<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665</id><updated>2024-12-18T11:16:51.157-08:00</updated><category term="microcontroller"/><category term="CT SCAN"/><category term="software"/><title type='text'>ELEKTROMAGIC....</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>23</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-1135924729099810646</id><published>2010-12-15T06:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-15T07:04:24.944-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CT SCAN"/><title type='text'>CT SCAN DUAL SOURCE</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PENDAHULUAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan teknologi di bidang radiology telah mengalami kemajuan yang pesat, mulai dari dikembangkannya USG 4 dimensi, MRI, PET, SPECT, komputer radiografi, Digital Radiografi, serta CT Scan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Terlebih lagi dengan CT Scan, Alat radiografi imaging tersebut telah mengalami metamorfosis yang sangat cepat. Mulai dari CT Scan generasi 1 sampai 4, CT Scan Spiral, CT Scan 2 Slice sampai dengan CT Scan 64 Slice yang paling canggih. Kini telah ditemukan keluarkan kembali CT Scan yang terbaru dari SIEMENS, yaitu , Siemens’ SOMATOM Definition Dual Source CT Scanner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Belum semua ne­gara memiliki Dual Source ini, sebutlah Perth, Australia, yang tidak memiliki satu pun. Se­dangkan Singapura baru mempunyai satu Dual Source.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Bagaimana dengan Indonesia ? untuk diketahui, kita harus bangga bahwa kini Indonesia juga telah memiliki CT Scan canggih tersebut. Di Indonesia baru ada 2 rumah sakit yang memiliki alat tersebut, yaitu RS Siloam Kebon Jeruk dan RS Siloam Karawaci.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dijelaskan dr Nina I.S.H Supit, Sp. Rad, Radiology Manager, berbagai ma­cam keuntungan didapat dari Dual Source ini. Sehingga jika dibandingkan dengan alat &lt;i&gt;scanning&lt;/i&gt; sebelumnya, Dual Source ini jauh lebih canggih.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Ketika Dual Source dipublikasikan pada tahun 2005, alat tersebut diyakini tidak hanya akan merubah penampilan dari CT Scan. Akan tetapi alan merubah masa depan ilmu pengobatan, tidak hanya akan mengatasi penghalang yang kritis dalam cardiac imaging, tetapi juga memperkenalkan keseluruhan cara yang baru dalam mengkarakteristikkan body tissue dengan menggunakan teknik Dual Energy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sejak awal sudah diyakini bahwa cardiac imaging akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh Dual Source CT. dengan temporal resolution yang hanya 83 milliseconds, Siemens’ SOMATOM Definition Dual Source CT Scanner dapat seolah olah membekukan gerakan dari jantung, bahkan pada kebanyakan pasien berat sekalipun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“Dual Source CT telah mengatasi banyak rintangan yang kami peroleh dengan menggunakan CT Scan 64-Slices”, kata Dr Michael Gallagher, Kardiologi di RS William Beaumont, Royal Oak, Michigan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“Kami mendapatkan artifact yang lebih sedikit, tidak tergantung dari laju jantung, tidk tergantung dari regularitas ritne jantung, dan secara keseluruhan, mendapatkan persentase yang lebih besar dalam mendiagnosa”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;CARA KERJA CT DUAL SOURCE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIlBLYpvD66NAeRKjQQQGMweL308s38T2-C6n2n7JKyuHh8KMug9jtukDFqjteBB1i7JnGD2GtZPO7xJnKWOfJJeDFqc_ZTL3W0T_tQ4hf7i1ZIFJ-PWElCBmLLdCUkUTCWMae88s8DX4h/s1600/scan0012.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIlBLYpvD66NAeRKjQQQGMweL308s38T2-C6n2n7JKyuHh8KMug9jtukDFqjteBB1i7JnGD2GtZPO7xJnKWOfJJeDFqc_ZTL3W0T_tQ4hf7i1ZIFJ-PWElCBmLLdCUkUTCWMae88s8DX4h/s320/scan0012.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz2CWkjICppbqnXIEuTQrJSNeXA6yJt0kDmqdL_o8LTeyy_0ZN9bb7-Osb7gJpt20hYnyp2SUlMhKWMtbmwzUwLJE5Bxj-4BB-MtXt-gchh4BHJj0QuPJrPElQlAYduzaLn9m0M65K2VjO/s1600-h/scan0012.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;                                                    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Ide dari CT Dual Source adalah sangat sederhana, hanya menggunakan dua sumber X-ray dan dua detector, dalam waktu yang bersamaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sistem pertama yang menggunakan teknologi tersebut adalah Siemens’ SOMATOM Defenition . Alat tersebut dilengkapi dengan dua sumber X-ray dan dua detector yang baerotasi secara sinkron, serta secara simultan menangkap data gambaran dalam waktu setengah dari waktu yang dibutuhkan dengan mengunakan teknologi konvensional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Keunggulan Dual Source CT terletak pada dua unit &lt;i&gt;X-ray source&lt;/i&gt; serta dua unit detektor yang bekerja secara bersamaan. Pada s&lt;i&gt;ingle source scanner, &lt;/i&gt;satu irisan pencitraan dihasilkan setelah perputaran alat 180 derajat. Namun pada DSCT, dengan dua rantai penggambaran yang saling tegak lurus dapat dihasilkan informasi yang sama dalam putaran 90 derajat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Hal tersebut menghasilkan resolusi temporal dua kali lipat, dua kali lebih cepat, tenaga dua kali lipat, serta menghasilkan dosis radiasi yang lebih kecil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TIDAK MEMERLUKAN BETA BLOCKER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“ Image quality yang dihasilkan Dual Source CT sangat baik. Bahkan, walaupun tanpa menggunakan beta blocker hasilnya sama bagusnya dengan gambaran yang dihasilkan oleh CT 64 slice yang pasiennya menggunakan beta blocker”, kata Dr. Galagher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kemampuan untuk mengeliminasi pemakaian beta blocker, telah memberikan efek yang besar dalam mendiagnosa penyakit nyeri dada akut (acut chest pain). Hal tersebut dapat memperbesar rentang pasien yang mmenuhi syarat untuk dilakukan Ct Cardiac, dapat mempersingkat