mt. Erciyes) volcano in Anatolian highland / アナトリア高原の小起伏面とエルジエス火山（トルコ共和国カイセリ県）&quot; height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7348/14089779332_230136f3ff.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Low-relief erosional surfaces are widely present in central Anatolian highland, where mountains or hills surrounded by gentle slopes are covered with crop fields to their summits. Slopes on these &quot;low-relief&quot; surfaces are generally gentle and geomorphic processes therein seems relatively slow, but many active geomorphic features are actually found: for instance, current small rivers incises for several meters in depth into a wide Holocene floodplain (shown in the center of the photo, a river runs along the trees from left to right), and steep slopes beyond the river have thin soil layer and surface materials are actively transported during heavy rainfall and in snowmelt season. Although the overall form of the low-relief surfaces can be peneplain or a relict landform of ancient long-term erosion, present geomorphic process are not so inactive in the region.&lt;br /&gt;
   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Many active faults run through these low-relief surfaces surrounding the Anatolian highland. A pull-apart basin, divided by normal or slip faults (a part of the East Anatolian fault zone), is located beyond the hill ridge in the upper portion of the photo, where volcanic activities have occurred since several million years ago. &lt;br /&gt;
   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Mt. Erciyes (3,917 m), shown in the upper left of the photo, is the highest volcano in central Anatolia. The mountain provides a place of skiing in winter, and snow around the summit is observable year-round. A glacier is present just below the summit on the north-facing slope (photo), which have severely retreated and is shortly disappearing. The photo shows an amazing scenery which contrast strong sunlight in the close view and cold ice in the distant view.&lt;br /&gt;
(Photograph and text by Yuichi S. Hayakawa, Aug. 2009)
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
　アナトリア高原中央部は広く侵食小起伏面からなる。乾燥して高木の乏しいなだらかな山には，その頂上にまで畑が広く覆っている。山や丘のてっぺんには，テペと呼ばれる遺丘が多く乗り，写真もそのうちの一つから撮影したものだ。&lt;br /&gt;
　「小起伏」面とはいっても，しかし，それなりに起伏はある。道には坂やコーナーが延々と続き，大河川は深い谷を刻む。写真中央遠方の緑の木々に沿っては小川が流れており，数百m幅の広い沖積層を谷底に溜める。その向こうの急斜面は草もまばらで土壌も浅く，豪雨や雪解け時には土砂移動が生じている。小起伏面の概形は，かつての河川等による侵食を反映した残存地形（いわゆる準平原）であると言われる。しかし，現在でもさまざまな地形変化プロセスが，速度は遅くとも，着実に進行していることも事実である。&lt;br /&gt;
　こうした小起伏面を切り裂く断層帯が，アナトリア小プレートを取り囲むように分布している。写真上，稜線の向こう側には，南西―北東に走る正・横ずれ断層帯に挟まれた盆地が広がる。この地域はテクトニクス的な拡大場にあり，火山活動が数百万年以上も前から続いている。&lt;br /&gt;
　左に遠望されるのがエルジエス火山（標高3,917 m）。中央アナトリア地方の最高峰である。冬にはスキーリゾートとして賑わい，夏でも山頂付近には雪が残る。写真手前が北向き斜面であり，山頂直下には氷河や岩石氷河も存在する。ただ，この氷河も縮小傾向にあり，一昨年と昨年は史上初めて麓からの遠景で夏に雪が見えなくなったという。なお，奇岩地形で有名なカッパドキアはこの火山の西に広がり，これはエルジエスより古い時代の火山活動にともなう火砕流堆積物の台地が開析されてできている。&lt;br /&gt;
（2009年8月撮影）
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/13906318598&quot; title=&quot;Low-relief erosional surfaces and Erciyes Dağı (Mt. Erciyes) volcano in Anatolian highland / アナトリア高原の小起伏面とエルジエス火山（トルコ共和国カイセリ県） by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Low-relief erosional surfaces and Erciyes Dağı (Mt. Erciyes) volcano in Anatolian highland / アナトリア高原の小起伏面とエルジエス火山（トルコ共和国カイセリ県）&quot; height=&quot;323&quot; src=&quot;https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7424/13906318598_ea37bc7dcd.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000442301_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形30 (4), 2009&lt;/a&gt;）
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/3804358305843629375/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2014/05/low-relief-erosional-surfaces-and.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/3804358305843629375'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/3804358305843629375'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2014/05/low-relief-erosional-surfaces-and.html' title='Low-relief erosional surfaces and Erciyes Dağı (Mt. Erciyes) volcano in Anatolian highland / アナトリア高原の小起伏面とエルジエス火山（トルコ共和国カイセリ県）'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Felahiye, カイセリ トルコ</georss:featurename><georss:point>39.034119526392807 35.48309326171875</georss:point><georss:box>38.836927026392807 35.160369761718748 39.231312026392807 35.805816761718752</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-5900746684398254205</id><published>2014-05-02T23:25:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2014-05-03T10:30:58.425+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cave"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fukushima"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="japan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="karst"/><title type='text'>Stalactites developed in Abukuma karst cave, northeastern Japan / 福島県あぶくま洞の天井に成長するつらら石</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/7566839800&quot; title=&quot;Stalactites developed in Abukuma karst cave, northeastern Japan / 福島県あぶくま洞の天井に成長するつらら石 by yuichi hayakawa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Stalactites developed in Abukuma karst cave, northeastern Japan / 福島県あぶくま洞の天井に成長するつらら石&quot; height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8166/7566839800_c44680a1e6.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
