E-English Center

English -PREPOSITIONS- CHAPTER 26

noreply@blogger.com (sporttube) — Mon, 09 Jun 2008 00:09:00 +0000

The words at, in, of, on and to are examples of prepositions. A word such as a noun, pronoun or gerund following a preposition is said to be the object of the preposition. As pointed out previously, a personal pronoun following a preposition must be in the objective case.

A phrase beginning with a preposition can be referred to as a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrases in the following examples are underlined.
e.g. He owns the house on the corner.
We are waiting for her.
She has read many books about flying.

In the first example, the noun corner is the object of the preposition on. In the second example, the personal pronoun her is the object of the preposition for. It can be seen that the personal pronoun her is in the objective case. In the third example, the gerund flying is the object of the preposition about.

A preposition serves to connect its object with the rest of a sentence. In doing so, a preposition indicates the relationship of the idea expressed in the prepositional phrase to the ideas expressed In the rest of the sentence.

For instance in the sentence He owns the house on the corner, the preposition on indicates that the words the corner express the location of the house referred to in the rest of the sentence. Similarly, in the sentence We are waiting for her, the preposition for indicates that the word her expresses the reason for the action of waiting referred to in the rest of the sentence.

Although there are fewer than one hundred English prepositions, although prepositions do not take endings, and although the structure of most prepositional phrases is simple, the use of English prepositions is very complex. The reasons for this are that most prepositions have more than one meaning, many prepositions can also be used as adverbs, prepositions are used in hundreds of idioms, many adjectives, nouns, and verbs must usually be followed by certain prepositions, and there are hundreds of phrasal verbs formed from combinations of verbs with adverbs and prepositions.

It should also be noted that the use of prepositions varies somewhat among the different dialects of English. For instance, as illustrated in the following example, there are some differences between British and North American English in the use of prepositions.
e.g. British Usage: There is a fence about the garden.
American Usage: There is a fence around the garden.

The discussion below emphasizes the North American usage of English prepositions.

1. The meanings of prepositions
The table below gives the most usual meanings of English prepositions. Each meaning is illustrated by an example.

About
1. On the subject of: This is a story about elephants.
2. Approximately: He is about ten years old.

Above
1. Higher than; over: The plane flew above the clouds.
2. Earlier on a page: There is a heading above each diagram.

Across
1. From one side to the other: We walked across the field.
2. On the other side of: There is a store across the street.

After
1. Later in time: after ten o'clock; after lunch
2. Later in a series: Q comes after P in the alphabet.
3. In pursuit of: The dog ran after the cat.

Against
1. In opposition to: Theft is against the law.
2. Touching; supported by: I leaned my bicycle against the wall.

Along
1. Following the length of: We walked along the road.

Among
1. Within a group: The money was shared among three people.

Note: In formal English, among is usually used only when referring to more than two persons or things. In contrast, between is used when referring to two persons or things.

Around
1. Circling something: We walked around the block.
2. Surrounding: There is a fence around the garden.
3. In different parts of: I looked around the house for the keys.
4. In the other direction: We turned around and went back home.
5. Approximately: He is around six feet tall.

At
1. A specific location: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park
2. A point in time: at 5 o'clock; at Christmas
3. A condition: at peace; at war; at rest
4. An activity: at work; at school; at play
5. Towards: Look at someone; wave at someone

Note: When referring to a specific location or to a point in time, at is usually used. When referring to a certain street or a certain day, on is usually used. When referring to a location as an area, or when referring to a unit of time longer than a day, in is usually used.
e.g. at Christmas; on Christmas day; in the Christmas holidays

Before
1. Earlier in time: before two o'clock; before Christmas
2. Earlier in a series: S comes before T in the alphabet.

Behind
1. At the back of: The little girl hid behind her mother.
2. Late: I am behind in my work.
3. Cause; origin: Who was behind that idea?

Below
1. Lower than; under: below freezing; below sea level
2. Later on a page: Footnotes are provided below the text.

Beneath
1. Lower than; below: beneath the earth

Beside
1. Next to; at the side of: I sit beside her in class.

Besides
1. Also; as well as: We study other languages besides English.

Note the differing meanings of beside and besides. Beside is usually used with reference to a physical location.

Between
1. An intermediate location: Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver.
2. An intermediate time: between Christmas and New Year's Day
3. Intermediate in a series: B comes between A and C in the alphabet.
4. An intermediate amount: between five and ten people
5. Within a group of two: The money was shared between two people.

Beyond
1. Farther than: The mountains lie beyond the horizon.
2. Further than; exceeding: That was beyond my expectations.

But
1. Except: I have read all but the last chapter.

Note: But is used more often as a conjunction than as a preposition.

By
1. Near: a house by the sea
2. Past: He waved as he drove by the house.
3. Not later than: Try to finish the work by next week.
4. In units of: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight
5. Through the means of: travel by plane; written by him

Note: By is often used in combination with verbs in the Passive Voice.

Concerning
1. Connected with; about: He studies everything concerning trees.

Despite
1. In spite of: We walked downtown despite the rain.

Down
1. To a lower position: The ball rolled down the hill.
2. Further along: He lives down the street.

During
1. Throughout a period: She works during the day.
2. Sometime within a period: An accident occurred during the night.

Except
1. Not including: I have visited everyone except him.

For
1. Duration of time: We walked for two hours.
2. Distance: I walked for five kilometers.
3. Purpose: I bought this jacket for you.
4. In the direction of: She left for New York.
5. In favor of: We are for the proposal.
6. Considering: The boy is clever for his age.

From
1. Place of origin: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico
2. Start of a period of time: from now on; from yesterday until today
3. Start of a range: From 20 to 30 people were present.
4. Cause: He suffers from nervousness.
5. Source: I first heard the story from you.

In
1. Place thought of as an area: in London; in Europe
2. Within a location: in the room; in the building
3. Large units of time: That happened in March, in 1992.
4. Within a certain time: I will return in an hour.
5. By means of: write in pencil; speak in English
6. Condition: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret
7. A member of: He is in the orchestra; in the navy
8. Wearing: the boy in the blue shirt
9. With reference to: lacking in ideas; rich in oil

Inside
1. Within: They are inside the house.

Into
1. To the inside of: We stepped into the room.
2. Change of condition: The boy changed into a man.

Like
1. Resembling: That looks like him.
2. Appearing possible: It looks like rain.
3. Be in a suitable mood for: I feel like going swimming.

Minus
1. Less: Three minus two equals one.

Near
1. Close to: near the school; near the ocean

Of
1. Location: east of here; the middle of the road
2. Possession: a friend of mine; the sound of music
3. Part of a group: one of us; a member of the team
4. Measurement: a cup of milk; two meters of snow

Off
1. Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass.
2. At some distance from: There are islands off the coast.

On
1. Touching the surface of: on the table; on the wall
2. A certain day: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.
3. A certain street: on South Street
4. About: a book on engineering
5. A state or condition: on strike; on fire; on holiday
6. By means of: live on a pension; shown on television

Onto
1. To a position on: The child climbed onto the table.

Opposite
1. Facing: The library is opposite the fire station.

Out of
1. To the outside of: She went out of the room.
2. From among: We won two games out of three.
3. Motive: We spoke to them out of politeness.
4. Material: The bridge is made out of steel.
5. Beyond: out of control; out of danger

Outside
1. On the outer side of: outside the house
2. Beyond the limits of: outside my experience

Over
1. Above; higher than: There are cupboards over the sink.
2. Covering: We spread an extra blanket over the bed.
3. Across: I jumped over a puddle.
4. More than: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour
5. During: I saw him several times over the past week.
6. By means of: We made plans over the telephone.

Past
1. Up to and beyond: I walked past the house.
2. After (in time): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two
3. Beyond: past belief

Per
1. For each: 60 kilometers per hour; price per liter

Plus
1. With the addition of: Six plus four equals ten.

Since
1. From a specific time in the past: I had been waiting since two o'clock.
2. From a past time until now: I have been waiting here since noon.

Note: Because of its meaning, the preposition since is usually used in combination with a perfect tense. It should be noted that the preposition for can also be used with a perfect tense. However, when used with reference to time, for is usually followed by a phrase referring to a period of time; whereas since is usually followed by a phrase referring to a specific time.
e.g. I have known him for six months.
I have known him since January.
In the first example, for is followed by six months, which refers to a period of time. In the second example, since is followed by January, which refers to a specific time.

Through
1. Across; from end to end of: the main road through town
2. For the whole of a period: I slept through the night.
3. By means of: Skill improves through practice.

Throughout
1. In every part of: throughout the world
2. For the whole of a period: throughout the winter

Till
Note: Till can be used instead of until. However, at the beginning of a sentence, until is usually used.

To
1. In the direction of: Turn to the right.
2. Destination: I am going to Rome.
3. Until: from Monday to Friday; five minutes to ten
4. Compared with: They prefer hockey to soccer.
5. With indirect object: Please give it to me.
6. As part of infinitive: I like to ski; he wants to help.
7. In order to: We went to the store to buy soap.

Toward (or Towards)
1. In the direction of: We walked toward the center of town.
2. Near; just before (time): It rained towards evening.

Under
1. Beneath: under the desk; under the trees
2. Less than: Under 100 people were present.
3. In circumstances of: under repair; under way; under discussion

Underneath
1. Below, under: underneath the carpet

Until
1. Up to a certain time: She will stay until Friday; until 5 p.m.

Upon
Note: On and upon have similar meanings. Upon may be used in certain expressions, as in once upon a time, and following certain verbs, as in to rely upon someone.

Up
1. To a higher place: We went up the stairs.
2. In a higher place: She lives up the hill.

Up to
1. As far as: up to now; I have read up to page 100.
2. Depending on: The decision is up to you.
3. As good as; ready for: His work is up to standard.

Versus
1. Against (sports, legal): The next game is England versus Australia.

Via
1. By way of: He went to Los Angeles via San Francisco.

With
1. Accompanying: He came with her; I have my keys with me.
2. Having; containing: Here is a book with a map of the island.
3. By means of; using: I repaired the shoes with glue.
4. Manner: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty
5. Because of: We were paralyzed with fear.

Within
1. Inside of: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer

Without
1. Not having: Do not leave without your coat; without money

See Exercises 1 and 2.

2. Prepositions used in idioms
Below are examples of idioms consisting of prepositional phrases. The following selection of idioms emphasizes those used in North American English. The meaning of each idiom is indicated after the colon.