waktu persiapan pasien baik di ruang emergensi ataupun di ruang CT Scan, mempercepat diagnosa, dan mengurangi biaya pengobatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tanpa harus memakai &lt;i&gt;betablocker&lt;/i&gt;, bagian pembuluh darah, otot jantung dan gerakannya bisa dilihat melalui layar monitor dengan pencitraan tiga dimensi yang detil. Dalam 10 detik pemeriksaan, penyumbatan pada pembuluh atau pengapuran pun bisa terlihat. Radiasinya juga lebih rendah yakni berkurang sekitar 50 persen dibanding &lt;i&gt;single source&lt;/i&gt; tercanggih (64-slice),&quot; kata dr Nina I.S.H Supit, Sp. Rad, Radiology Manager RS Siloam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sebelum adanya Dual Source CT, 20% pasien tidak dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan CT Cardiac, dikarenakan kondisi pasien yang tidak memungkinkan untuk diberikan beta blocker untuk memperlambat denyut jantung menjadi 65 – 70 beat/second, denyut yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan image quality yang bik dalam menggunakan CT Scan 64 slice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigEbVy__EsRwuNRK2nJ30OzmXwNNOti92gkhQK3N7Iponxgi4CbGcpE6ljAbz0Qs_FIjBmouICxBwkTxS5FYgsWXJMeFe2_151VMdh6GOFMQf5Z1wfqMXTM3y0vNlW47v1Ft0YOcMCWttx/s1600/scaningctscan.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigEbVy__EsRwuNRK2nJ30OzmXwNNOti92gkhQK3N7Iponxgi4CbGcpE6ljAbz0Qs_FIjBmouICxBwkTxS5FYgsWXJMeFe2_151VMdh6GOFMQf5Z1wfqMXTM3y0vNlW47v1Ft0YOcMCWttx/s320/scaningctscan.jpg&quot; width=&quot;266&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKzV6J4oniCDz1eU9zgqDWx8LFAujmlQ5ld-Vm1wEg0iSnbIOyDZOQcRSxx6XwazQN6NWI3xdULLnwdvis715XcHU4m3RIP9CwnDXhLP8kh8uPQhWFIutb4EArudSgQE-fRYgEp8-Jny0K/s1600-h/scan0013.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Pasien yang tidak bisa diberikan beta blocker antara lain: pasien asma, disfungsi ventrikel kiri, dan pasien yang telah menggunakan cocain dalm waktu beberapa hari sebelum pemeriksaan. Dengan CT Scan Dual Source, pasien-pasien tersebut dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan CT Cardiac, karena tidak memerlukan beta blocker.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kemampuan untuk menghilangkan pemekaian beta blocker pada protocol pemeriksaan CT Scan, tidak hanya merupakan keuntungan klinik. Hal tersebut juga dapat mempersingkat waktu diagnosa pasien mulai dari awal sampai seelsai, serta dapat menghemat waktu dan uang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;SCAN LEBIH BANYAK PASIEN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kemampuan untuk mengunakan kombinasidari dua sumber X-Ray dengan total tenaga 160 kW memungkinkan CT Scan Dual Source untuk mengatasi atenuasi sof tissue di bagian dada. Di masa lalu, Kardiolog di William Beaumont tidak akan sanning patsien dengan Body Mass Index (BMI) lebih besar dari 39, bayangkan pasien dengan ting 5 kaki dan 11 inch dengan berat 280 pound, karena gambaran yang dihasilkan terlau banyak noise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kini, dengan menggunakan CT Scan Dual Source gambaran yang dihasilkan dari pasien obesitas akan didapat kan signal to noise ratio (STR) yang lebih baik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DUAL ENERGY IMAGING MENGHASILKAN APLIKASI CT SCAN BARU&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kemampuan DSCT untuk mengoperasikan dua sumber X-Ray pada level energy berbeda secara simultan dapat membedakan material seperti lemak, soft tissue, dan contras agent berdasarkan perbedaan tiap-tiap kontras, bias membuka aplikasi klinis yang baru. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Salah satu kemampuan terpenting pada aplikasi dual energy adalah kemampuan untuk menghasilkan gambaran virtual noncontrast . &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Gambaran tersebut didapatkan dengan menggabungkan data dari pemakaian energy 80 kV dan 140 kV. Karena iodine mempunyai atenuasi maksimum pada energy rendah, pemakaian 80 kV dapat digunakan untuk mensubtraksi material kontras dari gambaran, menciptakan gambaran virtual non contrast, serta membandingkan gambaran sebelum dan sesudah untuk mempertegas area dari penambahan kontras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipmzU7xoOnocUl1aMxTppdhXzVfjpn7OEWuxH86dkl_SskshH_lys8sCjCDmBLv3t3AyjvB_Jc23OxbJyLwM6xH6qsF6ycJq3dIOmN6oE_QlO0psM65WOT74zI7iQuFtHlCzC6YZrWC8rg/s1600/angiography.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;313&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipmzU7xoOnocUl1aMxTppdhXzVfjpn7OEWuxH86dkl_SskshH_lys8sCjCDmBLv3t3AyjvB_Jc23OxbJyLwM6xH6qsF6ycJq3dIOmN6oE_QlO0psM65WOT74zI7iQuFtHlCzC6YZrWC8rg/s320/angiography.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlzfhoZnqMFxiMCnZFFGwXTC8ijLoRfXvxd5LZkLWji5hu2VfFXQNRJ8RIhAV4B3kQS3KSeL2J52JJMt3i1a3LxTmYpk8QdmUy5_XDpbVhaaTTitqywnDiEYGOwvK07ZXIZS-xTVAW87E8/s1600-h/angiografi.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Teknik tersebut mempunyai banyak kegunaan . contohnya : untuk memperlihatkan densitas liver sebelum pemasukkan kontras, untuk memperkiraan hyperdense kista gnjal, untuk membedakan antara benigna ,maligna, dan massa pada liver dan ginjal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Teknik Dual energy ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menghilangkan gambaran tulang pada CT Angiografi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;PENUTUP &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dari tulisan tadi dapat kita simpulkan bahwa :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Siemens’ SOMATOM Definition Dual Source CT Scanner merupakan alat CT scan yang tercanggih saat ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Alat tersebut sangat baik untuk digunakan dalam pemeriksaan CT Cardiac&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;DSCT memiliki dua sumber X-ray dan Dua detector yang bergerak secara simultan dalam waktu yang bersamaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Untuk pemeriksaan CT cardiac dengan menggunakan DSCT, tidak memerlukan beta blocker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Keuntungan pemakaian DSCT antara lain :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tidak memerlukan pemakaian beta blocker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Karena tidak membutuhkan beta blocker, maka pasien yang bisa dilakukan pemeriksaan CT cardiac menjadi lebih banyak dan beragam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Scanning dua kali lebih cepat dari CT Scan 64 slice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Resolusi yang dihasilkan lebih tajam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Menghasilkan signal to noise yang lebih baik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 148.