Electronics and it's technology

40nm Chips are comming soon

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Thu, 27 Mar 2008 08:11:34 PDT

Semiconductor Manufacturing(TSMC)is going to start to make 40 nanometers chip in the Q2.TSMC is the world's largest contract chipmaker company .

Read more...

Some online free TV Channel sites

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Thu, 27 Mar 2008 08:09:30 PDT

It is the list of some web sites for watching some Indian TV channels and other channels online without any charges:

(1) www.tvdekho.com

(2) www.live-from-bd.com

(3) www.idesitv.com

India's Telecom market at a glance

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Wed, 26 Mar 2008 06:05:34 PDT

In last few years India has become the major business center for the business world.All the big companies are investing in Indian business because they have recognized the potential of Indian business.One of the major dominating market in India is Telecom market.Recently TRAI has released a report on Telecom market of India.According to that report, India's wireless network is going to become the second largest network in the world after China in the first half of april 2008.

The main features of TRAI report are:

1.There are 8.49 million telephone subscriptions in february 2008 and 8.74 million subscriptions in january 2008.So, the total mark reaches to 290.11 million telephone connections at the end of february 2008. The overall tele-density is 25.31% at the end of february 2008 as against 24.63 in january.

Read more...

How to save power while using electronics devices

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Wed, 26 Mar 2008 06:02:29 PDT

Here are few tips which i have learned from few sites:

1.Enable all the power saving features of your device.In case of computer
enable power saving feature of your monitor and all the external devices connected to it,like printer.

2.In case of computer, decrease the brightness of computer screen.The brighter your screen,the more power it uses.

3.If you have CRT monitor than replace it by an LCD because LCD uses about 1/3rd power of that CRT.

How to make free mobile email Id

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Wed, 26 Mar 2008 05:57:41 PDT

We all are familiar with the concept of free Web mail Id on internet.pesently, we are accessing our web mails on mobile phones but the device compatibility and monthly charges are major problems.Now the Indian company Adroit Claretdene Infotech has started a new concept of free e-mail service for mobile phones.The name of the service is email@mobile.
Read more...

Transcend launches 32GB flash drive in India

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Wed, 26 Mar 2008 05:52:29 PDT

Transcend has launched the 32GB JetFlash V60 USB flash drive in india.

This flash drive is small and is the size of about the size of an AA battery(61mm*18.6*9.8mm). PC-lock,Mobile E-mail,Data backup,Website auto login,Mobile favorites,Secret-zip encryption and Online update are the

Read more...

Self-healing and power-generating artificial muscle

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Sun, 23 Mar 2008 03:23:17 PDT

Researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles have developed an artificial muscle that can heal itself and recharge an ipode.

These muscles have developed by using carbon nanotubes as electrodes.Muscles have been developed for robotics purpose.

Read more...

Use your digital video camera as a webcam

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Sat, 22 Mar 2008 13:33:45 PDT

It's possible to get the experience of webcam chat withot using a webcam.You can use your video camera as a webcam with the help of a video capture card.You can buy this video capture card in less money than the webcam.you have to follow the following steps:-

Read more.....

Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is going to launch 20 TV channels

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Sat, 22 Mar 2008 13:36:16 PDT

According to recent media reports India's leading business group Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is going to expand his broadcast entertainment business in coming years.ADAG is going to launch 20 TV channels in the country.Also planning to launch at least 8 new websites this year.

ADAG is going to start two companies Reliance Big TV Entertainmentand Reliance Big TV News.Initally, group is going to launch a Hindi general entertainment channel and 3 regional movie channels probably by august this year.Other 16 channels have not yet been finalised.Channels on hindi entertainment, channels on regional movies,channels for children and channels on lifestyle and leisure are the part of plane....

Read more.....

How to improve cellphone reception?

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Sat, 22 Mar 2008 13:35:35 PDT

We are talking to somebody and call get disconnected.This is a common thing for us.Companies are promising us to provide uninterrupted network but sometimes we are responsible for that.Here are the few tips to improve reception which i have read from forbes site.

1.In the construction of buildings, steel and concrete are used.So, inside such kind of buildings signal reception may be difficult.We can get better services by standing near the window or by coming out from the building during attending the call.

2.Keep your battery fully charged because cellphone needs more power to connect a call than they need on standby.
3.If you want to receive calls from particular location than install a cellular repeater.Cellular repeater amplify weak signals and broad cast them across the focused area.It will cost around few hundred dollars.Antenna upgrades and boosters are cheaper alternatives to repeaters,it will cost only in the $100.Performance is same in both cases.

4.High voltage may interfere your cell reception.So,try to maintain space between you and electronics devices while
Read more ....

SOLID STATE MICROWAVES DEVICES

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Wed, 07 Nov 2007 03:45:36 PST

As with vacuum tubes, the special electronics effects encountered at microwave frequencies severely limit the usefulness of transistors in most circuit applications. The need for small-sized microwave devices has caused extensive research in this area. This research has produced solid-state devices with higher and higher frequency ranges. The new solid-state microwave devices are predominantly active, two-terminal diodes, such as tunnel diodes, varactors, transferred-electron devices, and avalanche transit-time diodes. This section will describe the basic theory of operation and some of the applications of these relatively new solid-state devices.
Tunnel Diode Devices
The TUNNEL DIODE is a pn junction with a very high concentration of impurities in both the p and n regions. The high concentration of impurities causes it to exhibit the properties of a negative-resistance element over part of its range of operation, as shown in the characteristic curve in figure . In other words, the resistance to current flow through the tunnel diode increases as the applied voltage increases over a portion of its region of operation. Outside the negative-resistance region, the tunnel diode functions essentially the same as a normal diode. However, the very high impurity density causes a junction depletion region so narrow that both holes and electrons can transfer across the pn junction by a quantum mechanical action called TUNNELING. Tunneling causes the negative-resistance action and is so fast that no transit-time effects occur even at microwave frequencies. The lack of a transit-time effect permits the use of tunnel diodes in a wide variety of microwave circuits, such as amplifiers, oscillators, and switching devices.
Figure : Tunnel-diode characteristic curve.