あぶくま洞（福島県田村市）は、結晶質石灰岩の岩体に形成され、さまざまな形状をもつ鍾乳石が豊富に観察される。また、洞窟の壁面上部には未固結の礫層も残り、過去の洞内における流水作用も示唆される。洞窟の上位にあたる仙台平には石灰岩層と頁岩層との境界にドリーネが形成され、あぶくま洞への水の経路にもなっている。&lt;br /&gt;
(July 2012, photo by Yuichi S. Hayakawa)
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：地形 35-1, 2014）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/5900746684398254205/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2014/05/stalactites-developed-in-abukuma-karst.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5900746684398254205'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5900746684398254205'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2014/05/stalactites-developed-in-abukuma-karst.html' title='Stalactites developed in Abukuma karst cave, northeastern Japan / 福島県あぶくま洞の天井に成長するつらら石'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>日本, 〒963-3601 福島県田村市滝根町菅谷東釜山１ あぶくま洞</georss:featurename><georss:point>37.3443007 140.67379089999997</georss:point><georss:box>11.822266199999998 99.365196899999972 62.866335199999995 -178.01761510000006</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-4245925054761341629</id><published>2013-10-20T21:52:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2013-10-20T21:52:45.191+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="island"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="japan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="orthophoto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="photogrammetry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tokyo"/><title type='text'>  伊豆大島西部の斜面崩壊空中写真 / Orthorectified airphotos of slope failure in the western Izu-Oshima Island</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
2013年10月16日、台風26号の豪雨で発生した伊豆大島西部の斜面崩壊。&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
国土地理院の電子国土Web.NEXT（試験公開）で空中写真が公開されている。&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/h25-taihu26-index.html&quot;&gt;http://www.gsi.go.jp/BOUSAI/h25-taihu26-index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
このうちいくつかの垂直写真（10/17撮影）から、オルソ補正写真を作成し、崩壊の発生前後の比較をしてみた。&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
（位置補正は水平数メートル程度？で大雑把。）&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;
Google Earth で閲覧するためのKMLはこちら→　&lt;a href=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/_d/131016_izuoshima_orthophoto.kmz&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;KMZファイル (約71MB)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
サイドバーにあるレイヤの透明度調整バーで、前後の比較が可能。&lt;/div&gt;
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もともとあった谷部の植生の色が微妙に違っていたり、小さな崩壊の履歴はあったのかもしれない。&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/4245925054761341629/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2013/10/orthorectified-airphotos-of-slope.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/4245925054761341629'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/4245925054761341629'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2013/10/orthorectified-airphotos-of-slope.html' title='  伊豆大島西部の斜面崩壊空中写真 / Orthorectified airphotos of slope failure in the western Izu-Oshima Island'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGA65DQp8EXwxD3TA9oSowAHpUOD-Phkq6N2e3IPv0b24mdKZzqK4c97vXQM8xu7Bj_ehRzIREbaZtEQQcjZvEKm7hTm-fcEIZaKJNqfUF4W1icw57nnfEzbfklNlmRluGxLtHIJxyux4/s72-c/izuoshima_pre.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>日本, 東京都大島町元町</georss:featurename><georss:point>34.748241547341443 139.37221450244147</georss:point><georss:box>34.735194547341443 139.35204450244146 34.761288547341444 139.39238450244147</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-3093049720241852856</id><published>2013-03-21T19:16:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2013-03-21T19:17:09.376+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="coast"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="island"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="japan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="kyushu"/><title type='text'>Large boulders and pedestals on uplifted coastal terraces in Kikai Island, southwestern Japan / 喜界島，海岸段丘面上の巨礫と台座岩</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;



&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;






&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
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  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: ＭＳ 明朝;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/8577068032/&quot; title=&quot;Large boulders and pedestals on uplifted coastal terraces in Kikai Island, southwestern Japan / 喜界島，海岸段丘面上の巨礫と台座岩 by hykwaaaa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Large boulders and pedestals on uplifted coastal terraces in Kikai Island, southwestern Japan / 喜界島，海岸段丘面上の巨礫と台座岩&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8248/8577068032_b36d979a7e.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Kikai Island (Kikaijima) is famous for the