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Bisa melakukan teknik dual energy yang bisa dipakai untuk :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 193.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§ Membedakan material seperti lemak, soft tissue dan kontras agen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 193.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§ Menghasilkan gambaran virtual non contras&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 193.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;§ Dipakai untuk menghilangkan gambaran tulang pada CT angiografi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/1135924729099810646/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/12/ct-scan-dual-source.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/1135924729099810646'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/1135924729099810646'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/12/ct-scan-dual-source.html' title='CT SCAN DUAL SOURCE'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIlBLYpvD66NAeRKjQQQGMweL308s38T2-C6n2n7JKyuHh8KMug9jtukDFqjteBB1i7JnGD2GtZPO7xJnKWOfJJeDFqc_ZTL3W0T_tQ4hf7i1ZIFJ-PWElCBmLLdCUkUTCWMae88s8DX4h/s72-c/scan0012.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-7761387637818705827</id><published>2010-10-19T04:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-19T04:56:41.665-07:00</updated><title type='text'>USG ( ULTRA SONOGRAPHY )</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt; 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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ULTRA SONOGRAPHY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;¢&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;USG ADALAH ALAT YANG MENGHASILKAN GELOMBANG SUARA DENGAN FREQUENCY TINGGI DAN DIMANFAATKAN UNTUK MENGDIAGNOSE ATAU THERAPY PADA PASIEN&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;¢&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;GELOMBANG SUARA FREQUENCY TINGGI DIPANCARKAN KE DALAM TUBUH, KEMUDIAN PANTULAN SUARA DITERIMA KEMBALI. GEMA / ECHO YANG DITERIMA KEMBALI ADALAH OBYEK YANG MEMPUNYAI ACCUSTIC IMPEDANCE YANG BERBEDA.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;¢&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;HALF VALUE THICKNEES (HVT) ADALAH BILA ECHO LEBIH KECIL , PADA MONITOR AKAN TERLIHAT HITAM, KARENA TERLIHAT DARI BERBAGAI MEDIA MAKA PADA PEMERIKSAAN DENGAN ULTRA SOUND PADA TULANG DAN AIR AKAN MENGALAMI ACCUSTIC (KESULITAN DALAM MENDIAGNOSE) SEHINGGA HASIL PENGGAMBARAN YANG TERLIHAT PADA MONITOR IRISAN (PENAMPANG) Cross sectional SECARA REAL TIME.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;FUNGSI TIAP MODUL&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Panel&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;interface untuk penghubunang dari front      panel ke modul TX, RX&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Keyboard      front panel berbentuk mesin tik dan berfungsi memasukan data atau program&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Front      panel adalah tempat untuk mengatur tombol kontras,intensitas dll &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Dsc      untuk menyimpan data yang diterima dan diteruskan ke monitor&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;SYSTEM DISPLAY PADA USG &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;A –      Mode&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(Aplitudo Scan Mode) dipakai      untuk menditeksi obyek &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;diam dan probe diam &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;B –      Mode&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(Brightness Scan Mode) dipakai      untuk mendikteksi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;obyek diam dan probe bergerak      &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;M –      Mode&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(Time Motion Mode) dipakai untuk      menditeksi obyek &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;bergerak dan probe bergerak &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;KEUNTUNGAN MENGGUNAKAN USG&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Non      impasif &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Aman      bagi penderita dan operator&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Dapat      memberikan informasi anatomi &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Dapat      mendikteksi dan memeriksa organ yang bergerak &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Pemeriksaan      cepat dan dapat dibaca langsung &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Dapat      direkam/copy gambar&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mati/hidup      (print / vidio,CD)&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Scanning      dapat berturut-turut &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Biaya      lebih murah &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kerugian:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pemeriksaan USG kurang efektif bila dilakukan untuk pemeriksaan organ tertutup oleh udara dan tulang.