<!DOCTYPE html><html class="no-js" lang="en-us"><head><meta charSet="utf-8" data-next-head=""/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://analytics.notify.elsevier.com" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://sp.notify.elsevier.com" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://js-agent.newrelic.com" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://images.ctfassets.net" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.optimizely.com" data-next-head=""/><link rel="icon" href="/images/elsevier-favicon.png" type="image/png" data-next-head=""/><link rel="icon" href="/images/elsevier-favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml" data-next-head=""/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/images/elsevier-apple-touch-icon.png" data-next-head=""/><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" data-next-head=""/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="0-8Ig3YtfzbeUxQdZ-TM_y8P_se41D4JrW3e0o8xgdk" data-next-head=""/><meta property="og:locale" content="en" data-next-head=""/><meta property="og:type" content="website" data-next-head=""/><meta property="og:title" content="Digital Commons | Digital showcase for scholarly work | Elsevier" data-next-head=""/><meta property="og:description" content="Digital Commons helps institutions save, share, showcase, publish and promote research, scholarship and collections." data-next-head=""/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><meta property="og:site_name" content="www.elsevier.com" data-next-head=""/><meta property="og:image" content="/images/e-solid-background.png" data-next-head=""/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" data-next-head=""/><meta name="twitter:image" content="/images/e-solid-background.png" data-next-head=""/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Digital Commons helps institutions save, share, showcase, publish and promote research, scholarship and collections." data-next-head=""/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ElsevierConnect" data-next-head=""/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Digital Commons | Digital showcase for scholarly work | Elsevier" data-next-head=""/><title data-next-head="">Digital Commons | Digital showcase for scholarly work | Elsevier</title><meta name="description" content="Digital Commons helps institutions save, share, showcase, publish and promote research, scholarship and collections." data-next-head=""/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en-in" href="https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh-tw" href="https://www.elsevier.com/zh-tw/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en-gb" href="https://www.elsevier.com/en-gb/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="fr-fr" href="https://www.elsevier.com/fr-fr/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="de-de" href="https://www.elsevier.com/de-de/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-es" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-es/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-mx" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-bz" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-cr" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-sv" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-gt" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-hn" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-ni" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-pa" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-ar" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-bo" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-cl" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-co" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-ec" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-py" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-pe" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-uy" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-ve" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="ko-kr" href="https://www.elsevier.com/ko-kr/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en-au" href="https://www.elsevier.com/en-au/products/digital-commons" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/54b62ce0d95ff8d1.css" as="style"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/8a393fbc33d5f01c.css" as="style"/><script>;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={allow_bfcache:true,distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:false},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};
    ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"3344122",trustKey:"2038175",agentID:"1588666277",licenseKey:"NRJS-8ad1606bcb8deff2157",applicationID:"1588666277"};
    ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"NRJS-8ad1606bcb8deff2157",applicationID:"1588666277",sa:1};
    ;(()=>{var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},6562:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>p,Mt:()=>v,C5:()=>f,DL:()=>y,OP:()=>k,lF:()=>H,Yu:()=>E,Dg:()=>g,CX:()=>d,GE:()=>w,sU:()=>L});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>A,match:()=>S,version:()=>O});var i=r(6797),o=r(909),a=r(8610);class s{constructor(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,a.Z)("New setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,a.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");Object.assign(this,t),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;const n=(0,o.q)(t);n.length&&r&&"object"==typeof r&&n.forEach((e=>{e in r&&((0,a.Z)('"'.concat(e,'" is a protected attribute and can not be changed in feature ').concat(t,".  It will have no effect.")),delete r[e])})),this[t]=r}))}catch(e){(0,a.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}}const c={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},u={};function f(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return u[e]}function d(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]=new s(t,c),(0,i.Qy)(e,u[e],"info")}const l={allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}},h={};function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!h[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return h[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");h[e]=new s(t,l),(0,i.Qy)(e,h[e],"config")}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const m={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},b={};function y(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return b[e]}function w(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");b[e]=new s(t,m),(0,i.Qy)(e,b[e],"loader_config")}const E=(0,i.mF)().o;var T=r(2053),A=null,O=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var x=navigator.userAgent,_=x.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);_&&-1===x.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===x.indexOf("Chromium")&&(A="Safari",O=_[1])}function S(e,t){if(!A)return!1;if(e!==A)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!O)return!1;for(var r=O.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var j=r(5526),P=r(2374);const D="NRBA_SESSION_ID";function N(){if(!P.il)return null;try{let e;return null===(e=window.sessionStorage.getItem(D))&&(e=(0,j.ky)(16),window.sessionStorage.setItem(D,e)),e}catch(e){return null}}var C=r(8226);const I=e=>({customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:(0,T.yf)(),onerror:void 0,origin:""+P._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==v(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?N():null,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof P._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,userAgent:n,version:C.q}),R={};function k(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!R[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return R[e]}function L(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");R[e]=new s(t,I(e)),(0,i.Qy)(e,R[e],"runtime")}function H(e){return function(e){try{const t=f(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},8226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{q:()=>n});const n="1227.PROD"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:""};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>f,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function f(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=Array.from(s[e]);function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)d(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function d(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{c:()=>d,ee:()=>u});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(6562),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function f(){}function d(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new f}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},d={},p=!1;try{p=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:E,listeners:w,context:v,buffer:T,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:A,debugId:r,backlog:p?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof f?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=v(n),s=w(e),f=s.length,d=0;d<f;d++)s[d].apply(a,r);var l=O()[c[e]];return l&&l.push([g,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function w(e){return n[e]||[]}function E(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function T(e,t){var r=O();g.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function A(e){return!!O()[c[e]]}function O(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=u)},9252:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ht:()=>a,M:()=>o,Rl:()=>i,ky:()=>s});var n=r(2374);function i(){var e=null,t=0,r=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;function i(){return e?15&e[t++]:16*Math.random()|0}r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,a="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",s="",c=0;c<a.length;c++)s+="x"===(o=a[c])?i().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&i()|8).toString(16):o;return s}function o(){return s(16)}function a(){return s(32)}function s(e){var t=null,r=0,n=self.crypto||self.msCrypto;n&&n.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],o=0;o<e;o++)i.push(a().toString(16));return i.join("");function a(){return t?15&t[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}}},2053:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{nb:()=>s,os:()=>c,yf:()=>a,zO:()=>o});var n=(new Date).getTime(),i=n;function o(){return performance?.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(n=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),n))-i}function a(){return n}function s(e){i=e}function c(){return i}},6625:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{s:()=>a,v:()=>s});var n=r(8283),i=r(2053),o=r(2374);let a=!0;function s(e){var t=function(){a=!1;const e=o._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||o._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart;if(!e)return;return Math.round(e)}();t&&((0,n.B)(e,"starttime",t),(0,i.nb)(t))}},8283:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>o,L:()=>a});var n=r(2053),i={};function o(e,t,r){void 0===r&&(r=(0,n.zO)()+(0,n.os)()),i[e]=i[e]||{},i[e][t]=r}function a(e,t,r,n){const o=e.sharedContext.agentIdentifier;var a=i[o]?.[r],s=i[o]?.[n];void 0!==a&&void 0!==s&&e.store("measures",t,{value:s-a})}},2545:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>c});var n=r(9071),i=r(8544),o=r(8305),a=r(2374),s=r(6998);if(a.v6){a._A.cleanupTasks=[];const e=a._A.close;a._A.close=()=>{for(let e of a._A.cleanupTasks)e();e()}}function c(e,t){if(a.il)if(t)(0,s.N)(e,!0),(0,i.bP)("pagehide",e);else{var r=(0,o.Z)(e);!n.I||navigator.sendBeacon?(0,i.bP)("pagehide",r):(0,i.bP)("beforeunload",r),(0,i.bP)("unload",r)}else a.v6&&a._A.cleanupTasks.push(e)}},6368:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(2374),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){console&&console.warn&&"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},3916:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,lW:()=>a,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error('New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like "self" and "window".')})();function a(){return o}},7022:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t){var r=[],i="",o=0;for(i in e)n.call(e,i)&&(r[o]=t(i,e[i]),o+=1);return r}},8305:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>o});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n);function o(e){var t,r=!1;return function(){return r?t:(r=!0,t=e.apply(this,i()(arguments)))}}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>f,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.zO)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function f(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i,e:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t){if("hidden"!=document.visibilityState)return;e()}e(document.visibilityState)}))}function o(){return"hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0}},6408:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(2374);function i(){return"function"==typeof n._A?.PerformanceObserver}},8675:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.ajax},8322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},6034:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(2325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6486:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageAction},2484:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent},6382:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},2628:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{ADD_EVENT_LISTENER:()=>g,BST_RESOURCE:()=>a,BST_TIMER:()=>l,END:()=>u,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FN_END:()=>d,FN_START:()=>f,ORIG_EVENT:()=>p,PUSH_STATE:()=>h,RESOURCE:()=>s,RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL:()=>o,START:()=>c});var n=r(6562);const i=r(2325).D.sessionTrace,o="resourcetimingbufferfull",a="bstResource",s="resource",c="-start",u="-end",f="fn"+c,d="fn"+u,l="bstTimer",h="pushState",p=n.Yu.EV,g="addEventListener"},755:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{BODY:()=>T,CB_END:()=>A,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>E,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>x,FETCH_BODY:()=>m,FETCH_DONE:()=>v,FETCH_START:()=>g,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>f,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>p,JS_TIME:()=>O,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>d,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(6562);r(2374);const i=r(2325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",f="api-ixn-",d="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",v="fetch-done",m="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",E="-end",T="-body",A="cb"+E,O="jsTime",x="fetch"},1509:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(6562),i=r(3752),o=r(2384),a=r(6797);class s{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1,this.checkConfiguration()}checkConfiguration(){if(!(0,n.lF)(this.agentIdentifier)){let e={...(0,a.gG)().info?.jsAttributes};try{e={...e,...(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier)?.jsAttributes}}catch(e){}(0,o.j)(this.agentIdentifier,{...(0,a.gG)(),info:{...(0,a.gG)().info,jsAttributes:e}})}}}},2384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>w});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n),o=r(2325),a=r(6562),s=r(9252),c=r(7022),u=r(3752),f=r(2053),d=r(4329),l=r(2650),h=r(2374),p=r(8610),g=r(6034);function v(e){["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&e.api[t](...n)}))}(t,...n)}}))}var m=r(6797);const b={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa]};const y={};function w(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,w=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:E,info:T,loader_config:A,runtime:O={loaderType:n},exposed:x=!0}=t;const _=(0,m.gG)();let S={};return T||(E=_.init,T=_.info,A=_.loader_config,S=_),h.v6&&(T.jsAttributes={...T.jsAttributes,isWorker:!0}),(0,a.CX)(e,T),(0,a.Dg)(e,E||{}),(0,a.GE)(e,A||{}),(0,a.sU)(e,O),function(e,t,n){n||(0,d.R)(e,"api"),v(t);var m=u.ee.get(e),b=m.get("tracer"),y="api-",w=y+"ixn-";function E(){}(0,c.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(e,r){t[r]=A(y,r,!0,"api")})),t.addPageAction=A(y,"addPageAction",!0,o.D.pageAction),t.setCurrentRouteName=A(y,"routeName",!0,o.D.spa),t.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,a.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,A(y,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},t.setCustomAttribute=function(t,r){const n=(0,a.C5)(e);return(0,a.CX)(e,{...n,jsAttributes:{...n.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),A(y,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},t.interaction=function(){return(new E).get()};var T=E.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},n=this,i="function"==typeof t;return(0,s.p)(w+"tracer",[(0,f.zO)(),e,r],n,o.D.spa,m),function(){if(b.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,f.zO)(),n,i],r),i)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw b.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{b.emit("fn-end",[(0,f.zO)()],r)}}}};function A(e,t,r,n){return function(){return(0,s.p)(g.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,m),(0,s.p)(e+t,[(0,f.zO)()].concat(i()(arguments)),r?null:this,n,m),r?void 0:this}}function O(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,d.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,p.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}(0,c.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(e,t){T[t]=A(w,t,void 0,o.D.spa)})),t.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,s.p)(g.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,m),(0,s.p)("err",[e,(0,f.zO)(),!1,t],void 0,o.D.jserrors,m)},h.v6?O():(0,l.b)((()=>O()),!0)}(e,S,w),(0,m.Qy)(e,_,"api"),(0,m.Qy)(e,x,"exposed"),(0,m.EZ)("activatedFeatures",y),(0,m.EZ)("setToken",(t=>function(e,t){var r=u.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,c.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(b[e]||[]).forEach((t=>{(0,s.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,t,r)}));y[e]||((0,s.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,b[e],r),y[e]=!0)})),(0,d.L)(t,o.D.pageViewEvent))}(t,e))),S}},909:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>i,q:()=>o});var n=r(2325);function i(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}function o(e){return e===n.D.jserrors?[]:["auto"]}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8}},8683:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return i.d(t,{a:t}),t},i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",193:"session_trace-aggregate",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",439:"async-api",729:"lazy-loader",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"2f41aaf7",147:"28086cfb",178:"52056f28",193:"545db67a",317:"941c6e17",348:"a7d9d7be",439:"737e0ca6",729:"540ab0d1",786:"2ae3c96c",873:"494130b7",898:"52cc993d"}[e]+"-1227.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),f=0;f<u.length;f++){var d=u[f];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var l=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={134:0,935:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var o={};(()=>{"use strict";i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(6562);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(2384),s=i(909),c=i(9252),u=i(2053),f=i(8283),d=i(6625),l=i(4329),h=i(1509),p=i(2650),g=i(2374),v=i(8610);class m extends h.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,n&&(0,l.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;this.hasAggregator=!0;const e=async()=>{try{const{lazyLoader:e}=await i.e(729).then(i.bind(i,8110)),{Aggregate:t}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator)}catch(e){(0,v.Z)("Downloading ".concat(this.featureName," failed...")),this.abortHandler?.()}};g.v6?e():(0,p.b)((()=>e()),!0)}}var b,y,w,E=i(2484);class T extends m{constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,E.t,r),(0,d.v)(e),(0,f.B)(e,"firstbyte",(0,u.yf)()),(0,p.K)((()=>this.measureDomContentLoaded())),(0,p.b)((()=>this.measureWindowLoaded()),!0),this.importAggregator()}measureWindowLoaded(){var t=(0,u.zO)();(0,f.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",t+(0,u.os)()),(0,c.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}measureDomContentLoaded(){(0,f.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,u.zO)()+(0,u.os)())}}b=T,y="featureName",w=E.t,(y=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(y))in b?Object.defineProperty(b,y,{value:w,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):b[y]=w;var A=i(9557),O=i(7022);class x extends A.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,O.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=_(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,O.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=_(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=S(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=_(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=j(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function _(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=S(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function S(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function j(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,O.D)(e,P)}function P(e,t){return t}var D=i(6797),N=i(5526);var C,I=i(6998),R=i(8544),k=i(6382),L=-1,H=function(e){addEventListener("pageshow",(function(t){t.persisted&&(L=t.timeStamp,e(t))}),!0)},z=function(){return window.performance&&performance.getEntriesByType&&performance.getEntriesByType("navigation")[0]},M=function(){var e=z();return e&&e.activationStart||0},B=function(e,t){var r=z(),n="navigate";return L>=0?n="back-forward-cache":r&&(n=document.prerendering||M()>0?"prerender":document.wasDiscarded?"restore":r.type.replace(/_/g,"-")),{name:e,value:void 0===t?-1:t,rating:"good",delta:0,entries:[],id:"v3-".concat(Date.now(),"-").concat(Math.floor(8999999999999*Math.random())+1e12),navigationType:n}},F=function(e,t,r){try{if(PerformanceObserver.supportedEntryTypes.includes(e)){var n=new PerformanceObserver((function(e){Promise.resolve().then((function(){t(e.getEntries())}))}));return n.observe(Object.assign({type:e,buffered:!0},r||{})),n}}catch(e){}},U=function(e,t){var r=function r(n){"pagehide"!==n.type&&"hidden"!==document.visibilityState||(e(n),t&&(removeEventListener("visibilitychange",r,!0),removeEventListener("pagehide",r,!0)))};addEventListener("visibilitychange",r,!0),addEventListener("pagehide",r,!0)},V=function(e,t,r,n){var i,o;return function(a){t.value>=0&&(a||n)&&((o=t.value-(i||0))||void 0===i)&&(i=t.value,t.delta=o,t.rating=function(e,t){return e>t[1]?"poor":e>t[0]?"needs-improvement":"good"}(t.value,r),e(t))}},W=function(e){document.prerendering?addEventListener("prerenderingchange",(function(){return e()}),!0):e()},q=(new Date,0),G=1/0,X=0,$=function(e){e.forEach((function(e){e.interactionId&&(G=Math.min(G,e.interactionId),X=Math.max(X,e.interactionId),q=X?(X-G)/7+1:0)}))},Z=function(){return C?q:performance.interactionCount||0},Y=function(){"interactionCount"in performance||C||(C=F("event",$,{type:"event",buffered:!0,durationThreshold:0}))},Q=0,J=function(){return Z()-Q},K=[],ee={},te=function(e){var t=K[K.length-1],r=ee[e.interactionId];if(r||K.length<10||e.duration>t.latency){if(r)r.entries.push(e),r.latency=Math.max(r.latency,e.duration);else{var n={id:e.interactionId,latency:e.duration,entries:[e]};ee[n.id]=n,K.push(n)}K.sort((function(e,t){return t.latency-e.latency})),K.splice(10).forEach((function(e){delete ee[e.id]}))}},re=i(2545);class ne extends m{constructor(r,n){var i;let o=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,k.t,o),i=this,g.il){if(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,I.e)(),this.performanceObserver,this.lcpPerformanceObserver,this.clsPerformanceObserver,this.fiRecorded=!1,"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){this.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.perfObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(e){}this.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.lcpObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(e){}this.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.clsObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(e){}}this.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((e=>{(0,R.iz)(e,(function(){return i.captureInteraction(...arguments)}))})),function(e,t){t=t||{},W((function(){var r=[200,500];Y();var n,i=B("INP"),o=function(e){e.forEach((function(e){e.interactionId&&te(e),"first-input"===e.entryType&&!K.some((function(t){return t.entries.some((function(t){return e.duration===t.duration&&e.startTime===t.startTime}))}))&&te(e)}));var t,r=(t=Math.min(K.length-1,Math.floor(J()/50)),K[t]);r&&r.latency!==i.value&&(i.value=r.latency,i.entries=r.entries,n())},a=F("event",o,{durationThreshold:t.durationThreshold||40});n=V(e,i,r,t.reportAllChanges),a&&(a.observe({type:"first-input",buffered:!0}),U((function(){o(a.takeRecords()),i.value<0&&J()>0&&(i.value=0,i.entries=[]),n(!0)})),H((function(){K=[],Q=Z(),i=B("INP"),n=V(e,i,r,t.reportAllChanges)})))}))}((t=>{let{name:r,value:n,id:i}=t;(0,c.p)("timing",[r.toLowerCase(),n,{metricId:i}],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)})),!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"page_view_timing.long_task")&&(e=>{const t=t=>{t.forEach((t=>{const r={name:"LT",value:t.duration,info:{ltFrame:t.name,ltStart:t.startTime,ltCtr:t.attribution[0].containerType}};"window"!