Echology

Understanding Ecosystems

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:42:00 +0000

Reciprocal relationship between living things with other living beings, and with no living things in their environment, creating ecosystems. The study of ecosystems is ecology. Ecology comes from two Greek words, namely Oikos and logos. Oikos means house or place to live, and logos meaning science. The term ecology was first proposed by Ernst Haeckel (1834 to 1914).

Ecology is a branch of science that is still relatively new, emerging in the 70s. However, ecologists have a major influence on other branches of biology. Ecology study how living things can defend life by making connections between living things and inanimate objects in the place of his life or the environment. Ecologists study the following things. 1. Transfer of energy and material from one living thing to another living creature, and into the environment and the factors that cause it. 2. Changes in populations of a species at different times and the factors that cause it. 3. Occurrence of the relationship between species (interaction between species) of living things and the relationship between living creatures with their environment. 4. The components that make up the environment can be divided into components abiotic (nonliving things) and biotic (living things). To learn it, check out the following sections. 5. Reciprocal relationship between living things with their environment to form ecosystems. Constituent components of the ecosystem consisting of abiotic and biotic.

Ecosystem diversity

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:41:00 +0000

Between living things to one another (both within a single species and between species) interaction. This is known as biotic interactions, which form a community. Between living things with physical environment (temperature, light) and chemical environment (water, minerals, degree of acidity) also occurs interaction. This is known as the biotic - abiotic interactions that make up the system environment or ecosystem. In an ecosystem is a complex interaction between biotic with the abiotic components.

Various environmental conditions. There are a lot of water environment, there is not. There are lots of getting environmental sunlight, there are a few. Similarly, temperature, humidity, mineral, pH, salinity, and altitude. In the different environments can be found different biodiversity. For example, in the coastal environment can be found in coconut trees and mangroves, while in the environment encountered mountain pine, apples, and tea. Have been explained that the interaction between living things with their environment to form ecosystems. With more environmental conditions and biodiversity, ecosystem diversity is formed. Every ecosystem has a certain diversity of living things too. Ecosystem diversity of ecosystems such as grasslands, tropical rain forest ecosystems, coastal ecosystems, river ecosystems, and water systems. Every ecosystem has a characteristic physical, chemical, and biological individual. The flora and fauna found in the particular ecosystem is different from the flora and fauna found in the other ecosystems.

Topography

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:39:00 +0000

Topography means the level of the earth's surface in an area. Topography associated with humidity, light, temperature, and soil conditions in an area. The interaction of various factors that form a unique environment. For example, biodiversity in different hilly regions in the flat. Organisms that live in different hilly areas with flat areas. Topography also affects the distribution of living things

Abiotic components

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:17:00 +0000

Abiotic components in the environment include air (which is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases), wind and humidity, water, soil, minerals, light, temperature, pH, salinity or salinity, and topography..

Temperature

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:14:00 +0000

General living things can survive only in the temperature range 0 ° C-40 ° C. There are warm-blooded animals that can live in temperatures below freezing. Low temperatures will not kill most living things, but the cause is living life as if suspended. Living things is called experienced hibernation. Reptiles and amphibians in several countries experiencing sub tropic hibernation ( "sleep, rest") in the winter. If the temperature rises, these living creatures rose from a long nap, and then move back.

Indonesia, which lies on the equator, has a warm temperature throughout the year, an average of 27 ° C. This temperature is ideal for the survival of living things. Therefore, Indonesia has a high diversity of biota compared with temperate climates.

Light

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:11:00 +0000

Plants used sunlight to perform photosynthesis. Without sunlight, plants can not live and then the other living things will not get life. Thus, it can be said that the sun is the source of energy for living things on earth.
In the dark cave is not found plants and other living creatures. If any animal, the animal is only using the cave as a hiding place. Although in the dark cave there is air, minerals, and water enough, but because there is no light, plants can not live in the cave. So in the cave, the light is a limiting factor.