TUNNEL-DIODE OSCILLATORS. - A tunnel diode, biased at the center point of the negative-resistance range (point B in the above figure) and coupled to a tuned circuit or cavity, produces a very stable oscillator. The oscillation frequency is the same as the tuned circuit or cavity frequency.
Microwave tunnel-diode oscillators are useful in applications that require microwatts or, at most, a few milliwatts of power, such as local oscillators for microwave superheterodyne receivers. Tunnel-diode oscillators can be mechanically or electronically tuned over frequency ranges of about one octave and have a top-end frequency limit of approximately 10 gigahertz.
Tunnel-diode oscillators that are designed to operate at microwave frequencies generally use some form of transmission line as a tuned circuit. Suitable tuned circuits can be built from coaxial lines, transmission lines, and waveguides.
An example of a highly stable tunnel-diode oscillator is shown in figure given blow. A tunnel-diode is loosely coupled to a high-Q tunable cavity. Loose coupling is achieved by using a short, antenna feed probe placed off-center in the cavity. Loose coupling is used to increase the stability of the oscillations and the output power over a wider bandwidth.

Figure - Tunnel-diode oscillator.

The output power produced is in the range of a few hundred microwatts, sufficient for many microwave applications. The frequency at which the oscillator operates is determined by the physical positioning of the tuner screw in the cavity. Changing the output frequency by this method is called MECHANICAL TUNING. In addition to mechanical tuning, tunnel-diode oscillators may be tuned electronically. One method is called BIAS TUNING and involves nothing more than changing the bias voltage to change the bias point on the characteristic curve of the tunnel-diode. Another method is called VARACTOR TUNING and requires the addition of a varactor to the basic circuit. Tuning is achieved by changing the voltage applied across the varactor which alters the capacitance of the tuned circuit.
TUNNEL-DIODE AMPLIFIERS. - Low-noise, tunnel-diode amplifiers represent an important microwave application of tunnel diodes. Tunnel-diode amplifiers with frequencies up to 85 gigahertz have been built in waveguides, coaxial lines, and transmission lines. The low-noise generation, gain ratios of up to 30 dB, high reliability, and light weight make these amplifiers ideal for use as the first stage of amplification in communications and radar receivers.
Most microwave tunnel-diode amplifiers are REFLECTION-TYPE, CIRCULATOR-COUPLED AMPLIFIERS. As in oscillators, the tunnel diode is biased to the center point of its negative-resistance region, but a CIRCULATOR replaces the tuned cavity.
A circulator is a waveguide device that allows energy to travel in one direction only, as shown in figure given below. The tunnel diode in figure given below is connected across a tuned-input circuit. This arrangement normally produces feedback that causes oscillations if the feedback is allowed to reflect back to the tuned-input circuit. The feedback is prevented because the circulator carries all excess energy to the absorptive load (RL). In this configuration the tunnel diode cannot oscillate, but will amplify.
Figure - Tunnel-diode amplifier.

The desired frequency input signal is fed to port 1 of the circulator through a bandpass filter. The filter serves a dual purpose as a bandwidth selector and an impedance-matching device that improves the gain of the amplifiers. The input energy enters port 2 of the circulator and is amplified by the tunnel diode. The amplified energy is fed from port 2 to port 3 and on to the mixer. If any energy is reflected from port 3, it is passed to port 4, where it is absorbed by the matched load resistance.
TUNNEL-DIODE FREQUENCY CONVERTERS AND MIXERS. - Tunnel diodes make excellent mixers and frequency converters because their current-voltage characteristics are highly nonlinear. While other types of frequency converters usually have a conversion power loss, tunnel-diode converters can actually have a conversion power gain. A single tunnel diode can also be designed to act as both the nonlinear element in a converter and as the negative-resistance element in a local oscillator at the same time.
Practical tunnel-diode frequency converters usually have either a unity conversion gain or a small conversion loss. Conversion gains as high as 20 dB are possible if the tunnel diode is biased near or into the negative-resistance region. Although high gain is useful in some applications, it presents problems in stability. For example, the greatly increased sensitivity to variations in input impedance can cause high-gain converters to be unstable unless they are protected by isolation circuitry.
As with tunnel-diode amplifiers, low-noise generation is one of the more attractive characteristics of tunnel-diode frequency converters. Low-noise generation is a primary concern in the design of today's extremely sensitive communications and radar receivers. This is one reason tunnel-diode circuits are finding increasingly wide application in these fields
Varactor Devices
The VARACTOR is another of the active two-terminal diodes that operates in the microwave range.
The varactor is a semiconductor diode with the properties of a voltage-dependent capacitor. Specifically, it is a variable-capacitance, pn-junction diode that makes good use of the voltage dependency of the depletion-area capacitance of the diode.
In figure given below, view (A), two materials are brought together to form a pn-junction diode. The different energy levels in the two materials cause a diffusion of the holes and electrons through both materials which tends to balance their energy levels. When this diffusion process stops, the diode is left with a small area on either side of the junction, called the depletion area, which contains no free electrons or holes. The movement of electrons through the materials creates an electric field across the depletion area that is described as a barrier potential and has the electrical characteristics of a charged capacitor.
Figure - Pn-junction diode as a variable capacitor.