==r.info.ltCtr&&Object.assign(r.info,{ltCtrSrc:t.attribution[0].containerSrc,ltCtrId:t.attribution[0].containerId,ltCtrName:t.attribution[0].containerName}),e(r)}))};let r;try{PerformanceObserver.supportedEntryTypes.includes("longtask")&&(r=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{Promise.resolve().then((()=>{t(e.getEntries())}))})),r.observe({type:"longtask",buffered:!0}))}catch(e){}r&&(0,re.L)((()=>{t(r.takeRecords())}),!0)})((t=>{let{name:r,value:n,info:i}=t;(0,c.p)("timing",[r.toLowerCase(),n,i],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)})),(0,I.N)((()=>{this.pageHiddenTime=(0,u.zO)(),(0,c.p)("docHidden",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}),!0),(0,R.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,c.p)("winPagehide",[(0,u.zO)()],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}perfObserver(t,r){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{"first-paint"===t.name?(0,c.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&(0,c.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}lcpObserver(t,r){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var i=n[n.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<i.startTime)return;var o=[i],a=this.addConnectionAttributes({});a&&o.push(a),(0,c.p)("lcp",o,void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}clsObserver(t){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{t.hadRecentInput||(0,c.p)("cls",[t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}addConnectionAttributes(e){var t=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(t)return t.type&&(e["net-type"]=t.type),t.effectiveType&&(e["net-etype"]=t.effectiveType),t.rtt&&(e["net-rtt"]=t.rtt),t.downlink&&(e["net-dlink"]=t.downlink),e}captureInteraction(r){if(r instanceof t.Yu.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var n=Math.round(r.timeStamp),i={type:r.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(i),n<=(0,u.zO)()?i.fid=(0,u.zO)()-n:n>(0,u.os)()&&n<=Date.now()?(n-=(0,u.os)(),i.fid=(0,u.zO)()-n):n=(0,u.zO)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,c.p)("timing",["fi",n,i],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(ne,"featureName",k.t);const ie={dedicated:Boolean(g._A?.Worker),shared:Boolean(g._A?.SharedWorker),service:Boolean(g._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker)};let oe,ae,se;var ce=i(6034);class ue extends m{constructor(t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(t,r,ce.t9,n),function(e){if(!oe){if(ie.dedicated){oe=Worker;try{g._A.Worker=r(oe,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(ie.shared){ae=SharedWorker;try{g._A.SharedWorker=r(ae,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(ie.service){se=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{g._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=se,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return"undefined"==typeof Proxy?e:new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){g.v6||e("Workers/".concat(t,"/Unavailable"))}function i(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(t,"module"===r?"/Module":"/Classic"))}function o(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(r,"/SM/Unsupported")),(0,v.Z)("NR Agent: Unable to capture ".concat(r," workers."),t)}}((t=>(0,c.p)(ce.xS,[t],void 0,e.D.metrics,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(ue,"featureName",ce.t9);var fe=i(3916),de=i(3752),le=i(8683),he=i.n(le);const pe="nr@original";var ge=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,ve=!1;function me(e,t){return e||(e=de.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c<t.length;c++)we(a=e[s=t[c]])||(e[s]=r(a,u?s+n:n,i,s,o))},r.flag=pe,r;function r(t,r,i,o,a){return we(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[pe]=t,ye(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var s,c,u,f;try{c=this,s=he()(arguments),u="function"==typeof i?i(s,c):i||{}}catch(t){be([t,"",[s,c,o],u],e)}n(r+"start",[s,c,o],u,a);try{return f=t.apply(c,s)}catch(e){throw n(r+"err",[s,c,e],u,a),e}finally{n(r+"end",[s,c,f],u,a)}}}function n(r,n,i,o){if(!ve||t){var a=ve;ve=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){be([t,r,n,i],e)}ve=a}}}function be(e,t){t||(t=de.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function ye(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){be([e],r)}for(var n in e)ge.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n]);return t}function we(e){return!(e&&e instanceof Function&&e.apply&&!e[pe])}var Ee="fetch-",Te=Ee+"body-",Ae=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Oe=g._A.Request,xe=g._A.Response,_e="prototype",Se="nr@context";const je={};function Pe(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Oe&&xe&&g._A.fetch))return t;if(je[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=he()(arguments),o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[Se]&&o[Se].dt&&(e=o[Se].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))},e[r][pe]=i)}return je[t.debugId]=1,Ae.forEach((e=>{r(Oe[_e],e,Te),r(xe[_e],e,Te)})),r(g._A,"fetch",Ee),t.on(Ee+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Ee+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Ee+"done",[e],n)})),t}const De={},Ne="setTimeout",Ce="setInterval",Ie="clearTimeout",Re="-start",ke="-",Le=[Ne,"setImmediate",Ce,Ie,"clearImmediate"];function He(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=me(t);return r.inPlace(g._A,Le.slice(0,2),Ne+ke),r.inPlace(g._A,Le.slice(2,3),Ce+ke),r.inPlace(g._A,Le.slice(3),Ie+ke),t.on(Ce+Re,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ne+Re,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const ze={},Me="requestAnimationFrame";function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("raf")}(e);if(!g.il||ze[t.debugId]++)return t;ze[t.debugId]=1;var r=me(t);return r.inPlace(window,[Me],"raf-"),t.on("raf-start",(function(e){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-")})),t}const Fe={},Ue=["pushState","replaceState"];function Ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("history")}(e);return!g.il||Fe[t.debugId]++||(Fe[t.debugId]=1,me(t).inPlace(window.history,Ue,"-")),t}const We={},qe=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Ge(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!g.il||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=me(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){var r=e.match(o),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?a(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,qe,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var f={};function d(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],f),e.removeEventListener("load",d,(0,R.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,R.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],f),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],f),e.removeEventListener("load",d,(0,R.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,R.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",f),e.addEventListener("load",d,(0,R.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,R.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],f)}(e[0])})),t}const Xe={};function $e(e){const r=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!g.il||Xe[r.debugId])return r;Xe[r.debugId]=!0;var n=me(r),i=t.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(n(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),r}const Ze={};function Ye(e){const r=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(Ze[r.debugId])return r;Ze[r.debugId]=!0;var n=de.c,i=me(r),o=t.Yu.PR;return o&&function(){function e(t){var n=r.context(),a=i(t,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(o,[a],e);return r.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}g._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return o.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,o),["all","race"].forEach((function(t){const n=o[t];e[t]=function(e){let i=!1;e?.forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===t),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){r.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(t){const n=o[t];e[t]=function(e){const t=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==t&&r.emit("propagate",[e,!0],t,!1,!1),t}})),e.prototype=o.prototype;const t=o.prototype.then;o.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,o=n(e);o.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c<a;c++)s[c]=arguments[c];s[0]=i(s[0],"cb-",o,null,!1),s[1]=i(s[1],"cb-",o,null,!1);const u=t.apply(this,s);return o.nextPromise=u,r.emit("propagate",[e,!0],u,!1,!1),u},o.prototype.then[pe]=t,r.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=i(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=i(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),r.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),r.on("cb-end",(function(e,t,n){r.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),r.on("propagate",(function(e,t,n){this.getCtx&&!t||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var t=r.context(e);return t&&t.getCtx?t.getCtx():this})}))}(),r}const Qe={},Je=XMLHttpRequest,Ke="addEventListener",et="removeEventListener";function tt(e){var t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("events")}(e);if(Qe[t.debugId]++)return t;Qe[t.debugId]=1;var r=me(t,!0);function n(e){r.inPlace(e,[Ke,et],"-",i)}function i(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(g.il&&rt(document,n),rt(g._A,n),rt(Je.prototype,n)),t.on(Ke+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,fe.X)(n,"nr@wrapped",(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(et+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function rt(e,t){let r=e;for(;"object"==typeof r&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,Ke);)r=Object.getPrototypeOf(r);for(var n=arguments.length,i=new Array(n>2?n-2:0),o=2;o<n;o++)i[o-2]=arguments[o];r&&t(r,...i)}const nt={},it=["open","send"];function ot(e){var r=e||de.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(nt[n.debugId]++)return n;nt[n.debugId]=1,tt(r);var i=me(n),o=t.Yu.XHR,a=t.Yu.MO,s=t.Yu.PR,c=t.Yu.SI,u="readystatechange",f=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],d=[],l=g._A.XMLHttpRequest.listeners,h=g._A.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){var t=new o(e);function r(){try{n.emit("new-xhr",[t],t),t.addEventListener(u,m,(0,R.m$)(!1))}catch(e){(0,v.Z)("An error occured while intercepting XHR",e);try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}return this.listeners=l?[...l,r]:[r],this.listeners.forEach((e=>e())),t};function p(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",T)}function m(){var e=this,t=n.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",T)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,h),h.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(h.prototype,it,"-xhr-",T),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){p(e,t),function(e){d.push(e),a&&(b?b.then(E):c?c(E):(y=-y,w.data=y))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",p),a){var b=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var y=1,w=document.createTextNode(y);new a(E).observe(w,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||E()}));function E(){for(var e=0;e<d.length;e++)p(0,d[e]);d.length&&(d=[])}function T(e,t){return t}return n}var at,st={};try{at=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(st.console=!0,-1!==at.indexOf("dev")&&(st.dev=!0),-1!==at.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(st.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function ct(e){try{st.console&&ct(e)}catch(e){}}st.nrDev&&de.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){ct(e.stack)})),st.dev&&de.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){ct(r.stack)})),st.dev&&(ct("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),ct("flags: "+(0,O.D)(st,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var ut=i(8322);function ft(e,t){!function(e,t){if(t.has(e))throw new TypeError("Cannot initialize the same private elements twice on an object")}(e,t),t.add(e)}var dt=new WeakSet;class lt extends m{constructor(r,n){var i;let o=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,ut.t,o),i=this,ft(this,dt),this.skipNext=0,this.origOnerror=g._A.onerror;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const a=this;a.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){a.abortHandler&&(a.skipNext+=1)})),a.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){a.abortHandler&&!r[ut.A]&&((0,fe.X)(r,ut.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,gt(r,void 0,a.ee))})),a.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){a.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&a.skipNext>0&&(a.skipNext-=1)})),a.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,c.p)("ierr",[t,(0,u.zO)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,a.ee)})),g._A.onerror=function(){return i.origOnerror&&i.origOnerror(...arguments),i.onerrorHandler(...arguments),!1},g._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+JSON.stringify(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,c.p)("err",[r,(0,u.zO)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,R.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),Be(this.ee),He(this.ee),tt(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&ot(this.ee),this.abortHandler=function(e,t,r){if(!t.has(e))throw new TypeError("attempted to get private field on non-instance");return r}(this,dt,ht),this.importAggregator()}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:gt(o||new pt(t,r,n),!0,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,c.p)("ierr",[t,(0,u.zO)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror.apply(this,he()(arguments))}}function ht(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}function pt(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}function gt(t,r,n){var i=r?null:(0,u.zO)();(0,c.p)("err",[t,i],void 0,e.D.jserrors,n)}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(lt,"featureName",ut.t);var vt=1,mt="nr@id";function bt(e){var t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===g._A?0:(0,fe.X)(e,mt,(function(){return vt++}))}var yt=i(9071);function wt(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var Et=i(6368);class Tt{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,N.M)(),s=(0,N.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof g._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa(JSON.stringify(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i<n.allowed_origins.length;i++){var o=(0,Et.e)(n.allowed_origins[i]);if(e.hostname===o.hostname&&e.protocol===o.protocol&&e.port===o.port){r=!0;break}}return r}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var At=i(8675);var Ot=["load","error","abort","timeout"],xt=Ot.length,_t=t.Yu.REQ,St=g._A.XMLHttpRequest;class jt extends m{constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,At.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new Tt(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,c.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),Pe(this.ee),ot(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=A,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){x(t,e)}),(0,R.m$)(!1)),yt.I||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,R.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},O(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function c(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);"xpid"in i&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function f(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=wt(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,u.zO)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<xt;s++)t.addEventListener(Ot[s],this.listener,(0,R.m$)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function l(e,t){var r=""+bt(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function h(e,t){var r=""+bt(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function p(){this.endTime=(0,u.zO)()}function v(e,t){t instanceof St&&"load"===e[0]&&n.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function m(e,t){t instanceof St&&"load"===e[0]&&n.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function b(e,t,r){t instanceof St&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,u.zO)()))}function y(e,t){this.xhrCbStart&&n.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,u.zO)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,t],t)}function w(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};"string"==typeof e[0]?t=e[0]:e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:g._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL&&(t=e[0].href),t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,Et.e)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var n=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(n&&(n.newrelicHeader||n.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof e[0]||g._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(i.headers,n)&&(this.dt=n),e.length>1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function E(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,u.zO)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof _t?r=i.url:g._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),O(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof _t&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=wt(n.body)||0}function T(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,u.zO)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,u.zO)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function A(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o<xt;o++)t.removeEventListener(Ot[o],this.listener,!1);r.aborted||(n.duration=(0,u.zO)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==r.status&&(r.status=0):x(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,i("xhr",[r,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,e.D.ajax))}}function O(e,t){var r=(0,Et.e)(t),n=e.params;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}function x(e,t){e.params.status=t.status;var r=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?wt(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?wt(e.responseText):void 0}(t,e.lastSize);if(r&&(e.metrics.rxSize=r),e.sameOrigin){var n=t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");n&&(e.params.cat=n.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}n.on("new-xhr",a),n.on("open-xhr-start",s),n.on("open-xhr-end",c),n.on("send-xhr-start",f),n.on("xhr-cb-time",d),n.on("xhr-load-added",l),n.on("xhr-load-removed",h),n.on("xhr-resolved",p),n.on("addEventListener-end",v),n.on("removeEventListener-end",m),n.on("fn-end",y),n.on("fetch-before-start",w),n.on("fetch-start",E),n.on("fn-start",b),n.on("fetch-done",T)}(r,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator())}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(jt,"featureName",At.t);var Pt=i(6408),Dt=i(2628);function Nt(e,t){!function(e,t){if(t.has(e))throw new TypeError("Cannot initialize the same private elements twice on an object")}(e,t),t.add(e)}const{BST_RESOURCE:Ct,BST_TIMER:It,END:Rt,FEATURE_NAME:kt,FN_END:Lt,FN_START:Ht,ADD_EVENT_LISTENER:zt,PUSH_STATE:Mt,RESOURCE:Bt,RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL:Ft,START:Ut,ORIG_EVENT:Vt}=Dt,Wt="clearResourceTimings";var qt=new WeakSet;class Gt extends m{constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,kt,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),Nt(this,qt),!g.il)return;const n=this.ee;this.timerEE=He(n),this.rafEE=Be(n),Ve(n),tt(n),n.on(Ht,(function(e,t){e[0]instanceof Vt&&(this.bstStart=(0,u.zO)())})),n.on(Lt,(function(t,r){var i=t[0];i instanceof Vt&&(0,c.p)("bst",[i,r,this.bstStart,(0,u.zO)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.timerEE.on(Ht,(function(e,t,r){this.bstStart=(0,u.zO)(),this.bstType=r})),this.timerEE.on(Lt,(function(t,r){(0,c.p)(It,[r,this.bstStart,(0,u.zO)(),this.bstType],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.rafEE.on(Ht,(function(){this.bstStart=(0,u.zO)()})),this.rafEE.on(Lt,(function(t,r){(0,c.p)(It,[r,this.bstStart,(0,u.zO)(),"requestAnimationFrame"],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(Mt+Ut,(function(e){this.time=(0,u.zO)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(Mt+Rt,(function(t){(0,c.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),(0,Pt.W)()?((0,c.p)(Ct,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n),function(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(((t,r)=>{var i=t.getEntries();(0,c.p)(Ct,[i],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}()):window.performance[Wt]&&window.performance[zt]&&window.performance.addEventListener(Ft,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,(0,R.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("scroll",this.noOp,(0,R.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("keypress",this.noOp,(0,R.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("click",this.noOp,(0,R.m$)(!1)),this.abortHandler=function(e,t,r){if(!t.has(e))throw new TypeError("attempted to get private field on non-instance");return r}(this,qt,Xt),this.importAggregator()}noOp(e){}onResourceTimingBufferFull(t){if((0,c.p)(Ct,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(Bt)],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,this.ee),window.performance[Wt])try{window.performance.removeEventListener(Ft,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,!1)}catch(e){}}}function Xt(){window.performance.removeEventListener(Ft,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,!1),this.abortHandler=void 0}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(Gt,"featureName",kt);var $t=i(755);function Zt(e,t){!function(e,t){if(t.has(e))throw new TypeError("Cannot initialize the same private elements twice on an object")}(e,t),t.add(e)}const{FEATURE_NAME:Yt,START:Qt,END:Jt,BODY:Kt,CB_END:er,JS_TIME:tr,FETCH:rr,FN_START:nr,CB_START:ir,FN_END:or}=$t;var ar=new WeakSet;class sr extends m{constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,Yt,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),Zt(this,ar),!g.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=Ge(this.ee),s=Ye(this.ee),c=He(this.ee),f=ot(this.ee),d=this.ee.get("events"),l=Pe(this.ee),h=Ve(this.ee),p=$e(this.ee);function v(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function m(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[nr]=(0,u.zO)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&v(0,!0);var e=(0,u.zO)();this[tr]=~~this[tr]+e-this[nr],this[or]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,u.zO)()}))}this.ee.on(nr,m),s.on(ir,m),a.on(ir,m),this.ee.on(or,b),s.on(er,b),a.on(er,b),this.ee.buffer([nr,or,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),d.buffer([nr],this.featureName),c.buffer(["setTimeout"+Jt,"clearTimeout"+Qt,nr],this.featureName),f.buffer([nr,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Qt],this.featureName),l.buffer([rr+Qt,rr+"-done",rr+Kt+Qt,rr+Kt+Jt],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),p.buffer([nr],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",ir,er,"executor-err","resolve"+Qt],this.featureName),o.buffer([nr,"no-"+nr],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,rr+Qt),y(l,rr+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",v),h.on("replaceState-end",v),window.addEventListener("hashchange",v,(0,R.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",v,(0,R.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){v(0,i>1)}),(0,R.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=function(e,t,r){if(!t.has(e))throw new TypeError("attempted to get private field on non-instance");return r}(this,ar,cr),this.importAggregator()}}function cr(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(sr,"featureName",Yt);var ur=i(6486);class fr extends m{constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,ur.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(fr,"featureName",ur.t),new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,N.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new x({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(T),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=Array.from(this.desiredFeatures);i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const e=(0,s.Z)(t.featureName),n=e.every((e=>r[e]));n||(0,v.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat(JSON.stringify(e),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,D.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,v.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,D.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[jt,T,ne,Gt,ue,fr,lt,sr],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})();