modern coral reef studies undersea. However, the ancient coral reef, which
currently composes coastal rocky landforms, is also another important topic for
geomorphologists. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Numerous large limestone boulders, coming
either from ocean as tsunami deposits or from mountain-side cliffs as fallen
block, are distributed upon the coral-limestone surface of uplifted coastal
terraces in eastern Kikai Island. Being fixed on the uplifted surface, the
boulders act as &quot;umbrella&quot; to save the bedrock limestone beneath them
from dissolution by raindrop. The surface of the terraces broadly lowers due to
the rainfall-induced dissolution, and the protected portions beneath the
boulders remains as pedestal. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The boulders in the picture are located on
relatively young surface of uplifted coastal terrace, whose duration of
dissolution is approximately 1,500 years. Small pedestals with a height of
several tens of centimeters, as well as dissolution pits on the surrounding
terrace surface, are being formed . Higher pedestals, often exceeds 1 m at
6,000 years after emergence, are observed on higher terraces inland. The
pedestals therefore allow us to obtain the surface lowering rate of the
uplifted coastal terraces, which means the dissolution rate of the coral-reef limestone in Kikai Island. (See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007340610/en/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;the report by Hayakawa et al. in thisissue&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;　サンゴ礁石灰岩からなる喜界島の完新世海成段丘面上には，同じくサンゴ礁石灰岩からなる巨礫が多く転がっている。津波で打ち上げられたか，あるいは陸側の段丘崖から落ちてきたか――いずれにせよ，定置かつ離水してから後，巨礫は「傘」となって，直下の基盤岩に雨滴との接触の機会を失わせる。一方，雨に晒された周りの地表面は次第に溶解し，その高度を減じていく。雨宿りの結果取り残された基盤岩は，巨礫を支える台座岩（ペデスタル）として現前する。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;　写真は喜界島東岸の比較的新しい離水面に載る巨礫で，台座岩の形成が始まってから約&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;年とまだ時間が浅い。そのため「台座」と呼ぶには未熟かもしれないが，周辺の溶食凹地とともに，巨礫の下部には数&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;10 cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;程度の台座岩が形成されつつあるのが見える。陸側の，より高く隆起した段丘面では，古いものほど台座岩は高く，たとえば&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;6000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;年前の離水面でのそれは&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;2 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;近くにも及ぶ。喜界島における地表面の低下速度，すなわち石灰岩の溶解速度は，こうした台座岩の高さとその溶解継続時間とから求めることができる。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ 明朝&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;　なお，撮影地の背後には，サンゴの石垣で有名な阿伝集落がある。また，一段高い段丘面に載る別の巨礫と台座岩がある末吉神社も近い（&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007340610&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;本号掲載論文&lt;/a&gt;参照）。（2009年1月撮影）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000439213_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形30 (3), 2009&lt;/a&gt;）&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: ＭＳ 明朝;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: ＭＳ 明朝;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/8577068712/&quot; title=&quot;Large boulders and pedestals on uplifted coastal terraces in Kikai Island, southwestern Japan / 喜界島，海岸段丘面上の巨礫と台座岩 by hykwaaaa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Large boulders and pedestals on uplifted coastal terraces in Kikai Island, southwestern Japan / 喜界島，海岸段丘面上の巨礫と台座岩&quot; height=&quot;279&quot; src=&quot;http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8521/8577068712_4d8f27ff7e.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;ＭＳ 明朝&#39;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;（百之台から撮影地近辺を望む）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;ＭＳ 明朝&#39;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/3093049720241852856/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2013/03/large-boulders-and-pedestals-on.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/3093049720241852856'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/3093049720241852856'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2013/03/large-boulders-and-pedestals-on.html' title='Large boulders and pedestals on uplifted coastal terraces in Kikai Island, southwestern Japan / 喜界島，海岸段丘面上の巨礫と台座岩'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-2253205284485412974</id><published>2013-01-30T09:43:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2013-01-30T09:46:57.094+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="arabic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="coast"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oman"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>Uplifted shore platform and cyclone-derived debris flow deposits, northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, Sultanate of Oman / アラビア半島北東海岸（オマーン国）の隆起ベンチとサイクロンによる砂礫堆積物 </title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/8428672346/&quot; title=&quot;Uplifted shore platform and cyclone-derived debris flow deposits, northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, Sultanate of Oman / アラビア半島北東海岸（オマーン国）の隆起ベンチとサイクロンによる砂礫堆積物 by hykwaaaa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Uplifted shore platform and cyclone-derived debris flow deposits, northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, Sultanate of Oman / アラビア半島北東海岸（オマーン国）の隆起ベンチとサイクロンによる砂礫堆積物&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8238/8428672346_164d867c76.