External bias, applied in either the forward or reverse direction, as shown in views (B) and (C) of figures given blow , affects the magnitude, barrier potential, and width of the depletion area. Enough forward or reverse bias will overcome the barrier potential and cause current to flow through the diode. The width of the depletion region can be controlled by keeping the bias voltage at levels that do not allow current flow. Since the depletion area acts as a capacitor, the diode will perform as a variable capacitor that changes with the applied bias voltage. The capacitance of a typical varactor can vary from 2 to 50 picofarads for a bias variation of just 2 volts.
Figure - Pn-junction diode as a variable capacitor

Figure - Pn-junction diode as a variable capacitor.

Properties of microwaves

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Sun, 28 Oct 2007 01:49:36 PDT

In many ways, microwaves act like light rays. They can be focused with lenses made of wax or paraffin.
They can be refracted with prisms of these materials. They can be reflected from large, plane sheets of metal, as light is reflected from plane mirrors. Metal parabolas may be used to produce parallel beams. (The maximum diameter of the parabola should be greater than two or three times the wave-length if reasonably parallel beams are to be obtained.) The waves can be diffracted by slits in metal surfaces. Interferometers can be constructed for their use. In many ways, the name quasi-optical is justified. On the other hand, microwaves will pass through dry wood, whereas light waves will not. The dielectric constant of pure water for 1-meter waves is around 80; it is around 1.3 for 1-centimeter radio waves and for light waves. Apparently the electrical constituents of water molecules cannot vibrate faster than about 1 billion times each second. Likewise, the elementary magnets or " domains " of a piece of iron cease to follow an applied magnetic field if the oscillation rate is of this same order of magnitude.

Introduction to microwaves

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Sun, 28 Oct 2007 01:43:22 PDT

When microwave ovens became popular in the 1980's, the culture began to call those ovens "microwaves", just as in the 1960's people began to call the transistor radio a "transistor". These are just vernacular handles that allow people to carry on conversation without the need for extra words. If you want to learn about microwave ovens click here. In this brief introduction, we discuss neither microwave ovens nor the use of microwaves to induce heat in objects, but are instead concerned with the use of microwaves to communicate.
Definition
By "microwaves" we mean the range of radio frequencies between about 1 GHz (one gigahertz, or one billion oscillations per second) and about 300 GHz. For comparision, television transmissions normally occupy frequencies below the microwave region, from about 50 Mhz to 600 MHz (one Megahertz is one million oscillations per second, one GHz is 1,000 MHz). Cellular telephones operate in two bands, one from about 800 to 900 MHz and another around 1.8 to 1.95 GHz, again just below this definition of microwave frequencies.

Although there is no formal definition of the frequency range for "microwaves", some text books will define all frequencies above 300 MHz as microwaves.

The term "microwaves" seems to have first appeared in writing in a 1932 paper by Nello Carrara in the first issue of Alta Frequenza. The Italian word is microonde. The term gained acceptance during the second world war to describe wavelengths less than about 30 cm. These waves were much shorter than those normally used for communications (at that time), but were being used in RADAR.

A 30 centimeter wavelength is equivalent to 1 GHz (to convert from frequency to wavelength, just divide the speed of light 300,000,000 meters per second by the frequency in cycles per second to get meters of wavelength).

What are Radio Waves?
Electromagnetic radiation is a wave that combines electric and magnetic fields, moving out from its source as an expanding sphere and having waves as the feilds alternate in value. Its formal name is Transverse Electro Magnetic wave, or TEM. This kind of radiation has different utility as its wavelength changes.

Waves of a very long wavelength, such as thousands of meters, tend to travel along the surface of the earth and even penetrate into the water. These are useful for communication with submarines, and for broadcasting time signals. Broadcast radio, short-wave radio, television, cellular telephones, walky-talkies, 2-way police radios, satellite television, and other such communication/broadcast systems all use electromagnetic radiation, or "Radio Frequency Waves". Each communication service uses a part of the spectrum that is suitable for its needs.

Light, infra-red heat, ultra-violet (black light), and even X-rays and Gamma-rays are all forms of electromagnetic waves. All of these last forms are thousands of times shorter wavelengths than the shortest wavelengths of microwaves. They also behave in ways where thier particle-like nature becomes apparent. The discovery of the dual nature of light waves has led to significant discoveries in physics (see below: What are photons?).

Early Microwaves
Surprisingly enough, some of the first electromagnetic experiments conducted by Heinrich Hertz in 1886 and also by Marconi used frequencies near the microwave region - some around 500 MHz and some even in the multiple GHz (Gigahertz) region. By the way, the current unit frequency "Hz" is the "Hertz" named after Heinrich. GHz is pronounced "Giga Hertz". There were some very interesting experiments conducted in 1895 with frequencies/wavelengths that are even today considered a challenge. For a reference to this work see http://www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html

Why use microwaves?
Communication using electromagnetic radiation (except for light) began early in this century, and most early practical systems used very long wavelengths (low frequencies) which traveled great distances. Eventually, electronics were developed, including the vacuum tube (or "valve") which allowed controlled frequencies and modulation. This led to the use of higher frequencies, many channels, and commercial and industrial radio. During the 1930's and 1940's various experimenters discovered that higher frequencies could bring other advantages to communications. Some of these experimenters were government agencies and the military - some were universities, and some were private individuals.

Among these discoveries were that microwaves are easier to control (than longer wavelengths) because small antennas could direct the waves very well. One advantage of such control is that the energy could be easily confined to a tight beam (expressed as narrow beamwidth). This beam could be focused on another antenna dozens of miles away, making it very difficult for someone to intercept the conversation. Another characteristic is that because of their high frequency, greater amounts of information could be put on them (expressed as increased modulation bandwidth). Both of these advantages (narow beamwidth and modulation bandwidth) make microwaves very useful for RADAR as well as communications.