</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/54b62ce0d95ff8d1.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/8a393fbc33d5f01c.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" noModule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-97940a0fda6c899c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-7df8ac3fa81e4099.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-6766b2277ae2cb65.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-88edd0c984858d90.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/e3a86bf8-ffa261a7c8f22119.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/7525-2eea17c3c9bfd022.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2888-a43a4ed20100b9a2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3125-11a7f367ba501dfb.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2188-63e4dbe25de463b1.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2380-4ffad1c359686d3a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/169-71c74db9fff8d233.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B...slug%5D-b39caaf76b6a99ea.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/KB4KGR89mrvOzxydRtk59/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/KB4KGR89mrvOzxydRtk59/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body class="_99wljg2y _99wljg93"><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="/images/elsevier-logo-orange.svg 1x, /images/elsevier-logo-orange.svg 2x" fetchPriority="auto"/><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=384/output=webp/quality=75 384w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=640/output=webp/quality=75 640w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=750/output=webp/quality=75 750w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=828/output=webp/quality=75 828w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=1080/output=webp/quality=75 1080w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=1200/output=webp/quality=75 1200w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=1920/output=webp/quality=75 1920w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=2048/output=webp/quality=75 2048w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=3840/output=webp/quality=75 3840w" imageSizes="(min-width: 650px) 50vw, (min-width: 1024px) 710px, 100vw" fetchPriority="auto"/><div id="__next"><a id="top"></a><a class="_1gzv7750 tlzuska tlzuskm _16jmeqb9c _16jmeqb5c _16jmeqb30 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gp _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb154 _16jmeqb1ip _16jmeqb1do" href="#main-content" data-testid="skip-to-content"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzuska tlzuskm _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="xs">Skip to main content</span></a><div class="s2iygv0 _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb1dg"><div class="_1i1ov3x0"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgf)"><div class=""><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Unfortunately we don&#x27;t fully support your browser. If you have the option to, please upgrade to a newer version or use <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Mozilla Firefox</span></a>, <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/edge"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Microsoft Edge</span></a>, <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.google.co.uk/chrome"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Google Chrome</span></a>, or Safari 14 or newer. If you are unable to, and need support, please <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.elsevier.com/support"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">send us your feedback</span></a>.</p></div></div></div><div class="s2iygv2 _16jmeqb150"><div class="_99wljg94 _16jmeqb30 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb1i5" role="region" aria-label="Feedback banner"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:initial"><p class="gv4p8b0 tlzuska tlzuskm _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="xs"><span class="_16jmeqbcs">We&#x27;d appreciate your feedback.</span><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://survey.alchemer.eu/s3/90475606/NextGen-Health?page=/products/digital-commons" rel="noopener" target="_blank" aria-label="Tell us what you think! opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Tell us what you think!</span></a></p></div></div><header class="bn9oyv1 _16jmeqb1i5 _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb1rp"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:initial"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class="bn9oyv3 bn9oyv7 _16jmeqbj0 _16jmeqbjh _16jmeqbjy _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqblh _16jmeqbly _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1hm _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqbsw" href="/" data-testid="health-homepage-link"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><img class="bn9oyv0 popcxs1 popcxs3" src="/images/elsevier-logo-orange.svg" alt="Elsevier" width="171" height="48" srcSet="/images/elsevier-logo-orange.svg 1x, /images/elsevier-logo-orange.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="eager" fetchPriority="auto"/></span></a><div class="bn9oyv3 bn9oyv4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class="bn9oyv9 _1xba53u1"><nav aria-label="Main site navigation"><ul class="_16jmeqbjs _16jmeqbls _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/academic-and-government" label="Academic &amp; Government"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Academic &amp; Government</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1hm" aria-expanded="false" id="top-navigation" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk9 tlzuskl _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="sm">Academic &amp; Government</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/health" label="Health"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Health</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1hm" aria-expanded="false" id="top-navigation" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk9 tlzuskl _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="sm">Health</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/industry" label="Industry"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Industry</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1hm" aria-expanded="false" id="top-navigation" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk9 tlzuskl _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="sm">Industry</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/connect" label="Elsevier Connect"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Elsevier Connect</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1hm" aria-expanded="false" id="top-navigation" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk9 tlzuskl _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="sm">Insights</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/about" label="About"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">About</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1hm" aria-expanded="false" id="top-navigation" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk9 tlzuskl _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="sm">About</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/support" label="Customer support"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Customer support</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1hm" aria-expanded="false" id="top-navigation" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk9 tlzuskl _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="sm">Support</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/security" label="Security &amp; Compliance"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Security &amp; Compliance</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1hm" aria-expanded="false" id="top-navigation" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk9 tlzuskl _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="sm">Security</span></button></div></div></li></ul></nav></div><a class="_1d3he28c _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1lh _16jmeqb1lm _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqb1oj _1d3he285 _16jmeqb1gp _16jmeqb1gz _16jmeqb1h4 _16jmeqb1ip _16jmeqb1j4 _16jmeqb1lw bn9oyv5 _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqbzk _16jmeqb11s _16jmeqb140 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" href="/researcher/author/publish-with-us" data-testid="publish-with-us"><div class="_1d3he282"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nm"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div class="" style="padding-inline:var(--_99wljg5e)">Publish with us</div></span></span></div></a><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbs _16jmeqbgw"><button class="_1d3he28c _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1lh _16jmeqb1lm _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqb1oj _1d3he28b _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb4w _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb8w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1h4 _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqbzk _16jmeqb11s _16jmeqb140 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" data-testid="search-button" title="Search"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd5 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m16.355 15.035 4.935 4.935-1.318 1.319-4.935-4.936a7.596 7.596 0 0 1-4.712 1.628 7.61 7.61 0 0 1-5.415-2.243 7.603 7.603 0 0 1-2.244-5.415c0-2.045.797-3.969 2.244-5.414a7.61 7.61 0 0 1 5.415-2.243c2.046 0 3.968.797 5.415 2.243a7.61 7.61 0 0 1 2.243 5.414c0 1.731-.576 3.372-1.628 4.712ZM4.532 10.323c0 1.547.602 3.002 1.697 4.097a5.76 5.76 0 0 0 4.096 1.697 5.756 5.756 0 0 0 4.095-1.697 5.755 5.755 0 0 0 1.697-4.097 5.755 5.755 0 0 0-1.697-4.096 5.756 5.756 0 0 0-4.095-1.697A5.76 5.76 0 0 0 6.23 6.227a5.755 5.755 0 0 0-1.697 4.096Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Open Search</span></div></button><div class="_16jmeqb1ds"><button class="_1d3he28c _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1lh _16jmeqb1lm _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqb1oj _1d3he28b _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb4w _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb8w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1h4 _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqbzk _16jmeqb11s _16jmeqb140 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb1fh" data-testid="region-switcher-header" aria-haspopup="dialog" title="Location Selector"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd5 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.995 21.375h-.002a9.551 9.551 0 0 1-9.556-9.556c0-2.552.994-4.953 2.8-6.758a9.491 9.491 0 0 1 6.756-2.795c-.463 0 3.563-.397 6.758 2.799 6.046 6.045 1.671 16.31-6.756 16.31Zm-4.291-8.626h-3.33c.345 2.998 2.214 5.135 4.646 6.156-.865-1.795-1.235-4.282-1.316-6.156Zm2.777 4.821c-.51-1.302-.821-2.947-.9-4.82h4.826c-.19 4.496-1.607 6.75-2.413 6.75-.636 0-1.28-1.337-1.513-1.93Zm4.486 1.335Zm0 0c.865-1.795 1.235-4.282 1.317-6.156h3.329c-.346 2.998-2.216 5.137-4.646 6.156Zm.004-14.167-.004-.008a7.78 7.78 0 0 1 4.078 4.039.02.02 0 0 0-.005 0l-.006.002c.296.672.491 1.384.579 2.112h-3.33c-.057-1.498-.248-2.786-.554-3.988a6.141 6.141 0 0 0-2.339-1.1c.663 1.526.944 3.59 1.017 5.088H9.58c.19-4.496 1.616-6.746 2.414-6.746.796 0 2.026.2 2.977.6Zm-5.952-.002Zm-1.316 6.147c.082-1.873.452-4.352 1.316-6.147-2.428 1.019-4.3 3.15-4.645 6.147h3.33Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Location Selector</span></div></button></div><div class=""><button class="_1d3he28c _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1lh _16jmeqb1lm _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqb1oj _1d3he28b _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb4w _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb8w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1h4 _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqbzk _16jmeqb11s _16jmeqb140 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb1fh" data-testid="login-button" aria-haspopup="dialog" title="Sign in to products"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd5 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.75 6.812c0 3.598 2.258 6.313 5.25 6.313 2.993 0 5.25-2.715 5.25-6.313 0-2.88-2.403-5.312-5.25-5.312-2.846 0-5.25 2.432-5.25 5.312ZM12 3.32c-1.822 0-3.42 1.629-3.42 3.485 0 2.563 1.47 4.497 3.42 4.497s3.42-1.934 3.42-4.497c0-1.856-1.597-3.485-3.42-3.485ZM4.138 22.5l.158-1.742c.37-3.523 4.376-4.3 7.704-4.3 3.327 0 7.333.775 7.703 4.283l.157 1.759h1.883l-.175-1.939c-.403-3.83-3.776-5.936-9.568-5.936s-9.167 2.104-9.572 5.95l-.17 1.925h1.88Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Sign in to products</span></div></button></div></div><div class="bn9oyv9 _1xba53u0"><div class=""><button class="_1d3he28c _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1lh _16jmeqb1lm _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqb1oj _1d3he28b _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb4w _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb8w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1h4 xwe9il1 _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqbzk _16jmeqb11s _16jmeqb140 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb1fh" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-navigation-menu-items" data-testid="menu-button"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd5 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5 7h14v1.5H5V7Zm0 4.5h14V13H5v-1.5ZM19 16H5v1.5h14V16Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">menu</span></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></header></div><main class="s2iygv1 _16jmeqb150" id="main-content"><div class="_16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb1ds _16jmeqb1dq"><section class="_16jmeqb30 _16jmeqb3e _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb7e _16jmeqb1rp _16jmeqb1i5"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:initial"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbw"><a class="_16jmeqb1o _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb1f9" href="/products/digital-commons"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqblc _16jmeqb8"><div class="_19yprlo0 _16jmeqb1ih"></div><span class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk5 tlzuskh tlzuskt _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="5">Digital Commons</span></span></span></a><div class="_16jmeqbj0 _16jmeqbk2 _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbm2 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><nav class="" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary navigation" data-testid="secondary-navigation"><div class="_16jmeqb1g _16jmeqb22"><button class="_1d3he28c _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1lh _16jmeqb1lm _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqb1oj _1d3he28b _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb4w _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb8w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1h4 _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqbzk _16jmeqb11s _16jmeqb140 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="secondary-navigation-menu-items"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd5 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.563 9.563 4.875 8.25 12 15.375l7.125-7.125 1.313 1.313L12 18 3.562 9.562Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Show Menu</span></div></button><div class="_12yykze0 _16jmeqb154 _16jmeqb1bg _16jmeqb1i5 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb3l _16jmeqb3c _16jmeqb7t _16jmeqb7c _16jmeqb9p _16jmeqb9g _16jmeqb5l _16jmeqb54" hidden="" id="secondary-navigation-menu-items"><ul class="_16jmeqbjs _16jmeqbls _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><a class="navigation _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gv _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/institutional-repository" label="Institutional Repository"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Institutional Repository</span></a></li><li class=""><a class="navigation _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gv _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/journals" label="Journals"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Journals</span></a></li><li class=""><a class="navigation _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gv _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/exhibits" label="Exhibits"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Exhibits</span></a></li><li class=""><a class="navigation _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gv _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/data" label="Data"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Data</span></a></li></ul></div></div><ul class="_16jmeqbk0 _16jmeqbm0 _16jmeqb20 _16jmeqb1u _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gv _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/institutional-repository" label="Institutional Repository"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Institutional Repository</span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gv _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/journals" label="Journals"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Journals</span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gv _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/exhibits" label="Exhibits"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Exhibits</span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1gv _16jmeqb1gu _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/data" label="Data"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Data</span></a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></section></div><nav class="_16jmeqb94 _16jmeqb9h _16jmeqb9i _16jmeqb54 _16jmeqb5h _16jmeqb5i _16jmeqb30 _16jmeqb70" id="breadcrumbs" aria-label="Page breadcrumbs"><ol class="_16jmeqbjc _16jmeqblc _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><li class="_1a5bjby2"><div class="_1a5bjby5 _1a5bjby1 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_1a5bjby3" width="16" height="16"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1gl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb4w" href="/"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Home</span></a><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_1a5bjby0" width="16" height="16"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></li><li class="_1a5bjby2"><div class="_1a5bjby5 _1a5bjby1 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_1a5bjby3" width="16" height="16"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1gl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq _16jmeqb4w" href="/products"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Products</span></a><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_1a5bjby0" width="16" height="16"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></li><li class="_1a5bjby2"><div class="_1a5bjby5 _1a5bjby1 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_1a5bjby3" width="16" height="16"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><p class="gv4p8b0 _1a5bjby4 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" aria-current="page">Digital Commons</p></div></li></ol></nav><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqbk9 _16jmeqbkm" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgf)"><div class="_166ug2a0"><div class="lt8a680 _1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgf)"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbk9 _16jmeqb8" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8 _16jmeqboc _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbqh" data-aa-region="hero-ctas"><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqbjh _16jmeqbjq _16jmeqblk _16jmeqblh _16jmeqblq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqbbc _16jmeqbfl"><h1 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk1 tlzuskd tlzuskp _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="1">Showcase your institution’s research and scholarly work with Digital Commons</h1><div class="_16jmeqbjs _16jmeqbls _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><p class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk7 tlzuskj _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="lg">Publish, showcase, save, share and promote your institution&#x27;s research, scholarship and collections with Digital Commons.</p><div class=" _1bkgapk0 _16jmeqbjs _16jmeqbls _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><a class="_1d3he28c _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1lh _16jmeqb1lm _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqb1oj _1d3he285 _16jmeqb1gp _16jmeqb1gz _16jmeqb1h4 _16jmeqb1ip _16jmeqb1j4 _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqbzk _16jmeqb11s _16jmeqb140 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" href="/products/digital-commons/contact-us"><div class="_1d3he282"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nm"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div class="" style="padding-inline:var(--_99wljg5e)">Contact us</div></span></span></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbo8 _16jmeqboc _16jmeqbp5 _16jmeqbr4"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb2c _16jmeqb9 _16jmeqb6"><img class="lt8a682 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqbal _16jmeqbbc" src="https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=992/output=webp/quality=75" alt="Enthusiastic Hispanic Young Woman Working on Computer in a Modern Office" width="992" height="745" sizes="(min-width: 650px) 50vw, (min-width: 1024px) 710px, 100vw" srcSet="https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=384/output=webp/quality=75 384w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=640/output=webp/quality=75 640w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=750/output=webp/quality=75 750w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=828/output=webp/quality=75 828w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=1080/output=webp/quality=75 1080w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=1200/output=webp/quality=75 1200w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=1920/output=webp/quality=75 1920w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=2048/output=webp/quality=75 2048w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE?mod=v1/resize=3840/output=webp/quality=75 3840w" decoding="async" loading="eager" fetchPriority="auto"/></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x86 _16jmeqb14k" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljge)"><h2 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk2 tlzuske tlzuskq _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="2">Boost the visibility of your institution’s scholarly output</h2></div><section class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqbk3 _16jmeqblo _16jmeqbm3 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class=""><div class="_16jmeqbk8 _16jmeqbkn _16jmeqbm8 _16jmeqbmn _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><article class=""><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj1 _16jmeqbjo _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqblx _16jmeqbl2" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8"><h3 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk3 tlzuskf tlzuskr _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="3"> Openly host, manage and promote the full spectrum of your institution’s research &amp; scholarship</h3></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbox _16jmeqbp6 _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbsp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_13ht0690 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqbz8 _16jmeqb11g _16jmeqb13o _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1dg _16jmeqb1ep _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1s" style="aspect-ratio:1260 / 946" aria-label="Paul Royster Video Case Study Short 2"><video preload="none" src="//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6rmoUkcuQywb3C7mVgcG71/4763c7998905b0dda438824ae212ea5a/Paul_Royster_Video_Case_Study_Short_2.mp4" style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></video><div class="_16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqbz8 _16jmeqb11g _16jmeqb13o _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb24"><img class="_13ht0692 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb1fe" src="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/tkdsRJSRER1unMHkZ74OA/4b45ff65651932f6bfc2038f5f19b0f6/DC_Paul_Royster_Video_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=1260&amp;q=75" alt="" width="1260" height="946" srcSet="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/tkdsRJSRER1unMHkZ74OA/4b45ff65651932f6bfc2038f5f19b0f6/DC_Paul_Royster_Video_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=1260&amp;q=75 1x, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/tkdsRJSRER1unMHkZ74OA/4b45ff65651932f6bfc2038f5f19b0f6/DC_Paul_Royster_Video_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=2520&amp;q=75 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/><div class="_16jmeqb90 _16jmeqb9d _16jmeqb9i _16jmeqb50 _16jmeqb5d _16jmeqb5i _16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbs _16jmeqb19g _16jmeqb154 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb75 _16jmeqb7i"><button class="w17eg90 _16jmeqbxo _16jmeqbzw _16jmeqb124 _16jmeqb14c _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 w17eg93 w17eg9d w17eg97 _13ht0691" data-testid="teaser-play-button"><svg fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_13ht0695" width="24" height="24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M5.375 20.546v-17l17 8.5-17 8.5Z"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Play</span></button></div></div><script data-testid="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"VideoObject","name":"Paul Royster Video Case Study Short 2","description":"Paul Royster Video Case Study Short 2","thumbnailURL":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/tkdsRJSRER1unMHkZ74OA/4b45ff65651932f6bfc2038f5f19b0f6/DC_Paul_Royster_Video_Case_Study.jpg","embedURL":"//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6rmoUkcuQywb3C7mVgcG71/4763c7998905b0dda438824ae212ea5a/Paul_Royster_Video_Case_Study_Short_2.mp4","uploaddate":"2025-05-14T07:48:01.285Z","inlanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Elsevier","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"/images/elsevier-logo.svg"}}}</script></div></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbqd _16jmeqbqe"><div class="_16jmeqbak _16jmeqbes _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb24"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div data-testid="teaser-list-item"><div class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk8 tlzuskk _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Digital Commons&#x27; Institutional Repository allows you to showcase your institution’s full range of scholarly outputs and track engagement. This user-friendly open-access platform features seamless integration with all Digital Commons’ modules, along with unlimited secure storage for all file types. Additional benefits include top-notch SEO, automatic updates, and a reliable cloud platform with over 99.9% uptime.