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;JENIS TRANDUSER YANG DIGUNAKAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;1&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Tranduser Piezo Electric&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bekerja berdasarkan kristal dan bila diberikan elektrik akan berubah sifat .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;2&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Magnito Striktip &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bekerja dipengaruhi medan magnit pada tranduser dilengkapi dengan osilator dan penguat, bila logam terpengaruh medan magnit maka logam tersebut akan berubah bentuk.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;3&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Elektro Striktip &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dipengaruhi oleh medan listrik, pada tranduser dilengkapi dengan kristal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;* USG DAPAT DIGUNAKAN UNTUK MENGDIAGNOSE KEHAMILAN, JANTUNG ,DAN OTAK.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PENGGUNAAN USG&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Untuk kehamilan yang diukur:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(1)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;BPD (&lt;i&gt;Biparietal Dimension&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(2)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;CRL (&lt;i&gt;Crown Rump Length&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(3)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;PGC (&lt;i&gt;Pregnancy Calculation&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(4)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;FW (&lt;i&gt;Fetal Weight&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sedang yang diukur pada jantung:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(1)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Volume&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(2)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cardiac output&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(3)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mean systolic ejection rate&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(4)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Stroke volume&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(5)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ejection time&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(6)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mean velocity of circumferential fiber sharkinning.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;YontooInstallID&quot; style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;72d8ae03-16d7-487f-86f4-360ad5224f1b&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;YontooClientVersion&quot; style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;1.03.01&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/7761387637818705827/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/usg-ultra-sonography.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/7761387637818705827'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/7761387637818705827'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/usg-ultra-sonography.html' title='USG ( ULTRA SONOGRAPHY )'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-1026099204569172036</id><published>2010-10-13T08:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-13T08:38:27.670-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Spectrophotometers  Atomic Absorption (Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom )</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fungsi Alat Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom berfungsi untuk&amp;nbsp; menentukan kadar konsentrasi dari unsur metalik untuk kepentingan medis dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan, seperti kalsium, magnesium, tembaga, seng, dan besi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Selain itu Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom juga dapat digunakan untuk menentukan apakah obat-obatan terapeutik tingkat seperti lithium telah dicapai dalam darah dan juga dapat mendeteksi quantitatif kadar racun pada logam.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Prinsip Kerja Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spectrofotometer Serapan Atom akan menentukan konsentrasi elemen yang diserap oleh optikal pengukuran dan pancaran cahaya. Penyerapan Atom terjadi ketika satu atom di dalamnya dalam keadaan menyerap cahaya dari satu panjang gelombang tertentu, sehingga menyebabkan salah satu elektron bergerak untuk pindah ke tingkat energi yang lebih tinggi. Kemudian atom tersebut akan berada dalam tingkat energi yang lebih tinggi. Emisi atomik terjadi ketika elektron jatuh kembali ke tingkat energi yang lebih rendah dan emisi cahaya akan sama seperti panjang gelombang yang diserap sebelumnya. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 28pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 28pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/1026099204569172036/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/spectrophotometers-atomic-absorption.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/1026099204569172036'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/1026099204569172036'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/spectrophotometers-atomic-absorption.html' title='Spectrophotometers  Atomic Absorption (Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom )'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-336648777631303401</id><published>2010-10-13T08:27:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-13T08:27:07.940-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Spektrofotometri IR (Infra Red) cara kerja dan kegunaan</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cara kerja :&lt;/b&gt; Dari namanya sudah bisa dimengerti bahwa spektrofotometri ini berdasar pada penyerapan panjang gelombang infra merah. Cahaya infra merah terbagi menjadi infra merah dekat, pertengahan, dan jauh. Infra merah pada spektrofotometri adalah infra merah jauh dan pertengahan yang mempunyai panjang gelombang 2.5-1000 μm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;kegunaan :&lt;/b&gt; Pada spektro IR meskipun bisa digunakan untuk analisa kuantitatif, namun biasanya lebih kepada analisa kualitatif. Umumnya spektro IR digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi gugus fungsi pada suatu senyawa, terutama senyawa organik. Setiap serapan pada panjang gelombang tertentu menggambarkan adanya suatu gugus fungsi spesifik.