At
not at all: not in any way
at all times: always
at any rate: whatever happens
keep someone at arm's length: avoid becoming closely involved with someone
at close quarters: very near
at one's disposal: to be used as one wishes
at a distance: not near
at fault: causing something wrong
at first: at the beginning
see at a glance: see immediately
at hand: near; readily available
at last: finally, after some delay
at a loss: uncertain what to do or say
at the mercy of: without defense against
at the moment: now
at once: immediately
at present: now
at rest: not moving
at risk: threatened by danger or loss
at short notice: with little warning
at stake: to be won or lost
at a stretch: continuously
at that rate: under those circumstances
at this point: at this place; at this moment
at the wheel: in control

Behind
behind the scenes: (of persons) influencing events secretly; (in a theater) behind the stage
behind schedule: not on time

Beside
be beside oneself: lose one's self-control
beside the point: irrelevant

Between
read between the lines: deduce a meaning that is not actually expressed

Beyond
beyond help: unable to be helped
beyond a joke: too annoying to be amusing
beyond reproach: perfect; blameless

By
by accident: not deliberately
by all means: by any possible method
bit by bit: gradually
by chance: by accident; without planning
by courtesy of: with the help or permission of
win by default: win because of lack of competition
by degrees: gradually
perform by ear: perform (music) by listening to the sound, without referring to written music
by hand: without the use of machinery
by heart: from memory
little by little: gradually
by means of: by using
by mistake: accidentally
by no means: not at all
one by one: one at a time
by oneself: alone
side by side: beside one another
by the way: incidentally (used to introduce an unrelated topic of conversation)
by word of mouth: orally

For
once and for all: for the last time (e.g. used when giving someone a final warning)
for certain: definitely; without doubt
for a change: for the sake of variety
for example: as an illustration
for fun: for the sake of enjoyment
for good: permanently
for good measure: in addition to the necessary amount
for instance: for example; as an illustration
for keeps: (colloquial) permanently
for a living: as a profession
for now: temporarily
run for office: compete for an elected position
for one thing: because of one reason (out of several)
for the sake of: for the benefit of; for the purpose of
for sale: intended to be sold
for sure: definitely (more colloquial than for certain)
food for thought: something which makes one think
play for time: delay doing something in the hope that the situation will improve
for the time being: until some other arrangement is made
ask for trouble: act in a dangerous or foolish way
for a while: for a period of time
word for word: exactly as said or written

From
from afar: from a distance
from all sides: from all directions
from head to foot: (of a person) completely; all over
from scratch: from the beginning
from time to time: occasionally

In
in addition to: as well as
in advance: before
be in agreement with: have the same opinion as
in any case: whatever happens
in brief: in a few words
in bulk: (of goods) in large amounts; not in packages
be in charge of: have responsibility for
in common: shared by all members of a group
in control: having the power to direct something
in the course of: during
in danger: likely to be harmed
in a daze: unable to think clearly; confused
in debt: owing money
in demand: (of goods or persons) desired by many people
in depth: (investigate something) thoroughly
in detail: (explain something) thoroughly
in disgrace: regarded with disapproval because of having done something wrong
in the distance: far away
in doubt: uncertain
in duplicate: so that there are two identical copies (of a document)
in earnest: seriously; in a determined way
in effect: (of rules) operating
in the end: finally
in fact: in reality; really
in fashion: fashionable; accepted as being the most desirable and up to date
in favor of: supporting (an idea)
in flames: burning, with visible flames
in a flash: very quickly; suddenly
in full: without omitting anything
in general: usually; as a whole
hand in hand: (of persons) holding hands; (of related situations) occurring together
in a hurry: trying to accomplish something quickly
in jest: as a joke
in kind: (payment) in goods rather than in money
in itself: without reference to anything else
in league with: (of persons) joined together with (usually for a dishonest purpose)
be in the limelight: be the focus of attention; receive great publicity
in the long run: in the end; eventually
in the long term: looking ahead to the distant future
leave someone in the lurch: abandon someone who is in a difficult situation
be in the minority: be in the smaller of two groups
in mint condition: (of manufactured goods) perfect; brand-new
in a minute: soon
in a moment: soon; quickly
set something in motion: start something going
nip something in the bud: put an end to something before it gets properly started
in no time: very soon; very quickly
in order of: arranged according to
in order to: for the purpose of
in part: to some degree
in particular: especially
in power: (of a political party) holding office
in practice: able to do something well because of recent practice; in reality (opposite of in theory)
in print: (of a book) printed and available from the publisher
in private: not in front of other people
in public: openly; not in private
in reality: really
in reserve: saved for later use
in retrospect: looking back over past events
in return for: as repayment for
be in the right: be correct
in season: (of fruit or vegetables) readily available at that time of year
in a second: soon; quickly
in short supply: scarce; not easily obtainable
in sight: able to be seen
in stock: (of goods at a store) present and available
in that case: if that is true
in theory: ideally; according to theoretical considerations
be in time: not be late
in touch with in: communication with; informed about
in triplicate: so that there are three identical copies (of a document)
be in trouble: be in a difficult situation; be blamed or punished for doing something wrong
in tune: at the correct pitch
act in unison: act together
in vain: without success
in the vicinity of: near
once in a while: occasionally
in words of one syllable: (explain something) clearly and simply
in working order: able to function properly
in the wrong: responsible for an error; guilty

Inside
inside out: with the inner side out; thoroughly

Into
paint oneself into a corner: take a course of action which greatly narrows one's future choices of action
go into hiding: hide oneself
get into a rut: get into a fixed and uninteresting way of life
get into trouble: get into a difficult situation; do something deserving blame or punishment

Of
of course: certainly; as one would expect; as everyone knows
hard of hearing: somewhat deaf
next of kin: nearest relative or relatives
of one's own accord: voluntarily; on one's own initiative
of one's own free will: voluntarily; by choice
one's point of view: one's opinion about something
right of way: public right to use a path or road; (of road traffic) right to proceed before others
rule of thumb: a simple way to calculate what procedure to follow, based on extensive experience, rather than on theoretical considerations

Off
go off the air: (of radio or television) stop broadcasting
off duty: not engaged in one's regular work
off one's hands: no longer one's responsibility
off and on: from time to time
off the record: say something privately, that is not to be officially recorded
off the track: following a wrong line of thought or action

On
on account of: because of
be on the air: (of radio or television) be in the process of broadcasting
on the alert: ready to act
be on all fours: (of a person) be on hands and knees
on the average: usually; normally
on behalf of: for; in the interests of
on board: on a ship or airplane
on business: as part of one's work
on condition that: only if; provided that
on demand: when asked for
on display: being exhibited
on duty: engaged in one's regular work
on fire: burning
to go on foot: to walk
be on one's guard: be alert and ready to meet an attack
on hand: available
on loan: lent and not yet returned
shoot on location: (of a movie) film in natural surroundings, not in a studio
on the lookout: watchful
put something on the map: cause something to become well-known
get on one's nerves: annoy; irritate
on no account: absolutely not
on the one hand: (used to introduce one side of an argument)
on one's own: alone; without help
act on one's own initiative: act independently, without orders from anyone else
on order: requested but not yet delivered
on the other hand: (used to introduce a contrasting side of an argument)
act on principle: do something to support a policy
on purpose: deliberately
go on record: say something which is to be officially recorded
on sale: being sold at a lower price than usual
on schedule: at the correct time; as planned or predicted
on second thoughts: after thinking further about something
on a shoestring: with a very small amount of money
be on the spot: be where important events are taking place; be placed in an awkward situation
on the spur of the moment: on a sudden impulse
go off on a tangent: change suddenly to a new line of thought or action
on time: at the correct time
walk on tiptoe: walk on the toes and balls of the feet
accept something on trust: accept something without proof
on the verge of: very close to; about to
on the whole: taking everything into consideration

Out of
out of the blue: unexpectedly
out of breath: (after running) panting from a shortage of oxygen
out of character: unlike a person's known character
out of control: not able to be regulated or guided
out of danger: safe
out of date: no longer used; old-fashioned; (of news) no longer true
out of debt: having paid one's debts
be out of one's depth: be unable to handle a situation because of lack of experience
out of doors: in the open air; not in a building
out of fashion: not fashionable; not presently in common use
out of hand: not under control
out of harm's way: safe
out of line with: in disagreement with
be out of one's mind: be insane
out of order: not functioning properly; (at a formal meeting) not behaving according to the rules
out of the ordinary: unusual
out of place: unsuitable
out of practice: unable to do something as well as one has in past, because of lack of recent practice
out of print: (of a book) no longer available from the publisher
out of proportion: too big or too small; not having the appropriate relationship to something
out of the question: impossible; not to be considered
out of season: (of fruit or vegetables) not readily available at that time of year
out of shape: (of persons) not in top condition because of lack of exercise
out of sight: hidden, not able to be seen
out of stock: (of goods at a store) temporarily unavailable
out of style: not fashionable
out of touch: with not in communication with; not informed about
out of town: having temporarily left town
out of trouble: not in trouble
out of tune: not at the correct pitch
out of work: no longer having employment

To
to all intents and purposes: in all important ways
to a certain extent: partly
to date: so far; until now
up to date: current; modern
see eye to eye with: agree entirely with
take something to heart: be much affected by something
made to measure: exactly suitable; (of clothes) made for a certain person
keep something to oneself: not tell anyone
to the point: relevant

Under
under age: below the age of being legally permitted to do something
be under arrest: be held prisoner and charged with wrongdoing
under the auspices of: with the patronage of; supported by
under one's breath: in a whisper
under the circumstances: because this is true
under consideration: being thought about
under control: able to be regulated or guided
under cover of: protected by; undetected because of
under fire: being shot at; being criticized
under the impression that: having the idea that
be under the influence of: be affected by
be under oath: have sworn to tell the truth
under observation: being watched carefully
under restraint: prevented from doing something

Up
have something up one's sleeve: have a secret idea or plan in reserve

With
with impunity: without risk of injury or punishment
with the naked eye: without using a magnifying lens
with no strings attached: (of help given) with no conditions; to be used freely
take with a pinch of salt: not believe completely
with regard to: concerning; about
with respect to: concerning; about
tarred with the same brush: having the same faults
with a vengeance: very much; more than usual

Within
within limits: to a certain extent; not too much
within living memory: within the memory of people now alive

Without
go without saying: be obvious

See Exercises 3 and 4.

3. Nouns followed by prepositions
The following are examples of nouns which are usually followed by certain prepositions. In the case of phrases which are idioms, the meanings of the phrases are indicated in brackets.

Against
take precautions against

For
have affection for	make allowances for
have compassion for	an excuse for
a reason for	have a reputation for
have respect for	have sympathy for
have a talent for	lie in wait for (ambush)
pave the way for (prepare for)

From
absence from

In
have confidence in	have faith in
have an interest in	take part in
make progress in

Into
have insight into

Of
have an abhorrence of	an acknowledgement of
take advantage of	take care of
take command of	evidence of
an example of	an excess of
make a fool of	make fun of (ridicule)
have an impression of	a lack of
neglect of	a number of
a pair of	be part of
a possibility of	make a practice of (do often)
a proof of	a quantity of
recognition of	a recollection of
a result of	run the risk of (risk)
catch sight of (see suddenly)	a sign of
a survey of	a symbol of
a symptom of	a token of
make use of	a way of
wash one's hands of (stop caring
about and dealing with)

On
an attack on	dependence on
make an impression on	play a joke on
shed light on (explain)	have pity on

To
have access to	pay attention to
an objection to	a reply to
a response to	lay siege to (besiege)
shut one's eyes to (deliberately
ignore a problem)

Toward or Towards
animosity toward(s)	an attitude toward(s)

With
have a connection with	find fault with (criticize)
fall in love with	change places with

See Exercise 5.

4. Adjectives and verbs in the passive voice followed by prepositions
In some cases different prepositions can be used without causing a change in meaning. For instance, the following examples both have the same meaning.
e.g. I was angry at them.
I was angry with them.

However, in many cases, the use of different prepositions causes a change in meaning. For instance, the past participle protected is typically followed by the preposition from. However, like many other past participles, protected may also be followed by the preposition by, where by serves to introduce the performer of the action expressed by the past participle.
e.g. The city is protected from the soldiers.
The city is protected by the soldiers.
The first example indicates that the soldiers are a threat to the city; whereas the second example indicates that the soldiers are protecting the city.

The following are examples of predicate adjectives and past participles of verbs in the Passive Voice which are usually followed by certain prepositions. In addition, it should be kept in mind that most verbs in the Passive Voice can be followed by a phrase beginning with the preposition by.