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/institutional-repository"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Explore the IR Module</span></a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><article class=""><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj1 _16jmeqbjo _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqblx _16jmeqbl2" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8"><h3 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk3 tlzuskf tlzuskr _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="3">Publish and share high-quality open access journals with minimal effort or platform expertise</h3></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbox _16jmeqbp6 _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbsp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_13ht0690 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqbz8 _16jmeqb11g _16jmeqb13o _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1dg _16jmeqb1ep _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1s" style="aspect-ratio:1260 / 946" aria-label="Munawar Khalil Video Case Study Short 2"><video preload="none" src="//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6ra35XHn5vmN9VjLRAe1Qy/fc1d22ae158cd7e2da38eb6ac916f665/Munawar_Khalil_Video_Case_Study.mp4" style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></video><div class="_16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqbz8 _16jmeqb11g _16jmeqb13o _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb24"><img class="_13ht0692 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb1fe" src="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/2PrwvaFKPkDC810II2tNqV/74df90afd13bd27a32f6e765869d21dd/DC_Munawar_Khalil_Video_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=1260&amp;q=75" alt="" width="1260" height="946" srcSet="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/2PrwvaFKPkDC810II2tNqV/74df90afd13bd27a32f6e765869d21dd/DC_Munawar_Khalil_Video_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=1260&amp;q=75 1x, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/2PrwvaFKPkDC810II2tNqV/74df90afd13bd27a32f6e765869d21dd/DC_Munawar_Khalil_Video_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=2520&amp;q=75 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/><div class="_16jmeqb90 _16jmeqb9d _16jmeqb9i _16jmeqb50 _16jmeqb5d _16jmeqb5i _16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbs _16jmeqb19g _16jmeqb154 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb75 _16jmeqb7i"><button class="w17eg90 _16jmeqbxo _16jmeqbzw _16jmeqb124 _16jmeqb14c _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 w17eg93 w17eg9d w17eg97 _13ht0691" data-testid="teaser-play-button"><svg fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_13ht0695" width="24" height="24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M5.375 20.546v-17l17 8.5-17 8.5Z"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Play</span></button></div></div><script data-testid="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"VideoObject","name":"Munawar Khalil Video Case Study Short 2","description":"Munawar Khalil Video Case Study Short 2","thumbnailURL":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/2PrwvaFKPkDC810II2tNqV/74df90afd13bd27a32f6e765869d21dd/DC_Munawar_Khalil_Video_Case_Study.jpg","embedURL":"//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6ra35XHn5vmN9VjLRAe1Qy/fc1d22ae158cd7e2da38eb6ac916f665/Munawar_Khalil_Video_Case_Study.mp4","uploaddate":"2025-03-12T21:41:48.895Z","inlanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Elsevier","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"/images/elsevier-logo.svg"}}}</script></div></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbqd _16jmeqbqe"><div class="_16jmeqbak _16jmeqbes _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb24"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div data-testid="teaser-list-item"><div class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk8 tlzuskk _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Digital Commons Journals enables your institution to establish a premier diamond open access journal publishing program. With excellent visibility and Google Scholar indexation, along with dedicated technical support, this module reduces administrative burdens for editorial teams and speeds up publication times for authors, all while ensuring secure and stable hosting with automatic updates and customization options.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/journals"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Explore the Journals Module</span></a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><article class=""><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj1 _16jmeqbjo _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqblx _16jmeqbl2" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8"><h3 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk3 tlzuskf tlzuskr _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="3">Develop and deliver virtual collections that highlight key moments of institutional scholarship</h3></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbox _16jmeqbp6 _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbsp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_13ht0690 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqbz8 _16jmeqb11g _16jmeqb13o _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1dg _16jmeqb1ep _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1s" style="aspect-ratio:1311 / 946" aria-label="Alice Sherwood DC Exhibit Case Study Video"><video preload="none" src="//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/5nNGKcqvvZADDw8oF21wiK/cabf815d9772dfd601473aea1133ece0/Alice_Sherwood_Elsevier_DC_suite_video_case_studies.mov" style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></video><div class="_16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqbz8 _16jmeqb11g _16jmeqb13o _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb24"><img class="_13ht0692 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb1fe" src="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3qynFTnEhMX7zINTU87oGp/3fb9b85db06d31a3b1dd588b03ccbccf/DC_Alice_Sherwood_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=1311&amp;q=75" alt="DC Case Study Video Preview Image" width="1311" height="946" srcSet="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3qynFTnEhMX7zINTU87oGp/3fb9b85db06d31a3b1dd588b03ccbccf/DC_Alice_Sherwood_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=1311&amp;q=75 1x, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3qynFTnEhMX7zINTU87oGp/3fb9b85db06d31a3b1dd588b03ccbccf/DC_Alice_Sherwood_Case_Study.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=2622&amp;q=75 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/><div class="_16jmeqb90 _16jmeqb9d _16jmeqb9i _16jmeqb50 _16jmeqb5d _16jmeqb5i _16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbs _16jmeqb19g _16jmeqb154 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb75 _16jmeqb7i"><button class="w17eg90 _16jmeqbxo _16jmeqbzw _16jmeqb124 _16jmeqb14c _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 w17eg93 w17eg9d w17eg97 _13ht0691" data-testid="teaser-play-button"><svg fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_13ht0695" width="24" height="24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M5.375 20.546v-17l17 8.5-17 8.5Z"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Play</span></button></div></div><script data-testid="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"VideoObject","name":"Alice Sherwood DC Exhibit Case Study Video","description":"Alice Sherwood DC Exhibit Case Study Video","thumbnailURL":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3qynFTnEhMX7zINTU87oGp/3fb9b85db06d31a3b1dd588b03ccbccf/DC_Alice_Sherwood_Case_Study.jpg","embedURL":"//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/5nNGKcqvvZADDw8oF21wiK/cabf815d9772dfd601473aea1133ece0/Alice_Sherwood_Elsevier_DC_suite_video_case_studies.mov","uploaddate":"2024-07-11T10:05:15.572Z","inlanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Elsevier","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"/images/elsevier-logo.svg"}}}</script></div></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbqd _16jmeqbqe"><div class="_16jmeqbak _16jmeqbes _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb24"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div data-testid="teaser-list-item"><div class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk8 tlzuskk _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Digital Commons Exhibits allows you to create virtual collections that showcase your institution’s digital content. Its user-friendly and customizable interface facilitates easy management of digital exhibits, while the professional designs help tell compelling stories. As the only exhibit solution integrated with an institutional repository, it streamlines workflows and saves administrators substantial time and effort. </p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products/digital-commons/exhibits"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Explore the Exhibits Module</span></a></p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/academic-and-government/expand-your-global-reputation"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Discover how the Exhibits and IR modules work together</span></a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><article class=""><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj1 _16jmeqbjo _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqblx _16jmeqbl2" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8"><h3 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk3 tlzuskf tlzuskr _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="3">Optimize the preservation and management of your institution&#x27;s research data</h3></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbox _16jmeqbp6 _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbsp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_13ht0690 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqbz8 _16jmeqb11g _16jmeqb13o _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1dg _16jmeqb1ep _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1s" style="aspect-ratio:1260 / 946" aria-label="DCD Video"><video preload="none" src="//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6OleDdl9oibqXxgse6gVw3/61bea985e0ee20d636bc3e67a9cdaefb/Keri_Baker_-_Digital_Commons_Video_Case_Study.mov" style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"></video><div class="_16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqbz8 _16jmeqb11g _16jmeqb13o _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb24"><img class="_13ht0692 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb1fe" src="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/kI0XFpiSwROF5hcO2o1DO/3bc65170dce22e87c5c1307d870dff05/DC_Saul.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=1260&amp;q=75" alt="" width="1260" height="946" srcSet="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/kI0XFpiSwROF5hcO2o1DO/3bc65170dce22e87c5c1307d870dff05/DC_Saul.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=1260&amp;q=75 1x, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/kI0XFpiSwROF5hcO2o1DO/3bc65170dce22e87c5c1307d870dff05/DC_Saul.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=2520&amp;q=75 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/><div class="_16jmeqb90 _16jmeqb9d _16jmeqb9i _16jmeqb50 _16jmeqb5d _16jmeqb5i _16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbs _16jmeqb19g _16jmeqb154 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb6w _16jmeqb75 _16jmeqb7i"><button class="w17eg90 _16jmeqbxo _16jmeqbzw _16jmeqb124 _16jmeqb14c _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 w17eg93 w17eg9d w17eg97 _13ht0691" data-testid="teaser-play-button"><svg fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_13ht0695" width="24" height="24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M5.375 20.546v-17l17 8.5-17 8.5Z"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Play</span></button></div></div><script data-testid="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"VideoObject","name":"DCD Video","description":"DCD Video","thumbnailURL":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/kI0XFpiSwROF5hcO2o1DO/3bc65170dce22e87c5c1307d870dff05/DC_Saul.jpg","embedURL":"//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6OleDdl9oibqXxgse6gVw3/61bea985e0ee20d636bc3e67a9cdaefb/Keri_Baker_-_Digital_Commons_Video_Case_Study.mov","uploaddate":"2025-03-25T12:59:56.393Z","inlanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Elsevier","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"/images/elsevier-logo.svg"}}}</script></div></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbqd _16jmeqbqe"><div class="_16jmeqbak _16jmeqbes _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb24"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div data-testid="teaser-list-item"><div class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk8 tlzuskk _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Digital Commons Data offers a platform for efficient storage, management, publication and preservation of research data. It ensures your data is secure and accessible for collaboration and discovery. With user-friendly tools and seamless integration, the platform streamlines your research workflow, making it easier to showcase your findings and the impact of your work.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons/data"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Explore the Data Module</span></a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><article class=""><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj1 _16jmeqbjo _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqblx _16jmeqbl2" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8"><h3 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk3 tlzuskf tlzuskr _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="3">Gain strategic insight into your institution&#x27;s success</h3></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbox _16jmeqbp6 _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbsp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="" data-testid="teaser-image"><img class="popcxs1 popcxs3" src="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=1260&amp;q=75" alt="" width="1260" height="946" sizes="(min-width: 650px) 50vw, (min-width: 1024px) 690px, 100vw" srcSet="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=384&amp;q=75 384w, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=640&amp;q=75 640w, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=750&amp;q=75 750w, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=828&amp;q=75 828w, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=1080&amp;q=75 1080w, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=1200&amp;q=75 1200w, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=1920&amp;q=75 1920w, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=2048&amp;q=75 2048w, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png?fm=webp&amp;w=3840&amp;q=75 3840w" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/></div></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbqd _16jmeqbqe"><div class="_16jmeqbak _16jmeqbes _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb24"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div data-testid="teaser-list-item"><div class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk8 tlzuskk _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Digital Commons Dashboard provide editors, authors, and administrators with analytics tools to measure the global impact of their work. They reveal which organizations and regions engage with your content and how they discover it, helping identify research trends, potential funders, and collaboration opportunities. The detailed metrics and insights offered by the dashboard are valuable for understanding impact and informing data-driven strategies. </p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Don’t miss the chance to deepen your understanding of the latest trends and best practices in digital scholarship. </p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Watch the <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO_aItZ7W0896xPLSSeq8nRcxZVMyd-ag" rel="noopener" target="_blank" aria-label="Digital Commons International Conference 2024 opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Digital Commons International Conference 2024<span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><article class=""><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj1 _16jmeqbjo _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqblx _16jmeqbl2" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8"><h3 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk3 tlzuskf tlzuskr _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="3">Seamless support for your repository management with our Consulting Services team</h3></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbox _16jmeqbp6 _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbsp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="" data-testid="teaser-image"><img class="popcxs1 popcxs3" src="https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=1260/output=webp/quality=75" alt="" width="1260" height="912" sizes="(min-width: 650px) 50vw, (min-width: 1024px) 690px, 100vw" srcSet="https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=384/output=webp/quality=75 384w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=640/output=webp/quality=75 640w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=750/output=webp/quality=75 750w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=828/output=webp/quality=75 828w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=1080/output=webp/quality=75 1080w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=1200/output=webp/quality=75 1200w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=1920/output=webp/quality=75 1920w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=2048/output=webp/quality=75 2048w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA?mod=v1/resize=3840/output=webp/quality=75 3840w" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/></div></div><div class="_16jmeqboc _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbqd _16jmeqbqe"><div class="_16jmeqbak _16jmeqbes _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb2c"><div class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb24"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div data-testid="teaser-list-item"><div class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk8 tlzuskk _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Eliminate concerns over storage, hosting, and upgrades with our comprehensive support. Our team provides personalized training, tailored site configuration, and prompt support, typically responding within one business day. Our team is like an extra member of your staff, ready to assist you every step of the way. Contact us to learn more about our training courses and IR Manager Certification Courses. </p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></section><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbjg _16jmeqbjl _16jmeqbjq _16jmeqblg _16jmeqbll _16jmeqblq" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"></div><div class="_166ug2a0"><div class="t0mqbd0 _16jmeqb3g _16jmeqb3p _16jmeqb3u _16jmeqb7g _16jmeqb7p _16jmeqb7u"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgf)"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbkc _16jmeqb4" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8 _16jmeqboc _16jmeqboh _16jmeqbr4 _16jmeqbr1"><figure class=""><div class="_16jmeqbk0 _16jmeqbk5 _16jmeqbm0 _16jmeqbm5 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><blockquote class="gv4p8b0 _8u4s230 t0mqbd3 _16jmeqb14g _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1e2 _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbvd _16jmeqbtq _16jmeqb1ew" lang="en"><span class="gv4p8b0 _8u4s231 _8u4s232 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1f6">Although we are small, we are passionate about participating nationally and internationally – Digital Commons gives us that connectivity and has become a much-loved platform in the college.</span></div></span></blockquote><div class="_16jmeqbjg _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqblg _16jmeqblm _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb11 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqb9"><div class="mkts3l0 t0mqbd1 _16jmeqbws _16jmeqbz0 _16jmeqb118 _16jmeqb13g _16jmeqb1ep _16jmeqb150"><img class="popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqbws _16jmeqbz0 _16jmeqb118 _16jmeqb13g _16jmeqb154 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb2c" src="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3vRcss5ulY0Otf9fupyboX/24f4d0467f2a7f959783b3c3ee92f0fe/Marie-ONeill_headshot.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=88&amp;q=75" alt="Headshot of Marie O&#x27;Neill" width="88" height="88" srcSet="//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3vRcss5ulY0Otf9fupyboX/24f4d0467f2a7f959783b3c3ee92f0fe/Marie-ONeill_headshot.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=88&amp;q=75 1x, //images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3vRcss5ulY0Otf9fupyboX/24f4d0467f2a7f959783b3c3ee92f0fe/Marie-ONeill_headshot.jpg?fm=webp&amp;w=176&amp;q=75 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/></div><figcaption class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbl4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb1ef"><p class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk5 tlzuskh tlzuskt _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ef" data-heading-level="5">Marie O’Neill</p><p class="gv4p8b0 tlzusk9 tlzuskl _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="sm">Head of Enhancement, CCT College Dublin, Ireland<!-- --> </p></figcaption></div></div></figure></div></div></div></div></div><article class="_1my0hhl0 _1my0hhl1 _99wljg94 _16jmeqb3g _16jmeqb5g _16jmeqb7g _16jmeqb9g _16jmeqbwk _16jmeqbys _16jmeqb110 _16jmeqb138 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqb9 _16jmeqb150 _16jmeqb1ep"><div class="_16jmeqb24 _16jmeqbck _16jmeqbal _16jmeqb1do"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbjw _16jmeqbj1 _16jmeqblg _16jmeqbll _16jmeqblq _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb24" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)" data-testid="banner-grid"><div class="_16jmeqbo8 _16jmeqbnl _16jmeqbes"><div class="_11n1l8c0 _16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzuskf tlzuskr _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed _16jmeqbts" data-heading-level="3">Ready to increase your institution’s impact? Contact our sales team today to learn more about how the Digital Commons can benefit your institution.