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hasil analisa biasanya berupa signal kromatogram hubungan intensitas IR terhadap panjang gelombang. Untuk identifikasi, signal sample akan dibandingkan dengan signal standard. Perlu juga diketahui bahwa sample untuk metode ini harus dalam bentuk murni. Karena bila tidak, gangguan dari gugus fungsi kontaminan akan mengganggu signal kurva yang diperoleh.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Terdapat juga satu jenis spektrofotometri IR lainnya yang berdasar pada penyerapan sinar IR pendek. Spektrofotometri ini di sebut Near Infrared Spectropgotometry (NIR). Aplikasi NIR banyak digunakan pada industri pakan dan pangan guna analisa bahan baku yang bersifat rutin dan cepat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/336648777631303401/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/spektrofotometri-ir-infra-red-cara.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/336648777631303401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/336648777631303401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/spektrofotometri-ir-infra-red-cara.html' title='Spektrofotometri IR (Infra Red) cara kerja dan kegunaan'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-8997716675541669339</id><published>2010-10-13T06:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-13T06:51:25.566-07:00</updated><title type='text'>SPEKTROFOTOMETRI</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;the_content&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Spektrofotometri&lt;/b&gt; merupakan suatu metoda  analisa yang didasarkan pada pengukuran serapan&amp;nbsp; sinar monokromatis oleh  suatu lajur larutan berwarna pada panjang gelombamg spesifik dengan  menggunakan monokromator prisma atau kisi difraksi dengan detektor &lt;em&gt;fototube&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Spektrofotometer&lt;/b&gt;  adalah alat untuk mengukur transmitan atau absorban suatu sampel  sebagai fungsi panjang gelombang. Sedangkan pengukuran menggunakan  spektrofotometer ini, metoda yang digunakan sering disebut dengan  spektrofotometri.&lt;br /&gt;
Spektrofotometri dapat dianggap sebagai  perluasan suatu pemeriksaan visual dengan studi yang lebih mendalam dari  absorbsi energi. Absorbsi radiasi oleh suatu sampel diukur pada  berbagai panjang gelombangdan dialirkan oleh suatu perkam untuk  menghasilkan spektrum tertentu yang khas untuk komponen yang berbeda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Absorbsi sinar oleh larutan mengikuti hukum Lambert-Beer, yaitu :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Hukum_Lambert_Beer.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Hukum_Lambert_Beer&quot; class=&quot;size-full wp-image-9934 aligncenter&quot; height=&quot;252&quot; src=&quot;http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Hukum_Lambert_Beer.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Hukum_Lambert_Beer&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;A =&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; log ( Io&amp;nbsp;/ It )&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; =&amp;nbsp; a b c&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Keterangan&amp;nbsp; : Io = Intensitas sinar datang&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;It = Intensitas sinar yang diteruskan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;a = Absorptivitas&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;b = Panjang sel/kuvet&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;c = konsentrasi (g/l)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;A = Absorban&lt;/div&gt;Spektrofotometri merupakan bagian dari fotometri dan dapat dibedakan dari filter fotometri sebagai berikut : &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;1. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Daerah jangkauan spektrum&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Filter  fotometr hanya dapat digunakan untuk mengukur serapan sinar tampak  (400-750 nm). Sedangkan spektrofotometer dapat mengukur serapan di  daerah tampak, UV (200-380 nm) maupun IR (&amp;gt; 750 nm). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;2. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sumber sinar&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Sesuai  dengan daerah jangkauan spektrumnya maka spektrofotometer menggunakan  sumber sinar yang berbeda pada masing-masing daerah (sinar tampak, UV,  IR). Sedangkan sumber sinar filter fotometer hanya untuk daerah tampak. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;3. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Monokromator&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Filter  fotometere menggunakan filter sebagai monokrmator. Tetapi pada spektro  digunakan kisi atau prisma yang daya resolusinya lebih baik.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;4. Detektor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Filter fotometer menggunakan detektor fotosel&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Spektrofotometer menggunakan tabung penggandaan foton atau fototube.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Komponen utama dari spektrofotometer yaitu :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sumber cahaya&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Untuk radisi kontinue :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Untuk daerah UV dan daerah tampak :&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu wolfram (lampu pijar) menghasilkan spektrum kontiniu pada gelombang 320-2500 nm.&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu hidrogen atau deutrium (160-375 nm)&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu gas xenon (250-600 nm)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt; daerah IR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Ada tiga macam sumber sinar yang dapat digunakan :&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu Nerst,dibuat dari campuran zirkonium oxida (38%) Itrium oxida&amp;nbsp; (38%) dan erbiumoxida (3%)&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu globar dibuat dari silisium Carbida (SiC).&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu Nkrom terdiri dari pita nikel krom dengan panjang gelombang 0,4 – 20 nm&lt;br /&gt;