Eventually, these qualities led to the use of microwaves by the telephone companies. They placed towers every 30 to 60 miles each with antennas, receivers and transmitters. These would relay hundreds or even thousands of voice conversations across the country. The ability to modulate with a wide bandwidth permitted so many conversations on just one signal, and the reduction in beamwidth made this reasonably secure. In the 1950s experiments were conducted that showed the potential to connect the two coasts of the US via these microwave circuits to produce television programming on a continental basis, and true television networks were born.

Amateur radio interests in microwaves have mostly been for the challenge of working with such esoteric frequencies that require specialized techniques in design, fabrication and testing. Furthermore, in order to reach beyond LOS (line-of-sight) amateurs have spent countless hours carefully measuring propagation phenomena. Amateurs have carried on conversations using 10GHz well over 1,000 miles, and have bounced signals at that frequency off the moon. For more information about amateur radio uses of microwaves set your browser to www.wa1mba.org, contact a local VHF/Microwave Amateur radio club, or contact the ARRL.

What are photons, and how does this relate to microwaves? Someone recently asked: does the word "photon" only apply to light? And if so, what word should be used when referring to microwave energy?

A photon is a quantum of electromagnetic energy. Physicists think of electromagentic energy as having a "dual nature", in that some experiments reveal its nature as a particle which we call a photon and other experiments reveal its nature as a wave.

When it comes to lower frequencies (longer wavelengths), such as microwaves, VHF, and the like, it becomes much less convenient to think of energy in the form of photons, but there is no specific reason to decide that only one nature exists at these longer wavlengths. Sometimes photons are reffered to when describing an RF interaction with matter. The author does not know of any other word to describe the particulate nature of a propogating RF energy field except "photon". When the interaction with matter converts the energy into a mechanical form, we sometimes refer to the energy packets as "phonons". This is not a propogating Electro-Magnetic (EM) field, but rather a sound wave, and at the most minute level, even mechanical energy is quantized.

In most antenna, transmission line, waveguide, and quasi-optic formulations, the EM field is described according to its wave-like nature. When dealing with the interaction bewteen a microwave field and a molecule of Oxygen (for instance), in order to understand just why there are specific resonant freqencies of the molecule, a quantized nature re-appears, and the notion of the field expressed as photons can make sense.

The interactions between matter and EM fields have clearly different properties when comparing the interaction that causes a change in mechanical vibration with the interaction that causes a change in electron orbital state. The first occurs in the microwave and millimeter wave range - such as the serious absorption of 22 GHz signals by water vapor in the atmosphere. Here the interaction causes vibration and heat. To cause changes in electron orbital states, infrared, visible and UV range wavelengths are involved - such as is evidenced by floresence and lasers. In these cases much more than conversion to heat occurs. We call the second group of wavelengths "light" and the word "photon" is derived from Greek for light.

Cut off's??????????

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 06 Nov 2007 01:52:30 PST

To know the cut off's of various colleges for the admission in BTECH,MTECH and MCA go to the link given below.it consist of cut off's of all the reputed colleges............
http://www.cutoffs.blogspot.com/

What is an Antenna?

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Wed, 15 Aug 2007 01:05:04 PDT

An antenna changes radio signals in the air into electricity, or vice versa. Antennas send signals, receive signals, or both. All NETGEAR wireless devices have an antenna, either a visible pole on the outside, or inside where you do not see it.
The distance that an antenna sends (transmits) depends on the type, and the amount of power running through it.
However, the distance from which an antenna can receive (or to be more exact, how faint a signal it can receive) is not based on power, but on how sensitive it is.
Therefore, how far apart two antennas communicate depends on how powerful the transmitter is, as well as how sensitive the receiver's antenna is. (For example, NASA can hear signals from the Mars Rover not because it has a powerful antenna, but because its signal is received on massive, very sensitive antennas.)
The amount of power that antennas are allowed to transmit is regulated by the country you live in. Many people in a city must use the same antenna channels, and no one can use a signal that is so strong it stops everybody else from being able to use it!
That means to get better performance, networking companies like NETGEAR need to work smarter with the same signal strength. This is why NETGEAR products like RangeMax are so outstanding.
The shape that antennas transmit, and the shape of their sensitivity is complicated. In the beginning, it will be easiest to find out by trial-and-error.
Products with more sophisticated technology use multiple antennas for various reasons, usually having to do with avoiding interference, and increasing transmission throughput.

Simple LM386 Audio Amplifier

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 24 Jul 2007 00:29:57 PDT

This simple amplifier shows the LM386 in a high-gain configuration (A = 200). For a maximum gain of only 20, leave out the 10 uF connected from pin 1 to pin 8. Maximum gains between 20 and 200 may be realized by adding a selected resistor in series with the same 10 uF capacitor. The 10k potentiometer will give the amplifier a variable gain from zero up to the maximum.

TAJ MAHAL IS A SHIV TEMPLE.......BELIVE IT OR NOT BUT IT IS TRUE

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Sat, 22 Mar 2008 13:38:37 PDT

It is some what surprising that electronics blog have some history post.I have written this only to tell the truth what the emperor did with indian history.To know the truth read the post.....