About
anxious about	concerned about
curious about	depressed about
doubtful about	enthusiastic about
excited about	happy about
pleased about	wrong about
worried about

At
adept at	alarmed at
amazed at	overjoyed at
shocked at	surprised at

Between
torn between

By
accompanied by	caused by
guided by	manufactured by
obsessed by	written by

For
blamed for	eligible for
famous for	fit for
known for	late for
noted for	praised for
punished for	qualified for
ready for	responsible for
ripe for	sorry for
suitable for

From
absent from	apart from
derived from	descended from
detached from	different from
distinct from	exempt from
far from	isolated from
omitted from	protected from
removed from	safe from
separated from

In
absorbed in	disappointed in
engaged in	immersed in
interested in	involved in

Of
accused of	afraid of
ashamed of	aware of
capable of	certain of
composed of	conscious of
convinced of	deprived of
devoid of	fond of
ignorant of	independent of
jealous of	proud of
regardless of	reminded of
sure of	suspicious of
suspected of	terrified of
tired of	worthy of

On
based on	dependent on
intent on

To
acceptable to	accessible to
accustomed to	adapted to
addicted to	adjacent to
attached to	attributable to
close to	committed to
comparable to	dedicated to
detrimental to	devoted to
due to	equal to
equivalent to	essential to
exposed to	faithful to
favorable to	foreign to
impervious to	indifferent to
indispensable to	inferior to
kind to	loyal to
next to	obedient to
obliged to	oblivious to
opposed to	parallel to
partial to	peculiar to
preferable to	prior to
proportional to	reconciled to
reduced to	related to
relative to	relevant to
resigned to	resistant to
restricted to	senior to
sensitive to	similar to
subject to	subordinate to
suited to	superior to
susceptible to	tied to

Toward or Towards
protective toward(s)

With
acquainted with	affiliated with
associated with	besieged with
compared with	compatible with
confronted with	consistent with
covered with	cursed with
exasperated with	familiar with
finished with	identified with
infatuated with	patient with
pleased with	satisfied with
synonymous with	threatened with

See Exercise 6.

5. Verbs followed by prepositions
The following are examples of verbs which are often followed by certain prepositions.

About
care about	complain about
forget about	lie about (tell a lie)
reminisce about	talk about
think about	wonder about
worry about

Against
discriminate against	protest against
react against	rebel against
turn against

At
aim at	bark at
connive at	frown at
gaze at	glare at
growl at	hint at
look at	point at
shoot at	smile at
snap at	sneer at
stare at	wave at
wink at

For
apply for	apologize for
beg for	blame for
budget for	hope for
long for	look for
mourn for	pay for
plead for	pose for
pray for	prepare for
press for	register for
search for	shop for
substitute for	vouch for
wait for	wish for

From
abstain from	benefit from
deduct from	derive from
desist from	deter from
detract from	deviate from
differ from	divert from
escape from	extricate from
flee from	infer from
profit from	protect from
quote from	radiate from
recoil from	recover from
refrain from	shrink from
stem from	suffer from

In
believe in	engage in
indulge in	intervene in
invest in	participate in
persist in	succeed in

Into
change into	convert into
delve into	dip into
develop into	divide into
fall into	merge into
plunge into	pry into
sink into	transform into

Of
approve of	beware of
conceive of	consist of
deprive of	die of
disapprove of	smell of

On
blame on	concentrate on
depend on	impinge on
impose on	insist on
intrude on	pounce on
reflect on	rely on
report on	spy on
subsist on	thrive on

Over
preside over	trip over

To
adapt to	adhere to
adjust to	amount to
belong to	conform to
contribute to	correspond to
listen to	object to
pertain to	prefer to
refer to	relate to
respond to	resort to
revert to	submit to
subscribe to	succumb to
surrender to	yield to

With
agree with	associate with
collaborate with	combine with
communicate with	comply with
concur with	consort with
contend with	cooperate with
cope with	correspond with
flirt with	mingle with
share with	sympathize with

English -PHRASAL VERBS- CHAPTER 27

noreply@blogger.com (sporttube) — Sat, 03 May 2008 01:00:00 +0000

A phrasal verb is an idiom which consists of a verb followed by a preposition, a verb followed by an adverb, or a verb followed by an adverb, followed by a preposition. The phrasal verbs in the following examples are printed in bold type.
e.g. I ran into an old friend.
We put off washing the dishes.
They all look up to him.

In these examples, the phrasal verb to run into consists of the verb to run followed by the preposition into, the phrasal verb to put off consists of the verb to put followed by the adverb off, and the phrasal verb to look up to consists of the verb to look followed by the adverb up, followed by the preposition to.

Many phrasal verbs are used more often in informal English than in formal English. In most cases, the ideas expressed by such phrasal verbs may also be expressed by other phrases which are more likely to be used in formal English.

For instance in the table below, the phrasal verbs used in the preceding examples are listed in the left-hand column and other phrases with the same meanings are listed in the right-hand column.

Informal	Formal
to run into	to meet unexpectedly
to put off	to postpone
to look up to	to admire

It should be noted that the use of many phrasal verbs varies among the different dialects of English. For instance, in order to express the idea of contacting someone by means of the telephone, the expression to ring someone up is frequently used in British English; whereas the expression to call someone is frequently used in American English.

Because of differences in dialect, the forms of the verbs and the meanings given may vary from one dictionary to another. In addition, some phrasal verbs have more than one meaning. The meanings provided in this chapter are samples of meanings which are used in North American English.

1. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a preposition
Some phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by a preposition. As has been seen in previous chapters, it is very common for English verbs to be followed by prepositions. However, in the case of a phrasal verb, the verb followed by the preposition forms an expression with an idiomatic meaning.

For instance, the phrasal verb to come across is an idiomatic expression with the meaning to find. Similarly, the phrasal verb to frown on is an idiomatic expression with the meaning to disapprove of.
e.g. We came across an old diary while we were cleaning out the attic.
The workers frowned on the practice of smoking in the office.

It should be noted that some phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a preposition can be used in the Passive Voice.
e.g. The practice of smoking in the office was frowned on by the workers.
The children were looked after by their aunt.
In these examples, the phrasal verbs to frown on and to look after are used in the Passive Voice.

The following are examples of phrasal verbs which consist of a verb followed by a preposition. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.

Verbs Followed by Prepositions

abide by: adhere to	We abided by the rules.
account for: explain	He accounted for the discrepancy.
ask for: request	They asked for an extension.
bank on: depend on	We are banking on good weather tomorrow.
bear with: be patient with	Please bear with the delay.
border on: be near, be next to	Their excitement bordered on hysteria.
break into: enter by force	Thieves broke into the store.
build on: develop from	We want to build on our success.
burst into: suddenly enter	He burst into the room.
call for: demand	This calls for an investigation.
call on: ask, order	We will call on you to give a speech.
come across: find accidentally	She came across some old papers.
come upon: discover	We came upon a small lake.
confide in: share a secret	The two friends confided in each other.
count on: depend on	We are counting on you.
cut across: use a short route	I cut across the parking lot.
dawn on: realize	Finally the truth dawned on him.
deal in: stock, sell	He deals in gold and jewels.
deal with: handle successfully	She can deal with any situation.
decide on: settle on	They decided on a course of action.
dispense with: proceed without	The chairman dispensed with formalities.
dispose of: get rid of	If he moves, he will have to dispose of his furniture.
dwell on: emphasize	He dwelt on the risks involved.
enlarge on: say more about	Please enlarge on your proposal.
enter into: begin, commence	The brothers entered into an agreement.
expand on: say more about	Please expand on what you said before.
frown on: disapprove of	Absenteeism is frowned on.
get at: reach	The store was so crowded, it was hard to get at the food.
get into: become involved with	I don't want to get into an argument.
get over: recover from	Have you got over the flu yet?
get through: survive, finish	I don't know how I can get through all this work.
go against: oppose	Don't go against the rules.
go over: review	I would like to go over the report again.
go through: examine in detail	Have you gone through the evidence?
go with: look good with	Those shoes don't go with that outfit.
grow on: become more attractive to	I'm sure the idea will grow on you.
guard against: take precautions	We must guard against possible attack.
hinge on: depend on	Everything hinges on her decision.
inquire into: investigate	Please inquire into the alternatives.
keep to: adhere to	The train will keep to the schedule.
laugh at: mock, make fun of	Don't laugh at me!
launch into: start	He launched into an explanation.
leaf through: turn the pages	She leafed idly through the book.
live on: survive using	What did you live on?
look after: take care of	I will look after the children.
look into: investigate	He will look into the situation.
look through: examine quickly	We looked through the magazines while we were waiting.
part with: give up reluctantly	She refused to part with her necklace.
pick on: be unkind to	Because he was the youngest, the other boys picked on him.
prey on: hunt and eat; disturb	Ospreys prey on fish; the idea preys on my mind.
provide for: prepare for	We have provided for any emergency.
reason with: try to persuade	It is hard to reason with an angry person.
reckon on: calculate on	I hadn't reckoned on being the center of attention.
rise above: be superior to	He rose above his circumstances and managed to succeed.
run across: find accidentally	They ran across some interesting information.
run into: meet accidentally	I ran into my cousin downtown.
run over: injured by a vehicle	Children must be careful not to be run over by cars.
see through: not be deceived by	I instantly saw through the disguise.
send for: ask to be sent	You will have to send for your transcripts.
settle for: reluctantly accept	Since there was no kale, we had to settle for cabbage.
side with: support in a dispute	Why did you side with him?
sit through: sit and endure	It was all I could do to sit through the lecture without falling asleep.
stand by: support	I hope you will stand by me.
stand for: represent	What does the abbreviation etc. stand for?
stick to: adhere to	We shall stick to the original plan.
stumble across: find accidentally	He stumbled across an interesting fossil.
survive on: survive using	During the winter, we had to survive on turnips and parsnips.
take after: resemble an ancestor	He takes after his grandfather.
tamper with: interfere with	Someone has tampered with the lock.
touch on: mention	She touched on many important subjects.
verge on: approach	His behavior verges on rudeness.
wade through: slowly peruse	We had to wade through a pile of documents.
watch over: guard	The shepherd watched over the sheep.

See Exercise 1.

a. The position of the object of the preposition
The object of a preposition usually follows the preposition, whether the object is a noun or a pronoun. In the following examples, the objects are underlined.
e.g. We have launched into a new project.
We have launched into it.

In these examples, the noun project and the pronoun it are the objects of the preposition into of the phrasal verb to launch into. Both the noun object and the pronoun object follow the preposition.

See Exercise 2.

b. The position of an adverb of manner modifying the verb
If a verb is followed by a preposition, an adverb of manner may be placed between the verb and the preposition. In the following examples, the adverbs of manner are underlined.
e.g. We reasoned patiently with the little girl.
I leafed quickly through the book.

In the first example, the adverb of manner patiently is placed between the verb reasoned and the preposition with of the phrasal verb to reason with. In the second example, the adverb of manner quickly is placed between the verb leafed and the preposition through of the phrasal verb to leaf through.

See Exercise 3.

c. Stress in spoken English
When a verb followed by a preposition occurs at the end of a clause, it is usually the verb which is stressed in spoken English. In the following examples, the words which are stressed are printed in bold type.
e.g. No one likes to be laughed at.
I need someone to confide in.

In the first example, the verb laughed followed by the preposition at occurs at the end of a clause, and the verb laughed is stressed. In the second example, the verb confide followed by the preposition in occurs at the end of a clause, and the verb confide is stressed.

It should be noted that, when used in a phrasal verb at the end of a clause, the prepositions after, into and over are often pronounced with somewhat greater emphasis than the verb. In this case, both the verb and the preposition are stressed. For example:
The twins are easy to look after.
The building would be difficult to break into.
You'll never guess whom I ran into.
I heard that someone was run over.

The prepositions above, across and through are also occasionally emphasized in this way. For example:
The research papers were difficult to wade through.

d. Expressions in which the verb has an object
In the case of some phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a preposition, the verb and the preposition may each have an object. In the following examples, the objects are underlined.
e.g. I can make nothing of the situation.
We talked my sister into agreeing.

In the first example, the verb make of the phrasal verb to make of has the object nothing, and the preposition of has the object situation. In the second example, the verb talked of the phrasal verb to talk into has the object sister, and the preposition into has the object agreeing.

The following are examples of phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a preposition, where the verb may have an object. The objects of the verbs are underlined. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. The last example illustrates the use of the Passive Voice.

