Electrical enginerings

Component Capacitor

2011-11-28T20:20:00.000-08:00

Capacitors are electronic components that have the ability to save electrons for time indefinite. Different capacitors store electric charge accumulatorin particular no chemical changes in materials of capacitors, the magnitude of the capacitance of a capacitor is expressed in farads. Another sense Capacitors are electronic components that can store and release electrical charge. The structure ofa capacitor made of two pieces of metal plates separated by a dielectric material. Dielectric materials are commonly known as air vacuum, ceramics, glass andothers. If both ends of the metal plate rated voltage, the charge-positive charge will accumulate on one leg (electrode) metal and at the same time the negative chargesaccumulated at the other end of the metal. Positive charge can not flow toward the negative pole and the opposite end of the negative charge can not go to the positivepole tip, separated by a dielectric material as a non-conductive. Electric charge is"stored" as long as there is no conduction at the ends of the legs. In nature, this phenomenonoccurs when the capacitor charge-accumulation of positive and negative charges in the cloud. Ability untukmenyimpan electrical charge on the capacitor is calledcapacitance or capacity.

Capacitance is defined as the ability of a capacitor to be accommodate the electron charge. Coulombs on the 18 th century calculated that thecoulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons. Then Michael Faraday postulated that a capacitorwill have a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage of 1 volt can load as many as 1electron charge coulombs. With the formula can be written.

Q = C.V

Q = electron charge in C (coulombs)
C = capacitance value in F (farads)
V = the voltage in V (volts)

Various kinds of capacitors according to materials and construction. Capacitors as well as the capacitance value resistors are made permanent andthere is the variable. Air dielectric capacitor, the capacitance changes from maximum to minimum value. We often encounter variable capacitor in the circuit of a radio receiver and tunersection oscillators. In order to change the capacitance in the two parts are thensimultaneously used capacitors double variable. Dual variable capacitor is a two variable capacitors with a singleplayer. Based on the capacitor dielectric is divided into several types, among others:
1. ceramic capacitors
2. film capacitors
3. electrolytic capacitors
4. tantalum capacitors
5. capacitor paper
Electrolytic capacitors and tantalum capacitors are capacitors that have a polar orpolar, often called by the name of a polar capacitor. Film capacitors consist of severaltypes, namely polyester film, poly propylene film or polysterene film.

Component Resistor

2011-11-24T15:06:00.000-08:00

Resistors are the basic components of electronics that are used to limit the amount of current flowing in one circuit. As the name implies resistor is resistive and generally made of carbon materials. From Ohms law is known, the resistance is inversely proportional with the amount of current flowing through it. Unit resistance of a resistor is called Ohm or denoted by the symbol W (Omega). Resistance to state power limits should be included. various kinds of resistors are made from different materials with different properties. other specifications to consider in choosing resitor on a bill other than a large resistance is his big watts. Because the resistors working with electrified, it will be a power dissipation of heat for W = I2R watts. The larger the physical size of a resistor can be demonstrated the greater ability of the resistor power dissipation. Generally in the market available sizes 1 / 8,1 / 4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 watts.

Resistor which has a power dissipation of 5, 10 and 20 watts are generally cubic-shaped elongated rectangular white, but some are shaped the cylinder. But typically for this jumbo size resistor resistance value is printed directly dibadannya, for example 100W5W. Resistors in theory and practice in the representation letter written by R. Judging from physical size of a resistor with each other does not mean the same great value the obstacles. Resistance value of resistor is called resistance

Characteristics of Various Resistors
Characteristics of various kinds of resistors are influenced by the materials used. Resistance resistor composition is unstable due to the influence of temperature, if the temperature rises the resistance down. Less appropriate when used in high voltage electronic circuits and large currents. Resistance of a resistor composition is different between the reality of nominal resistance. If difference in value to 10% of less well on the circuit that require high accuracy. Variable resistor resistance varies in accordance with the change of settings. Variable resistor with a mechanical regulator, regulation by light, temperature regulation by temperature or other settings. If the value changes, the resistance of the potentiometer is proportional to the position of the sliding contact the potentiometer are called linear potentiometer. But if the change in value resistance is proportional to the position of the sliding contact is called potensio logarithmically. In theory a pure resistor has a resistance expressed but at practice, a resistor has the additional properties of inductive and capacitive properties.