Mineral

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:10:00 +0000

Plants needed minerals such as sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), & magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). The minerals that plants obtained in the form of ions dissolved in ground water. Minerals are used for ongoing metabolism and for the constituent body. Animals and humans also need minerals to constituent bodies and metabolic reactions. In addition, the mineral also serves to maintain acid base balance and regulate physiological function (physiology) body.

Water

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:08:00 +0000

Approximately 80-90% living body composed of water. Water is used as a solvent in the cytoplasm, to maintain osmotic pressure cell, and prevents the cell from the drought.
Indonesia is located on the equator and between the two continents, has enough rainfall high, averaging 200-225 cm / year. High rainfall and uneven, the sun throughout the year, and temperatures average 27 ° C caused Indonesia has the diversity of flora and fauna is high. The lower the rainfall, the lower the diversity variety too. In the area of East Nusa Tenggara, the rainfall is only 100 cm / year, many pastures and bush savanna known as the diversity of the relatively lower.

In the western part of Indonesia, the high rainfall many tropical rain forests found that a relatively high diversity.
On the surface of a large rock can be found differences in diversity due to differences in moisture or water content. On the stone that is always damp or wet, moss or plants found nail growth, while in the dry parts of plants not found.
Two examples above show that water is a very important role in determining the diversity of life.

Wind and humidity

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:06:00 +0000

The wind part to help pollinate plants, spread of spores, and the spread of seed plants. Some insect pests of plants can also be blown by the wind to other distant places.
Humidity play a role maintaining the organism in order not to lose water because of evaporation. Some microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria live in places which moist. These microorganisms can not live in a dry place.

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:05:00 +0000

Oxygen (O2) is a gas burner in the process of breathing. Foods, such as carbohydrates in the cell, through the combustion (oxidation) to produce energy. Oxidation is often referred to as cell breathing. Both plants and animals need oxygen from free air to breath in order to get energy. Besides resulting in respiratory carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
Carbon dioxide is needed in the process of plant photosynthesis. In nature, photosynthesis take place during the day. In artificial photosynthesis could take place with the help of night lights. Results of photosynthesis are sugars and oxygen.

Nitrogen

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:04:00 +0000

Nitrogen is required by living things to form proteins and other compounds. Plants, animals, and humans are not able to utilize nitrogen in the air directly. However, there are bacteria that can catch the free nitrogen from the air, such as Rhizobium bacteria that live on plant roots bersimbiosis nuts, or blue algae Anabaena living bersimbiosis with Azolla (water plant). Other plants get nitrogen in the form of nitrite or nitrate. Nitrite and nitrate is naturally formed from nitrogen in the air that affected the lash of lightning. So naturally, acquire land so that nitrites and nitrates to be fertile. Animals and humans get nitrogen from plants or other animals in the form of the protein compounds and amino acids.

Air

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 11:04:00 +0000

Air
The air in the atmosphere composed of nitrogen (N2, 78%), oxygen (O2, 21%), carbon dioxide (CO2, 0.03%), and other gases. Thus, nitrogen gas is the largest constituent of air in Earth's atmosphere.

Species diversity

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 10:58:00 +0000

In our neighborhood one can find various species of animals and plants. On the one grass family (Gramineae), for example, can be found grinting grass, rice, corn and elephant grass. In the group of birds can be found ducks, chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons, and parakeets. Try to observe and specify the various species of animals belonging to the class Insecta (insects)! Insects including animals that have a high diversity.It is easy to determine the diversity of species because there are differences between species are obvious nature. Throughout the world there are estimated 500 million species of living things

Gene diversity

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 10:57:00 +0000

Raw material diversity lies in his genes. Genes are the factors that determine the nature of the carrier properties of living things. Genes present in the chromosome string, is the threads carrier properties contained in the living cell nucleus. In humans, the nature of straight hair, long nose, wide eyes, skin color, (and try to mention the other) is determined by genes. Of course each species has a gene that is different.
Genes are materials that control the nature or character. If the gene changes, the properties will change. The properties are determined by genes called genotype, which is also called nature. While including the same species, no one individual is exactly the same as the others, because of the diversity of genes.In the mango, there are similarities glance out the form. However, if observed, will have variations that the nature of the diversity is obvious. Thus, different properties may indicate the diversity of genes. Consider the physical nature of diversity in the family, eg the face, eyebrows, nose, ears, and others. Although derived from one, family, you and your family have several different physical properties. The difference is due to the nature of the diversity of genes.