Verbs followed by Objects followed by Prepositions

drag into: involve unwillingly	Don't drag me into this discussion!
draw into: involve gradually	We managed to draw her into the conversation.
drum into: teach by repetition	We drummed the safety rules into the children.
frighten into: control by fear	The little girl frightened her brother into obeying her.
hold against: blame for	Please don't hold my mistakes against me.
lay before: present to	We will lay the evidence before the court.
let into: allow to share	Shall we let her into the secret?
make of: understand	Can you make anything of this message?
read into: find other meanings	You are reading too much into her remarks.
set against: make antagonistic	She likes to set people against one another.
set on: order to attack	We will set our dogs on any intruders.
talk into: persuade	Can you talk him into changing his mind?
thrust upon: force upon	We thrust the responsibility upon the treasurer.
write into: add to in writing	The terms were written into the lease.

2. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb
Many phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by an adverb. Some of these phrasal verbs are intransitive and some are transitive.

For instance, the intransitive phrasal verb to show up is formed from the verb to show followed by the adverb up. In the following example, the phrasal verb does not have an object.
At ten o'clock, her brother showed up.

The following are examples of intransitive phrasal verbs which consist of a verb followed by an adverb. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.

Intransitive Verbs followed by Adverbs

blow over: pass	I wonder when the trouble will blow over.
boil away: disappear by boiling	If the water boils away, the stew will burn.
boil over: overflow by boiling	The soup boiled over.
bounce back: recover	He bounced back from his previous defeat.
buckle down: work seriously	You may fail your courses if you don't buckle down to work.
catch on: be widely accepted	Do you think the idea will catch on?
cloud over: become overcast	Although it clouded over in the afternoon, the rain held off.
die down: become less	After a few days, the excitement died down.
double up: bend over	We were doubled up with laughter.
drop in: visit	Please drop in any time.
fade away: become less	The sound gradually faded away.
fall off: become less	Attendance at the concerts has fallen off.
get away: escape	I hooked a fish, but it got away.
get by: barely succeed	She studied just hard enough to get by.
give in: admit defeat	I will never give in!
go on: continue	Please go on. Don't let me interrupt you.
grow up: become an adult	What do you want to do when you grow up?
keep on: persist in	He kept on changing the subject.
level off: stop rising	Prices finally leveled off.
log on: contact a computer	Do you know how to log on?
log off: break contact with a computer system	The system was overloaded, so I had to log off.
move in: take possession of living quarters	When are you moving in?
move out: give up possession of living quarters	He moved out yesterday.
nod off: go to sleep	Half the bus passengers nodded off.
pass out: faint	It was so hot, I almost passed out.
pitch in: help	If everyone pitches in, the work will be done in a few minutes.
play along: pretend to agree	Let's play along until we find out what his plans are.
pull in: arrive (of vehicles)	The bus pulled in next to the curb.
pull out: leave (of vehicles)	The train pulled out at ten o'clock.
set off: leave	They set off at six o'clock in the morning.
settle down: become peaceful	After the excitement, the students found it difficult to settle down.
settle in: become used to	How are you settling in to your new job?
show up: arrive	She showed up at noon.
stay up: not go to bed	We stayed up until midnight.
step down: resign	He stepped down for health reasons.
step in: intervene	The government had to step in to save the business.
take off: leave the ground	The plane took off on time.
touch down: land (of planes)	The plane touched down.
tune in: find a station on the radio	We tuned in to listen to the hockey game.
watch out: beware	Watch out! The roads are icy.
wear off: gradually disappear	The feeling of excitement gradually wore off.

See Exercise 4.

The transitive phrasal verb to sort out is formed from the verb to sort followed by the adverb out. For example:
We sorted out the papers.
In this example, the phrasal verb sorted out has the object papers.

The following are examples of transitive phrasal verbs which consist of a verb followed by an adverb. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.

Transitive Verbs followed by Adverbs

back up: support	I will back up your story.
bail out: rescue	If you run into difficulties, who will bail you out?
break in: make something new fit for use	I broke in my new hiking boots.
breathe in: inhale	We breathed in the fresh air.
breathe out: exhale	I breathed out a sigh of relief.
bring back: return	She brought back her library books.
bring around: persuade	We gradually brought her around to our point of view.
bring up: raise	Bringing up children is never easy.
butter up: flatter	We buttered him up, hoping that he would agree to our proposal.
call in: ask to assist	I think it is time we called in an expert.
call off: cancel	We called off the meeting.
call up: telephone	Why don't you call him up?
cheer on: cheer, encourage	I will be there to cheer you on.
chop down: fell	They chopped down the dead tree.
clean up: tidy	The mayor asked everyone to help clean up the city streets.
fend off: repel	The goalie fended off every attack.
ferret out: find with difficulty	We managed to ferret out the information.
figure out: solve, understand	I can't figure out what happened.
fill in: complete	Please fill in this form.
fill out: complete	I filled out the form.
fill up: make full	We filled up the glasses with water.
give back: return	I gave back the bicycle I had borrowed.
give off: send out	Skunk cabbage gives off an unpleasant odor.
hand down: give to someone younger	The tradition was handed down from father to son.
hand in: give to person in authority	The students handed their assignments in to the teacher.
hand on: give to another person	I am not sorry to hand the responsibility on to you.
hand over: transfer	We had to hand the evidence over to the police.
hang up: break a telephone connection	After receiving a busy signal, I hung up the phone.
hold back: restrain, delay	He is so enthusiastic, it is hard to hold him back.
iron out: remove	I am sure we can iron out every difficulty.
knock out: make unconscious	Boxers are often knocked out.
lap up: accept eagerly	The public lapped up the story.
lay off: put out of work	The company laid off seventy workers.
leave behind: leave, not bring	I accidentally left my umbrella behind.
leave out: omit	Tell me what happened. Don't leave anything out!
let down: disappoint	We will let him down if we don't arrive on time.
live down: live so that past faults are forgotten	This will be hard to live down!
look up: find (information)	We looked up the word in a dictionary.
make up: invent	She likes to make up stories.
pass up: not take advantage	I couldn't pass up such an opportunity.
pension off: dismiss with a pension	He was pensioned off at the age of sixty.
phase in: introduce gradually	The new program will be phased in over the next six months.
phase out: cease gradually	The practice will gradually be phased out.
pick up: collect	You may pick up the papers at the office.
pin down: get a commitment	When the guest speaker is pinned down, we can set a date for the conference.
play down: de-emphasize	He played down the importance of the news.
point out: draw attention to	She pointed out the advantages of the proposal.
polish off: finish	We polished off the rest of the apple pie.
pull down: demolish	Many old buildings are pulled down to make way for new ones.
pull off: succeed	Do you think she can pull off her plan?
put away: put in proper place	It is time to put the toys away.
put back: return to original location	Please put the book back on the shelf.
put off: postpone	We cannot put off the meeting again.
reel off: recite a long list	She reeled off a long list of names.
rope in: persuade to help	We roped in everyone we could to help with the work.
rub out: erase	Be sure to rub out all the pencil marks.
rule out: remove from consideration	None of the possibilities can be ruled out yet.
scale down: reduce	Because of lack of funds, we had to scale down our plans.
sell off: dispose of by selling	We sold off all the books and furniture.
set back: delay	This could set back the project by several years.
shout down: stop from speaking by shouting	The crowd shouted down the speaker.
shrug off: dismiss as unimportant	He attempted to shrug off the mistake.
single out: select from others	You have been singled out for special attention.
size up: assess	I quickly sized up the situation.
sort out: organize	It will take some time to sort out this mess.
sound out: talk with to learn the opinion of	We attempted to sound him out.
stammer out: stammer	They stammered out their apologies.
sum up: summarize	He summed up the discussion in a few well-chosen words.
summon up: gather	I attempted to summon up my courage.
take in: absorb	We tried to take in the new information.
take out: invite to a restaurant	May I take you out for supper?
take over: assume control	They will take over at the beginning of June.
talk over: discuss	Let us talk it over before we decide.
tear up: destroy by tearing	She tore up the letter.
think over: consider	I need some time to think it over.
think up: invent	What will they think up next?
track down: search for and find	We finally tracked him down at the bookstore.
trade in: give as part payment	Why don't you trade in your old vacuum cleaner for a new one?
try on: test clothes by putting them on	I tried on the new suit, but it didn't fit me.
try out: test by using	Would you like to try out my fountain pen?
turn away: refuse admission	The event was so popular that many people had to be turned away.
turn back: reverse direction	Every fall the clocks must be turned back by one hour.
turn off: deactivate by using a switch	I turned off the radio.
turn on: activate by using a switch	Please turn on the light.
water down: dilute	The soup has been watered down.
wear out: gradually destroy by wearing or using	My jacket is wearing out, although it is only a year old.
write down: make a note	I wrote down the instructions.
write off: cancel, regard as	They were forced to write off several irretrievable debts.
write up: compose in writing	I used my notes to write up the report.

See Exercise 5.

a. The position of the object of the verb
In the case of transitive phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb, if the object of the verb is a noun, the object can usually either follow or precede the adverb. In the following examples, the objects are underlined.
e.g. I called off the meeting.
I called the meeting off.
In the first example the object meeting follows the adverb off, while in the second example the object meeting precedes the adverb off.

However, in the case of a few phrasal verbs, a noun object must usually follow the adverb.
e.g. We attempted to smooth over the disagreement.
In this example, the phrasal verb to smooth over is followed by the noun object disagreement. In this case, the object disagreement cannot be placed before the adverb over.

The following are examples of transitive phrasal verbs where a noun object must usually follow the adverb. Each phrasal verb is accompanied by its meaning and an example of its use. The objects of the verbs are underlined.

Verbs followed by Adverbs followed by Noun Objects

drum up: raise	She has drummed up support for the plan.
paper over: repair superficially	They attempted to paper over their differences.
smooth over: improve	We tried to smooth over the situation.

In the case of transitive phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb, if the object of the verb is a pronoun, the object must usually precede the adverb. In the following examples, the pronoun objects are underlined.
e.g. I called it off.
We attempted to smooth it over.
In these examples, the pronoun object it precedes the adverbs off and over.

See Exercise 6.

Most transitive phrasal verbs may be used in the Passive Voice.
e.g. The meeting was called off by me.
The disagreement was smoothed over.
In these examples, the phrasal verbs to call off and to smooth over are used in the Passive Voice.

b. The position of an adverb of manner modifying the verb
In the case of a phrasal verb consisting of a verb followed by an adverb, the verb and the adverb usually may not be separated by an adverb of manner. In the following example, the adverb of manner is underlined.
e.g. I hurriedly called off the meeting.
In this example, the adverb of manner hurriedly precedes the phrasal verb called off. The adverb hurriedly may also be placed at the beginning or the end of the sentence, but may not be placed between the verb called and the adverb off.

c. Stress in spoken English
When a phrasal verb consisting of a verb followed by an adverb occurs at the end of a clause, it is usually the adverb which is stressed in spoken English. In the following examples, the words which are stressed are printed ion bold type.
e.g. How did that come about?
Please drop in whenever you have time.
In the first example, the verb come followed by the adverb about occurs at the end of a clause, and the adverb about is stressed. In the second example, the verb drop followed by the adverb in occurs at the end of a clause, and the adverb in is stressed.

d. Ergative verbs
It should be noted that there are a few phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb, which have the same meaning whether they are used transitively or intransitively. For example:
The engineer slowed down the train.
The train slowed down.

In the first example, the phrasal verb to slow down is used transitively, with the object train. In the second example, the phrasal verb to slow down is used intransitively, without naming the originator of the action. In these two examples, it can be seen that the object of the transitive verb is the subject of the intransitive verb. However, the general meaning of the two sentences is the same. Verbs which can be used in this way may be referred to as ergative verbs.

The following are examples of expressions which can function as ergative phrasal verbs. Each ergative phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and examples of its use.