On essentially low value resistor and inductive properties tend to have high value resistors additional resistor has a capacitive nature. Temperature has a significant impact on an obstacle. In Conductor there are a number of free electrons is very large at all, and any heat energy imposed it will have little impact on the total number of free carriers. In fact heat energy will only increase the intensity of the random movement of particles that are in materials that make it more difficult for the general flow of electrons in any one direction are determined. The result is for a good conductor, the increase in temperature will resulted in increased prices prisoners. As a result, the conductor has a positive temperature coefficient.

current > thermal
HR = I2Rt [joule]
Q = mc (Ta-T)
Q = 0.24 I2 R t [calories]

And Font Color Codes Resistor On
Not all of the resistance value of a resistor is included with the symbol number but with color-coded rings. The number of rings on each of resistor color code number 4 and there are also a number 5. Resistance that has 5 rings consists of rings 1, 2 and 3 is the ring digit, the ring 4 as multipliers and ring 5 is tolerance. Resistance that has four rings composed of ring 1, 2 is a digit, 3 is ring ring ring 4 as a multiplier and tolerance.

Code Letter
1) Point I declare the value of the resistor and the decimal comma.
    If the letter I is: R means that x 1 (times one) ohm
                           K means x 103 (times 1000) ohm
                           M means x 106 (times 1 million) ohms
2) Letter II declared tolerance
    If the second letter is: A mean tolerance of ± 5%
                                     K means tolerance of ± 10%
                                     M means tolerance of ± 20%

Relay DC (Normally Close And Normally Open)

2011-11-23T02:56:00.000-08:00

Electromechanical relay is a device that is operated based on variations of the input, to control other devices connected to the output relays. Relay serves to disconnect or drain electric current which is controlled by providing a supply voltage to the coil. There are two types of relays based on voltage to drive the coil, the relay DC and AC relay. In this circuit using a relay with a voltage of 6 volts DC. These contacts can be used to control a larger current in the circuit. The main function of the relay is to control a larger current in the circuit with a small stream that passes through the relay coil. At symbols above consists of a coil and two sets of contacts, one of which is open (Normally Open or NO), and the other closed (Normally Close or NC). When there is the supply voltage on the relay coil, then the NO contact will be connected and NC contacts will open. Conversely when there is no supply on coil relay NO contact then re-open and re-connect the NC contacts.

Motor DC (Direct Current )

2011-11-23T02:49:00.000-08:00

DC motors are the basic electromechanical equipment that serves to transform electric power into mechanical power that the design was originally introduced by Michael Faraday. DC motor rotates because there is interaction between the permanent magnetic field with the forces acting on the winding (coil) due to currents flowing in the windings. Motor rotates because of the permanent magnet with the force arising in the coil will be mutual attraction and mutual repulsion on each pole.

As the name implies, the DC motor is energized with DC voltage (Direct Current = direct current). Thus the DC motor rotation will reverse direction if the polarity of the applied voltage is also changed. DC motors have a working voltage is varied. Anyone has a working voltage of 3 V, 6 V and 12 V. Fortunately, 6 Volt DC motor can still operate normally when given working voltage 3 Volt, although the rotation becomes slow and the resulting torque is also smaller. To be used in robotic systems, rotation of a DC motor is usually too tight. For the gear-gear arrangement is used to reduce the rotational speed shaft torque motor and also to increase.

Motor Servo Continous

2011-11-23T02:45:00.000-08:00

Servo motor is a motor that works mapu two red (CW and CCW) where the direction and angle rotornya movement can be controlled only by providing a setting duty cycle PWM signal at the control. Servo motor is a dc motor with an internal gear and an electronic circuit to control the movement and angle angularnya. Servo motor is a motor that rotates slowly, which is usually indicated by a slow rotation rate, but nevertheless have a strong torque because of the internal gear.

The general specification of a servo motor has:
1. 3 pieces of wires: power, ground, and control
2. Position control signal mengandalikan
3. Operations of the servo motor is controlled by a pulse width of 20ms
4. Construction includes therein an internal gear, potentiometer, and feedback control

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

2011-11-23T02:37:00.000-08:00

Light emitting diode, or better known as LED (Light-Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor that emits light given forward voltage. LED consists of two legs of the anode and cathode. The amount of power that exists between the poles of the LED anode and cathode determines the intensity of infrared light is generated.
Light LED (Light Emitting Diode) function to emit light to the receiver (receiver) phototransistor, help detect objects placed objects in the middle between the transmitter (transmitter) and receiver (receiver), which will be received by the phototransistor, because the presence of these LED light intensity of light to be received by the phototransistor will depend on the placement of objects objects.

LED is in principle the same as the diode, ie when there is current flowing from the anode to the cathode leg then the LED will light. And to determine which leg is the leg length of the anode (positive) while the cathode is the short leg (negative).