</h2><div class="_16jmeqbjk _16jmeqblk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb11 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqb9" data-testid="banner-button"><a class="_1d3he28c _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1lh _16jmeqb1lm _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqb1oj _1d3he289 _16jmeqb1gt _16jmeqb1h4 _16jmeqb1it _16jmeqb1j4 _16jmeqb1lr _16jmeqb1lw _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqbzk _16jmeqb11s _16jmeqb140 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" href="/products/digital-commons/contact-us"><div class="_1d3he282"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nm"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><div class="" style="padding-inline:var(--_99wljg5e)">Contact us</div></span></span></div></a></div></div></div></div></div><picture class=""><source width="2560" height="640" media="(min-width: 650px)" srcSet="https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz?mod=v1/resize=640/output=webp/quality=75 640w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz?mod=v1/resize=750/output=webp/quality=75 750w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz?mod=v1/resize=828/output=webp/quality=75 828w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz?mod=v1/resize=1080/output=webp/quality=75 1080w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz?mod=v1/resize=1200/output=webp/quality=75 1200w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz?mod=v1/resize=1920/output=webp/quality=75 1920w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz?mod=v1/resize=2048/output=webp/quality=75 2048w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz?mod=v1/resize=3840/output=webp/quality=75 3840w" sizes="100vw" alt="Woman sitting next to window working on laptop"/><img class="_1my0hhl3 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb154 _16jmeqb15g _16jmeqb1bg _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb2c _16jmeqb1dk" src="https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=750/output=webp/quality=75" alt="Woman sitting next to window working on laptop" width="750" height="1020" sizes="100vw" srcSet="https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=640/output=webp/quality=75 640w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=750/output=webp/quality=75 750w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=828/output=webp/quality=75 828w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=1080/output=webp/quality=75 1080w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=1200/output=webp/quality=75 1200w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=1920/output=webp/quality=75 1920w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=2048/output=webp/quality=75 2048w, https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym?mod=v1/resize=3840/output=webp/quality=75 3840w" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/></picture></article></div><script data-testid="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Digital Commons | Digital showcase for scholarly work | Elsevier","description":"Digital Commons helps institutions save, share, showcase, publish and promote research, scholarship and collections.","breadcrumb":{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/en-US/products","name":"Products"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"/products/digital-commons","name":"Digital Commons"}}]}}</script><script data-testid="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"WebSite","name":"Elsevier","url":"https://www.elsevier.com","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://www.elsevier.com/search?query={query}","query-input":"required name=query"}}</script></main><footer class="_99wljg94 _16jmeqb1i5 _16jmeqb7g"><span class="_13sjisp0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk2 tlzuske tlzuskq _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="2">Footer navigation</h2></span><div class="_99wljg94 _16jmeqb3k _16jmeqb3p _16jmeqb3u _16jmeqb7k _16jmeqb7p _16jmeqb7u _16jmeqb1i5"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgf)"><nav class="" aria-label="Useful Links and Support"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbk0 _16jmeqbjx _16jmeqblg _16jmeqbll _16jmeqblq" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbo8 _16jmeqbnd"><div class="_16jmeqbjs _16jmeqbjx _16jmeqbls _16jmeqblx _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><h3 class="_3zvs046 m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk5 tlzuskh tlzuskt _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="5">Useful links</h3><ul class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/researcher/author/submit-your-paper" data-testid="footer-link-Submit your paper" aria-label="Submit your paper"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Submit your paper</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://shop.elsevier.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="footer-link-Shop Books &amp; Journals" aria-label="Shop Books &amp; Journals opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Shop Books &amp; Journals</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/open-access" data-testid="footer-link-Open access" aria-label="Open access"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Open access</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/products" data-testid="footer-link-View all products" aria-label="View all products"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">View all products</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.elsevier.com/connect" data-testid="footer-link-Elsevier Connect" aria-label="Elsevier Connect"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Elsevier Connect</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbo8 _16jmeqbnd"><div class="_16jmeqbjs _16jmeqbjx _16jmeqbls _16jmeqblx _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><h3 class="_3zvs046 m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk5 tlzuskh tlzuskt _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="5">About</h3><ul class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/about" data-testid="footer-link-About Elsevier" aria-label="About Elsevier"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">About Elsevier</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/about/careers" data-testid="footer-link-Careers" aria-label="Careers"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Careers</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/about/global-press-office" data-testid="footer-link-Global Media Relations" aria-label="Global Media Relations"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Global Media Relations</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.elsmediakits.com/?utm_source=elsevier.com&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;dgcid=4168448395" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="footer-link-Advertising, reprints &amp; supplements" aria-label="Advertising, reprints &amp; supplements opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Advertising, reprints &amp; supplements</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/responsibility/relx-slavery-statement-2026.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="footer-link-Modern slavery act statement" aria-label="Modern slavery act statement PDF opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Modern slavery act statement</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbo8 _16jmeqbnd"><div class="_16jmeqbjs _16jmeqbjx _16jmeqbls _16jmeqblx _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><h3 class="_3zvs046 m0fuh0 m0fuh0 tlzusk5 tlzuskh tlzuskt _16jmeqbak _16jmeqbco _16jmeqbes _16jmeqbgw _16jmeqb1e3 _16jmeqb1eg _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1ed" data-heading-level="5">Support</h3><ul class="_16jmeqbjo _16jmeqblo _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/support" data-testid="footer-link-Customer support" aria-label="Customer support"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Customer support</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/elsevier/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="footer-link-Resource center" aria-label="Resource center opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Resource center</span><span class="gv4p8b0 _17x85qk1 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><div class=""><button class="" data-testid="login-footer-button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Sign in to products"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbl4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nq"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Sign in to products</p><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.75 6.812c0 3.598 2.258 6.313 5.25 6.313 2.993 0 5.25-2.715 5.25-6.313 0-2.88-2.403-5.312-5.25-5.312-2.846 0-5.25 2.432-5.25 5.312ZM12 3.32c-1.822 0-3.42 1.629-3.42 3.485 0 2.563 1.47 4.497 3.42 4.497s3.42-1.934 3.42-4.497c0-1.856-1.597-3.485-3.42-3.485ZM4.138 22.5l.158-1.742c.37-3.523 4.376-4.3 7.704-4.3 3.327 0 7.333.775 7.703 4.283l.157 1.759h1.883l-.175-1.939c-.403-3.83-3.776-5.936-9.568-5.936s-9.167 2.104-9.572 5.95l-.17 1.925h1.88Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></button></div></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div></div><div class="_3zvs040 _16jmeqb3c _16jmeqb7c _16jmeqbhg _16jmeqbht _16jmeqbd8 _16jmeqbdl _16jmeqbjs _16jmeqbj1 _16jmeqbls _16jmeqbl1 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqb9 _16jmeqbw"><div class="_16jmeqb1ds"><button class="" data-testid="region-switcher-footer" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Global | English Location Selector"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbl4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.995 21.375h-.002a9.551 9.551 0 0 1-9.556-9.556c0-2.552.994-4.953 2.8-6.758a9.491 9.491 0 0 1 6.756-2.795c-.463 0 3.563-.397 6.758 2.799 6.046 6.045 1.671 16.31-6.756 16.31Zm-4.291-8.626h-3.33c.345 2.998 2.214 5.135 4.646 6.156-.865-1.795-1.235-4.282-1.316-6.156Zm2.777 4.821c-.51-1.302-.821-2.947-.9-4.82h4.826c-.19 4.496-1.607 6.75-2.413 6.75-.636 0-1.28-1.337-1.513-1.93Zm4.486 1.335Zm0 0c.865-1.795 1.235-4.282 1.317-6.156h3.329c-.346 2.998-2.216 5.137-4.646 6.156Zm.004-14.167-.004-.008a7.78 7.78 0 0 1 4.078 4.039.02.02 0 0 0-.005 0l-.006.002c.296.672.491 1.384.579 2.112h-3.33c-.057-1.498-.248-2.786-.554-3.988a6.141 6.141 0 0 0-2.339-1.1c.663 1.526.944 3.59 1.017 5.088H9.58c.19-4.496 1.616-6.746 2.414-6.746.796 0 2.026.2 2.977.6Zm-5.952-.002Zm-1.316 6.147c.082-1.873.452-4.352 1.316-6.147-2.428 1.019-4.3 3.15-4.645 6.147h3.33Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg">Global | English</p></div></button></div><nav class="_3zvs045" data-aa-region="social" aria-label="Social media accounts"><div class=" _1bkgapk0 _16jmeqbjg _16jmeqblg _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/elsevier" rel="noopener" target="_blank" aria-label="LinkedIn opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="_121ua270 _121ua272 _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" data-testid="linkedin" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 0C1.34315 0 0 1.34315 0 3V21C0 22.6569 1.34315 24 3 24H21C22.6569 24 24 22.6569 24 21V3C24 1.34315 22.6569 0 21 0H3ZM4 6.16694C4 4.95138 5.00406 4 6.16694 4C7.32963 4 8.33387 4.95138 8.33387 6.16694C8.33387 7.38269 7.32963 8.33406 6.16694 8.33406C5.00406 8.33406 4 7.38269 4 6.16694ZM7.96394 20.2787H4.42281V9.655H7.96394V20.2787ZM13.7776 11.0292C14.3061 10.1836 15.4161 9.54944 16.843 9.54944C19.5385 9.54944 20.9127 10.8179 20.9127 13.8835V20.3316H17.3716V15.5748C17.3716 13.8835 16.6317 13.2492 15.6803 13.2492C14.4119 13.2492 13.8304 14.2534 13.8304 15.8918V20.3312H10.2893V9.70788H13.7776V11.0292Z"></path></svg></span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://twitter.com/ElsevierConnect" rel="noopener" target="_blank" aria-label="Twitter opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="_121ua270 _121ua272 _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" data-testid="twitter" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path d="M13.6408 10.4643L20.9224 2H19.1969L12.8743 9.34942L7.82442 2H2L9.63638 13.1136L2 21.9897H3.72561L10.4025 14.2285L15.7355 21.9897H21.5599L13.6404 10.4643H13.6408ZM11.2773 13.2115L10.5036 12.1049L4.34737 3.29901H6.9978L11.966 10.4056L12.7397 11.5123L19.1977 20.7498H16.5473L11.2773 13.212V13.2115Z"></path></svg></span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.facebook.com/ElsevierConnect" rel="noopener" target="_blank" aria-label="Facebook opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="_121ua270 _121ua272 _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" data-testid="facebook" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.001 0C18.6274 0 24 5.37155 24 12C24 17.9895 19.6124 22.9531 13.8748 23.854V23.8526C13.8749 23.8525 13.8749 23.8525 13.8749 23.8525V15.4697H16.6716L16.9665 13.5462L17.2047 11.9995H13.8759V9.74971C13.8759 8.79979 14.3409 7.87487 15.8318 7.87487H17.3447V4.92111C17.3447 4.92111 15.9718 4.68613 14.6589 4.68613C13.9065 4.68613 13.2257 4.81136 12.6338 5.05526C11.0687 5.69961 10.1252 7.17331 10.1252 9.35522V11.9985H7.07851V12H7.07841V15.4677H7.07851V15.4682H10.1242V23.853C4.38763 22.9531 0 17.9885 0 11.999C0 5.37055 5.37155 0 12.001 0Z"></path></svg></span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/elsevier" rel="noopener" target="_blank" aria-label="YouTube opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="_121ua270 _121ua272 _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" data-testid="youtube" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd7 nddnvda"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M21.2301 4.24687C22.2467 4.52044 23.0469 5.32594 23.3188 6.34912C23.8125 8.2035 23.8125 12.0724 23.8125 12.0724C23.8125 12.0724 23.8125 15.9414 23.3188 17.7958C23.0469 18.8188 22.2467 19.6245 21.2301 19.8981C19.3877 20.3949 12 20.3949 12 20.3949C12 20.3949 4.61231 20.3949 2.76975 19.8981C1.7535 19.6245 0.952875 18.8188 0.681 17.7958C0.1875 15.9412 0.1875 12.0724 0.1875 12.0724C0.1875 12.0724 0.1875 8.2035 0.681187 6.34912C0.9525 5.32594 1.75313 4.52062 2.76994 4.24687C4.61231 3.75 12 3.75 12 3.75C12 3.75 19.3875 3.75 21.2301 4.24687ZM15.7587 12.0724L9.58398 15.585V8.55957L15.7587 12.0724Z"></path></svg></span></span></a></div></nav></div><div class="_16jmeqbhg _16jmeqbht _16jmeqbd8 _16jmeqbdl _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbw _16jmeqb38 _16jmeqb3d"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/" aria-label="Elsevier homepage"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><img class="_3zvs041 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb2g" src="/images/elsevier-logo-white.svg" alt="" width="130" height="38" srcSet="/images/elsevier-logo-white.svg 1x, /images/elsevier-logo-white.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb1hl _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="https://www.relx.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" aria-label="Relx homepage opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><img class="_3zvs042 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb2g" src="/images/relx-logo.svg" alt="" width="120" height="36" srcSet="/images/relx-logo.svg 1x, /images/relx-logo.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy" fetchPriority="auto"/></span></a></div><div class="_3zvs043 _16jmeqbhg _16jmeqbht _16jmeqbd8 _16jmeqbdl _16jmeqbjg _16jmeqbjt _16jmeqblg _16jmeqblt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb12 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqba _16jmeqb38 _16jmeqb3d"><p class="gv4p8b0 tlzuska tlzuskm _3zvs044 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="xs">Copyright © 2026 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.</p><nav class="" aria-label="Privacy and compliance" data-aa-region="privacy-and-compliance"><ul class="_16jmeqbjc _16jmeqbjt _16jmeqblc _16jmeqblt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb11 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqb9"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzuska tlzuskm _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="xs">Terms &amp; Conditions</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/legal/privacy-policy"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzuska tlzuskm _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="xs">Privacy policy</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" href="/about/accessibility"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzuska tlzuskm _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="xs">Accessibility</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m10.492 3.702 7.55 7.548H2.25v1.875h15.791l-7.549 7.55 1.328 1.323 9.81-9.81-9.81-9.81-1.328 1.324Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class=""><button class="_16jmeqb1g _16jmeqb1fh _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq" data-testid="cookie-settings-button-on-footer"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1nl _16jmeqb1nq"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg"><span class="gv4p8b0 tlzuska tlzuskm _16jmeqb1ef _16jmeqb1eg" data-text-size="xs">Cookie settings</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd8 nddnvda"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12.375 4.5V2.625H21V11.25H19.125V5.82562L13.2263 11.7262L11.8988 10.3987L17.7975 4.5H12.375ZM4.875 17.4206L10.7737 11.5219L12.1012 12.8494L6.2025 18.75H11.625V20.625H3V12H4.875V17.4206Z"></path></svg></span></button></li></ul></nav></div></footer></div></div><script defer="" src="/scripts/remove-no-js-class.js"></script><script defer="" src="/scripts/unsupported-browser.js"></script><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"_nextI18Next":{"initialI18nStore":{"en-US":{"article":{"writtenBy":"By {{author}}","contributorPageTitle":"Contributor","contributorsPageTitle":"Contributors","personProfilePageTitle":"Leadership","authorDescription":"{{title}} at {{organisation}}","readingTime":"{{readingTime}} min read","readMore":"Read more","watchNow":"Watch now • {{duration}} minutes"},"area-of-interest":{"discoverTitle":"Discover","whoWeServe":"Who we serve","featuredProductsTitle":"Featured Products"},"common":{"home":"Home","back":"Back","explore":"Explore","readMore":"Read more","viewMore":"View more","viewLess":"View less","play":"Play","search":"Search","skipToMainContent":"Skip to main content","unsupportedBrowser":"Unfortunately we don't fully support your browser. If you have the option to, please upgrade to a newer version or use \u003c0\u003eMozilla Firefox\u003c/0\u003e, \u003c1\u003eMicrosoft Edge\u003c/1\u003e, \u003c2\u003eGoogle Chrome\u003c/2\u003e, or Safari 14 or newer. If you are unable to, and need support, please \u003c3\u003esend us your feedback\u003c/3\u003e.","dismiss":"Dismiss","secondaryNavigation":"Secondary navigation","frequentlyAskedQuestionsTitle":"Frequently asked questions","unsupportedEmbeddedVideo":"Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video","relatedLinks":"Related links","relatedResources":"Related resources","jumplinks":"In page navigation","lastUpdate":"Last updated on","opensInNewTabOrWindow":"opens in new tab/window","download":"Download","close":"Close","sidebarBack":"Back to","showLess":"Show less","clearAll":"Clear all","showNMore":"Show {{number}} more","continueToElsevierDotCom":"Continue to elsevier.com","pageOpensInNewTab":"Page opens in new tab","allRelatedTo":"All related to {{subject}}","watchNow":"Watch now","pause":"Pause","onThisPage":"On this page","tableOfContents":"Table of Contents","articleCardLabel":"Article","backToTop":"Back to top","skipToPagination":"Skip to pagination","signIn":"Sign in","support":"Support","productSearchNoResults":"We could not find any Products or Services that match your entry. Check for any spelling mistakes and retry, or use the Tabs and product lists below.","productSearchMinChars":"Type at least 3 characters to search...","productSignIn":"Sign in to Products \u0026 Services","productSignInHelptext":"Looking to Sign in to an Elsevier Product or Service? Use the search or select a link from the list below.","minutes":"minutes"},"book-companion":{"videoResources":"Video resources","buyOnGlobalStore":"Buy on global store","viewOnScienceDirect":"View on ScienceDirect","downloadableContent":"Downloadable content","shopTextTitle":"Shop for books, journals, and more.","shopTextBody":"Discover over 2,960 journals, 48,300 books, and many iconic reference works.","bookCtaLink":"Browse Books","journalCtaLink":"Browse Journals","resources":"Resources","elsevierBookPlaceholderImage":"Elsevier book placeholder image","edition":"Edition","bookCompanion":"Book Companion","untitledBook":"Untitled book","accessibility":"Accessibility","accessibilityHeading":"Accessibility description","accessibilityDescription":"The accessibility metadata for this title is unknown or has not been provided to Elsevier by the original publisher."},"contacts":{"title":"Contact","personEmail":"E-mail {{nickname}}","personProfile":"Read more about {{nickname}}","profile":"Profile","contributor":"Contributor"},"cookies":{"bannerMessage":"We use cookies that are necessary to make our site work. We may also use additional cookies to analyze, improve, and personalize our content and your digital experience. You can manage your cookie preferences using the “Cookie Settings” link. For more information, see our \u003c0\u003eCookie Policy\u003c/0\u003e.","acceptAllCookies":"Accept Additional Cookies","cookieSettings":"Cookie settings","consentBlocked":"Your browser blocked our cookie consent scripts. You are browsing anonymously.","dismiss":"Dismiss","rejectAllCookies":"Accept Only Essential Cookies"},"download-page":{"report":"Report","caseStudy":"Case study","whitepaper":"White paper","downloadNow":"Download now","shareDetailsToAccessDownload":"Share your details to access the download","downloadWillStartAutomatically":"Your download will start automatically once the form is submitted.","downloadPreTitle":"Access your free download copy","downloadGatedPostTitle":"Thank you for sharing your details","downloadPreBody":"Uncover the key findings and dive deeper into the insights. We hope you find them valuable and informative.","downloadPostBody":"We hope you find these insights valuable and informative.","downloadStart":"Your download will start automatically.","downloadRetry":"If your download doesn’t start automatically, click below to retry.","downloadPostTitle":"Thank you for your interest"},"error":{"pageNotFoundMessage":"The page you're looking for cannot be found","pageNotFoundTitle":"404 | Elsevier","errorPageMessage":"Unfortunately, we encountered a problem...","errorPageTitle":"Oops! | Elsevier","exploreMore":"Explore more on our website.","link":"Back to home page"},"footer":{"about":"About Elsevier","accessibility":"Accessibility","advertising":"Advertising, reprints \u0026 supplements","allProducts":"All products","betaExperience":"This is the beta experience for Elsevier. Only available in US English for now.","booksJournals":"Shop Books \u0026 Journals","careers":"Careers","connect":"Elsevier Connect","cookieSettings":"Cookie settings","copyright":"Copyright © {{ currentYear }} Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","customerSupport":"Customer support","elsevier":"Elsevier","global":"Global | English","newsroom":"Newsroom","oldExperience":"Return to the \u003c0\u003eoriginal experience\u003c/0\u003e","openAccess":"Open access","privacy":"Privacy policy","relx":"Relx","resourceCenter":"Resource center","submit":"Submit your paper","socialNav":"Social media accounts","privacyNav":"Privacy and compliance","navLinksTitle":"Useful Links and Support","terms":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","chooseRegion":"Choose region and language","selectCountryOrGlobal":"Select another country or region to use content specific to your location or visit the \u003c0\u003eglobal website\u003c/0\u003e.","noRegionsGoToGlobal":"Something went wrong. Please continue using your current local site, visit the \u003c0\u003eglobal site\u003c/0\u003e, or try again later.","footerNavigation":"Footer navigation"},"forms":{"address_address":"Address line 1","address_address2":"Address line 2","address_city":"City","address_state":"State / Province","address_zip":"ZIP Postalcode","address_country":"Country","optOut":"If you do not wish to receive updates, offers and other information about relevant products, services and events from \u003c0\u003eElsevier\u003c/0\u003e, please tick the box.","name_prefix":"Prefix","name_first":"First name","name_middle":"Middle name","name_last":"Last name","name_initial":"Initial","name_suffix":"Suffix","validation_required":"{{fieldName}} is required","validation_minLength":"{{fieldName}} must be at least {{limit}} characters","validation_maxLength":"{{fieldName}} must not exceed length of {{limit}}","email_format":"email","tel_format":"telephone","tel_text":"text","validation_format":"{{fieldName}} is in an invalid {{fieldType}} format","validation_pattern":"{{fieldName}} is in an invalid {{fieldType}} format","submission_error":"This service is currently unavailable, apologies for any inconvenience caused","default_submission_confirmation":"Thank you for contacting us, we will be in touch soon","file_upload_limit":"File size is currently limited to {{fileUploadLimit}}.","select_file":"Select file","validation_minItems":"{{fieldName}} must select at least {{limit}} item(s)","startTyping":"Please start typing to search the list of organizations...","noMatchingResults":"We could not find any organisations that match your entry","technicalDifficulties":"Sorry but we are having technical difficulties, and currently cannot retrieve any results. Please try again later!","selectAtLeastOne":"Select at least one option","validation_type":"{{fieldName}} must be a {{fieldType}}","number_format":"number","INVALID":"{{fieldName}} is invalid","INVALID_ADDRESS":"{{fieldName}} is in an invalid format","INVALID_CHECKBOX":"The selection for {{fieldName}} is invalid","INVALID_CHECKBOXES":"One or more selections for {{fieldName}} are invalid","INVALID_EMAIL":"{{fieldName}} is in an invalid email format","INVALID_LENGTH":"{{fieldName}} must meet the required length","INVALID_NAME":"{{fieldName}} is in an invalid format","INVALID_OPTION":"The