History of Taj Mahal""
The Moghul Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal builtthe Taj Mahal. It was built in 22 years (1631 to 1653) by 20,000 artisansbrought to India from all over the world! . Many people believe UstadIsa of Iran designed it." This is what your guide probably told you if youever visited the Taj Mahal. This is the same story I read in my history bookas a student.
NOW READ THIS.......
No one has ever challenged it except Prof. P. N. Oak, who believes the wholeworld has been duped. In his book Taj Mahal: The True Story, Oak says theTaj Mahal is not Queen Mumtaz's tomb but an ancient Hindu temple palace ofLord Shiva (then known as Tejo Mahalaya) . In the course of his research Oakdiscovered that the Shiva temple palace was usurped by Shah Jahan from thenMaharaja of Jaipur, Jai Singh. In his own court chronicle, Badshahnama, ShahJahan admits that an exceptionally beautiful grand mansion in Agra was takenfrom Jai SIngh for Mumtaz's burial . The ex-Maharaja of Jaipur still retainsin his secret collection two orders from Shah Jahan for surrendering the Tajbuilding. Using captured temples and mansions, as a burial place for deadcourtiers and royalty was a common practice among Muslim rulers.For example, Humayun,Akbar, Etmud-ud-Daula and Safdarjung are all buried insuch mansions. Oak's inquiries began with the name of Taj Mahal. He says theterm "Mahal" has never been used for a building in any Muslim countries fromAfghanisthan to Algeria. "The unusual explanation that the term Taj Mahalderives from Mumtaz Mahal was illogical in atleast two respects.Firstly, her name was never Mumtaz Mahal but Mumtaz-ul-Zamani," he writes.Secondly, one cannot omit the first three letters 'Mum' from a woman's nameto derive the remainder as the name for the building."Taj Mahal, he claims,is a corrupt version of Tejo Mahalaya, or Lord Shiva's Palace . Oak alsosays the love story of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan is a fairy tale created bycourt sycophants, blundering historians and sloppy archaeologists . Not asingle royal chronicle of Shah Jahan's time corroborates the love story.Furthermore, Oak cites several documents suggesting the Taj Mahal predatesShah Jahan's era, and was a temple dedicated to Shiva, worshipped by Rajputsof Agra city. For example, Prof. Marvin Miller of NewYork took a few samples from the riverside doorway of the Taj . Carbondating tests revealed that thedoor was 300 years older than Shah Jahan . European traveler Johan AlbertMandelslo,who visited Agra in 1638 (only seven years after Mumtaz's death),describes the life of the city in his memoirs. But he makesno reference to the Taj Mahal being built. The writings of Peter Mundy, anEnglish visitor to Agra within a year of Mumtaz's death, also suggest theTaj was a noteworthy building well before Shah Jahan's time.Prof. Oak points out a number of design and architectural inconsistenciesthat support the belief of the Taj Mahal being a typical Hindu temple ratherthan a mausoleum .Many rooms in the Taj ! Mahal have remained sealed sinceShah Jahan's time and are still inaccessible to the public. Oak asserts theycontain a headless statue of Lord Shiva and other objects commonly used forworship rituals in Hindu temples . Fearing political backlash, IndiraGandhi's government tried to have Prof. Oak's book withdrawn from thebookstores, and threatened the Indian publisher of the first edition direconsequences . There is only one way to discredit or validate Oak'sresearch.The current government should open the sealed rooms of the Taj Mahal underU.N. supervision, and let international experts investigate.Do circulate this to all you know and let them know about this reality.....The following link contains photographic proof! <http://www.stephen-knapp.com/was_the_taj_mahal_a_vedic_temple.htm>http://www.stephen-knapp.com/was_the_taj_mahal_a_vedic_temple.htm

VLSI:-HOW WE CAN ENTER IN THIS FIELD

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 24 Jul 2007 21:05:00 PDT

WHO CAN ENTER THIS FIELD AND HOW?

Those of us, who are already enjoying the brainteasers in designing and testing The Chips, find it very rewarding. Not just from intellectual point of view but also from the “pocket” point of view. When these two views converge, it creates an engineer’s paradise. Who wouldn’t like best of both worlds? With all the innovation and rapid development, this field has virtually unlimited scope to grow. This is all fine, but it raises a million questions. To state a few; How does one get a foot in the door in this field? When do you start thinking about choosing this branch? What does it take? Where do you get the training? What sort of jobs are available and where? How much does it really pay as an engineer and what are the growth prospects for a fresh entrant? Does he choose a technical career path or a management path? This is an attempt to guide you on the right path when you are about make an important choice in your career. The idea is to give you a flavor of what to look for, and not to intimidate you with technical jargon (not yet anyway!) and information overload.First of all, let’s make it clear that it is not mandatory to have a BE in Electronics to work in this field. It certainly is the obvious degree to earn, but quality graduate and post-graduate degree in Physics also qualifies one to work as an engineer. The Physics of Semiconductor Devices is the fundamental basis of VLSI. We will see how the choice of various curricula shapes up the job scene, but for now, let’s concentrate on the initials.