Push button switch

2011-11-23T02:34:00.000-08:00

Push button switch is operated manually. Push this button serves to disconnect or connect the flow of electricity. There are two kinds of push button, push button is NO (Normaly Open) and NC push button (Normaly Close).
NO push button to connect the circuit when pressed and returned to positions open when released. Instead NC push button to open the circuit when the push button is pressed and returned to the closed position when the push button is released.

Digital Seven Segment

2011-11-23T02:30:00.000-08:00

The viewer is used seven segment common anode, the anode of the LED must be connected to VCC and in the writing program to turn the LEDs are logic 0. To turn on the 8x7 segment is used 2 pieces PORT, the PORT (8 bits) is used as the data led seven segment, and one another PORT (8 bits) is used as the digit seven segment of voters who will be lit. Composition data segment in seven segment viewer is shown the following picture:

Ignition-digit operating techniques of the driving circuit is a 8x7-segment display using the scanning method. This method works display data from the microcontroller ports on many-digit seven segment in turn. However, the use of high speed then it would seem as if simultaneously. So it will look something like writing.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

2011-11-23T02:18:00.000-08:00

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is used to display a character or to display text. The LCD is a type of LCD used M1632. M1632 is a 16x2 LCD module to display konsumsii lines with low power. The module is equipped with the HD44780 microcontroller designed specifically for controlling the LCD.

Programming the LCD by using codevision is easy, because the software codevision existing facilities LCD settings automatically. LCDs are used must be connected in accordance with the port settings on codevision, namely.

While the pin out configuration of the LCD are:

Microcontroller Definition and Understanding

2011-11-23T02:03:00.000-08:00

Microcontroller is a digital electronic device that has inputs and outputs and controls with a program that can be written and erased in a special way. Simply put, how the microcontroller is actually only read and write data. Just an example, imagine yourself as you begin to learn to read and write, when you can already do that you begin to read any kind whether writing books, short stories, articles and so on, and you also started to write things otherwise. Similarly, if you are already adept at reading and writing data to the microcontroller then you can create a program to create a regulatory system using a microcontroller in accordance with your wishes. On-chip microcontroller is a computer used to control electronic equipment, which emphasizes efficiency and cost effectiveness. It literally can be called "little control" in which an electronic system that previously many require supporting components such as TTL and CMOS ICs can be reduced / minimized and eventually centralized and controlled by the microcontroller this. By using this microcontroller then:
* An electronic system will be more concise* Design of electronic systems will be faster because most of the system is software that is easily modified* Search disorders more easily traced because the system is compact.

However, the microcontroller can not completely reduce the TTL and CMOS IC components are often still required for high speed applications, or simply increase the number of input channels and output (I / O). In other words, the microcontroller is a mini or micro version of a computer that already contains some of the peripheral microcontroller which can be used directly, for example a parallel port, serial port, comparators, digital to analog conversion (DAC), analog to digital conversion and so only use the system minimum that is not complicated or complex.

Display CodeVisionAVR

2011-11-23T01:48:00.000-08:00

CodeVisionAVR element consists of Title bar, Menu Bar, Toolbar, Editor, Navigator / Code Templates / Clipboard History window, the Message window.

Title bar: Show title, file name and location of saved files
The menu bar:Collection CodeVisionAVR command menus, ie menus File, Edit, View, Insert, Tools, Settings, Windows, Help
Toolbar : The icons that represent a command, to allow users without having to look at the menu.
Navigator / Code Templates / Clipboard History window:

Navigator : Navigator is used to allow users to view the file or open a file
code Templates : Used to allow users to write code sequence can be quickly and easily edit
clipboard History : Used to view and access the text of which is often used so it does not need to write back. You do this by copying the text to be stored in the windows clipboard and paste

5. editor : Used for typing and editing program courses
6. Message window : The place to find out information if there is a compilation of a program error or not.

Program Code Vision AVR

2011-11-23T01:30:00.000-08:00

Software is a software CodeVisionAVR C compiler and is an automatic program generator. CodeVisionAVR software designed for Atmel AVR microcontroller family. CodeVisionAVR software can run on any windows operating system 95, 98, Me, NT 4, 2000 and Windows XP. C compiler to approach the elements of the ANSI C language according to the architecture of the AVR, with a few added features.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software supports In-System AVR Chip Programmer, allowing for automatic transfer of the program to the microcontroller chip after successfully compiled or diassembly.
In-System Programmer software is designed to be able to work and support the AVR chip type STK500/AVRISP/AVRProg, Kanda Systems STK200 + / 300, Dontronics DT006, Vogel Elektronik VTEC-ISP, Futurlec JRAVR and MicroTronics ATCPU/Mega2000 programmers / development boards.
Software CodeWizardAVR CodeVisionAVR also have facilities, which are used to help rapidly write automatically into the program.