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/8428672836/&quot; title=&quot;Location: Uplifted shore platform and cyclone-derived debris flow deposits, northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, Sultanate of Oman / アラビア半島北東海岸（オマーン国）の隆起ベンチとサイクロンによる砂礫堆積物 by hykwaaaa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Location: Uplifted shore platform and cyclone-derived debris flow deposits, northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, Sultanate of Oman / アラビア半島北東海岸（オマーン国）の隆起ベンチとサイクロンによる砂礫堆積物&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8220/8428672836_474e586afb.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;On June 6, 2007, a gigantic cyclone “Gonu” attacked eastern Oman, the northeastern Arabian Peninsula. The cyclone attack caused flash floods in wadi channels in the dry region, entraining vast amount of sand and gravel which instantaneously traveled throughout the channels. Coastal deposits of the sand and gravel spread around the wadi outlets (left side in the photo), and such numerous gravels associated with repeated storms might have been trapped into coral reefs to form gravel-rich carbonate rocks (or, calcareous conglomerate) shown in the bottom of the photo. The uplifted shore platform has a 3-m height at its edge with sharp and deep notches, and partially with fallen blocks induced by wave and gravity forces (right-top in the photo), which are rapidly broken toward small pieces. A shell midden site (BIMMA-1) at the Neolithic to Bronze Age is on the uplifted platform. The platform cliff, as well as the midden itself, has therefore suffered from erosion for thousands of years. Together with this uplifted shore platform, several coastal terraces with heights of 100 to 500 m are formed in the backyard, indicating the active tectonics in this region. Furthermore, the Oman ophiolite, the largest, most famous and complete ophiolite in the world, forms high mountains with altitudes of 2,000–3,000 m in the inland areas along the coast.&lt;br /&gt;
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　2007年6月6日，アラビア海（インド洋）で発生した大型サイクロン「ゴヌ」が北上を続け，オマーン湾とその周辺諸国を襲った。観測史上最大級のこのサイクロンは，オマーンの乾燥した大地に強風と豪雨をもたらし，普段は水の枯れたワディにも大量の水が流れ込んだ。激流は河床に溜まっていた砂礫を巻き込み，河口まで一気に運び出す。表紙写真の左側にみえる堆積物は，その際にワディから運び出された砂礫堆である。足元のサンゴを含む石灰岩にも礫が多く混入しており，この場所で大量の砂礫が繰り返し供給されていることを示している。右側と手前に張り出しているのは，高さ約3 m の隆起ベンチである。海側小崖の基部には鋭いノッチが発達し，写真右側の奥には波と重力とに耐えきれず崩落したブロックもみられる。この隆起ベンチ上には新石器後半から青銅器時代（およそ4－6千年前）の貝塚が分布し，少なくとも数千年間，ベンチの端は波の侵食を受けている。一度崩落したブロックは波の作用により急速に解体され，隆起ベンチ上には細かく打ち砕かれたブロックの破片が散在している。この写真の背後には数段の海岸段丘（標高100－500 m）が発達し，アラビア海沿岸域における地殻変動の歴史を物語っている。より内陸側には，かつてのテチス海の海洋地殻が標高2,000－3,000 m級の山脈を形成するほど持ちあげられ，世界で最も大規模かつ完全なオフィオライト，オマーンオフィオライトとして広く分布している。（2008年3月撮影）&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000437871_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形30 (2), 2009&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/2253205284485412974/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2013/01/uplifted-shore-platform-and-cyclone.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/2253205284485412974'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/2253205284485412974'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2013/01/uplifted-shore-platform-and-cyclone.html' title='Uplifted shore platform and cyclone-derived debris flow deposits, northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, Sultanate of Oman / アラビア半島北東海岸（オマーン国）の隆起ベンチとサイクロンによる砂礫堆積物 '/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-5871699972749301492</id><published>2012-12-31T17:26:00.000+09:00</published><updated>2013-01-30T09:52:17.738+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="japan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="kyushu"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="volcano"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="waterfall"/><title type='text'>Goro Falls in southern Aso caldera foothill / 阿蘇外輪山南麓，五老ヶ滝</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/8327157045/&quot; title=&quot;Goro Falls in southern Aso caldera foothill / 阿蘇外輪山南麓，五老ヶ滝 by hykwaaaa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Goro Falls in southern Aso caldera foothill / 阿蘇外輪山南麓，五老ヶ滝&quot; height=&quot;339&quot; src=&quot;http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8354/8327157045_9462b585f4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Goro Falls, 44 m in height and 12 m in width, is one of the numerous waterfalls formed in extensive ignimbrite plateaus around the Aso caldera, central Kyushu. Recession of the waterfall has caused dissection of the welded ignimbrites, forming deep gorges below the waterfall. Spectacular features of joints in the Aso-1 ignimbrite, which is the oldest (ca. 270 ka) among the four major Aso ignimbrites, are clearly seen on the cliffs around the waterfall. The base of the ignimbrite is at 8 m above plunge pool, indicating that fluvial gravel layer beneath the ignimbrite has been eroded together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　阿蘇火山は，世界有数の大規模なカルデラ火山である．カルデラの周囲には大量の火砕流堆積物が広く分布し，その溶結部では滝が多く形成されている．五老ヶ滝は，約27万年前に噴出したAso-1火砕流堆積物にかかり，形成当初の地点から現在の位置まで，峡谷を下流に残しながら後退してきた．高さ約44 m，幅約12 m（実測値）．下流の谷底からは，柱状節理を呈する溶結凝灰岩の断面がよく見える．崖の基部，滝壷の水面から約8 mの高さまではAso-1の基盤をなす礫層であり，滝より下流では，火砕流堆積物の溶結部だけでなく基盤にまで侵食が及んでいることがわかる．&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