- &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Spektrum radiasi garis UV atau tampak :&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu uap (lampu Natrium, Lampu Raksa)&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu katoda cekung/lampu katoda berongga&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lampu pembawa muatan dan elektroda (elektrodeless dhischarge lamp)&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Laser&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pengatur Intensitas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;Berfungsi untuk mengatur intensitas sinar yang dihasilkan oleh sumber cahaya agar sinar yang masuk tetap konstan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Monokromator&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;Berfungsi untuk merubah sinar polikromatis menjadi sinar monokromatis sesuai yang dibutuhkan oleh pengukuran&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Macam-macam monokromator :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Prisma&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; kaca untuk daerah sinar tampak&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; kuarsa untuk daerah UV&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Rock salt (kristal garam) untuk daerah IR&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp; Kisi difraksi&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Keuntungan menggunakan kisi :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dispersi sinar merata&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dispersi lebih baik dengan ukuran pendispersi yang sama&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dapat digunakan dalam seluruh jangkauan spektrum&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kuvet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;Pada  pengukuran di daerah sinar tampak digunakan kuvet kaca dan daerah UV  digunakan kuvet kuarsa serta kristal garam untuk daerah IR.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Detektor &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;Fungsinya untuk merubah sinar menjadi energi listrik yang sebanding dengan besaran yang dapat diukur.&lt;br /&gt;
Syarat-syarat ideal sebuah detektor :&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kepekan yang tinggi&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perbandingan isyarat atau signal dengan bising tinggi&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Respon konstan pada berbagai panjang gelombang.&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Waktu respon cepat dan signal minimum tanpa radiasi.&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Signal listrik yang dihasilkan harus sebanding dengan tenaga radiasi.&lt;br /&gt;
Macam-macam detektor :&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Detektor foto (Photo detector)&lt;br /&gt;
- &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Photocell&lt;br /&gt;
- &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Phototube&lt;br /&gt;
- &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hantaran foto&lt;br /&gt;
- &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dioda foto&lt;br /&gt;
- &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Detektor panas&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Penguat (amplifier)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;Berfungsi untuk memperbesar arus yang dihasilkan oleh detektor agar dapat dibaca oleh indikator.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Indikator&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;Dapat berupa :&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Recorder&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Komputer&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/8997716675541669339/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/spektrofotometri.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/8997716675541669339'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/8997716675541669339'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/spektrofotometri.html' title='SPEKTROFOTOMETRI'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-295838604785633008</id><published>2010-10-13T06:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-13T06:37:54.583-07:00</updated><title type='text'>kegunaan ( fungsi ) dan cara kerja spektrofotometer NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kegunaan NMR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Banyak informasi yang dapat diperoleh dari spektra NMR. Pada umumnya metode ini berguna sekali untuk mengidentifikasi struktur senyawa atau rumus bangun molekul senyawa organik. Meskipun Spektroskopi Infra Merah juga dapat digunakan untuk tujuan tersebut, analisis spektra NMR mampu memberikan informasi yang lebih lengkap.