Ergative Phrasal Verbs

blare out: make a loud sound	The loudspeakers blared out the music.
	The music blared out.
blow up: destroy by an explosion	Troops blew up the bridge.
	The bridge blew up.
break up: break into pieces	The icebreaker broke up the ice.
	The ice broke up.
burn down: destroy by fire	We burned down the old barn.
	The old barn burned down.
calm down: become calm	I calmed down the child.
	The child calmed down.
dry out: become dry	The sun dried out the earth.
	The earth dried out.
get across: transmit	We got our point across to the audience.
	Our point got across to the audience.
liven up: become lively	He livened up the party.
	The party livened up.
pull through: recover from, survive	The doctor pulled her through the illness.
	She pulled through the illness.
roll up: wrap into a cylinder	I rolled up the window blind.
	The window blind rolled up.
shut down: close, stop working	They shut down the factory.
	The factory shut down.
wake up: stop sleeping	I woke her up.
	She woke up.
wash out: remove by washing	We washed out the dye.
	The dye washed out.
wear away: gradually remove	Water wore away the rock.
	The rock wore away.
wear out: gradually destroy by using	I wore out the sweater.
	The sweater wore out.

3. Distinguishing between verbs followed by prepositions and verbs followed by adverbs
It has been seen that the position of pronoun objects, adverbs of manner and stress in spoken English varies according to whether a verb is followed by a preposition or by an adverb.

These differences are summarized in the following table. The verbs to sit and to turn are used as examples. The verb to sit is followed by on used as a preposition, whereas the verb to turn is followed by on used as an adverb.

Verb followed by Preposition	Verb followed by Adverb
Pronoun object is placed	Pronoun object is placed
after the preposition:	before the adverb:
I sat on it.	I turned it on.

Adverb of manner may be placed	Adverb of manner may not be
between verb and preposition:	placed between verb and adverb:
I sat quietly on it.	I quietly turned it on.

Verb is stressed:	Adverb is stressed:
This is what I sat on.	This is what I turned on.

Because of the differences summarized above, it is important to be able to distinguish between a verb followed by a preposition, and a verb followed by an adverb.

a. Adverb phrases of location compared with phrasal verbs followed by objects
In many cases, it is necessary to distinguish between an ordinary verb followed by an adverb phrase of location, and a phrasal verb followed by an object.
e.g. I turned up the street.
I turned up the volume.

In the first example, the verb turned is followed by the adverb phrase of location up the street. In the second example, the phrasal verb turned up is followed by the object volume. In this example, the phrasal verb turned up has the meaning increased.

In the first example, street is the object of the preposition up. If the object is changed to a pronoun, the pronoun must follow the preposition:
I turned up the street.
I turned up it.

In the second example, volume is the object of the phrasal verb turned up. If the object is changed to a pronoun, the pronoun must precede the adverb up.
I turned up the volume.
I turned it up.

In the first example, if the verb is modified by an adverb of manner, the adverb of manner may precede the adverb phrase of location:
I turned up the street.
I turned quickly up the street.

In the second example, if the verb is modified by an adverb of manner, the adverb of manner may not be placed between the two parts of the phrasal verb:
I turned up the volume.
I quickly turned up the volume.

See Exercises 7 and 8.

b. Words used as prepositions or adverbs
It is also necessary to be able to distinguish between a phrasal verb consisting of a verb followed by a preposition, and a phrasal verb consisting of a transitive verb followed by an adverb. In many cases it is possible to make the distinction by means of the preposition or adverb following the verb.

For example, the following words are used in phrasal verbs as prepositions, but are not usually used in phrasal verbs as adverbs following transitive verbs:

after	against
at	before
by	for
from	into
of	to
toward	with
without

In contrast, the following words are used in phrasal verbs as adverbs following transitive verbs, but are not usually used in phrasal verbs as prepositions:

along	aside
away	back
behind	down
forward	out
together	up

It should be noted that of these words, aside, away, back, forward, out and together are usually never used as prepositions. In contrast, the words along, behind, down and up are often used as prepositions, but are not usually used as prepositions in phrasal verbs.

See Exercises 9 and 10.

The following words present more difficulty, since they can be used in phrasal verbs both as prepositions and as adverbs following transitive verbs:

across	around or round
in	off
on or upon	over
through

Thus, it is advisable to study which phrasal verbs use these words as prepositions, and which phrasal verbs use these words as adverbs. The following table gives examples of phrasal verbs containing each of these words. The left-hand column gives phrasal verbs consisting of verbs followed by prepositions, while the right-hand column gives phrasal verbs consisting of transitive verbs followed by adverbs.

Words used as Prepositions or Adverbs

Verb + Preposition	Transitive Verb + Adverb
come across	get across (an idea)
cut across	put across (an idea)
run across
stumble across

Verb + Preposition	Transitive Verb + Adverb
hang around	bring round
lounge around
mill around
pass around
rally round
show around

Verb + Preposition	Transitive Verb + Adverb
confide in	break in
deal in	breathe in
join in	call in
	fill in
	hand in
	phase in
	rope in
	take in
	trade in

Verb + Preposition	Transitive Verb + Adverb
glance off	call off
keep off	fend off
warn off	give off
	lay off
	pair off
	pension off
	polish off
	pull off
	put off
	reel off
	sell off
	shrug off
	turn off
	write off

Verb + Preposition	Transitive Verb + Adverb
bank on	cheer on
border on	hand on
build on	try on
call on	turn on
come upon
count on
dawn on
decide on
dwell on
enlarge on
expand on
frown on
grow on
hinge on
live on
pick on
prey on
reckon on
survive on
thrust upon
touch on
verge on

Verb + Preposition	Transitive Verb + Adverb
get over	take over
go over	talk over
run over	think over
watch over	paper over
	smooth over

Verb + Preposition	Transitive Verb + Adverb
break through	pull through
get through
go through
leaf through
look through
sail through
scrape through
see through
sit through
wade through

See Exercise 11.

4. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition
Some phrasal verbs consist of an intransitive verb followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition. For example:
We passed by.
We passed by the library.
In the first example, the word by of the phrasal verb passed by functions as an adverb. In the second example, the word by of the phrasal verb passed by functions as a preposition which has the object library.

The following are examples of phrasal verbs which contain words which may function either as adverbs or as prepositions. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and examples of its use. The objects of the prepositions are underlined.

Intransitive Verbs followed by words which may function either as Adverbs or Prepositions

break through: appear	The sun broke through.
	The sun broke through the clouds.
do without: survive without	We had to do without.
	We had to do without electricity.
glance off: hit and bounce off	The ball glanced off.
	The ball glanced off the wall.
go without: not have	They went without.
	They went without food.
hang around: stay near	We hung around.
	We hung around the movie theater.
join in: become involved in	I joined in.
	I joined in the game.
lounge around: relax in	We lounged around.
	We lounged around the living room.
mill around: (of a crowd) move randomly	The students milled around.
	The students milled around the lobby.
pass by: pass	I passed by.
	I passed by the house.
rally round: gather to give support	We rallied round.
	We rallied round our class president.
sail through: succeed easily	She sailed through.
	She sailed through the exam.
scrape through: barely succeed	They scraped through.
	They scraped through the course.
turn off: leave a road	We turned off.
	We turned off the main highway.

a. Expressions in which the verb has an object
There are a few phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition, where the verb may have an object. In the following examples the objects are underlined.
e.g. We passed the candies around.
We passed the candies around the class.
In each of these examples, the verb passed of the phrasal verb to pass around has the object candies. In the first example, the word around functions as an adverb, while in the second example, the word around functions as a preposition with the object class.

The following are examples of phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition, where the verb may have an object. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and examples of its use. The objects of the verbs and prepositions are underlined. The last example illustrates the use of the Passive Voice.

Verbs followed by objects followed by words which may function either as Adverbs or Prepositions

cross off: put a line through	I crossed his name off.
	I crossed his name off the list.
pass around: distribute	I passed the papers around.
	I passed the papers around the class.
show around: conduct on a tour	We showed the visitors around.
	We showed the visitors around the city.
tide over: provide for temporarily	This money will tide me over.
	This money will tide me over the weekend.
warn off: warn to leave	We were warned off.
	We were warned off the premises.

5. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb followed by a preposition
There are several commonly used phrasal verbs which consist of a verb, followed by an adverb, followed by a preposition. For example:
I went along with the idea.
In this example, the phrasal verb went along with consists of the verb to go, followed by the adverb along, followed by the preposition with which has the object idea.

The following table gives examples of phrasal verbs which consist of a verb, followed by an adverb, followed by a preposition. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.
Verbs followed by Adverbs followed by Prepositions

add up to: amount to	It is hard to see what that adds up to.
back down from: withdraw, avoid	She never backs down from a challenge.
back out of: not fulfill	I wish I could back out of the agreement.
boil down to: can be reduced to	All his arguments boil down to a belief in the supernatural.
bow out of: withdraw	He bowed out of the race.
brush up on: refresh knowledge of	I must brush up on my English.
carry on with: continue with	We carried on with our conversation.
catch up to: overtake	The boy ran quickly to catch up with his friends.
clean up after: tidy for	She spent half her time cleaning up after the children.
come down to: can be reduced to	Your choices come down to these.
come down with: become ill with	She came down with a cold.
come out in: develop	He came out in a rash.
come up against: meet an obstacle	They came up against many difficulties.
come up with: produce	She came up with a solution to the problem.
creep up on: approach undetected	Old age tends to creep up on one.
cry out for: urgently require	The education system is crying out for improvement.
cut back on: reduce	The government has cut back on spending.
do away with: abolish	We want to do away with delays.
face up to: accept and deal with	It is best to face up to one's problems.
fall back on: turn to for help	Because of unexpected expenses, we had to fall back on our savings.
fit in with: be suited to	You don't fit in with this group.
fool around with: not be serious, have as a hobby	He likes to fool around with computers.
get away with: not be punished	He got away with being late for school.
get down to: begin dealing seriously with	It is time to get down to business.
get in on: manage to participate in	I want to get in on the planning for the new school.
give up on: stop trying	I've given up on the situation.
go along with: agree, not resist	I'm willing to go along with your idea.
go back on: break a promise	He never goes back on his word.
go through with: fulfill, carry out	Are you going to go through with your plan to conduct a survey?
grow out of: become too big for	My son has grown out of most of his clothes.
hold out for: not compromise	We want to hold out for better conditions.
keep up with: be on the same level as	She has a hard time keeping up with her brother.
lead up to: be a preparation for	The first thirty chapters of the book lead up to the dramatic conclusion.
live up to: maintain a standard	She has lived up to her reputation as a great singer.
log on to: contact a computer	She logged on to the new system.
look down on: regard as inferior	He looks down on his classmates.
look forward to: anticipate	I'm looking forward to the holidays.
look out for: watch for	Look out for fallen branches.
look up to: admire	We looked up to her.
make up for: compensate for	She tried to make up for her past mistakes.
pull out of: leave (of vehicles)	The train pulled out of the station.
push on with: go ahead, continue	I must push on with my work.
put up with: endure, tolerate	Bus passengers must often put up with crowded conditions.
read up on: read about	Whenever I travel, I like to read up on the place I am going to visit.
rub off on: acquire from someone	Some of his enthusiasm has rubbed off on me.
run up against: meet	One runs up against many different kinds of people.
send away for: order by mail	We sent away for warm winter boots.
stick up for: defend, support	Will you stick up for me?
stock up on: lay in supplies	We should stock up on bananas.
talk down to: speak patronizingly	He always talks down to people younger than he is.
walk away with: win easily	They walked away with all the prizes.
watch out for: beware of	Watch out for snakes.
wriggle out of: avoid	She always tries to wriggle out of her responsibilities.
zero in on: focus on	Let us zero in on the heart of the problem.

a. Expressions in which the verb has an object
There are a few phrasal verbs consisting of a verb, followed by an adverb, followed by a preposition, where the verb may have an object. In the following example, the objects are underlined.
e.g. We played them off against each other.
In this example, the verb played of the phrasal verb to play off against has the object them, while the preposition against has the object each other.