selected option for {{fieldName}} is invalid","INVALID_PHONE":"{{fieldName}} is not a valid phone number","INVALID_RADIO":"The selected option for {{fieldName}} is invalid","INVALID_RANGE":"{{fieldName}} is out of the allowed range","INVALID_SELECT":"Please choose a valid option for {{fieldName}}","INVALID_TEXT":"{{fieldName}} contains invalid text","INVALID_TEXTAREA":"{{fieldName}} contains invalid text","REQUIRED":"{{fieldName}} is required","UNKNOWN_FIELDS":"{{fieldName}} contains unknown fields","requiredIndicatorLabel":"(required)"},"form-labels":{"address_address":"Address line 1","address_address2":"Address line 2","address_city":"City","address_country":"Country","address_state":"State / Province","address_zip":"ZIP Postalcode","name_suffix":"Suffix","name_initial":"Initial","name_last":"Last name","name_first":"First name","name_prefix":"Prefix","name_middle":"Middle name","optOut":"If you do not wish to receive updates, offers and other information about relevant products, services and events from \u003c0\u003eElsevier\u003c/0\u003e, please tick the box.","Submit":"Submit","What solutions and services are you interested in?":"What solutions and services are you interested in?","Datasets":"Datasets","Data enrichment":"Data enrichment","Data analytics":"Data analytics","User tools":"User tools","Expert support":"Expert support","Would you like to talk to an expert about Reaxys or reaction and bioactivity datasets?":"Would you like to talk to an expert about Reaxys or reaction and bioactivity datasets?","No, not at this time":"No, not at this time","Yes, contact me about Reaxys":"Yes, contact me about Reaxys","Yes, contact me about reaction and bioactivity datasets":"Yes, contact me about reaction and bioactivity datasets","What solutions are you interested in?":"What solutions are you interested in?","Analytical Services":"Analytical Services","Data Monitor":"Data Monitor","Expert Lookup":"Expert Lookup","Funding Institutional":"Funding Institutional","Chemical Business NewsBase (CBNB)":"Chemical Business NewsBase (CBNB)","Ei Backfile":"Ei Backfile","Ei Patents":"Ei Patents","NTIS (National Technical Information Service)":"NTIS (National Technical Information Service)","Digital Commons institutional repository (IR)":"Digital Commons institutional repository (IR)","Digital Commons Data":"Digital Commons Data","Digital Commons Journals publishing":"Digital Commons Journals publishing","Digital Commons Exhibits":"Digital Commons Exhibits","Not sure":"Not sure","Do research (find articles for R\u0026D, track SDG research, find collaborators)":"Do research (find articles for R\u0026D, track SDG research, find collaborators)","Track influence (of journals, authors, peers or competitors)":"Track influence (of journals, authors, peers or competitors)","Use Scopus metrics":"Use Scopus metrics","Manage profiles (authors, institution)":"Manage profiles (authors, institution)","Teach science \u0026 information literacy":"Teach science \u0026 information literacy","Other":"Other","What ScienceDirect options are you considering for your organization today?":"What ScienceDirect options are you considering for your organization today?","Full or complete ScienceDirect subscription":"Full or complete ScienceDirect subscription","Journal-focused subscription options or packages (e.g., College Edition, Government Edition, Corporate Edition, Subject Collection, Freedom Collection, Article Choice Bundle, Backfiles, Specific Titles)":"Journal-focused subscription options or packages (e.g., College Edition, Government Edition, Corporate Edition, Subject Collection, Freedom Collection, Article Choice Bundle, Backfiles, Specific Titles)","ScienceDirect eBooks, Major Reference Works, other books":"ScienceDirect eBooks, Major Reference Works, other books","Single book purchase":"Single book purchase","Single journal title subscription":"Single journal title subscription","Is there anything you would like to share about your organization’s goals and needs?":"Is there anything you would like to share about your organization’s goals and needs?","Yes, contact me about Reaxys and/or bioactivity and reaction datasets":"Yes, contact me about Reaxys and/or bioactivity and reaction datasets","About you":"About you","First name":"First name","Last name":"Last name","Work email address":"Work email address","Work phone":"Work phone","Job title":"Job title","About your organization":"About your organization","Organization":"Organization","Organization type":"Organization type","Academic":"Academic","Corporate":"Corporate","Distributor or Reseller":"Distributor or Reseller","Government":"Government","Medical / Health":"Medical / Health","Society / Association":"Society / Association","Industry":"Industry","Pharmaceuticals":"Pharmaceuticals","Medical devices":"Medical devices","Chemicals and materials":"Chemicals and materials","Energy and natural resources":"Energy and natural resources","Dept / School / College name":"Dept / School / College name","City":"City","What challenges are you looking to address?":"What challenges are you looking to address?","I am interested in":"I am interested in","Updating an institution profile":"Updating an institution profile","Updating an author profile":"Updating an author profile","Estimated number of users":"Estimated number of users","If you do not wish to receive updates, offers and other information about relevant products, services and events from Elsevier, please tick the box.":"If you do not wish to receive updates, offers and other information about relevant products, services and events from Elsevier, please tick the box.","Country / region":"Country / region","Afghanistan":"Afghanistan","Åland Islands":"Åland Islands","Albania":"Albania","Algeria":"Algeria","American Samoa":"American Samoa","Andorra":"Andorra","Angola":"Angola","Anguilla":"Anguilla","Antartica":"Antartica","Antigua and Barbuda":"Antigua and Barbuda","Argentina":"Argentina","Armenia":"Armenia","Aruba":"Aruba","Australia":"Australia","Austria":"Austria","Azerbaijan":"Azerbaijan","Bahamas":"Bahamas","Bahrain":"Bahrain","Bangladesh":"Bangladesh","Barbados":"Barbados","Belarus":"Belarus","Belgium":"Belgium","Benin":"Benin","Bhutan":"Bhutan","Bolivia":"Bolivia","Bosnia and Herzegovina":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Botswana":"Botswana","Brazil":"Brazil","Brunei Darussalam":"Brunei Darussalam","Bulgaria":"Bulgaria","Burkina Faso":"Burkina Faso","Burundi":"Burundi","Cambodia":"Cambodia","Cameroon":"Cameroon","Canada":"Canada","Cabo Verde":"Cabo Verde","Cayman islands":"Cayman islands","Chad":"Chad","Chile":"Chile","China":"China","Coco Islands":"Coco Islands","Colombia":"Colombia","Congo":"Congo","Congo, Democratic Republic":"Congo, Democratic Republic","Cook Islands":"Cook Islands","Costa Rica":"Costa Rica","Côte d'Ivoire":"Côte d'Ivoire","Croatia":"Croatia","Cuba":"Cuba","Curaçao":"Curaçao","Cyprus":"Cyprus","Czechia":"Czechia","Denmark":"Denmark","Djibouti":"Djibouti","Dominican Republic":"Dominican Republic","Ecuador":"Ecuador","Egypt":"Egypt","El Salvador":"El Salvador","Equatorial Guinea":"Equatorial Guinea","Eritrea":"Eritrea","Estonia":"Estonia","Ethiopia":"Ethiopia","Fiji":"Fiji","Finland":"Finland","France":"France","Gabon":"Gabon","Gambia":"Gambia","Georgia":"Georgia","Germany":"Germany","Ghana":"Ghana","Gibraltar":"Gibraltar","Greece":"Greece","Greenland":"Greenland","Grenada":"Grenada","Guatemala":"Guatemala","Guinea":"Guinea","Guyana":"Guyana","Haiti":"Haiti","Heard Island and McDonald Islands":"Heard Island and McDonald Islands","Holy See":"Holy See","Honduras":"Honduras","Hong Kong":"Hong Kong","Hungary":"Hungary","Iceland":"Iceland","India":"India","Indonesia":"Indonesia","Iran":"Iran","Iraq":"Iraq","Ireland":"Ireland","Isle of Man":"Isle of Man","Israel":"Israel","Italy":"Italy","Jamaica":"Jamaica","Japan":"Japan","Jordan":"Jordan","Kazakhstan":"Kazakhstan","Kenya":"Kenya","Korea, North":"Korea, North","Korea, South":"Korea, South","Kuwait":"Kuwait","Kyrgyzstan":"Kyrgyzstan","Latvia":"Latvia","Lebanon":"Lebanon","Lesotho":"Lesotho","Liberia":"Liberia","Libya":"Libya","Lithuania":"Lithuania","Luxembourg":"Luxembourg","Madagascar":"Madagascar","Malawi":"Malawi","Malaysia":"Malaysia","Maldives":"Maldives","Mali":"Mali","Malta":"Malta","Martinique":"Martinique","Mauritania":"Mauritania","Mauritius":"Mauritius","Mexico":"Mexico","Moldova":"Moldova","Monaco":"Monaco","Mongolia":"Mongolia","Montenegro":"Montenegro","Montserrat":"Montserrat","Morocco":"Morocco","Mozambique":"Mozambique","Myanmar":"Myanmar","Namibia":"Namibia","Nepal":"Nepal","Netherlands":"Netherlands","New Caledonia":"New Caledonia","New Zealand":"New Zealand","Nicaragua":"Nicaragua","Niger":"Niger","Nigeria":"Nigeria","Norfolk Island":"Norfolk Island","North Macedonia":"North Macedonia","Norway":"Norway","Oman":"Oman","Pakistan":"Pakistan","Panama":"Panama","Papua New Guinea":"Papua New Guinea","Paraguay":"Paraguay","Peru":"Peru","Philippines":"Philippines","Poland":"Poland","Portugal":"Portugal","Puerto Rico":"Puerto Rico","Qatar":"Qatar","Réunion":"Réunion","Romania":"Romania","Russian Federation":"Russian Federation","Rwanda":"Rwanda","Saint Kitts and Nevis":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Saint Lucia":"Saint Lucia","Saint Vincent and the Grenadines":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Samoa":"Samoa","Saudi Arabia":"Saudi Arabia","Senegal":"Senegal","Serbia":"Serbia","Seychelles":"Seychelles","Singapore":"Singapore","Sint Maarten":"Sint Maarten","Slovakia":"Slovakia","Slovenia":"Slovenia","Somalia":"Somalia","South Africa":"South Africa","South Sudan":"South Sudan","Spain":"Spain","Sri Lanka":"Sri Lanka","Sudan":"Sudan","Suriname":"Suriname","Svalbard and Jan Mayen":"Svalbard and Jan Mayen","Eswatini":"Eswatini","Sweden":"Sweden","Switzerland":"Switzerland","Syrian Arab Republic":"Syrian Arab Republic","Taiwan":"Taiwan","Tajikistan":"Tajikistan","Tanzania, the United Republic of":"Tanzania, the United Republic of","Thailand":"Thailand","Togo":"Togo","Tokelau":"Tokelau","Tonga":"Tonga","Trinidad and Tobago":"Trinidad and Tobago","Tunisia":"Tunisia","Turkey":"Turkey","Uganda":"Uganda","Ukraine":"Ukraine","United Arab Emirates":"United Arab Emirates","United Kingdom":"United Kingdom","United States of America":"United States of America","Uruguay":"Uruguay","United States Minor Outlying Islands":"United States Minor Outlying Islands","Uzbekistan":"Uzbekistan","Vanuatu":"Vanuatu","Venezuela":"Venezuela","Viet Nam":"Viet Nam","Virgin Islands, British":"Virgin Islands, British","Virgin Islands, U.S.":"Virgin Islands, U.S.","Wallis and Futuna":"Wallis and Futuna","Western Sahara":"Western Sahara","Yemen":"Yemen","Zambia":"Zambia","Zimbabwe":"Zimbabwe","organisation_search_name":"Organization","How can our Sales team help you?":"How can our Sales team help you?","Dentistry":"Dentistry","Health Professions":"Health Professions","Medicine":"Medicine","Nursing":"Nursing","Veterinary":"Veterinary","Basic Sciences":"Basic Sciences","Dental Anaesthesia":"Dental Anaesthesia","Dental Assisting":"Dental Assisting","Dental Auxilliary":"Dental Auxilliary","Dental Hygiene":"Dental Hygiene","Dental Materials":"Dental Materials","Dental Microbiology and Infection":"Dental Microbiology and Infection","Dental Therapeutics and Pharmacology":"Dental Therapeutics and Pharmacology","Endodontics":"Endodontics","General":"General","Medicine, Surgery and Pathology":"Medicine, Surgery and Pathology","Operative":"Operative","Oral Medicine":"Oral Medicine","Oral Pathology":"Oral Pathology","Oral Radiology":"Oral Radiology","Oral Surgery":"Oral Surgery","Orthodontics":"Orthodontics","Paediatric":"Paediatric","Periodontics":"Periodontics","Practice Mgmt and Community Dent":"Practice Mgmt and Community Dent","Preventive":"Preventive","Prosthetic":"Prosthetic","Aquatics/Life-Saving":"Aquatics/Life-Saving","Chiropractic":"Chiropractic","Clinical Laboratory Science":"Clinical Laboratory Science","Complementary Medicine":"Complementary Medicine","Diet Therapy":"Diet Therapy","Emergency Medical Services":"Emergency Medical Services","Fire Science/Trucks":"Fire Science/Trucks","Health Information Management":"Health Information Management","Health Occupations":"Health Occupations","Health Policy":"Health Policy","Health Professions: General":"Health Professions: General","Health Risk Assessment":"Health Risk Assessment","Hospital Admin and Management":"Hospital Admin and Management","Hospital Administration and Care":"Hospital Administration and Care","Imaging Technologies":"Imaging Technologies","Manual Therapy":"Manual Therapy","Massage Therapy":"Massage Therapy","Medical Administration":"Medical Administration","Medical Assisting and Transcription":"Medical Assisting and Transcription","Medical Laboratory Technicians":"Medical Laboratory Technicians","Medical Terminology":"Medical Terminology","Medical Transportation":"Medical Transportation","Occupational Therapy":"Occupational Therapy","Operating Theatre Technicians and Assistants":"Operating Theatre Technicians and Assistants","Optometry":"Optometry","Osteopathy":"Osteopathy","Pharmacognosy":"Pharmacognosy","Pharmacy":"Pharmacy","Physical Therapy":"Physical Therapy","Podiatry":"Podiatry","Psychology":"Psychology","Radiography":"Radiography","Rehabilitation":"Rehabilitation","Respiratory Care":"Respiratory Care","Speech and Hearing":"Speech and Hearing","Sports Science":"Sports Science","Surgical Technology":"Surgical Technology","Allergy and Clinical Immunology":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology","Anaesthesiology":"Anaesthesiology","Anatomy":"Anatomy","Basic Medical Science":"Basic Medical Science","Behavioural Science":"Behavioural Science","Biochemistry and Chemistry":"Biochemistry and Chemistry","Cardiology":"Cardiology","Clinical/General Medicine":"Clinical/General Medicine","Critical Care":"Critical Care","Dermatology":"Dermatology","Diseases":"Diseases","Embryology":"Embryology","Emergency Medicine":"Emergency Medicine","Endocrinology":"Endocrinology","Epidemiology and Public Health":"Epidemiology and Public Health","Family Medicine":"Family Medicine","Gastroenterology and Hepatology":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology","Genetics":"Genetics","Geriatrics":"Geriatrics","Healing":"Healing","Hematology":"Hematology","Histology":"Histology","Infectious Diseases":"Infectious Diseases","Internal Medicine":"Internal Medicine","Lab and Diagnostic Tests":"Lab and Diagnostic Tests","Medical Equipment and Techniques":"Medical Equipment and Techniques","Medical Reference":"Medical Reference","Microbiology":"Microbiology","Nephrology":"Nephrology","Neurology":"Neurology","Obstetrics and Gynecology":"Obstetrics and Gynecology","Oncology":"Oncology","Ophthalmology":"Ophthalmology","Orthopedics":"Orthopedics","Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery":"Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery","Otolaryngology":"Otolaryngology","Palliative Medicine":"Palliative Medicine","Pathology":"Pathology","Pediatrics":"Pediatrics","Perinatology and Neonatology":"Perinatology and Neonatology","Pharmacology":"Pharmacology","Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","Physicians":"Physicians","Physicians Assistant":"Physicians Assistant","Physiology":"Physiology","Psychiatry":"Psychiatry","Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine","Radiology":"Radiology","Rheumatology":"Rheumatology","Sleep Medicine":"Sleep Medicine","Sports Medicine":"Sports Medicine","Surgery":"Surgery","Urology":"Urology","Adult Nursing":"Adult Nursing","Advanced Practice Nursing":"Advanced Practice Nursing","Anatomy and Physiology":"Anatomy and Physiology","Anesthesia":"Anesthesia","Assessment and Diagnosis":"Assessment and Diagnosis","Assisting":"Assisting","Basic Science":"Basic Science","Cardiovascular Care":"Cardiovascular Care","Care Planning":"Care Planning","Case Management":"Case Management","Children''s Nursing":"Children''s Nursing","Communication and Counselling Skills":"Communication and Counselling Skills","Community Nursing":"Community Nursing","Community and Home Care":"Community and Home Care","Dermatology and Wound Care":"Dermatology and Wound Care","Dictionaries":"Dictionaries","Education":"Education","Emergency":"Emergency","Ethics, Law and Philosophy":"Ethics, Law and Philosophy","Forensic Mental Health":"Forensic Mental Health","Foundation Textbooks":"Foundation Textbooks","Fundamentals and Skills":"Fundamentals and Skills","Gastrointestinal System":"Gastrointestinal System","General Clinical Nursing":"General Clinical Nursing","Health Care Assistant":"Health Care Assistant","Health Promotion":"Health Promotion","Infection Control Nursing":"Infection Control Nursing","Issues and Trends":"Issues and Trends","LPN and LVN":"LPN and LVN","Leadership and Management":"Leadership and Management","Learning Disabilities":"Learning Disabilities","Maths":"Maths","Medical, Surgical - Advanced Practice":"Medical, Surgical - Advanced Practice","Medical-Surgical":"Medical-Surgical","Mens Health":"Mens Health","Midwifery":"Midwifery","Neurological Nursing":"Neurological Nursing","Nutrition and Dietetics":"Nutrition and Dietetics","Ophthalmic Nursing":"Ophthalmic Nursing","Orthopaedic Nursing":"Orthopaedic Nursing","Pathophysiology":"Pathophysiology","Patient Education":"Patient Education","Process/Diagnosis":"Process/Diagnosis","Psychiatric and Mental Health":"Psychiatric and Mental Health","Renal and Urological Nursing":"Renal and Urological Nursing","Research":"Research","Research and Theory":"Research and Theory","Respiratory Nursing":"Respiratory Nursing","Review":"Review","Revision Aids and Study Skills":"Revision Aids and Study Skills","Sexual Health":"Sexual Health","Social Work+I28":"Social Work+I28","Sociology and Social Policy":"Sociology and Social Policy","Surgical Nursing":"Surgical Nursing","Theory":"Theory","Academic (Medical, Pharmacy or Nursing College/University)":"Academic (Medical, Pharmacy or Nursing College/University)","Government (DoD, Federal, State, etc.)":"Government (DoD, Federal, State, etc.)","Payer (Health Plans, Benefits Management, Care Organization, PBM, TPA, etc.)":"Payer (Health Plans, Benefits Management, Care Organization, PBM, TPA, etc.)","Provider - Ambulatory/Out-Patient Facility":"Provider - Ambulatory/Out-Patient Facility","Provider - Healthcare Network":"Provider - Healthcare Network","Provider - Home Health Care/Agency":"Provider - Home Health Care/Agency","Provider - Hospital":"Provider - Hospital","Provider - Human Services":"Provider - Human Services","Provider - Long Term Care (Nursing Home, Skilled Nursing facility, Rehabilitation Center…)":"Provider - Long Term Care (Nursing Home, Skilled Nursing facility, Rehabilitation Center…)","Provider - Medical Group Practice":"Provider - Medical Group Practice","Technology (HIT, EMR, EHR, etc.)":"Technology (HIT, EMR, EHR, etc.)","Executive/Executive Director/C-Level":"Executive/Executive Director/C-Level","Education - Dean/Lead/Head (School/Department)":"Education - Dean/Lead/Head (School/Department)","Librarian":"Librarian","Education - Course Lead/Head of Year":"Education - Course Lead/Head of Year","Resident/Trainee/Junior Doctor":"Resident/Trainee/Junior Doctor","Clinician/Physician/Practitioner/Doctor":"Clinician/Physician/Practitioner/Doctor","Researcher":"Researcher","Education-Educator (Preceptor/Lecturer/Instructor)":"Education-Educator (Preceptor/Lecturer/Instructor)","Student":"Student","Faculty":"Faculty","Informaticist":"Informaticist","IT":"IT","Patient Care / Quality / Compliance / Safety":"Patient Care / Quality / Compliance / Safety","Pharmacist":"Pharmacist","Staff Development / HR":"Staff Development / HR","Author":"Author","Nurse Management":"Nurse Management","Nurse/RN":"Nurse/RN","Frontline Supervisor":"Frontline Supervisor","Case Manager":"Case Manager","Marketing":"Marketing","Pricing and Reimbursement":"Pricing and Reimbursement","Sales":"Sales","Fellow":"Fellow","Support Worker":"Support Worker","Title":"Title","Email address":"Email address","Phone":"Phone","Role":"Role","Current year of study":"Current year of study","Year of graduation":"Year of graduation","Area of interest":"Area of interest","Specialty":"Specialty","State":"State","ZIP / postal code":"ZIP / postal code","Which product are you interested in?":"Which product are you interested in?","What challenges are you looking to solve?":"What challenges are you looking to solve?","I am interested in this product for":"I am interested in this product for","My institution":"My institution","Myself":"Myself","How did you hear about us?":"How did you hear about us?","Please start typing to search the list of organisations":"Please start typing to search the list of organisations","Please tick if your organization can't be found":"Please tick if your organization can't be found","Please enter your organization name":"Please enter your organization name","Books on ScienceDirect including ebooks, book series, Major Reference Works, textbooks, and handbooks":"Books on ScienceDirect including ebooks, book series, Major Reference Works, textbooks, and handbooks","Which Engineering Village database are you looking for?":"Which Engineering Village database are you looking for?","I'm interested in":"I'm interested in","Scopus AI as a supplement to an existing Scopus subscription":"Scopus AI as a supplement to an existing Scopus subscription","Scopus and Scopus AI":"Scopus and Scopus AI","Please specify":"Please specify","Life Sciences":"Life Sciences","Academic job function":"Academic job function","Administration \u0026 Planning Affairs":"Administration \u0026 Planning Affairs","Colleges or Schools (Leadership)":"Colleges or Schools (Leadership)","Corporate or Industry Relations":"Corporate or Industry Relations","Economic Development or Technology Commercialization":"Economic Development or Technology Commercialization","Information Technology or Technical Services":"Information Technology or Technical Services","International Relations or Global Engagement":"International Relations or Global Engagement","Library":"Library","Office of Education or Teaching \u0026 Learning":"Office of Education or Teaching \u0026 Learning","Office of Faculty or Academic Affairs":"Office of Faculty or Academic Affairs","Office of Graduate Studies \u0026 Postdoctoral Training":"Office of Graduate Studies \u0026 Postdoctoral Training","Office of Research":"Office of Research","Researchers \u0026 Students":"Researchers \u0026 Students","University Leadership":"University Leadership","Academic job level":"Academic job level","Executive Leadership":"Executive Leadership","Dean, Department Head/Chair":"Dean, Department Head/Chair","Director":"Director","Manager/Staff":"Manager/Staff","Researcher/Student":"Researcher/Student","Government job function":"Government job function","Government or Funder Leadership":"Government or Funder Leadership","Evaluation / Portfolio Analysis":"Evaluation / Portfolio Analysis","Planning \u0026 Evaluation":"Planning \u0026 Evaluation","Analysis":"Analysis","Outcomes":"Outcomes","External Research Program Management":"External Research Program Management","Science Ministry or Science Policy Organization":"Science Ministry or Science Policy Organization","Government or Funder Leadership - job level":"Government or Funder Leadership - job level","Executive Director":"Executive Director","Executive Chair":"Executive Chair","Evaluation/Portfolio Analysis, Planning \u0026 Evaluation, Analysis, Outcomes - job level":"Evaluation/Portfolio Analysis, Planning \u0026 Evaluation, Analysis, Outcomes - job level","External Research Program Management - job level":"External Research Program Management - job level","Program Director/Manager/Officer":"Program Director/Manager/Officer","Grant Administration":"Grant Administration","Director/Manager of Grants":"Director/Manager of Grants","Technical Point of Contact":"Technical Point of Contact","Scientific Review Officer":"Scientific Review Officer","Science Ministry or Government Organization - job level":"Science Ministry or Government Organization - job level","Chief":"Chief","Executive":"Executive","Minister":"Minister","Secretary":"Secretary","Deputy Director":"Deputy Director","Administrator":"Administrator","Special Assistant":"Special Assistant","Corporate Life Sciences job function":"Corporate Life Sciences job function","Innovation / New Product Development":"Innovation / New Product Development","Intellectual Property":"Intellectual Property","Drug Discovery - Target Identification":"Drug Discovery - Target Identification","Drug Discovery - Lead Identification and Optimization":"Drug Discovery - Lead Identification and Optimization","Drug Discovery - Safety / Toxicology":"Drug Discovery - Safety / Toxicology","Preclinical Drug Development - Safety/Toxicology/Pharmacology/DMPK /Translational Medicine":"Preclinical Drug Development - Safety/Toxicology/Pharmacology/DMPK /Translational Medicine","Clinical Drug Development - Safety/Toxicology/Pharmacology/DMPK /Translational Medicine":"Clinical Drug Development - Safety/Toxicology/Pharmacology/DMPK /Translational Medicine","Regulatory Affairs/Pharmacovigilance":"Regulatory Affairs/Pharmacovigilance","Medical Affairs":"Medical Affairs","Knowledge Management / Library":"Knowledge Management / Library","Informatics / Data Science / Data Engineering":"Informatics / Data Science / Data Engineering","Manufacturing / Operations / Quality Assurance":"Manufacturing / Operations / Quality Assurance","Corporate other job function":"Corporate other job function","R\u0026D":"R\u0026D","Environmental Health and Safety":"Environmental Health and Safety","Corporate job levels":"Corporate job levels","President":"President","Vice President":"Vice President","Manager":"Manager","Head of Department":"Head of Department","Group Lead":"Group Lead","Staff Scientist / Researcher":"Staff Scientist / Researcher","Engineer":"Engineer","Staff":"Staff","Inform research strategy \u0026 funding opportunities":"Inform research strategy \u0026 funding opportunities","DownloadNow":"Download now","Non-profit":"Non-profit","Are you looking for support at a particular stage of drug development?":"Are you looking for support at a particular stage of drug development?","Target identification and validation":"Target identification and validation","Hit identification to lead optimization":"Hit identification to lead optimization","Preclinical development":"Preclinical development","Clinical development":"Clinical development","Regulatory approval and post-market surveillance":"Regulatory approval and post-market surveillance","Tell us what info you're most interested in:":"Tell us what info you're most interested in:","I am interested in learning about how to use LeapSpace and its latest features":"I am interested in learning about how to use LeapSpace and its latest features","I am interested in learning about how LeapSpace can be used for my department / institution":"I am interested in learning about how LeapSpace can be used for my department / institution"},"header":{"returnToOldExperience":"Return to the original experience","feedbackOnNewExperience":"We'd appreciate your feedback.","tellUsWhatYouThink":"Tell us what you think!","hideMenu":"Hide Menu","showMenu":"Show Menu","backToMainNavigation":"Back\u003c0\u003e to main navigation\u003c/0\u003e","mainNavigation":"Main site navigation","userIcon":"User account","cartIcon":"Shopping Cart","openSearch":"Open Search","closeSearch":"Close Search","publishWithUs":"Publish with us","globeIcon":"Location Selector"},"home":{"relatedLinksTitle":"Featured topics and communities","moreFromElsevier":"More from Elsevier","sectorCardsTitle":"Innovative solutions that help advance human progress","sectorCardsDiscoverProducts":"Discover our products","sectorCardsDiscoverMore":"Discover more","goToSlide":"Slide {{slideNumber}}","previousSlide":"Go to previous slide","nextSlide":"Go to next slide"},"locales":{"selectCountryOrGlobal":"Select another country or region to use content specific to your location or visit the \u003c0\u003eglobal website\u003c/0\u003e.","chooseRegion":"Choose region and language","noLocalContentToShow":"Sorry, we have no local content to show here","viewContentOnGlobal":"Would you like to view the latest content that we do have available, (only available in English) on our global website?"