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dampak spektroskopi NMR pada senyawa bahan alam sangat penting. Ini dapat digunakan untuk mempelajari campuran analisis, untuk memahami efek dinamis seperti perubahan pada suhu dan mekanisme reaksi, dan merupakan instrumen tak ternilai untuk memahami struktur dan fungsi asam nukleat dan protein. Teknik ini dapat digunakan untuk berbagai variasi sampel, dalam bentuk padat atau pun larutan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prinsip Kerja NMR Spectroscopy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Metode spektroskopi jenis ini didasarkan pada penyerapan energi oleh partikel yang sedang berputar di dalam medan magnet yang kuat. Energi yang dipakai dalam pengukuran dengan metode ini berada pada daerah gelombang radio 75-0,5 m atau pada frekuensi 4-600 MHz, yang bergantung pada jenis inti yang diukur.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Inti yang dapat diukur dengan NMR yaitu :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;a. Bentuk bulat&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;b. Berputar&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;c. Bilangan kuantum spin = ½&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;d. Jumlah proton dan netron ganjil, contoh : 1H, 19F, 31P, 11B, 13C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Di dalam medan magnet, inti aktif NMR (misalnya 1H atau 13C) menyerap pada frekuensi karakteristik suatu isotop. Frekuensi resonansi, energi absorpsi dan intensitas sinyal berbanding lurus dengan kekuatan medan magnet. Sebagai contoh, pada medan magnet 21 tesla, proton beresonansi pada 900 MHz. nilai magnet 21 T dianggap setara dengan magnet 900 MHZ, meskipun inti yang berbeda beresonansi pada frekuensi yang berbeda.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Di Medan magnet bumi, inti yang sama beresonansi pada frekuensi audio. Fenomena ini dimanfaatkan oleh spektrometer NMR medan bumi, yang lebih murah dan mudah dibawa. Instrumen ini biasa digunakan untuk keperluan kerja lapangan dan pengajaran.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/295838604785633008/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/kegunaan-fungsi-dan-cara-kerja.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/295838604785633008'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/295838604785633008'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/kegunaan-fungsi-dan-cara-kerja.html' title='kegunaan ( fungsi ) dan cara kerja spektrofotometer NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-4966955220283461654</id><published>2010-10-07T08:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-07T08:19:10.179-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Perbedaan Antara MRI &amp; CT (CAT Scans)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt; &lt;style&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% black; padding: 0.75pt; width: 195pt;&quot; width=&quot;260&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://i1200.photobucket.com/albums/bb324/elektromedik/image001.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;http://i1200.photobucket.com/albums/bb324/elektromedik/image001.jpg&quot; width=&quot;155&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt; width: 537.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;717&quot;&gt;   &lt;h1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;CAT   Scans&lt;/i&gt; -&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/h1&gt;Cat scan adalah jenis khusus x-ray. Pasien berbaring di sofa yang dapat   digeser ke dalam sebuah lingkaran besar yang terbuka. x-ray tube berputar di   sekitar komputer pasien dan mengumpulkan hasil. Hasil ini diterjemahkan ke   dalam gambar yang terlihat seperti sebuah &quot;irisan&quot; dari orang. &lt;br /&gt;
Kadang-kadang seorang radiolog akan memutuskan bahwa agen kontras harus   digunakan. Kontras yodium berbasis agen dan diserap oleh jaringan normal.   Mereka membuat lebih mudah bagi dokter untuk melihat tumor dalam jaringan   otak. Ada   beberapa (jarang) risiko yang terkait dengan agen kontras dan Anda harus   memastikan bahwa Anda membicarakan hal ini dengan dokter sebelum tiba untuk   pemeriksaan. &lt;br /&gt;
CT sangat baik untuk pencitraan struktur tulang. Pada kenyataannya,   biasanya modus pencitraan pilihan ketika melihat telinga bagian dalam. Ini   dapat dengan mudah mendeteksi tumor dalam saluran pendengaran dan dapat   menunjukkan seluruh koklea pada kebanyakan pasien. &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% black; padding: 0.75pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://i1200.photobucket.com/albums/bb324/elektromedik/image003.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://i1200.photobucket.com/albums/bb324/elektromedik/image003.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://i1200.photobucket.com/albums/bb324/elektromedik/image004.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://i1200.photobucket.com/albums/bb324/elektromedik/image004.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://i1200.photobucket.com/albums/bb324/elektromedik/image005.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://i1200.photobucket.com/albums/bb324/elektromedik/image005.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KANSAS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg&quot; width=&quot;187&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;256&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KANSAS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif&quot; width=&quot;256&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KANSAS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg&quot; width=&quot;203&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;   &lt;h1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;MRI&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;MRI adalah hewan yang sama sekali berbeda! Tidak seperti CT menggunakan   magnet dan gelombang radio untuk menciptakan gambar. Tidak ada x-ray   digunakan dalam scanner MRI. &lt;br /&gt;
Pasien terletak di sofa yang terlihat sangat mirip dengan yang digunakan   untuk CT. Mereka kemudian ditempatkan dalam silinder yang sangat panjang dan   diminta untuk tetap diam. Mesin akan menghasilkan banyak suara dan ujian   biasanya menjalankan sekitar 30 menit. &lt;br /&gt;