（表紙写真：&lt;a href=&quot;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/vol_issue/nels/AN00333248/ISS0000128824_ja.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形 26 (3), 2005&lt;/a&gt;）
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
＞&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://watchizu.gsi.go.jp/watchizu.html?b=324051.3&amp;amp;l=1305942.5&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;地形図&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/5871699972749301492/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2012/12/goro-falls-in-southern-aso-caldera.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5871699972749301492'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5871699972749301492'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2012/12/goro-falls-in-southern-aso-caldera.html' title='Goro Falls in southern Aso caldera foothill / 阿蘇外輪山南麓，五老ヶ滝'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-5155103896146054312</id><published>2011-06-03T23:59:00.008+09:00</published><updated>2011-06-05T21:40:08.247+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="japan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tokyo"/><title type='text'>東京で一番高いビルの足下には - landform below the tallest building in Tokyo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;密集する建物や舗装された道路に隠されるも、都市部の地形は、注意深く観察すればその足下に「ある」ことがわかる。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2007年に開業した東京ミッドタウン。ここには東京で一番高いビル、&lt;a href=&quot;http://bit.ly/mloeNF&quot;&gt;ミッドタウン・タワー&lt;/a&gt;がある。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMdX66J75WeJXQbDBS9O17s8zTj3SgL2XN8O1IhPITM9saNl6ReBDMSBF5ghgk6Z5Tg4h2C6tiIXgR2HJLOKq00zN4AmTlhGIZEELSY76cENOk6XZQlCPxLYTprLvkoLhtpt9Gq2T5F-g/s1600/%25E3%2583%259F%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25BF%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2583%25B3.jpg&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMdX66J75WeJXQbDBS9O17s8zTj3SgL2XN8O1IhPITM9saNl6ReBDMSBF5ghgk6Z5Tg4h2C6tiIXgR2HJLOKq00zN4AmTlhGIZEELSY76cENOk6XZQlCPxLYTprLvkoLhtpt9Gq2T5F-g/s400/%25E3%2583%259F%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25BF%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2583%25B3.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5614605325813128130&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px; &quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;地形（標高段彩＋陰影＋斜面傾斜の色づけ）を地図に重ねて見ると、六本木の周辺は、複雑に谷が入り組んでいる場所だというのがわかると思う。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;数ある谷のうちの一つ、北東向きの小さな谷の谷頭部にミッドタウンは位置している。つまり、台地の尾根と谷との境目だ。だから谷に面している北側には、地下1階でも地に面した出口がある。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;そしてその先には、昔の湧き水の名残である池があり、かつてはここが小川の始まりとなっていた。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ちなみに六本木ヒルズも同様で、南東向きの谷の頭部にあり、その谷側には池もある。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;その名の通り、ヒルズは丘の上（ぎりぎり）に立っている。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;さて、ミッドタウンを入り口から見て行こう。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZTVThkKB3CgHs_eVOxBuWcm0YdYAeXz2eS7vH_EBjIrgR7ZmOAJzO0xp3Gw7Kzxy2uBTwiNgdEwb50Odl5r066DoGsrGluFiauu9PZc80hgLpJON5MwGhvropHJWEJO36PoGDgrKDmI/s1600/R0014463.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZTVThkKB3CgHs_eVOxBuWcm0YdYAeXz2eS7vH_EBjIrgR7ZmOAJzO0xp3Gw7Kzxy2uBTwiNgdEwb50Odl5r066DoGsrGluFiauu9PZc80hgLpJON5MwGhvropHJWEJO36PoGDgrKDmI/s320/R0014463.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;ミッドタウンの正面。よく見ると、地面がこのあたりで道路側に傾斜し始めている。分水界のようになっているのだ。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ここからまっすぐ、1階を進む。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZTVThkKB3CgHs_eVOxBuWcm0YdYAeXz2eS7vH_EBjIrgR7ZmOAJzO0xp3Gw7Kzxy2uBTwiNgdEwb50Odl5r066DoGsrGluFiauu9PZc80hgLpJON5MwGhvropHJWEJO36PoGDgrKDmI/s1600/R0014463.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh55PvwQ04Bm52DKTEotXnuAnwZgVvFUmvV-T055JccM9OMyHgGuouLX50-8JfZOv5blc7_kPRayCBI1w_72qpc6X_FOWgfYfdv2kwuErZhyphenhyphenpQvLloAiu-FLu-ZlQpUHSzMipuV69pA5CE/s1600/R0014459.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh55PvwQ04Bm52DKTEotXnuAnwZgVvFUmvV-T055JccM9OMyHgGuouLX50-8JfZOv5blc7_kPRayCBI1w_72qpc6X_FOWgfYfdv2kwuErZhyphenhyphenpQvLloAiu-FLu-ZlQpUHSzMipuV69pA5CE/s320/R0014459.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;途中の商業施設は通過して、そのまままっすぐ行くと、渡り廊下に出る。横にはリッツカールトンのエントランス（「地下1階」だが、ここではもう地下ではない）が見える。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh55PvwQ04Bm52DKTEotXnuAnwZgVvFUmvV-T055JccM9OMyHgGuouLX50-8JfZOv5blc7_kPRayCBI1w_72qpc6X_FOWgfYfdv2kwuErZhyphenhyphenpQvLloAiu-FLu-ZlQpUHSzMipuV69pA5CE/s1600/R0014459.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5D14_00RdGZdx0MoY7aZpWEODD3KITK6jnHshkecblMIqO6CpDdYAMV6-kvNI8-XL57U-wbe5qGwsHcRUbKFHGHrtzQ2pYCXTmmceQv_mwq8NRyaO_DoHxA-8f9w-GvuXmVt9s_bWPXI/s1600/R0014460.