WHEN IS THE RIGHT TIME TO THINK ABOUT MICROE?
As is always the case, earlier the better. If you ever tinkered with a broken radio set, you have already started. Academically, the right time to acquaint yourself with various specializations of Electronics is when you are in second or third year of engineering. You can choose your electives so that you can concentrate more on specific subjects. A fresh engineer has several opportunities to use his engineering skills in the VLSI world. Primarily the jobs can be classified as a Design engineer, Product engineer, Test engineer, Process engineer or an Applications engineer. Of course there are other important functions such as a CAD engineer who keeps developing (or maintaining) the all important design CAD tools and systems. Irrespective of which job functions one chooses, there are certain basic skills required to break into this field. Typical coursework needed for a VLSI engineer (See sample job definitions in a later section) is given below. (complexity will vary for undergrad and grad, but the topics are the same). Depending upon the school, and even the country, the way these courses are organized and taught may vary significantly. However the following list is intended to give you a flavor of what an electronics engineer is expected to know.
Core Courses (Mandatory in most Engineering Schools):
1) Physics of Semiconductor Devices
2) Linear Systems
3) Probability and Random Variables
4) Engineering Mathematics (Fourier, Laplace and Z Transforms)
5) Circuit Analysis
6) Engineering Electromagnetics
Electives (courses you can mix and match from)
Electives comprise a long list of choices that make up several specializations. An undergraduate (BE in India, BSEE in the US) student chooses courses such that he continues in that field in graduate school (MS and Ph.D. level). Sample list is as follows:
Analog Design
1.Introductory Electronics I & II
2·The Electrical Engineering Profession
3·Introduction to Circuits
4·Intro to Signals and Systems
5·Bipolar Analog Integrated Circuits
6 ·Principles and Models of Semiconductor Devices
7·Basic Physics for Solid State Electronics
8 ·Integrated Circuits Technology and Design Seminar
9 ·Advanced Integrated Circuit Fabrication Processes
10 ·Digital MOS Integrated Circuits
11·VLSI Data Conversion Circuits
12 ·Advanced VLSI Devices
13·Computer-Aided Design of VLSI Systems
Digital Design
1 ·Digital Design Laboratory
2·Design Projects in VLSI Systems
3·Digital Systems Engineering
4·Logic Design ·Digital Filtering
5·Design Projects in VLSI Systems
Communications
1·Introduction to Communications
2·Analog Communications Design Laboratory
3·Wireless Electromagnetic Design Laboratory
4·Data Communication Engineering
5 ·Microwave Engineering
6·Fundamentals of Noise Processes
7·Antennas for Telecommunications and Remote Sensing
8·RF Circuit Design / High Frequency Laboratory
9·Adaptive Wireless Communication
Other Specializations:
1·Signal Processing
2·Mechatronics (This is one of the latest fields)
3·Medical Electronics
4·Lasers
5·Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices & Sensors
6·Business Management for engineers
7·Digital Image Processing ·Processor Design
HOW TO SPECIALIZE IN THIS FIELD?
After acquiring basic required degree in Electronics Engineering or allied Branches or Postgraduate degree in Physics one can choose specialization in this field.
In US:
If you wish to do post graduate degree in US you will have to take up GRE, TOFEL Then follow the required procedure to get into MS and start with MS in VLSI Designing.
To choose colleges offering MS in VLSI designing go to websites like http://www.campustours.com/
http://www.petersons.com/
http://www.kaplan.com/
And do comparative analysis of schools offering courses in VLSI.
You can search for VLSI and then go to the respective department of grad school to find out the research areas and check if they match to your areas of interests.
In India:
Post Graduate Degree
For the people who have passion for Chip Designing and want to learn it in India you need not get disappointed. Though major job opportunities are available in US nowadays all big companies are opening their offices in India and most of them are located in Bangalore and Hyderabad. So there is good future in this field in India also.
If you wish to pursue post graduate degree here in India you need to take up GATE (conducted by Indian Institute of Technology on second Sunday of every February) in Electrical Engineering/Computer Engineering. Then after clearing GATE you can apply for MTech course. There are different specializations available at each IIT school.
For more details you can go to websites of IIT
IIT Delhi
IIT Bombay
IIT Madras
IIT Kanpur
IIT Kharagpur
IIT Guvahati
IIT Rurki
Post Graduate Diploma
Here in India you have one more option to do specialization in this field. But that is not in depth as MS or Mtech but those are Diploma courses offered by CDAC CDAC offers 2 Diploma courses for Electronics/Electrical Engineers or Engineers of related branches who want to make a career in digital IC designing. The courses are of short duration and not in-depth like Degree courses obliviously but good one to enter in this field.
What Is CDAC?
C-DAC and ACTS
Established in March 1988, as a Scientific Society of the Department of Information Technology, Government of India, the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), is primarily an R&D institution involved in design, development and deployment of advanced Information Technology (IT) based solutions including a range of high performance parallel computers known by the PARAM series. C-DAC's Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS) is dedicated to creating high quality manpower in IT through a network of more than 100 Authorized Training Centres (ATC) in India, besides C-DAC's own centres in Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad & Bangalore.
DVLSI: : DIPLOMA IN VLSI DESIGNING
Course Focus
The Diploma in Very Large Scale Integration Design (DVLSI) is a course intended to launch present and future electronic designers into the vast field of Electronic Design Automation. The course contents have been designed keeping in view the emerging trends in the field of VLSI design technology and emerging needs for skilled manpower.
DESD : DIPLOMA IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGN
Course Focus
This course is more useful for the people who have interest in their respective stream of Engineering like communications, Process control , Consumer Electronics as well as Software . This course gives equal emphasis on hardware and software thus enabling Electronic design Engineers to meet needs of Electronics and IT Industry for the development of the Embedded System.

AFTER ALL THIS EDUCATION AND YEARS OF HARD WORK IN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, IS THE MONEY WORTH IT? Well, that really is a matter of personal choice. For those who want to be ambitious engineers, let us level the field of expectations! A fresh college graduate entering the VLSI field can expect a starting salary in the range of $45,000 to $55,000 per year. In India, the range is Rs. 2 lakhs upwards per year depending on the company, the need and the skill level demonstrated. Design engineers are the most sought after because of the industry’s emphasis on continuous new product development, miniaturization and innovation in integration. Typically, a graduate with a Master’s degree can expect about 10% higher than the one with a Bachelor’s and someone with a Ph.D. can expect a wide range. As you gain the experience, this field offers one of the best growths potential, both on the technical as well as management ladder.
WHAT ARE THE TYPICAL COMPANIES I CAN SEARCH FOR ON THE WEB TO GET MORE INFORMATION ON JOBS?
Most of the big and established companies in the VLSI field are based in the USA. Intel, IBM, Texas Instruments, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Maxim, Linear Technology, Siemens, Qualcomm, are some of the biggest names just to mention a few. All have impressive websites and loads of information.
WHERE TO FIND MORE RESOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION ON VLSI?
If you are charged up and wish to explore resources available for VLSI then for technical information, your best starting place is the university web pages.You can also vist the link below for all resources available for VLSI http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Lab/3184/

Google Moving Servers To China

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 19 Jun 2007 00:57:21 PDT

Dr. Kai-Fu Lee, president of Google (GOOG) China, says Google will speed up its development in China to make it known to more people in the country, and to this end will place more servers in the country.
According to news posted on Sina.com, Lee disclosed that Google, which is not the top search engine in China, is moving some of its servers from the U.S. to China and would make more plans for launching local products. Lee also said that Google would start services to send map search results to users' mobile phones, free of charge.
By committing to place its servers in China, the company will be increasing its exposure to possible data and security issues. Because data, privacy and Internet laws in China are different than elsewhere, the company might need to provide user data to local authorities, a situation that it might not face if its servers are located in other countries.
Companies like Microsoft and Yahoo have already faced similar data problems in China, with Yahoo shareholders just this week defeating a measure that would make it difficult for the company to do business in China.