The following are examples of phrasal verbs consisting of a verb, followed by an adverb, followed by a preposition, where the verb may have an object. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. The objects of the phrasal verbs are underlined.

Verbs followed by Objects followed by Adverbs followed by Prepositions

get over with: undergo, finish	If I must visit the dentist, I prefer to get it over with as soon as possible.
let in on: allow to share	We let them in on the secret.
play off against: encourage to fight	In the last century, the British weakened their enemies by playing them off against one another.
put down to: attribute to	We put his bad temper down to fatigue.
put up to: urge to do wrong	She put me up to playing a trick on the teacher.
take out on: vent bad feelings on	She took her dissatisfaction with her job out on her neighbors.
take up on: accept an offer	I would like to take you up on your offer.
talk out of: dissuade from	We tried to talk him out of retiring.

English -CONJUNCTIONS- CHAPTER 28

noreply@blogger.com (sporttube) — Sat, 03 May 2008 00:57:00 +0000

A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clause and the ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence. The conjunctions in the following examples are printed in bold type.
e.g. We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.
He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.
I went out because the sun was shining.

1. Coordinate conjunctions
Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical constructions; for instance, two words, two phrases or two clauses.
e.g. My friend and I will attend the meeting.
Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscape and the hospitality of its people.
The sun rose and the birds began to sing.

In these examples, the coordinate conjunction and is used to join the two words friend and I, the two phrases the beauty of its landscape and the hospitality of its people, and the two clauses the sun rose and the birds began to sing.

The most commonly used coordinate conjunctions are and, but and or. In addition, the words nor and yet may be used as coordinate conjunctions. In the following table, each coordinate conjunction is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. Note the use of inverted word order in the clause beginning with nor.

Coordinate Conjunctions

and: in addition	She tried and succeeded.
but: however	They tried but did not succeed.
or: alternatively	Did you go out or stay at home?
nor: and neither	I did not see it, nor did they.
yet: however	The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.

As illustrated above, when a coordinate conjunction joins two verbs which have the same subject, the subject need not be repeated. For instance, in the example she tried and succeeded, the pronoun she acts as the subject for both the verb tried and the verb succeeded. It should also be noted that when a coordinate conjunction joins two verbs which do not have the same subject, the two coordinate clauses may be separated by a comma or semicolon, in order to make the meaning clear.

See Exercise 1.

2. Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence. For instance, in the following example, the expression either ... or is used to indicate that the ideas expressed in the two clauses represent two alternative choices of action.
e.g. Either you should study harder, or you should take a different course.

The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are both ... and, either ... or and neither ... nor. In the table below, each pair of correlative conjunctions is accompanied by an example of its use. Note that in the construction if ... then, the word then can usually be omitted.

Correlative Conjunctions

both ... and	He is both intelligent and good-natured.
either ... or	I will either go for a walk or read a book.
neither ... nor	He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly ... when	He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.
if ... then	If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
no sooner ... than	No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.
not only ... but also	She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather ... than	I would rather go swimming than go to the library.
scarcely ... when	Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.
what with ... and	What with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives.
whether ... or	Have you decided whether you will come or not?

See Exercise 2.

3. Subordinate conjunctions
As has been seen in previous chapters, subordinate clauses may begin with relative pronouns such as that, what, whatever, which, who and whom, as well as with words such as how, when, where, wherever and why. In the following examples, the subordinate clauses are underlined.
e.g. The house, which stood on a hill, could be seen for miles.
I wonder how he did that.

In addition, subordinate clauses may also begin with words which are commonly referred to as subordinate conjunctions. In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are printed in bold type.
e.g. Because it was cold, I wore my winter coat.
Let us wait until the rain stops.

The subordinate conjunctions below are accompanied by their meanings and examples of use.

Subordinate ConjunctionsAs
1. because: As he is my friend, I will help him.
2. when: We watched as the plane took off.

After
1. later in time: After the train left, we went home.

Although or though
1. in spite of the fact that: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.

Before
1. earlier than: I arrived before the stores were open.

Because
1. for the reason that: We had to wait, because we arrived early.

For
1. for, because: He is happy, for he enjoys his work.

If
1. on condition that: If she is here, we will see her.

Lest
1. for fear that: I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
Note the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with lest.

Providing or provided
1. on condition that: All will be well, providing you are careful.

Since
1. from a past time: I have been here since the sun rose.
2. as, because: Since you are here, you can help me.

So or so that
1. consequently: It was raining, so we did not go out.
2. in order that: I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.
Note: When used with the meaning in order that, so is usually followed by that in formal English.
e.g. I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.

Supposing
1. if: Supposing that happens, what will you do?

Than
1. used in comparisons: He is taller than you are.

Unless
1. except when, if not: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.

Until or till
1. up to the time when: I will wait until I hear from you.

Whereas
1. because: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
2. on the other hand: He is short, whereas you are tall.

Whether
1. if: I do not know whether she was invited.

While
1. at the time when: While it was snowing, we played cards.
2. on the other hand: He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. although: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.

In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate clauses.

As if
1. in a similar way: She talks as if she knows everything.

As long as
1. if: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
2. while: He has lived there as long as I have known him.

As soon as
1. immediately when: Write to me as soon as you can.

As though
1. in a similar way: It looks as though there will be a storm.

Even if
1. in spite of a possibility: I am going out even if it rains.

In case
1. because of a possibility: Take a sweater in case it gets cold.

Or else
1. otherwise: Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.

So as to
1. in order to: I hurried so as to be on time.

See Exercise 3.

Certain words, such as after, before, since and until may function either as prepositions or subordinate conjunctions. However it should be noted that in some cases different words must be used as prepositions and subordinate conjunctions, in order to express similar meanings. This is illustrated in the table below.

Differing Prepositions and Conjunctions

Meaning	Preposition	Conjunction
for this reason	because of	because
in spite of this	despite	although
at the time when	during	while
in a similar way	like	as if

In the following examples, the objects of the prepositions, and the verbs of the subordinate clauses are underlined.
Preposition: They were upset because of the delay.
Conjunction: They were upset because they were delayed.

Preposition: Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves.
Conjunction: Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves.

Preposition: We stayed indoors during the storm.
Conjunction: We stayed indoors while the storm raged.

Preposition: It looks like rain.
Conjunction: It looks as if it will rain.

In the above examples, it can be seen that the prepositions because of, despite, during and like have the noun objects delay, rain and storm; whereas the subordinate conjunctions because, although, while and as if introduce subordinate clauses containing the verbs were delayed, rained, raged and will rain.

It should be noted that like is sometimes used as a subordinate conjunction in informal English.
e.g. It looks like it will rain.
However, this use of like is considered incorrect in formal English.

See Exercise 4.

4. Connecting adverbs
Connecting adverbs are often used to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clause and the ideas expressed in a preceding clause, sentence or paragraph. In the following examples, the connecting adverbs are printed in bold type.
e.g. I wanted to study; however, I was too tired.
We knew what to expect. Therefore, we were not surprised at what happened.

In the first example, the connecting adverb however shows that there is a conflict between the idea expressed in the clause I was too tired and the idea expressed in the preceding clause I wanted to study. In the second example, the connecting adverb therefore shows that there is a cause and effect relationship between the idea expressed in the sentence we knew what to expect, and the clause we were not surprised at what happened.

Connecting adverbs are similar to conjunctions in that both may be used to introduce clauses. However, the use of connecting adverbs differs from that of conjunctions in the ways indicated below.

a. Stress and punctuation
In spoken English, a connecting adverb is usually given more stress than a conjunction. Correspondingly, in formal written English a connecting adverb is usually separated from the rest of a clause by commas, whereas a conjunction is usually not separated from the rest of a clause by commas.

In addition, in formal written English a clause containing a connecting adverb is often separated from a preceding clause by a semicolon; whereas a clause beginning with a conjunction is usually not separated from a preceding clause by a semicolon.
e.g. I wanted to study; however, I was too tired.
I wanted to study, but I was too tired.
In the first example, the connecting adverb however is preceded by a semicolon, and is separated from I was too tired by a comma. In the second example, the conjunction but is preceded by a comma rather than by a semicolon, and is not separated from I was too tired by a comma.

It should be noted that when no conjunction is present, a semicolon may be used to connect two main clauses. For example:
The clouds dispersed; the moon rose.
In this example, the two main clauses the clouds dispersed and the moon rose are connected by a semicolon rather than by a conjunction.

b. Connecting adverbs used to connect sentences
Unlike conjunctions, connecting adverbs may be used in formal English to show the relationship between ideas expressed in separate sentences. For example:
The wind was strong. Thus, I felt very cold.
In this example, the connecting adverb thus shows that there is a cause and effect relationship between the ideas expressed by the two sentences the wind was strong and I felt very cold.

In informal English, coordinate conjunctions are sometimes used to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in separate sentences. For example:
The wind was strong. And I felt very cold.
However, this use of coordinate conjunctions is considered to be grammatically incorrect in formal English.

c. Position in a clause
A subordinate conjunction must usually be placed at the beginning of a clause. However, as was seen in the discussion on adverbs, a connecting adverb may be placed at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause. This is illustrated below.
e.g. His visit was unexpected. Nevertheless, I was pleased to see him.
His visit was unexpected. I was, nevertheless, pleased to see him.
His visit was unexpected. I was pleased to see him, nevertheless.

d. Examples of connecting adverbs
The following are examples of words which may be used as connecting adverbs. Each connecting adverb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.

Connecting Adverbs

accordingly: so	He was very persuasive; accordingly, I did what he asked.
also: in addition	She is my neighbor; she is also my best friend.
besides: in addition	I like the job. Besides, I need the money.
consequently: so	She had a fever; consequently, she stayed at home.
furthermore: in addition	You should stop smoking. Furthermore, you should do it at once!
hence: for that reason	He is a good friend. Hence, I was not embarrassed to ask him for help.
however: but	We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by traffic.
likewise: in addition	The region is beautiful. Likewise, the climate is excellent.
moreover: in addition	She is very intelligent; moreover, she is very ambitious.
nevertheless: but	They are proud. Nevertheless, I like them.
nonetheless: but	The ascent was dangerous. Nonetheless, he decided to attempt it.
otherwise: if not, or else	We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset.
still: but	It is a long way to the beach. Still, it is a fine day to go swimming.
then: 1. next, afterwards	We went shopping, then we had lunch.
2. so	If you are sure, then I must believe you.
therefore: for that reason	I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best.
thus: so, in this way	He travelled as quickly as possible. Thus, he reached Boston the next day.

As indicated in the following table, several connecting adverbs have meanings similar to those of the conjunctions and, but or so.

Connecting Adverbs with meanings similar to And, But and So

Similar to And	Similar to But	Similar to So
also	however	accordingly
besides	nevertheless	consequently
furthermore	nonetheless	hence
likewise	still	therefore
moreover		thus

See Exercises 5 and 6.

5. Parallel construction
The repetition of a particular grammatical construction is often referred to as parallel construction. This is illustrated in the following examples.
e.g. I am neither angry nor excited.
The resort contains tennis courts, swimming pools and a snack bar.
In the first example, the two phrases neither angry and nor excited exhibit parallel construction. In the second example, the three phrases tennis courts, swimming pools and a snack bar exhibit parallel construction.

In English, it is considered preferable to use parallel construction whenever parallel ideas are expressed.

Thus, whenever possible, parallel construction should be employed when correlative conjunctions are used. In the following example, the correlative conjunctions are printed in bold type.
e.g. Incorrect: He has both a good education, and he has good work habits.
Corrected: He has both a good education and good work habits.
The first sentence is incorrect, since both and and are followed by different grammatical constructions. Both is followed by the phrase a good education; whereas and is followed by the clause he has good work habits. The second sentence has been corrected by changing the clause he has good work habits into the phrase good work habits.