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5D14_00RdGZdx0MoY7aZpWEODD3KITK6jnHshkecblMIqO6CpDdYAMV6-kvNI8-XL57U-wbe5qGwsHcRUbKFHGHrtzQ2pYCXTmmceQv_mwq8NRyaO_DoHxA-8f9w-GvuXmVt9s_bWPXI/s320/R0014460.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;渡り廊下の突き当たりの先には、檜町（ひのきちょう）公園が見える。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5D14_00RdGZdx0MoY7aZpWEODD3KITK6jnHshkecblMIqO6CpDdYAMV6-kvNI8-XL57U-wbe5qGwsHcRUbKFHGHrtzQ2pYCXTmmceQv_mwq8NRyaO_DoHxA-8f9w-GvuXmVt9s_bWPXI/s1600/R0014460.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGgU8DS1ubsV3d9L_shdOWqQ8Yyca46QBSuBPVRshtR2Kr7jy0ndVGAhemI9NO6x0gHIp3BmvGSApo5jvVZoC38FMH2MKCB635xf06n3kPb_LVESscAFl09ZOuaBTPloutYfXnO17Z3o8/s1600/R0014458.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGgU8DS1ubsV3d9L_shdOWqQ8Yyca46QBSuBPVRshtR2Kr7jy0ndVGAhemI9NO6x0gHIp3BmvGSApo5jvVZoC38FMH2MKCB635xf06n3kPb_LVESscAFl09ZOuaBTPloutYfXnO17Z3o8/s320/R0014458.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ミッドタウン北東の檜町公園は、谷の始まりである。谷底は地面が低くなっているのと、高い建物が少ないために、視界が開ける。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGgU8DS1ubsV3d9L_shdOWqQ8Yyca46QBSuBPVRshtR2Kr7jy0ndVGAhemI9NO6x0gHIp3BmvGSApo5jvVZoC38FMH2MKCB635xf06n3kPb_LVESscAFl09ZOuaBTPloutYfXnO17Z3o8/s1600/R0014458.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRtqgcowgoT9CoE3u5bQcQ7_sh0uRGsAprOqFSGfKhjTBHyrrHt3bpIv7KZ9JXmfGGHjZO44l5bYQ90fjmFKuvU9G7OzxpiatXRbHnZOVwiDKEKT9l4Gy_bXLHKKFRrkQbYlRMFPlJqkI/s1600/R0014447.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRtqgcowgoT9CoE3u5bQcQ7_sh0uRGsAprOqFSGfKhjTBHyrrHt3bpIv7KZ9JXmfGGHjZO44l5bYQ90fjmFKuvU9G7OzxpiatXRbHnZOVwiDKEKT9l4Gy_bXLHKKFRrkQbYlRMFPlJqkI/s320/R0014447.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;渡り廊下から地面に降り、公園に入る。振り返ると、ミッドタウン・タワーの足下から水が湧き出しているのが見える。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRtqgcowgoT9CoE3u5bQcQ7_sh0uRGsAprOqFSGfKhjTBHyrrHt3bpIv7KZ9JXmfGGHjZO44l5bYQ90fjmFKuvU9G7OzxpiatXRbHnZOVwiDKEKT9l4Gy_bXLHKKFRrkQbYlRMFPlJqkI/s1600/R0014447.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgingoqsGnnCgTKCE0EZhhyphenhyphenFF6mYfATzj_Bcb06ceVtfL1vlI9UofSFLq6IJSBjzgnk2a-Z_fNmd04FTMEz4_UFE1CK_TqGTfp7bKKrOVIsHRZyVzyvCGwUdEgOaDva_Nidul6eswilvlg/s1600/R0014445.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgingoqsGnnCgTKCE0EZhhyphenhyphenFF6mYfATzj_Bcb06ceVtfL1vlI9UofSFLq6IJSBjzgnk2a-Z_fNmd04FTMEz4_UFE1CK_TqGTfp7bKKrOVIsHRZyVzyvCGwUdEgOaDva_Nidul6eswilvlg/s320/R0014445.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;公園内はよく整備され、水も豊富に流れている。ただし、この水はもともとの湧水ではなく、浄化した水を循環させているようだ。（都市化のために、東京都区部の湧水はどこもかなり少なくなっている。ここも水に触れてみると暖かく、自然の湧水そのものでないことはすぐに分かる。）&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgingoqsGnnCgTKCE0EZhhyphenhyphenFF6mYfATzj_Bcb06ceVtfL1vlI9UofSFLq6IJSBjzgnk2a-Z_fNmd04FTMEz4_UFE1CK_TqGTfp7bKKrOVIsHRZyVzyvCGwUdEgOaDva_Nidul6eswilvlg/s1600/R0014445.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2r0V4Qvopf8LA5f9XW5eZY5uLHNUjuVLmvW45DiNbzXA9MB4LTgmjUtrwQhV1_psW6XjP1sdcRGq-vthes-YPZ_37NjoXOiIksQpIGbwWz4DlGxPZQXomkx9YrhAZOaCh0C6PUvhizak/s1600/R0014466.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2r0V4Qvopf8LA5f9XW5eZY5uLHNUjuVLmvW45DiNbzXA9MB4LTgmjUtrwQhV1_psW6XjP1sdcRGq-vthes-YPZ_37NjoXOiIksQpIGbwWz4DlGxPZQXomkx9YrhAZOaCh0C6PUvhizak/s320/R0014466.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;整備された空間ではあるが、水が流れているというだけでも雰囲気は感じられる。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2r0V4Qvopf8LA5f9XW5eZY5uLHNUjuVLmvW45DiNbzXA9MB4LTgmjUtrwQhV1_psW6XjP1sdcRGq-vthes-YPZ_37NjoXOiIksQpIGbwWz4DlGxPZQXomkx9YrhAZOaCh0C6PUvhizak/s1600/R0014466.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-3i27CEdrwYbeLojTrXdpmQRFcFRc_tmOOYcAgKKX5wJgiPOnyZQANwm9I4IUEvHgfDMjssTlKe3Tf1lW-iKGRpw-bET1nmwKH2U8xYTxeyZOyHuWirbbHz4-YxOik84Dt5NWmtwsgIQ/s1600/R0014469.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-3i27CEdrwYbeLojTrXdpmQRFcFRc_tmOOYcAgKKX5wJgiPOnyZQANwm9I4IUEvHgfDMjssTlKe3Tf1lW-iKGRpw-bET1nmwKH2U8xYTxeyZOyHuWirbbHz4-YxOik84Dt5NWmtwsgIQ/s320/R0014469.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;池の先には東屋もあり、憩いの場となっている。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;もともとは武家屋敷の敷地で、当時から池は作られていたのだろう。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;ともあれ、大商業施設のすぐ裏にこのような公園があるというのも、東京の魅力のひとつではないだろうか。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;谷はこの先も続き、かつては新橋の方へ流れる川があった。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;現在そういった川は、埋められたり、道路や建物に置き換わって、その跡をみつけるのは容易ではない。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;しかし、谷という地形は変わらずに残っている。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;東京一高いビルの足下は、小さな川の始まる場所だったのだ。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; text-align:NONE&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/5155103896146054312/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2011/06/landform-below-tallest-building-in.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5155103896146054312'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/5155103896146054312'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2011/06/landform-below-tallest-building-in.html' title='東京で一番高いビルの足下には - landform below the tallest building in Tokyo'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMdX66J75WeJXQbDBS9O17s8zTj3SgL2XN8O1IhPITM9saNl6ReBDMSBF5ghgk6Z5Tg4h2C6tiIXgR2HJLOKq00zN4AmTlhGIZEELSY76cENOk6XZQlCPxLYTprLvkoLhtpt9Gq2T5F-g/s72-c/%25E3%2583%259F%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25BF%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2583%25B3.