SOUND CAN BE USED TO LIGHT BULB.

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 19 Jun 2007 00:41:40 PDT

Good morning,today's new discovery news is that sound can be used to light bulb.A device that convet heat into soun have been discovered at university of utha.Orest Symko,a physics proffesor at universty of utha,is pictured using a battery to heat the device which changes the heat into audible sound and than into electrical current that makes the light tube glow faintly.
The device uses "thermoacuostic prime movers" to conver the heat into sound which is then convertd into electricity by pizoelectric device.
According to Orest the devices could be used within two years as an alternative to photovoltaic cells.

WHAT IS AN OLED?

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Wed, 13 Jun 2007 12:52:38 PDT

LED's are light emiting diodes.These are used in optical communication,remotes,sensorsetc.OLED's are organic LED's,contains organic compounds.these OLED's are used in small display devices.OLED's are considered by many people as the next step in display technology, with the potential of replacing current plasma or LCD large-screen televisions with ultra-slim, ultra-light screens that can be folded when not in use. They are currently being used in small screen displays such as computer monitors, digital cameras and car TV screens. The next stage of development is to create commercially-viable, large TV screens.
In order to understand OLED, one needs to start with the light-emitting diodes or LED. Simply put, light-emitting diodes are semi-conductors that generate light when an electrical current is passed through them. They are composed of two or more (usually) metallic or crystalline substances that are atomically "imbalanced." That is, they will have an element which has one or more negatively-charged free electrons in its makeup (such as arsenic or phosphorous with five electrons) and another which will have an atomic "hole" since it will have three positively-charged electrons (as in the case of gallium). An electrical current passing through these elements will cause the free electrons to "jump" to fill up the atomic "holes." The energy released in this action causes light to be generated or emitted.
Organic light-emitting diodes follow the same basic structure as LED but they use plastics or other organic products to form both "sides" of the light emitting material. They also have a non-conducting substrate layer (which can be either glass or plastic) which forms the "frame" to which the material is fastened to.

Advantages of OLED's:
The very nature of OLED provides it with many advantages over LED and other display technologies like LCD. For one, its use of plastic or organic materials (rather than crystalline or metallic compounds) provides for a screen that is lighter, much thinner and far more flexible than LED or LCD screens.

The organic materials used for OLED also mean a brighter display yet less power consumption. LCD screens operate by blocking selective areas of a backlit screen in order to create the images we see; since OLED screens do not need backlighting, they require much less power than ordinary LCD or LED.

OLED screens also have much larger fields of view compared to other display systems (around 170 degrees, which means that a viewer can watch an OLED screen from almost any angle comfortably), compared to LCD screens which require a viewer to be looking at the latter head-on to fully appreciate the picture displayed.

Disadvantages of OLED's:
OLED is still new technology (even though it has been around for almost two decades) and manufacturers are still in the process of improving production systems to bring costs down. One current problem is that manufacturing OLED screens require "clean rooms" at the level of silicon chip fabrication - moisture or dirt can affect the production of OLED products.

Current manufacturing capabilities thus prevent mass production of large-size OLED screens; the products displayed at trade shows are often hand-crafted with manufacturers emphasizing that these are mere prototypes.

Apple lines up iPhone and flash PC launches

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 12 Jun 2007 02:18:06 PDT

June could be a big month for Apple with the launch not only of its iPhone but of a solid state laptop.The iPhone is expected to be launched in the US this month with a version which supports GSM and GPRS but not 3G. It is expected to cost over $500 and be tied to the Cingular wireless network.“The software is at least five years ahead of anyone else,” said Apple CEO Steve Jobs. It is expected to have a tie-in to YouTube.In September, a European version of the iPhone is to be announced which will include support for 3G.
Taiwan’s Quanta Computer is reported to be building the European iPhone from September, and plans to ship five million units next year.The Apple solid state laptop will weigh around 1kg and will probably have a 32Gbyte hard disc.

Samsung announces 'largest ever' organic LED display

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 12 Jun 2007 01:57:30 PDT

Samsung SDI, the Korean giant's display division, has announced prototypes of a 17-inch active matrix organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. Due for launch next year, the display has a resolution of 1600x1200 pixels and a brightness of 400 lumens, and is the largest OLED matrix display to date according to the company.
It will consume no more power than a 15-inch display and be a third of the thickness of existing LCD models, the company said. The prototype will be shown at the 2004 Society for Information Display (SID) conference, taking place from 25th May in Seattle.
The displays are made using a transfer technology developed by Samsung and 3M, where the pattern of plastic pixels on the screen is printed by scanning a laser across a set of organic films. This can produce a larger screen than is possible by the alternative method of spraying the plastic through a patterned shadow mask, says the company, while allowing a similar precision.
Organic LEDs are luminescent plastic semiconductors with the theoretical potential to replace LCDs, CRTs and other display technologies through greater efficiency, easier production, more physical flexibility and lower cost. To date, however, problems with device lifetime, chemistry and production have limited their use to mobile devices and backlights. Samsung's basic OLED technology was licenced from Kodak and developed in conjunction with NEC, which sold its stake in the joint venture to Samsung at the beginning of 2004.