The following example illustrates the use of parallel construction with the correlative conjunctions neither ... nor.
e.g. Incorrect: She turned neither right nor to the left.
Corrected: She turned neither right nor left.
or Corrected: She turned neither to the right nor to the left.
The first sentence is incorrect, since neither is followed by a single word; whereas nor is followed by a prepositional phrase. The second sentence has been corrected by changing the phrase to the left to the word left. Alternatively, as shown in the third sentence, two prepositional phrases can be used.

See Exercise 7.

Parallel construction should also be used when listing a series of ideas. For example:
Incorrect: The hotel is charming, well-situated and is not expensive.
Corrected: The hotel is charming, well-situated and inexpensive.
The first sentence is incorrect, since the first two items in the series, charming and well-situated, are adjectives, whereas the last item, is not expensive, contains a verb. The second sentence has been corrected by changing is not expensive to the adjective inexpensive.

The following is another example of the use of parallel construction when listing a series of ideas.
e.g. Incorrect: I like to ski, skating and swimming.
Corrected: I like skiing, skating and swimming.
The first sentence is incorrect, since the first item in the series, to ski, is an infinitive, whereas the second and third items, skating and swimming, are gerunds. The second sentence has been corrected by changing the infinitive to ski to the gerund skiing.

THE VERB TO BE AND THE PASSIVE VOICE OF THE VERB TO SHOW

noreply@blogger.com (sporttube) — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 22:23:00 +0000

INDICATIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Present
I am	I am shown
you are	you are shown
he is	he is shown
she is	she is shown
it is	it is shown
we are	we are shown
they are	they are shown


Present Continuous	Present Continuous
I am being	I am being shown
you are being	you are being shown
he is being	he is being shown
she is being	she is being shown
it is being	it is being shown
we are being	we are being shown
they are being	they are being shown


Present Perfect	Present Perfect
I have been	I have been shown
you have been	you have been shown
he has been	he has been shown
she has been	she has been shown
it has been	it has been shown
we have been	we have been shown
they have been	they have been shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect Continuous
have been being	I have been being shown
you have been being	you have been being shown
he has been being	he has been being shown
she has been being	she has been being shown
it has been being	it has been being shown
we have been being	we have been being shown
they have been being	they have been being shown


Simple Past	Simple Past
I was	I was shown
you were	you were shown
he was	he was shown
she was	she was shown
it was	it was shown
we were	we were shown
they were	they were shown


Past Continuous	Past Continuous
I was being	I was being shown
you were being	you were being shown
he was being	he was being shown
she was being	she was being shown
it was being	it was being shown
we were being	we were being shown
they were being	they were being shown


Past Perfect	Past Perfect
I had been	I had been shown
you had been	you had been shown
he had been	he had been shown
she had been	she had been shown
it had been	it had been shown
we had been	we had been shown
they had been	they had been shown


Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being	I had been being shown
you had been being	you had been being shown
he had been being	he had been being shown
she had been being	she had been being shown
it had been being	it had been being shown
we had been being	we had been being shown
they had been being	they had been being shown


Simple Future	Simple Future
I will (shall) be	I will (shall) be shown
you will be	you will be shown
he will be	he will be shown
she will be	she will be shown
it will be	it will be shown
we will (shall) be	we will (shall) be shown
they will be	they will be shown


Future Continuous	Future Continuous
I will (shall) be being	I will (shall) be being shown
you will be being	you will be being shown
he will be being	he will be being shown
she will be being	she will be being shown
it will be being	it will be being shown
we will (shall) be being	we will (shall) be being shown
they will be being	they will be being shown


Future Perfect	Future Perfect
I will (shall) have been	I will (shall) have been shown
you will have been	you will have been shown
he will have been	he will have been shown
she will have been	she will have been shown
it will have been	it will have been shown
we will (shall) have been	we will (shall) have been shown
they will have been	they will have been shown


Future Perfect Continuous	Future Perfect Continuous
I will (shall) have been being	I will (shall) have been being shown
you will have been being	you will have been being shown
he will have been being	he will have been being shown
she will have been being	she will have been being shown
It will have been being	it will have been being shown
we will (shall) have been being	we will (shall) have been being shown
they will have been being	they will have been being shown

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Present
I be	I be shown
you be	you be shown
he be	he be shown
she be	she be shown
it be	it be shown
we be	we be shown
they be	they be shown


Present Continuous	Present Continuous
I be being	I be being shown
you be being	you be being shown
he be being	he be being shown
she be being	she be being shown
it be being	it be being shown
we be being	we be being shown
they be being	they be being shown


Present Perfect	Present Perfect
I have been	I have been shown
you have been	you have been shown
he have been	he have been shown
she have been	she have been shown
it have been	it have been shown
we have been	we have been shown
they have been	they have been shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect Continuous
I have been being	I have been being shown
you have been being	you have been being shown
he have been being	he have been being shown
she have been being	she have been being shown
it have been being	it have been being shown
we have been being	we have been being shown
they have been being	they have been being shown


Simple Past	Simple Past
I were	I were shown
you were	you were shown
he were	he were shown
she were	she were shown
it were	it were shown
we were	we were shown
they were	they were shown


Past Continuous	Past Continuous
I were being	I were being shown
you were being	you were being shown
he were being	he were being shown
she were being	she were being shown
it were being	it were being shown
we were being	we were being shown
they were being	they were being shown


Past Perfect	Past Perfect
I had been	I had been shown
you had been	you had been shown
he had been	he had been shown
she had been	she had been shown
it had been	it had been shown
we had been	we had been shown
they had been	they had been shown


Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being	I had been being shown
you had been being	you had been being shown
he had been being	he had been being shown
she had been being	she had been being shown
it had been being	it had been being shown
we had been being	we had been being shown
they had been being	they had been being shown

THE ACTIVE VOICE OF THE VERB TO SHOW

noreply@blogger.com (sporttube) — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 22:22:00 +0000

Simple Past: showed
Past Participle: shown

INDICATIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Past
I show	I showed
you show	you showed
he shows	he showed
she shows	she showed
it shows	it showed
we show	we showed
they show	they showed


Present Continuous	Past Continuous
I am showing	I was showing
you are showing	you were showing
he is showing	he was showing
she is showing	she was showing
it is showing	it was showing
we are showing	we were showing
they are showing	they were showing


Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I have shown	I had shown
you have shown	you had shown
he has shown	he had shown
she has shown	she had shown
it has shown	it had shown
we have shown	we had shown
they have shown	they had shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I have been showing	I had been showing
you have been showing	you had been showing
he has been showing	he had been showing
she has been showing	she had been showing
it has been showing	it had been showing
we have been showing	we had been showing
they have been showing	they had been showing


Simple Future	Simple Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) show	I would show
you will show	you would show
he will show	he would show
she will show	she would show
it will show	it would show
we will (shall) show	we would show
they will show	they would show


Future Continuous	Continuous Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) be showing	I would be showing
you will be showing	you would be showing
he will be showing	he would be showing
she will be showing	she would be showing
it will be showing	it would be showing
we will (shall) be showing	we would be showing
they will be showing	they would be showing


Future Perfect	Perfect Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) have shown	I would have shown
you will have shown	you would have shown
he will have shown	he would have shown
she will have shown	she would have shown
it will have shown	it would have shown
we will (shall) have shown	we would have shown
they will have shown	they would have shown


Future Perfect Continuous	Perfect Continuous Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) have been showing	I would have been showing
you will have been showing	you would have been showing
he will have been showing	he would have been showing
she will have been showing	she would have been showing
it will have been showing	it would have been showing
we will (shall) have been showing	we would have been showing
they will have been showing	they would have been showing

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Past
I show	I showed
you show	you showed
he show	he showed
she show	she showed
it show	it showed
we show	we showed
they show	they showed


Present Continuous	Past Continuous
I be showing	I were showing
you be showing	you were showing
he be showing	he were showing
she be showing	she were showing
it be showing	it were showing
we be showing	we were showing
they be showing	they were showing


Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I have shown	I had shown
you have shown	you had shown
he have shown	he had shown
she have shown	she had shown
it have shown	it had shown
we have shown	we had shown
they have shown	they had shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I have been showing	I had been showing
you have been showing	you had been showing
he have been showing	he had been showing
she have been showing	she had been showing
It have been showing	it had been showing
we have been showing	we had been showing
they have been showing	they had been showing

THE VERB TO BE AND THE PASSIVE VOICE OF THE VERB TO SHOW

INDICATIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Present
I am	I am shown
you are	you are shown
he is	he is shown
she is	she is shown
it is	it is shown
we are	we are shown
they are	they are shown


Present Continuous	Present Continuous
I am being	I am being shown
you are being	you are being shown
he is being	he is being shown
she is being	she is being shown
it is being	it is being shown
we are being	we are being shown
they are being	they are being shown


Present Perfect	Present Perfect
I have been	I have been shown
you have been	you have been shown
he has been	he has been shown
she has been	she has been shown
it has been	it has been shown
we have been	we have been shown
they have been	they have been shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect Continuous
have been being	I have been being shown
you have been being	you have been being shown
he has been being	he has been being shown
she has been being	she has been being shown
it has been being	it has been being shown
we have been being	we have been being shown
they have been being	they have been being shown


Simple Past	Simple Past
I was	I was shown
you were	you were shown
he was	he was shown
she was	she was shown
it was	it was shown
we were	we were shown
they were	they were shown


Past Continuous	Past Continuous
I was being	I was being shown
you were being	you were being shown
he was being	he was being shown
she was being	she was being shown
it was being	it was being shown
we were being	we were being shown
they were being	they were being shown


Past Perfect	Past Perfect
I had been	I had been shown
you had been	you had been shown
he had been	he had been shown
she had been	she had been shown
it had been	it had been shown
we had been	we had been shown
they had been	they had been shown


Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being	I had been being shown
you had been being	you had been being shown
he had been being	he had been being shown
she had been being	she had been being shown
it had been being	it had been being shown
we had been being	we had been being shown
they had been being	they had been being shown


Simple Future	Simple Future
I will (shall) be	I will (shall) be shown
you will be	you will be shown
he will be	he will be shown
she will be	she will be shown
it will be	it will be shown
we will (shall) be	we will (shall) be shown
they will be	they will be shown


Future Continuous	Future Continuous
I will (shall) be being	I will (shall) be being shown
you will be being	you will be being shown
he will be being	he will be being shown
she will be being	she will be being shown
it will be being	it will be being shown
we will (shall) be being	we will (shall) be being shown
they will be being	they will be being shown


Future Perfect	Future Perfect
I will (shall) have been	I will (shall) have been shown
you will have been	you will have been shown
he will have been	he will have been shown
she will have been	she will have been shown
it will have been	it will have been shown
we will (shall) have been	we will (shall) have been shown
they will have been	they will have been shown


Future Perfect Continuous	Future Perfect Continuous
I will (shall) have been being	I will (shall) have been being shown
you will have been being	you will have been being shown
he will have been being	he will have been being shown
she will have been being	she will have been being shown
It will have been being	it will have been being shown
we will (shall) have been being	we will (shall) have been being shown
they will have been being	they will have been being shown

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Present
I be	I be shown
you be	you be shown
he be	he be shown
she be	she be shown
it be	it be shown
we be	we be shown
they be	they be shown


Present Continuous	Present Continuous
I be being	I be being shown
you be being	you be being shown
he be being	he be being shown
she be being	she be being shown
it be being	it be being shown
we be being	we be being shown
they be being	they be being shown


Present Perfect	Present Perfect
I have been	I have been shown
you have been	you have been shown
he have been	he have been shown
she have been	she have been shown
it have been	it have been shown
we have been	we have been shown
they have been	they have been shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect Continuous
I have been being	I have been being shown
you have been being	you have been being shown
he have been being	he have been being shown
she have been being	she have been being shown
it have been being	it have been being shown
we have been being	we have been being shown
they have been being	they have been being shown