},"preview":{"viewingUnpublishedContent":"Viewing unpublished content","exitPreviewMode":"Exit preview mode"},"search":{"pageTitle":"Search | Elsevier","searchText":"What are you looking for?","openSearch":"Open search","closeSearch":"Close search","authorListOne":"By {{person}}","authorListMultiple":"By {{people}} and {{personLast}}","journals":"Journals","books":"Books","topResultInBooks":"Top result in books","seeMoreBooks":"See {{approxTotalBooks}} more books","openAccess":"Open access","hybridOpenAccess":"Hybrid open access","journalCatalogTitle":"Journal catalog","journalCatalogDescription":"Choose the journal that’s right for you. Browse through over 2,900 Elsevier titles across all areas of science, so you’ll always find the best match for your research. Search by keyword, filter by subject area or access type and sort by relevance.","searchForElsevierJournals":"Search for Elsevier journals","journalCoverFor":"Journal cover for {{title}}","subscribeToJournal":"Subscribe to journal","allFilters":"Filters","totalResults":"results","clearSearch":"Clear","webshop":"From our webshop","relatedJournals":"Related journals","relatedBooks":"Related books","journalHomepage":"Journal Homepage","completeAnatomyTitle":"Complete Anatomy Articles","completeAnatomyDescription":"A collection of articles featuring written content and 2D images from Complete Anatomy, the world's most advanced 3D anatomy platform.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003curl\u003eDownload Complete Anatomy\u003c/url\u003e from your app store for the full 3D experience.","allFiltersSidebarHeader":"All filters","globalNoResultsFound":"No results found for your search on \u003c0\u003eelsevier.com\u003c/0\u003e","articlePublishingChargesDiscover":"Discover Article publishing charges (APC)","articlePublishingChargesShowLess":"Show less","articlePublishingChargesLoading":"Loading...","seoGlobalSearchTitle":"Elsevier Site Search","seoGlobalSearchDescription":"Explore our inventory of products, discover innovative solutions and gain insights on various topics.","seoJournalCatalogTitle":"Elsevier Journal Catalog: Browse Peer-Reviewed Journals List","seoJournalCatalogDescription":"Browse through a wide range of high-quality academic journals offered by Elsevier, including open access options, to enrich your research journey.","articlePublishingChargesFallback":"No Article Publishing Charge data available for this Journal.","product":"Product"},"webinar":{"title":"Webinar","register":"Register now","speaker":"Speaker","speakers":"Speakers","relatedResources":"Related resources","speaker_one":"Speaker","speaker_other":"Speakers"}},"en-us":{"article":{},"area-of-interest":{},"common":{},"book-companion":{},"contacts":{},"cookies":{},"download-page":{},"error":{},"footer":{},"forms":{},"form-labels":{},"header":{},"home":{},"locales":{},"preview":{},"search":{},"webinar":{}}},"initialLocale":"en-US","ns":["article","area-of-interest","common","book-companion","contacts","cookies","download-page","error","footer","forms","form-labels","header","home","locales","preview","search","webinar"],"userConfig":null},"template":{"id":"product-shop","items":[{"component":"ProductHero","id":"17032449-5d19-4176-b3f3-dbb694c644fb"},{"component":"PrimaryTestimonials","optional":true,"id":"3fe50d2a-27a7-4276-91d3-8be307f71191"},{"component":"PromotionalBanner","optional":true,"id":"07a6cbca-3132-4291-80b1-cbe703ff2fdc"},{"component":"PersonaListProductShowcase","optional":true,"id":"212f9203-dd18-44b8-a54c-185a2193a172"},{"component":"ProductSubtitle","optional":true,"id":"1aed7df8-796a-4ea2-8efa-7d4c2541ae04"},{"component":"BenefitsList","id":"734f0c42-d925-4622-ae2e-bcbb4bb3a1ce"},{"component":"ProductFeatures","optional":true,"id":"fca19d41-4f78-4e42-b304-88f6e1bc5bd1"},{"component":"ProductPlans","optional":true,"id":"f83c91f6-bb22-42dd-909b-f05b03b147ff"},{"component":"ProductTestimonials","optional":true,"id":"4c7848da-f52f-478b-9223-a92f73c10d85"},{"component":"ProductRelatedResources","optional":true,"id":"8eb858ec-a79f-4584-897b-479c511d8cbc"},{"component":"ProductQuestions","optional":true,"id":"119b9df2-58ab-432a-a987-6a1fb17f8ecb"},{"component":"ProductInlineForm","optional":true,"id":"92bd2090-1c29-41b1-90a9-459a26a8da04"}],"analyticsPageType":"Product Landing Page"},"pageId":"692ggBNRmLm7F7PTNcW1hZ","breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Home","slug":"/"},{"name":"Products","slug":"/en-US/products"},{"name":"Digital Commons","slug":"/products/digital-commons"}],"contentId":"19V0OdypoGzQ4luiSlXznA","image":null,"pageComponentProps":{"17032449-5d19-4176-b3f3-dbb694c644fb":{"props":{"title":"Showcase your institution’s research and scholarly work with Digital Commons","titleEmphasis":null,"description":"Publish, showcase, save, share and promote your institution's research, scholarship and collections with Digital Commons.","primaryLink":{"href":null,"label":"Contact us","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/digital-commons/contact-us"},"openInNewWindow":false},"secondaryLink":null,"image":{"src":"https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE","alt":"Enthusiastic Hispanic Young Woman Working on Computer in a Modern Office","width":992,"height":745,"transformUrl":"https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/rRvZWT7bXa7GEHwE"},"video":null,"variant":"default","analyticsRegion":"hero-ctas"}},"3fe50d2a-27a7-4276-91d3-8be307f71191":{},"07a6cbca-3132-4291-80b1-cbe703ff2fdc":{},"212f9203-dd18-44b8-a54c-185a2193a172":{"props":{"title":null,"items":[]}},"1aed7df8-796a-4ea2-8efa-7d4c2541ae04":{"props":{"children":"Boost the visibility of your institution’s scholarly output"}},"734f0c42-d925-4622-ae2e-bcbb4bb3a1ce":{"props":{"title":"  ","teasers":[{"id":"1aYN78qQ1uWEGfIhoLFNRl","title":" Openly host, manage and promote the full spectrum of your institution’s research \u0026 scholarship","media":{"__typename":"Video","body":{"name":"Paul Royster Video Case Study Short 2","title":"Paul Royster Video Case Study Short 2","productName":"","disableVideoTitle":false,"video":{"src":"//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6rmoUkcuQywb3C7mVgcG71/4763c7998905b0dda438824ae212ea5a/Paul_Royster_Video_Case_Study_Short_2.mp4","title":"Paul Royster Video Case Study Short 2","description":"","uploadDate":"2025-05-14T07:48:01.285Z","contenttype":"video/mp4","width":1260,"height":946,"id":"6rmoUkcuQywb3C7mVgcG71"},"subtitles":{"label":"","src":"","kind":"subtitles","srcLang":"en","default":true},"image":{"src":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/tkdsRJSRER1unMHkZ74OA/4b45ff65651932f6bfc2038f5f19b0f6/DC_Paul_Royster_Video_Case_Study.jpg","alt":"","width":1260,"height":946}}},"primaryLink":null,"secondaryLink":null,"body":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Digital Commons' Institutional Repository allows you to showcase your institution’s full range of scholarly outputs and track engagement. This user-friendly open-access platform features seamless integration with all Digital Commons’ modules, along with unlimited secure storage for all file types. Additional benefits include top-notch SEO, automatic updates, and a reliable cloud platform with over 99.9% uptime.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"2scYhykjgVmaH5sXjjAvM4","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"2scYhykjgVmaH5sXjjAvM4"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Digital Commons Institutional Repository","slug":"/products/digital-commons/institutional-repository"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Explore the IR Module","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"}},{"id":"45T8e7ID4PPdZFP1E1lHPg","title":"Publish and share high-quality open access journals with minimal effort or platform expertise","media":{"__typename":"Video","body":{"name":"Munawar Khalil Video Case Study Short 2","title":"Munawar Khalil Video Case Study Short 2","productName":"","disableVideoTitle":false,"video":{"src":"//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6ra35XHn5vmN9VjLRAe1Qy/fc1d22ae158cd7e2da38eb6ac916f665/Munawar_Khalil_Video_Case_Study.mp4","title":"Munawar Khalil Video Case Study Short 2","description":"","uploadDate":"2025-03-12T21:41:48.895Z","contenttype":"video/mp4","width":1260,"height":946,"id":"6ra35XHn5vmN9VjLRAe1Qy"},"subtitles":{"label":"","src":"","kind":"subtitles","srcLang":"en","default":true},"image":{"src":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/2PrwvaFKPkDC810II2tNqV/74df90afd13bd27a32f6e765869d21dd/DC_Munawar_Khalil_Video_Case_Study.jpg","alt":"","width":1260,"height":946}}},"primaryLink":null,"secondaryLink":null,"body":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Digital Commons Journals enables your institution to establish a premier diamond open access journal publishing program. With excellent visibility and Google Scholar indexation, along with dedicated technical support, this module reduces administrative burdens for editorial teams and speeds up publication times for authors, all while ensuring secure and stable hosting with automatic updates and customization options.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"4IM5O4yDmm78mWvZdHAVAB","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"4IM5O4yDmm78mWvZdHAVAB"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Digital Commons Journals","slug":"/products/digital-commons/journals"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Explore the Journals Module","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"}},{"id":"5YiKDxu4r0F0d5TwzxDqWM","title":"Develop and deliver virtual collections that highlight key moments of institutional scholarship","media":{"__typename":"Video","body":{"name":"Alice Sherwood DC Exhibit Case Study","title":"Alice Sherwood DC Exhibit Case Study Video","productName":"","disableVideoTitle":false,"video":{"src":"//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/5nNGKcqvvZADDw8oF21wiK/cabf815d9772dfd601473aea1133ece0/Alice_Sherwood_Elsevier_DC_suite_video_case_studies.mov","title":"Alice Sherwood DC Exhibit Case Study Video","description":"","uploadDate":"2024-07-11T10:05:15.572Z","contenttype":"video/quicktime","width":1311,"height":946,"id":"5nNGKcqvvZADDw8oF21wiK"},"subtitles":{"label":"","src":"","kind":"subtitles","srcLang":"en","default":true},"image":{"src":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3qynFTnEhMX7zINTU87oGp/3fb9b85db06d31a3b1dd588b03ccbccf/DC_Alice_Sherwood_Case_Study.jpg","alt":"DC Case Study Video Preview Image","width":1311,"height":946}}},"primaryLink":null,"secondaryLink":null,"body":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Digital Commons Exhibits allows you to create virtual collections that showcase your institution’s digital content. Its user-friendly and customizable interface facilitates easy management of digital exhibits, while the professional designs help tell compelling stories. As the only exhibit solution integrated with an institutional repository, it streamlines workflows and saves administrators substantial time and effort. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"2Mffx0YvdIhjJPpl00ePAv","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"2Mffx0YvdIhjJPpl00ePAv"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Digital Commons Exhibits","slug":"/products/digital-commons/exhibits"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Explore the Exhibits Module","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"U2zuVEaCPqvV02uKk6kHd","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"U2zuVEaCPqvV02uKk6kHd"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Expand your global reputation with Digital Commons ","slug":"/academic-and-government/expand-your-global-reputation"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Discover how the Exhibits and IR modules work together","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"}},{"id":"66vQzXwirRsxDES69yJs9o","title":"Optimize the preservation and management of your institution's research data","media":{"__typename":"Video","body":{"name":"Video for DCD","title":"DCD Video","productName":"","disableVideoTitle":false,"video":{"src":"//videos.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/6OleDdl9oibqXxgse6gVw3/61bea985e0ee20d636bc3e67a9cdaefb/Keri_Baker_-_Digital_Commons_Video_Case_Study.mov","title":"DCD Video","description":"","uploadDate":"2025-03-25T12:59:56.393Z","contenttype":"video/quicktime","width":1260,"height":946,"id":"6OleDdl9oibqXxgse6gVw3"},"subtitles":{"label":"","src":"","kind":"subtitles","srcLang":"en","default":true},"image":{"src":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/kI0XFpiSwROF5hcO2o1DO/3bc65170dce22e87c5c1307d870dff05/DC_Saul.jpg","alt":"","width":1260,"height":946}}},"primaryLink":null,"secondaryLink":null,"body":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Digital Commons Data offers a platform for efficient storage, management, publication and preservation of research data. It ensures your data is secure and accessible for collaboration and discovery. With user-friendly tools and seamless integration, the platform streamlines your research workflow, making it easier to showcase your findings and the impact of your work.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons/data"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Explore the Data Module","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"}},{"id":"4xAAky18Crx4JuSUizfEap","title":"Gain strategic insight into your institution's success","media":{"__typename":"Image","body":{"src":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/1srPbCbii5TSVP8kiavnbq/b5e34a7cdbde0ae254b16424a96f28b1/Readership_Distribution_World_Map_opt.png","alt":"World map showing readership distribution","width":1260,"height":946}},"primaryLink":null,"secondaryLink":null,"body":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Digital Commons Dashboard provide editors, authors, and administrators with analytics tools to measure the global impact of their work. They reveal which organizations and regions engage with your content and how they discover it, helping identify research trends, potential funders, and collaboration opportunities. The detailed metrics and insights offered by the dashboard are valuable for understanding impact and informing data-driven strategies. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Don’t miss the chance to deepen your understanding of the latest trends and best practices in digital scholarship. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Watch the ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO_aItZ7W0896xPLSSeq8nRcxZVMyd-ag"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Digital Commons International Conference 2024","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"}},{"id":"3ByT2bksJjogCKCtR92IyN","title":"Seamless support for your repository management with our Consulting Services team","media":{"__typename":"Image","body":{"src":"https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA","alt":"Two young people working with a laptop being guided by a professional","width":1260,"height":912,"transformUrl":"https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/LcQkNpB4h39BGcwA"}},"primaryLink":null,"secondaryLink":null,"body":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Eliminate concerns over storage, hosting, and upgrades with our comprehensive support. Our team provides personalized training, tailored site configuration, and prompt support, typically responding within one business day. Our team is like an extra member of your staff, ready to assist you every step of the way. Contact us to learn more about our training courses and IR Manager Certification Courses. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"}}],"alignMedias":"end"}},"fca19d41-4f78-4e42-b304-88f6e1bc5bd1":{"props":{"title":null,"features":[]}},"f83c91f6-bb22-42dd-909b-f05b03b147ff":{},"4c7848da-f52f-478b-9223-a92f73c10d85":{"props":{"quote":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Although we are small, we are passionate about participating nationally and internationally – Digital Commons gives us that connectivity and has become a much-loved platform in the college.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"author":{"name":"Marie O’Neill","initials":"MO","title":"Head of Enhancement, CCT College Dublin, Ireland","organisation":null,"imageSrc":"//images.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/3vRcss5ulY0Otf9fupyboX/24f4d0467f2a7f959783b3c3ee92f0fe/Marie-ONeill_headshot.jpg","imageAlt":"Headshot of Marie O'Neill","biography":null},"content":null}},"8eb858ec-a79f-4584-897b-479c511d8cbc":{"props":{"title":null,"resources":[]}},"119b9df2-58ab-432a-a987-6a1fb17f8ecb":{},"92bd2090-1c29-41b1-90a9-459a26a8da04":{}},"navigation":[{"id":"navigation-item-0","title":"Academic \u0026 Government","items":[{"title":"Explore all","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Academic \u0026 Government","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/academic-and-government"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Featured products","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"LeapSpace","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/leapspace"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"The research-grade AI workspace"},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://shop.elsevier.com/","label":"Elsevier Shop","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":"Discover books, journals and more"},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://webshop.elsevier.com/language-editing?utm_campaign=STMJ_1750944738_PMES_IM\u0026utm_medium=WEB\u0026utm_source=WEB\u0026dgcid=STMJ_1750944738_PMES_IM","label":"Language Services","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":"High-standard language services that simplify your academic writing with a quality guarantee"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"ScienceDirect","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/sciencedirect"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Peer-reviewed scholarly literature"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Scopus","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/scopus"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Multidisciplinary abstract \u0026 citation database"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"SciVal","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/scival"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Strategic insights to help research programs"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Reaxys","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/reaxys"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"An expert-curated chemistry database"},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products#0-products-for-a\u0026g","label":"All products","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Solutions","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Researcher Tools","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/researcher-tools"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Institutional Strategy","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/institutional-strategy"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Academic \u0026 Research Operations","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/academic-and-research-operations"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Funding \u0026 Collaboration opportunities","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/funding-and-collaboration-opportunities"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Institutional Reputation \u0026 Rankings","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/institutional-reputation-and-rankings"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"STEM Education","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/stem-education"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Resources for","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Researcher \u0026 Author","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/researcher"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Editors","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/editor"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Reviewer","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/reviewer"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Librarian","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/librarian"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Academic \u0026 Research Leader","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/academic-and-research-leader"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Funders \u0026 Government Agencies","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/funder"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Strategic Partners","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/strategic-partners"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Societies","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/societies"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-1","title":"Health","items":[{"title":"Explore all","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Health","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/health"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Featured products","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://shop.elsevier.com/","label":"Elsevier Shop","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":"Discover books, journals and more"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"ClinicalKey","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/clinicalkey"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Answers at the point of care"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"ClinicalKey AI","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/clinicalkey/clinicalkey-ai"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Trusted Content. Powered by Responsible AI."