Report highlights organic LEDs

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 12 Jun 2007 01:42:36 PDT

According to a new report from industry analysts Frost and Sullivan, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are likely to be one of the key technologies of the future, particularly in the context of display and lighting applications.
Currently the applications driving the adoption of this technology include portable consumer device displays - such as mobile phones and personal media players. While Asia Pacific is a dominant region for display applications, the excellence in research and technological development in the European region has, nevertheless, enabled it to maintain a foothold in the global market.
Frost and Sullivan's report, European Organic Light Emitting Diodes Market (reference M06E-25), finds that the market earned revenues of EUR91.9million ($124.2million) in 2006 and estimates this will reach EUR519.2million ($701.5million) in 2013.
Research analyst Rengarajan Srinivasan comments: "The advantages offered by OLED, when compared to competing technologies such as LCD, are playing an essential role in propelling the market forward. OLEDs are emissive systems and do not require a backlight, which makes them thinner."
They also consume less power, and this low energy consumption is driving the use of OLEDs in portable display applications where power efficiency is critical. Meanwhile, the environment-friendly OLED has also influenced the European Union to invest in industry-led research concentrating on commercialising OLED lighting applications. These efforts have made Europe a leader in lighting research.
However, hurdles exist in the development of OLED lights, which include increasing the luminance efficiency and the material lifetime. In addition, due to competition between OLEDs, inorganic LEDs and fluorescent lights, cost has emerged as a key factor influencing adoption rates. Overcoming these challenges is likely to accelerate mainstream commercial lighting applications beyond 2010.
Moreover, the involvement of many value chain participants in the market is complicating product development and increasing the time to market. Besides, the prohibitive costs and the uncertainty related to demand are creating confusion in the entire supply chain.
Mr Srinivasan explains: "The success of the OLED technology is based on the effective collaboration of all supply chain participants. Mass adoption of the technology is likely to create huge demand for organic materials, and the ability to provide will depend on the success of the supply chain, which is highly demand-orientated." In the future, the ability of OLEDs to serve niche applications is likely to create to stable demand and enable a smooth value chain.
Supported by a steady decline in price, LCD is emerging as the leading flat panel display technology and the high cost of OLED is limiting its ability to compete with LCD displays. In the future, the development of cost-effective manufacturing methods is expected to reduce the cost of OLEDs and result in a shorter period for return on investments

U.S. tech sector eyes immigration bill amid worker shortage

noreply@blogger.com (manoj agrawal) — Tue, 12 Jun 2007 01:30:46 PDT

U.S. high-tech industry leaders say they will maintain a fight in Congress to address what they claim is a critical shortage of skilled workers, despite the collapse of an immigration overhaul bill this past week.
Key technology executives had been pushing for changes to the immigration bill in the Senate to make it easier to hire foreign-born computer scientists and other skilled professionals before the compromise measure collapsed.
"We're hopeful the Senate will be able to find a way to get this process back on track," said Robert Hoffman, an executive at Oracle and co-chair of Compete America, a coalition of computer and electronics firms and other business groups focused on immigration.
"The issues we're facing on the skilled immigration front are so important, we hope the Senate will find a path forward."
Even as technology executives including Microsoft chief executive Steve Ballmer were furiously lobbying in the past week to modify the latest bill to provide more visas for skilled workers, the compromise immigration bill was withdrawn by Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid.
"At Microsoft alone we have 3,000 core technical positions we have not been able to fill in the United States because of the lack of available qualified applicants," said company spokeswoman Ginny Terzano.
Terzano said Ballmer met with lawmakers to discuss "the urgent need to fix the immigration system. if the high-tech industry in the U.S. is going to be able to hire and retain qualified workers."
While Senate leaders and President George W. Bush had warned against modifications to the fragile compromise on immigration reform, tech industry leaders claimed their were flaws in the latest measure that could make it even harder to attract top-flight professionals.
The bill as written, tech executives said, would have failed to provide enough relief for companies struggling to fill jobs. Some argued that the companies should have the same type of exemptions as major sports leagues, which can lure foreign-born players with special skills.
The high-tech industry says many of those working in the global-leading sector are immigrants themselves, including Google co-founder Sergey Brin.
Lazlo Bock, vice president for people operations at Google, told a congressional hearing Wednesday: "The U.S. scientific, engineering, and tech communities cannot hope to maintain their present position of international leadership if they are unable to hire and retain highly educated foreign talent."
Some critics of the H-1B visa program say it is used to depress wages in the tech sector, with the hiring of engineers from India and other Asian nations, and argue that evidence of a shortage is not entirely clear.
But Hoffman said multinationals such as Oracle and Microsoft are faced with a dilemma because of the visa shortage, and often must relocate those jobs offshore.
"We have hundreds of job openings at Oracle. The problem is not our ability to hire the individuals, the problem is having them work in the U.S. ," Hoffman said.
"So the real loser is not Oracle or Microsoft. We can hire them, we just can't put them to work in the United States. We're locking out the U.S. economy from the benefits of their working here."
Phil Bond, president of the Information Technology Association of America, said he hopes lawmakers will revisit the wide-ranging immigration bill.
Bond said key provisions should include exemptions from immigration caps for foreign students receiving an advanced degree from a U.S. university, as well as those with degrees in science, technology, engineering or mathematics at foreign universities.
ITAA also will press for a new student visa category, to allow U.S. degree holders who have a job offer to transition directly from student visa to an immigrant "green card."
"Our country is facing a talent crisis that threatens our ability to compete in a global economy, and our society badly needs comprehensive reform," he said. "The Senate should revisit this issue as quickly as possible."