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-8519681888289010073</id><published>2010-09-08T00:10:00.010+09:00</published><updated>2011-04-17T11:30:10.555+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="europe"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>上から下まで - alluvial cone near Bergün, the Swiss Alps</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDQQ49a3FjCAi8JOxSVq2v0asxwjQewndjKWDIESGOjH1iFsi4pn-QBvmBnjshbQSz9l21PrxlIVA-fRZ7oWRjJkuzV-LG91lqZBeqDOVbg07V8vIW_fDGDlYUS3RPcySRWaz-eHY9YWk/s1600/IMGP7982_s.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 213px; height: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDQQ49a3FjCAi8JOxSVq2v0asxwjQewndjKWDIESGOjH1iFsi4pn-QBvmBnjshbQSz9l21PrxlIVA-fRZ7oWRjJkuzV-LG91lqZBeqDOVbg07V8vIW_fDGDlYUS3RPcySRWaz-eHY9YWk/s320/IMGP7982_s.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5520462867325675314&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/tagiru/5329364862/&quot; title=&quot;alluvial cone near Bergün, the Swiss Alps by hykwaaaa, on Flickr&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5162/5329364862_416c909b5d_z.jpg&quot; width=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; alt=&quot;alluvial cone near Bergün, the Swiss Alps&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;水や、石ころなど、地表の物質というものは、放っておけば高いところから低いところへと落ちてゆく。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;スイスの山はおおむね、大昔に海底だったところが隆起してできたものであるが、ただ盛り上がったというだけではない。&lt;br /&gt;地盤が隆起すれば、常にそれに逆らい、山を低くしようとする力もはたらく。これを侵食という。&lt;br /&gt;山の頂上はそれ故、高くなったり低くなったりを繰り返している。&lt;br /&gt;そして崩れた岩盤は、石ころとなり、砂となり、流され、やがて定置する。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;山の上から削られ流されてきた石や泥の塊が、谷底で積み重なっている。&lt;br /&gt;山の地形は動的に変化しているのだ。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--&lt;script src=&quot;http://zoom.it/evai.js?width=auto&amp;height=400px&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;--&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/8519681888289010073/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2010/09/alluvial-cone-near-bergun-swiss-alps.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/8519681888289010073'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/8519681888289010073'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2010/09/alluvial-cone-near-bergun-swiss-alps.html' title='上から下まで - alluvial cone near Bergün, the Swiss Alps'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDQQ49a3FjCAi8JOxSVq2v0asxwjQewndjKWDIESGOjH1iFsi4pn-QBvmBnjshbQSz9l21PrxlIVA-fRZ7oWRjJkuzV-LG91lqZBeqDOVbg07V8vIW_fDGDlYUS3RPcySRWaz-eHY9YWk/s72-c/IMGP7982_s.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-7477683817482453185</id><published>2009-08-06T22:25:00.001+09:00</published><updated>2011-04-17T11:30:45.130+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="europe"/><title type='text'>氷の力と水の力と - Silvaplana, Switzerland</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;mobile-photo&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/%7Ehayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/IMGP8474-760331-760415.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/%7Ehayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/IMGP8474-760331-760368.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;かつて存在した巨大な氷河は山を覆い、谷を広く、また深く削り込んだ。&lt;br /&gt;やがて間氷期という温暖期に入り、氷は融けてU字の深い谷が露わになる。&lt;br /&gt;U字谷の谷底には水が溜まり、湖となる。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;氷河が消えた後、U字谷に流れ込む支流の河川は、鋸のように岩を侵食した。&lt;br /&gt;川の出口には上流から河川で運ばれた砂礫により扇状地が形成され、この場所のように湖に流れ込む箇所ではファンデルタと呼ぶ。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;mobile-photo&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/%7Ehayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/IMGP1012-760605-760671.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/%7Ehayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/IMGP1012-760605-760632.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;その直上には、深く削り込まれた細い谷がある。&lt;br /&gt;この谷の中は急流となっており、時に滝となって、強力に岩盤を削ってきたようだ。&lt;br /&gt;今でも、谷の中では岩が削られ、崖も崩れ、活発に地形は変化している。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;氷による侵食と水による侵食のコラボレーションが生み出す、岩の造形。&lt;br /&gt;そうした地形が、スイスアルプスには数多ある。</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/7477683817482453185/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2009/08/silvaplana-switzerland.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/7477683817482453185'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/7477683817482453185'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2009/08/silvaplana-switzerland.html' title='氷の力と水の力と - Silvaplana, Switzerland'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-6178684404229875974</id><published>2009-08-03T17:01:00.002+09:00</published><updated>2011-04-17T11:30:45.130+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="europe"/><title type='text'>氷と岩 - Murtèl rock glacier, Switzerland</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;mobile-photo&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/IMGP8490-768959-769053.