Simple Past	Simple Past
I were	I were shown
you were	you were shown
he were	he were shown
she were	she were shown
it were	it were shown
we were	we were shown
they were	they were shown


Past Continuous	Past Continuous
I were being	I were being shown
you were being	you were being shown
he were being	he were being shown
she were being	she were being shown
it were being	it were being shown
we were being	we were being shown
they were being	they were being shown


Past Perfect	Past Perfect
I had been	I had been shown
you had been	you had been shown
he had been	he had been shown
she had been	she had been shown
it had been	it had been shown
we had been	we had been shown
they had been	they had been shown


Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being	I had been being shown
you had been being	you had been being shown
he had been being	he had been being shown
she had been being	she had been being shown
it had been being	it had been being shown
we had been being	we had been being shown
they had been being	they had been being shown

COMMON ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS

noreply@blogger.com (sporttube) — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 22:21:00 +0000

Bare Infinitive	Simple Past	Past Participle
be	was/were	been
bear	bore	born
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bend	bent	bent
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
build	built	built
burst	burst	burst
buy	bought	bought
cast	cast	cast
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
cling	clung	clung
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
creep	crept	crept
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
flee	fled	fled
fling	flung	flung
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forecast	forecast	forecast
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
forsake	forsook	forsaken
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grind	ground	ground
grow	grew	grown
hang	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt	knelt
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
mistake	mistook	mistaken
partake	partook	partaken
pay	paid	paid
put	put	put
read	read	read
rid	rid	rid
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
shake	shook	shaken
shed	shed	shed
shine	shone	shone
shoe	shod	shod
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown
shrink	shrank or shrunk	shrunk
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
sling	slung	slung
slink	slunk	slunk
slit	slit	slit
speak	spoke	spoken
speed	sped	sped
spend	spent	spent
spin	span or spun	spun
spit	spit or spat	spat
split	split	split
spread	spread	spread
spring	sprang	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
stink	stank	stunk
stride	strode	strode
strike	struck	struck
string	strung	strung
strive	strove	striven
swear	swore	sworn
sweep	swept	swept
swim	swam	swum
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
thrive	throve	thriven
throw	threw	thrown
thrust	thrust	thrust
tread	trod	trodden
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke	woken
wear	wore	worn
weave	wove	woven
weep	wept	wept
win	won	won
wind	wound	wound
wring	wrung	wrung
write	wrote	written

THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES

noreply@blogger.com (sporttube) — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 22:10:00 +0000

The Uses of the English Tenses

Type of Tense	Type of Action Expressed
Simple	- actions occurring at regular intervals
	- general truths, or situations existing for a period of time
	- non-continuous actions

Continuous	- continuous, ongoing actions

Perfect	- non-continuous actions completed before a certain time

Perfect Continuous	- continuous, ongoing actions completed before a certain time

The Formation of the Indicative Mood of the Active Voice

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	do/does *	bare infinitive **
Present Continuous	am/is/are	present participle
Present Perfect	have/has	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have/has been	present participle

Simple Past	did *	bare infinitive ***
Past Continuous	was/were	present participle
Past Perfect	had	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been	present participle

Simple Future	will (shall) ****	bare infinitive
Future Continuous	will (shall) be	present participle
Future Perfect	will (shall) have	past participle
Future Perfect Continuous	will (shall) have been	present participle

The Formation of the Subjunctive Mood of the Active Voice

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	do *	bare infinitive
Present Continuous	be	present participle
Present Perfect	have	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have been	present participle

Simple Past	did *	bare infinitive ***
Past Continuous	were	present participle
Past Perfect	had	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been	present participle

The Formation of the Indicative Mood of the Passive Voice

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	am/is/are	past participle
Present Continuous	am/is/are being	past participle
Present Perfect	have/has been	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have/has been being	past participle

Simple Past	was/were	past participle
Past Continuous	was/were being	past participle
Past Perfect	had been	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been being	past participle

Simple Future	will (shall) **** be	past participle
Future Continuous	will (shall) be being	past participle
Future Perfect	will (shall) have been	past participle
Future Perfect Continuous	will (shall) have been being	past participle

The Formation of the Subjunctive Mood of the Passive Voice

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	be	past participle
Present Continuous	be being	past participle
Present Perfect	have been	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have been being	past participle

Simple Past	were	past participle
Past Continuous	were being	past participle
Past Perfect	had been	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been being	past participle

* In the Simple Present and Simple Past tenses of the Active Voice, the auxiliaries are used only for emphasis, and for the formation of questions and negative statements. Auxiliaries are never used with the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be.

** When used without the auxiliary, the third person singular of the Simple Present, in the Indicative Mood of the Active Voice, has the ending s.

*** When used without the auxiliary, the Simple Past form of the verb is used. For regular verbs, and for many irregular verbs, the Simple Past has the same form as the past participle.

**** The other modal auxiliaries could, may, might, must, should and would form conjugations in the same way as will and shall.

THE ACTIVE VOICE OF THE VERB TO SHOW

Simple Past: showed
Past Participle: shown

INDICATIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Past
I show	I showed
you show	you showed
he shows	he showed
she shows	she showed
it shows	it showed
we show	we showed
they show	they showed


Present Continuous	Past Continuous
I am showing	I was showing
you are showing	you were showing
he is showing	he was showing
she is showing	she was showing
it is showing	it was showing
we are showing	we were showing
they are showing	they were showing


Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I have shown	I had shown
you have shown	you had shown
he has shown	he had shown
she has shown	she had shown
it has shown	it had shown
we have shown	we had shown
they have shown	they had shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I have been showing	I had been showing
you have been showing	you had been showing
he has been showing	he had been showing
she has been showing	she had been showing
it has been showing	it had been showing
we have been showing	we had been showing
they have been showing	they had been showing


Simple Future	Simple Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) show	I would show
you will show	you would show
he will show	he would show
she will show	she would show
it will show	it would show
we will (shall) show	we would show
they will show	they would show


Future Continuous	Continuous Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) be showing	I would be showing
you will be showing	you would be showing
he will be showing	he would be showing
she will be showing	she would be showing
it will be showing	it would be showing
we will (shall) be showing	we would be showing
they will be showing	they would be showing


Future Perfect	Perfect Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) have shown	I would have shown
you will have shown	you would have shown
he will have shown	he would have shown
she will have shown	she would have shown
it will have shown	it would have shown
we will (shall) have shown	we would have shown
they will have shown	they would have shown


Future Perfect Continuous	Perfect Continuous Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) have been showing	I would have been showing
you will have been showing	you would have been showing
he will have been showing	he would have been showing
she will have been showing	she would have been showing
it will have been showing	it would have been showing
we will (shall) have been showing	we would have been showing
they will have been showing	they would have been showing

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Past
I show	I showed
you show	you showed
he show	he showed
she show	she showed
it show	it showed
we show	we showed
they show	they showed


Present Continuous	Past Continuous
I be showing	I were showing
you be showing	you were showing
he be showing	he were showing
she be showing	she were showing
it be showing	it were showing
we be showing	we were showing
they be showing	they were showing


Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I have shown	I had shown
you have shown	you had shown
he have shown	he had shown
she have shown	she had shown
it have shown	it had shown
we have shown	we had shown
they have shown	they had shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I have been showing	I had been showing
you have been showing	you had been showing
he have been showing	he had been showing
she have been showing	she had been showing
It have been showing	it had been showing
we have been showing	we had been showing
they have been showing	they had been showing

THE VERB TO BE AND THE PASSIVE VOICE OF THE VERB TO SHOW

INDICATIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Present
I am	I am shown
you are	you are shown
he is	he is shown
she is	she is shown
it is	it is shown
we are	we are shown
they are	they are shown


Present Continuous	Present Continuous
I am being	I am being shown
you are being	you are being shown
he is being	he is being shown
she is being	she is being shown
it is being	it is being shown
we are being	we are being shown
they are being	they are being shown


Present Perfect	Present Perfect
I have been	I have been shown
you have been	you have been shown
he has been	he has been shown
she has been	she has been shown
it has been	it has been shown
we have been	we have been shown
they have been	they have been shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect Continuous
have been being	I have been being shown
you have been being	you have been being shown
he has been being	he has been being shown
she has been being	she has been being shown
it has been being	it has been being shown
we have been being	we have been being shown
they have been being	they have been being shown


Simple Past	Simple Past
I was	I was shown
you were	you were shown
he was	he was shown
she was	she was shown
it was	it was shown
we were	we were shown
they were	they were shown


Past Continuous	Past Continuous
I was being	I was being shown
you were being	you were being shown
he was being	he was being shown
she was being	she was being shown
it was being	it was being shown
we were being	we were being shown
they were being	they were being shown


Past Perfect	Past Perfect
I had been	I had been shown
you had been	you had been shown
he had been	he had been shown
she had been	she had been shown
it had been	it had been shown
we had been	we had been shown
they had been	they had been shown


Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being	I had been being shown
you had been being	you had been being shown
he had been being	he had been being shown
she had been being	she had been being shown
it had been being	it had been being shown
we had been being	we had been being shown
they had been being	they had been being shown


Simple Future	Simple Future
I will (shall) be	I will (shall) be shown
you will be	you will be shown
he will be	he will be shown
she will be	she will be shown
it will be	it will be shown
we will (shall) be	we will (shall) be shown
they will be	they will be shown


Future Continuous	Future Continuous
I will (shall) be being	I will (shall) be being shown
you will be being	you will be being shown
he will be being	he will be being shown
she will be being	she will be being shown
it will be being	it will be being shown
we will (shall) be being	we will (shall) be being shown
they will be being	they will be being shown


Future Perfect	Future Perfect
I will (shall) have been	I will (shall) have been shown
you will have been	you will have been shown
he will have been	he will have been shown
she will have been	she will have been shown
it will have been	it will have been shown
we will (shall) have been	we will (shall) have been shown
they will have been	they will have been shown


Future Perfect Continuous	Future Perfect Continuous
I will (shall) have been being	I will (shall) have been being shown
you will have been being	you will have been being shown
he will have been being	he will have been being shown
she will have been being	she will have been being shown
It will have been being	it will have been being shown
we will (shall) have been being	we will (shall) have been being shown
they will have been being	they will have been being shown

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Present
I be	I be shown
you be	you be shown
he be	he be shown
she be	she be shown
it be	it be shown
we be	we be shown
they be	they be shown


Present Continuous	Present Continuous
I be being	I be being shown
you be being	you be being shown
he be being	he be being shown
she be being	she be being shown
it be being	it be being shown
we be being	we be being shown
they be being	they be being shown


Present Perfect	Present Perfect
I have been	I have been shown
you have been	you have been shown
he have been	he have been shown
she have been	she have been shown
it have been	it have been shown
we have been	we have been shown
they have been	they have been shown


Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect Continuous
I have been being	I have been being shown
you have been being	you have been being shown
he have been being	he have been being shown
she have been being	she have been being shown
it have been being	it have been being shown
we have been being	we have been being shown
they have been being	they have been being shown


Simple Past	Simple Past
I were	I were shown
you were	you were shown
he were	he were shown
she were	she were shown
it were	it were shown
we were	we were shown
they were	they were shown


Past Continuous	Past Continuous
I were being	I were being shown
you were being	you were being shown
he were being	he were being shown
she were being	she were being shown
it were being	it were being shown
we were being	we were being shown
they were being	they were being shown


Past Perfect	Past Perfect
I had been	I had been shown
you had been	you had been shown
he had been	he had been shown
she had been	she had been shown
it had been	it had been shown
we had been	we had been shown
they had been	they had been shown


Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being	I had been being shown
you had been being	you had been being shown
he had been being	he had been being shown
she had been being	she had been being shown
it had been being	it had been being shown
we had been being	we had been being shown
they had been being	they had been being shown