},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Sherpath AI","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/sherpath/sherpath-ai"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Natural language interactions with real-time Q\u0026A to enhance the learning experience"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Osmosis","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/osmosis"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Learning medicine made simple"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Osmosis AI","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/osmosis/osmosis-ai"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Conversational AI-powered partner for smarter, faster, visually engaging medical education"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Complete Anatomy","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/complete-anatomy"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Advanced 3D anatomy platform"},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products#1-products-for-health","label":"All products","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Solutions","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Clinical Decision","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/clinical-decision-support"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Clinical Reference","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/clinical-reference"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Drug Information","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/drug-information"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Learning \u0026 Competency","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/learning-and-competency-management"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Medical Education","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/medical-education"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Nursing Education","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/nursing-education"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Patient Engagement","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/patient-engagement"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Resources for","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Physician","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/health/physician"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Medical Faculty","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/health/medical-faculty"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Medical Student","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/health/medical-student"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Nurse","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/health/nurse"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Nursing Faculty","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/health/nurse-faculty"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Health Professions Faculty","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/health/health-professions-faculty"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Pharmacist","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/health/pharmacist"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-2","title":"Industry","items":[{"title":"Explore all","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Industry","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/industry"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Featured products","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"LeapSpace","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/leapspace/industry"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"The research-grade AI workspace"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"ScienceDirect","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/sciencedirect/industry"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Peer-reviewed scientific literature"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Reaxys","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/reaxys"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Largest chemical database with AI technology"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Embase","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/embase"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Comprehensive medical research database"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Scopus","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/scopus/industry"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Multidisciplinary abstract \u0026 citation database"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"EmBiology","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/embiology"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Visualize biological relationships \u0026 filter by biological concepts"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"PharmaPendium","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/pharmapendium"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Drug safety, efficacy \u0026 DMPK data"},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products#2-products-for-industry","label":"All products","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Solutions","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"AI Tools","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/ai-tools-for-industry"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Datasets","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/datasets"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Professional Services","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/professional-services"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Resources for","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Pharmaceuticals \u0026 Biotechnology","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/industry/pharmaceuticals-and-biotechnology"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Chemicals \u0026 Materials","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/industry/chemicals-and-materials"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Medical Devices","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/industry/medical-devices"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Energy \u0026 Natural Resources","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/industry/energy-and-natural-resources"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Semiconductors","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/industry/semiconductors"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"All industries","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/industry"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-3","title":"Insights","items":[{"title":"Connect","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Elsevier Connect","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/connect"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Browse the latest interviews, stories and opinions"}]},{"title":"Featured topics","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Sustainability","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/sustainability"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Inclusive Research","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/inclusive-research"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Healthcare \u0026 Medicine","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/healthcare-medicine"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Research Leadership","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/research-leadership"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":" Librarian","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/librarian"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Reports","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":" Researcher of the Future: Confidence in Research","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/insights/confidence-in-research/researcher-of-the-future"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Clinician of the Future","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/insights/clinician-of-the-future"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Institutional Leaders: View from the Top","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/academic-and-government/academic-leader-challenges-report-2024"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Insights 2024: Attitudes toward AI","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/insights/attitudes-toward-ai"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Gender reports","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/insights/gender-and-diversity-in-research"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Events","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Conferences","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/events/conferences"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Exhibitions","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/events/exhibitions"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"All Events","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/events"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-4","title":"About","items":[{"title":"Company","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"About","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Leadership","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/leadership"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Locations","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/global-locations"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Policies \u0026 Standards","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/policies-and-standards"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Careers","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/careers"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Spotlight on","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Open Access","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/open-access"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Responsible AI","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/responsible-ai"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Research Integrity","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/research-integrity"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Global Health","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/global-health"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Research \u0026 Innovation","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/research-and-innovation"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Responsible Data","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/responsible-data"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Sustainability","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Overview","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/sustainability"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Inclusion","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/inclusion"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Taking action on climate","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/climate-action"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"The Elsevier Foundation","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/the-elsevier-foundation"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Media","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Global Media Relations","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/global-press-office"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Press Releases","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/press-releases"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Contacts","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/about/global-press-office/media-contacts"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-5","title":"Support","items":[{"title":"Support","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Customer support","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/support"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":"Questions? We can help.  "},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/elsevier/","label":"Other support centers","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Academic \u0026 Government","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/mendeley/","label":"Mendeley","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/reaxys/","label":"Reaxys","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/sciencedirect/","label":"ScienceDirect","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/scival/","label":"SciVal","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/scopus/","label":"Scopus","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Health","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/clinicalkey/","label":"ClinicalKey Support Center","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://www.elsevierclinicalskills.es/ContactUs","label":"Clinical Skills","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/complete-anatomy/","label":"Complete Anatomy","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Industry","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/embase/","label":"Embase","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/engineering_village/","label":"Engineering Village","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/knovel/","label":"Knovel","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/reaxys/","label":"Reaxys","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/sciencedirect/","label":"ScienceDirect","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/scopus/","label":"Scopus","accessibleLabel":null,"openInNewWindow":true,"external":true,"allowFollow":false},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-6","title":"Security","items":[{"title":"Explore","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Security \u0026 Compliance","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/security"},"openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]}]}],"regionData":{"regions":[{"market":"Americas","languages":[{"name":"English (United States)","id":"en-us","aliases":["en-US"]},{"name":"Portuguese (Brazil)","id":"pt-br","aliases":[]},{"name":"Spanish (Mexico)","id":"es-mx","aliases":["es-BZ","es-CR","es-SV","es-GT","es-HN","es-NI","es-PA","es-AR","es-BO","es-CL","es-CO","es-EC","es-PY","es-PE","es-UY","es-VE"]}]},{"market":"Europe","languages":[{"name":"French (France)","id":"fr-fr","aliases":[]},{"name":"Spanish (Spain)","id":"es-es","aliases":[]},{"name":"German (Germany)","id":"de-de","aliases":[]},{"name":"English (United Kingdom)","id":"en-gb","aliases":[]}]},{"market":"Asia Pacific","languages":[{"name":"English (India)","id":"en-in","aliases":[]},{"name":"Japanese (Japan)","id":"ja-jp","aliases":[]},{"name":"English (Australia)","id":"en-au","aliases":[]},{"name":"Chinese (Traditional, Taiwan)","id":"zh-tw","aliases":[]},{"name":"Chinese (Simplified, China)","id":"zh-cn","aliases":[]},{"name":"Korean (South Korea)","id":"ko-kr","aliases":[]},{"name":"English (Southeast Asia)","id":"en-xs","aliases":[]}]}]},"secondaryNavigation":{"homePage":{"title":"Digital Commons","href":"/products/digital-commons","isProduct":true},"links":[{"href":null,"label":"Institutional Repository","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/digital-commons/institutional-repository"},"openInNewWindow":false},{"href":null,"label":"Journals","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/digital-commons/journals"},"openInNewWindow":false},{"href":null,"label":"Exhibits","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/digital-commons/exhibits"},"openInNewWindow":false},{"href":null,"label":"Data","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/digital-commons/data"},"openInNewWindow":false}],"callToAction":null},"footer":{"links":[{"title":"Useful links","items":[{"url":"/researcher/author/submit-your-paper","label":"Submit your paper","external":false},{"url":"https://shop.elsevier.com/","label":"Shop Books \u0026 Journals","external":true},{"url":"/open-access","label":"Open access","external":false},{"url":"/products","label":"View all products","external":false},{"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/connect","label":"Elsevier Connect","external":false}]},{"title":"About","items":[{"url":"/about","label":"About Elsevier","external":false},{"url":"/about/careers","label":"Careers","external":false},{"url":"/about/global-press-office","label":"Global Media Relations","external":false},{"url":"https://www.elsmediakits.com/?utm_source=elsevier.com\u0026utm_medium=referral\u0026dgcid=4168448395","label":"Advertising, reprints \u0026 supplements","external":true},{"url":"https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/responsibility/relx-slavery-statement-2026.pdf","label":"Modern slavery act statement","external":true}]},{"title":"Support","items":[{"url":"/support","label":"Customer support","external":false},{"url":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/elsevier/","label":"Resource center","external":true}]}],"primaryLogo":{"src":"/images/elsevier-logo-white.svg","width":130,"height":38,"alt":"White Elsevier logo"},"secondaryLogo":{"src":"/images/relx-logo.svg","width":120,"height":36,"alt":"RELX logo"},"navigationLinks":[{"url":"/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions","label":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","external":false},{"url":"/legal/privacy-policy","label":"Privacy policy","external":false},{"url":"/about/accessibility","label":"Accessibility","external":false}],"socialLinks":{"twitter":{"url":"https://twitter.com/ElsevierConnect","name":"Twitter"},"youtube":{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/c/elsevier","name":"YouTube"},"linkedin":{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/elsevier","name":"LinkedIn"},"facebook":{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/ElsevierConnect","name":"Facebook"}},"regionSwitcher":{"regions":[{"market":"Americas","languages":[{"name":"English (United States)","id":"en-us","aliases":["en-US"]},{"name":"Portuguese (Brazil)","id":"pt-br","aliases":[]},{"name":"Spanish (Mexico)","id":"es-mx","aliases":["es-BZ","es-CR","es-SV","es-GT","es-HN","es-NI","es-PA","es-AR","es-BO","es-CL","es-CO","es-EC","es-PY","es-PE","es-UY","es-VE"]}]},{"market":"Europe","languages":[{"name":"French (France)","id":"fr-fr","aliases":[]},{"name":"Spanish (Spain)","id":"es-es","aliases":[]},{"name":"German (Germany)","id":"de-de","aliases":[]},{"name":"English (United Kingdom)","id":"en-gb","aliases":[]}]},{"market":"Asia Pacific","languages":[{"name":"English (India)","id":"en-in","aliases":[]},{"name":"Japanese (Japan)","id":"ja-jp","aliases":[]},{"name":"English (Australia)","id":"en-au","aliases":[]},{"name":"Chinese (Traditional, Taiwan)","id":"zh-tw","aliases":[]},{"name":"Chinese (Simplified, China)","id":"zh-cn","aliases":[]},{"name":"Korean (South Korea)","id":"ko-kr","aliases":[]},{"name":"English (Southeast Asia)","id":"en-xs","aliases":[]}]}]}},"callToActionBanner":{"title":"Ready to increase your institution’s impact? Contact our sales team today to learn more about how the Digital Commons can benefit your institution.","portraitImage":{"src":"https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym","alt":"Woman sitting next to window working on laptop","width":750,"height":1020,"transformUrl":"https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/JH3P98j3oFyVbjym"},"landscapeImage":{"src":"https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz","alt":"Woman sitting next to window working on laptop","width":2560,"height":640,"transformUrl":"https://media.ffycdn.net/eu/elsevier/d/7U2HrYU8vGzdyGRz"},"primaryLink":{"href":null,"label":"Contact us","accessibleLabel":null,"page":{"slug":"/products/digital-commons/contact-us"},"openInNewWindow":false},"secondaryLink":null},"footnotes":null,"relatedLinks":null,"seo":{"title":"Digital Commons | Digital showcase for scholarly work | Elsevier","description":"Digital Commons helps institutions save, share, showcase, publish and promote research, scholarship and collections.","allowIndex":true,"allowFollow":true,"canonicalURL":"https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons","hrefLangAlternatives":[{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons","lang":"en"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products/digital-commons","lang":"x-default"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/products/digital-commons","lang":"en-in"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/zh-tw/products/digital-commons","lang":"zh-tw"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/en-gb/products/digital-commons","lang":"en-gb"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/fr-fr/products/digital-commons","lang":"fr-fr"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/de-de/products/digital-commons","lang":"de-de"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-es/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-es"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-mx"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-bz"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-cr"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-sv"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-gt"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-hn"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-ni"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-pa"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-ar"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-bo"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-cl"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-co"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-ec"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-py"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-pe"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-uy"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-mx/products/digital-commons","lang":"es-ve"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/ko-kr/products/digital-commons","lang":"ko-kr"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/en-au/products/digital-commons","lang":"en-au"}]},"title":"Digital Commons","legacyPageSlug":"/solutions/digital-commons","preview":false,"translatedLocale":"en-US","availableLocales":[{"id":"en-US","isDefault":true},{"id":"en-IN","isDefault":false},{"id":"zh-TW","isDefault":false},{"id":"en-GB","isDefault":false},{"id":"fr-FR","isDefault":false},{"id":"de-DE","isDefault":false},{"id":"en-XS","isDefault":false},{"id":"es-ES","isDefault":false},{"id":"es-MX","isDefault":false},{"id":"ko-KR","isDefault":false},{"id":"en-AU","isDefault":false}],"tags":["persona__librarian","product__digital-commons","sector__academic-and-government"],"redirectDestination":null,"contentExperiment":null,"variations":{},"optimizelyExperimentUntil":null,"productMetadata":[{"id":"4oHZXn5lxrZZop3YOlu8Fq","name":"ScienceDirect","signInLink":"https://sciencedirect.com","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government"]},{"id":"5jiOv0M5VmB50EEjYPXjEc","name":"Engineering Village","signInLink":"https://www.engineeringvillage.com","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government","Industry"]},{"id":"6seyJfB7zcerKKZ881FGtT","name":"Embase","signInLink":"https://www.embase.com/search/quick?phase=continueToApp","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government","Industry"]},{"id":"3QoYVARcsdjaNyUm5KSYVn","name":"PharmaPendium","signInLink":"https://www.pharmapendium.com/","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Industry"]},{"id":"PrE0sghhxvAgRMoPQ4WNv","name":"Knovel","signInLink":"https://app.knovel.com/","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government","Industry"]},{"id":"6R4e3W3t9XblJrFJFNc7tC","name":"ClinicalKey Student","signInLink":"https://www.clinicalkey.com/student/login","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Health"]},{"id":"5pzDJg661cpqp3EQOBKswI","name":"SafetyPlus","signInLink":"https://www.safetyplus.jp/","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Health"]},{"id":"7mdT707axNDGoLUdQtztgO","name":"Mendeley","signInLink":"https://www.mendeley.com/","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government"]},{"id":"7kvaK0BvM2JV6FSDtBqHZ4","name":"ClinicalKey Student Nursing","signInLink":"https://www.clinicalkey.com/student/login","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Health"]},{"id":"7bQM81GsKBS4mC7avXLC6Z","name":"Fisterra","signInLink":"https://www.fisterra.com/","supportLink":"https://www.fisterra.com/contacto/","sectorsCollection":["Health"]},{"id":"3tpWsMbw6YGeekUx8qjIav","name":"Clinical support today","signInLink":"https://clinicalsup.jp/jpoc/login.aspx?LoginType=1","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Health"]},{"id":"64mNOmQDvicIa39EkgGYB4","name":"Researchfish","signInLink":"https://app.researchfish.com/user/login?destination=awards","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government"]},{"id":"4uF5BHRGnp7I7rfHd45JPD","name":"SciVal","signInLink":"https://www.scival.com","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government"]},{"id":"1s61s9PGLWlcb0XnxUaawq","name":"Scopus","signInLink":"https://www.scopus.com/","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government"]},{"id":"6tLmFZfr4SIZqMY9t7LjQc","name":"Interfolio","signInLink":"https://account.interfolio.com/login","supportLink":null,"sectorsCollection":["Academic \u0026 Government"]}],"isTranslated":true},"__N_SSG":true},"page":"/[...slug]","query":{"slug":["products","digital-commons"]},"buildId":"KB4KGR89mrvOzxydRtk59","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gsp":true,"locale":"en-us","locales":["en-us","es-es","de-de","fr-fr","ja-jp","ko-kr","pt-br","zh-cn","zh-tw","en-gb","en-au","en-in","en-xs","es-mx"],"defaultLocale":"en-us","scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>