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/IMGP8490-768959-768996.JPG&quot;  border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大昔に山に降り積もった雪が、悠久の時を経て流れ下るものを氷河という。&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;一方、「岩石氷河」というのは、氷河とは異なり、氷ではなく「岩」が主役だ。&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;山の斜面を埋める落石。この内部には、夏でも融けない氷が隠れており、それは徐々に動いて岩とともに斜面を下る。&lt;br&gt;とくにここは北向きの斜面。陽が当らず、真夏でも雪が残っている。&lt;br&gt;スイスアルプスの山の上。&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;mobile-photo&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/IMGP8495-769107-769186.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/IMGP8495-769107-769135.JPG&quot;  border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br&gt;岩の塊の上に立つと、その大きさに改めて驚く。&lt;br&gt; これらの岩は、年間数センチ〜数メートルといった速さで斜面を徐々に下る。&lt;br&gt;全体として舌状の地形を呈しながら、先端部の岩々は動きを止め、表面には皺が寄る。&lt;br&gt;目に見えない、しかし実は見えている——少なくともそのスナップショットは——地面の動き。&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;そしてそれ以上に速いのが気候の変化。&lt;br&gt;ギザギザの山のてっぺんは、いつかまた氷河に覆われてしまうのだろうか。</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/6178684404229875974/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2009/08/murtel-rock-glacier-switzerland.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/6178684404229875974'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/6178684404229875974'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2009/08/murtel-rock-glacier-switzerland.html' title='氷と岩 - Murtèl rock glacier, Switzerland'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-4557933118563030547</id><published>2009-07-22T17:53:00.002+09:00</published><updated>2011-04-17T11:31:07.478+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oceania"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>砂の島 - Fraser Island - Queensland, Australia</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;mobile-photo&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/YSHP1446-789056-789125.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/YSHP1446-789056-789085.JPG&quot;  border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;大陸の岩盤は長年の侵食により、やがて砂となり川で海へと運ばれる。&lt;br&gt;海へ吐き出された砂は、今度は波によって海岸沿いにその居場所を振り分けられる。&lt;p&gt;そうして運ばれた砂が溜まりに溜まって、巨大な島となったのが、オーストラリア東岸のフレーザー島だ。&lt;br&gt;砂の島としては、世界でいちばん大きい。&lt;p&gt;通常、砂嘴（さし）と言えば、河口の辺りに数百メートル、あるいはせいぜい数キロメートル程度に渡って延びた砂の堆積する場所のことを言う。&lt;br&gt;それに比べると、この砂島の規模は100kmを超え、とてつもなく大きい。飛行機からでも、その全体像は望めないだろう。&lt;p&gt;どれだけ大量の砂が、どれだけの時間をかけて溜まり、この島を形成したのだろうか。&lt;p&gt;ちなみにこの島はグレート・サンディ国立公園として世界遺産に登録されている。&lt;br&gt;このネーミングは、日本語訳で「壮大な砂の公園」、とでもなるだろうか。&lt;br&gt;なかなかわかりやすくて良いかもしれない。</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/4557933118563030547/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2009/07/fraser-island-queensland-australia.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/4557933118563030547'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/4557933118563030547'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2009/07/fraser-island-queensland-australia.html' title='砂の島 - Fraser Island - Queensland, Australia'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-175214557089804981.post-8635426696215136604</id><published>2009-07-18T11:44:00.002+09:00</published><updated>2011-04-17T11:31:07.478+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oceania"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="world"/><title type='text'>波は岩を削る。 - Great Ocean Road - Victoria, Australia</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;mobile-photo&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/YSHP0801-758229-758290.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://home.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hayakawa/dynamicearth/uploaded_images/YSHP0801-758229-758257.JPG&quot;  border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;オーストラリア南岸に、グレート・オーシャン・ロードと呼ばれる海沿いの道がある。&lt;br&gt;かつて第一次世界大戦の帰還兵のための公共事業として造られたというが、今はヴィクトリア州でも有数の観光スポットとなっている。&lt;p&gt;海沿いには、所々に砂のビーチを挟みつつ、岩の崖が延々と続く。&lt;br&gt;海に面した崖は海食崖と呼ばれ、波の当たる部分、つまり海水面の高さ付近が凹んでいることがよくある。&lt;br&gt;このノッチと呼ばれる凹みは、長い間その部分に波が繰り返しぶつかり、徐々に岩が削られてきたことの結果だ。&lt;p&gt;崖の岩は、石灰岩（サンゴ礁起源と思われる）や砂岩、泥岩などがほぼ水平に、交互に積み重なってできている。&lt;br&gt;コンクリートのようにガチガチでもなく、比較的削られやすい。&lt;p&gt;この日は波も穏やかだったが、サーフィンのメッカともいわれるこの場所では、それなりに強い波がそこそこの頻度でやってくるのだろう。&lt;br&gt;すると、崖が削られる速さもそれほど遅くもないのかもしれない。&lt;br&gt;たとえば100年後には、海岸の岩が何メートルか削られ、海岸線が変わっているのかも。&lt;p&gt;地形の変化は、それだけ急速だったり、もっと緩やかだったり、予測は難しいものなのだが。</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/feeds/8635426696215136604/comments/default' title='コメントの投稿'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2009/07/great-ocean-road-victoria-australia.html#comment-form' title='0 件のコメント'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/8635426696215136604'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/175214557089804981/posts/default/8635426696215136604'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geomorphoto.blogspot.com/2009/07/great-ocean-road-victoria-australia.html' title='波は岩を削る。 - Great Ocean Road - Victoria, Australia'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>