Desert

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 10:56:00 +0000

Bioma desert located in Asia Minor, North Africa, China, Mongolia, and the American West. Rainfall is very low, approximately 25 cm per year; very high temperatures during the day and very low at night; low humidity; barren land. The plant especially cactus, and growth (plants in the rain fast growing, fast flowering, and has a dormant seeds). There are animals that camels, rats, snakes, lizards, and ants.

Meadow

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 10:54:00 +0000

Pasture are common in United States the center, Central and Southern Africa, and Eastern Europe. This Bioma low rainfall, which is 25-30 cm per year. The main plants are grasses. Animals including bison, zebras, kangaroos, giraffes, gazelles, lions, wolves, jaguars, rodents, reptiles, and some birds. Pasture in the tropics called a savanna.

Tropik Rainforest

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 10:52:00 +0000

Bioma is located in the tropics, namely in Indonesia, India, Thailand, Brazil, Kenya, Costa Rica, and Malaysia. Rainfall is high, is 200 to 225 cm per year, the sun shines all year round. The plant types are many and very complex community. Plants flourish, high, and many branches with leaves forming a thick hood or canopy. Typical plants are liana groups, namely the climbing plants, such as rattan, plants that attach to the other plants, such as orchids. Animals that inhabit the tropical rain forests are a variety of birds, monkeys, wild pigs, squirrels, tigers, elephants, and deer.

Autumn Forest

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 10:47:00 +0000

Forest is in the fall sub tropik in Western Europe, Korea, northern Japan, and the Eastern United States. Bioma has rainfall from 75 to 100 cm per year, has four seasons. Existing plants, especially maple, oak, beech, and where is always shed their leaves in autumn. The animals are common deer, bears, and foxes

Taiga

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Wed, 10 Mar 2010 09:09:00 +0000

Taiga is among subtropik and polar regions, for example in Russia, Northern Europe, Canada, and Alaska. So, Taiga in the south of the tundra. The typical plant in the Taiga is a conifer or needle leaved plants (trees spruce, alder, and birch), which is green all year round. Taiga also often referred to as the boreal forest. As the BIOMA tundra, the Taiga is also very cold in winter, but a longer summer. Animals that have a black bear and the wolf.

Tundra

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Wed, 10 Mar 2010 09:07:00 +0000

Tundra environments found in the north pole and south pole, Green Land, Northern Siberia. This area polar climate, so it is always covered with snow. Existing vegetation is mainly Sphagnum moss and lichen crust. Annual plants almost nothing. Short-lived plants, annuals and flowering simultaneously in the summer, and have seeds dormant during the winter. Animals there is a polar bear, polar wolf, Reindeer and caribou bull (a sort of deer). In BIOMA tundra birds also generally make their nests in the summer.

World Biodiversity

noreply@blogger.com (Jimy) — Wed, 10 Mar 2010 09:00:00 +0000

The presence of living creatures is determined by environmental factors. Environmental factors can be distinguished as conditions and resources. The condition is a factor that magnitude can be measured and not run out if used by the organism. Examples of conditions are temperature, light intensity, rainfall, and solar radiation. Resources are environmental factors that can be discharged its availability if it is used, such as food and space (residence).

The sun is the main energy source for life on earth. The amount of sunlight received by the earth's surface to determine the spread of living things. Because the surface of the earth is round, every place on earth to get the amount of sunlight different. As a result, the temperature at various places on the earth's surface varies.