Silinder yang Anda berbaring di sebenarnya magnet yang sangat besar.   Komputer akan mengirimkan gelombang radio melalui tubuh Anda dan mengumpulkan   sinyal yang dipancarkan dari atom hidrogen dalam sel Anda. Informasi ini   dikumpulkan oleh sebuah antena dan dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah komputer&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; canggih&lt;/span&gt; yang menghasilkan   gambar. Gambar-gambar ini terlihat seperti CAT scan tapi mereka punya banyak   detail yang lebih tinggi di jaringan lunak. Sayangnya, MRI tidak melakukan   pekerjaan yang sangat baik dengan tulang. &lt;br /&gt;
Salah satu keuntungan besar dari MRI adalah kemampuan untuk mengubah   kontras gambar. perubahan&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; kecil&lt;/span&gt;   dalam gelombang radio dan medan magnet yang benar-benar dapat mengubah   kontras gambar. Berbagai pengaturan kontras akan menyoroti berbagai jenis   jaringan. &lt;br /&gt;
Keuntungan lain dari MRI adalah kemampuan untuk mengubah pesawat   pencitraan tanpa memindahkan pasien. Jika anda melihat gambar ke sebelah kiri   Anda akan melihat bahwa mereka terlihat sangat berbeda. Dua gambar teratas   adalah apa yang kita sebut aksial gambar. Ini adalah apa yang Anda akan   melihat apakah Anda memotong setengah&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; dalam&lt;/span&gt; pasien dan memandang mereka dari atas. Gambar di bawah   adalah gambar koronal. irisan ini pasien dari depan ke belakang. Kebanyakan   mesin MRI dapat menghasilkan gambar dalam setiap bidang. CT tidak bisa   melakukan ini. &lt;br /&gt;
Agen kontras juga digunakan pada MRI tetapi mereka tidak terbuat dari   iodin. Ada   sedikit didokumentasikan kasus reaksi kontras MRI dan dianggap lebih aman   dari x-ray dye. Sekali lagi, Anda harus mendiskusikan agen kontras dengan   dokter Anda sebelum Anda tiba untuk ujian. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;  &lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Frequently asked questions&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt;&quot;&gt;Pertanyaan yang sering diajukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pertanyaan:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Anak saya mengalami gangguan pendengaran. Mana studi yang tepat bagi dia? &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jawaban:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Anda harus membicarakan hal ini dengan ahli saraf yang melihat anak Anda. CT scan yang besar untuk melihat tulang-tulang dan dapat sangat berguna dalam mendiagnosis malformasi telinga bagian dalam yang dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi tuli. MRI scan digunakan untuk melihat jaringan lunak. Hal ini mungkin cocok jika dokter Anda lesi tersangka otak. Either way, pastikan bahwa resep dokter menjawab semua pertanyaan Anda sebelum Anda meninggalkan kantor. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;  &lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pertanyaan:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Apakah MRI berbahaya? &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jawaban:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Tidak biasanya ..... Ada beberapa orang yang seharusnya tidak MRI. Atas dari daftar adalah orang-orang yang memiliki implan koklea atau alat pacu jantung. Orang dengan pecahan logam di mata mereka atau klip aneurisma ditanamkan dalam otak mereka juga harus menghindari pemeriksaan MRI. medan magnet yang kuat dapat menghilangkan benda logam yang ada di tubuh. Lebih buruk lagi mereka dapat ditanamkan perangkat elektronik yang berlebihan dan membuat mereka tidak berguna. Selalu memberi tahu dokter dan teknolog jika Anda memiliki perangkat medis implan sebelum Anda memasukkan magnet suite. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;  &lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pertanyaan:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Apakah gambar pada halaman web Anda normal? &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jawaban:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Tidak, mereka tidak. Semua pasien ini sangat sakit pada saat gambar diperoleh. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;  &lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pertanyaan:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Mengapa teknolog membuat saya menghapus membuat mata saya bangun sebelum (MRI) scan? &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jawaban:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Mata bayangan sering mengandung partikel logam kecil daripada yang dapat mengganggu studi. Kadang-kadang mereka dapat panas dan menyebabkan iritasi mata. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;  &lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pertanyaan:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Jika saya tak sadarkan diri di ruang gawat darurat dan mereka memesan MRI, akan mereka tahu aku punya susuk? &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jawaban:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Gawat darurat dan fasilitas MRI sering mengandalkan saudara untuk memberikan informasi ini saat Anda tidak mampu berkomunikasi. Masalah muncul ketika seorang pasien datang dengan kehilangan kesadaran dan keluarga tidak hadir. Jika Anda berada dalam rumah sakit yang belum melihat Anda sebelumnya dan bagian eksternal implan Anda telah dihapus sebelum tiba di MRI mungkin ada masalah. Seperti yang Anda ketahui, CI hampir mustahil untuk melihat prosesor setelah diputuskan. &lt;br /&gt;
MRI adalah sangat umum untuk pasien yang hadir dengan aktivitas kejang, trauma tulang belakang, dan tidak dapat dijelaskan kehilangan kesadaran yang tidak muncul untuk menjadi stroke diinduksi. Kadang-kadang mereka mendapatkan pertama CT scan yang menunjukkan implan tapi kadang-kadang mereka tidak. Jika Anda prihatin tentang kemungkinan ini, Anda harus mengenakan tanda medis tag atau gelang. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/4966955220283461654/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/perbedaan-antara-mri-ct-cat-scans.html#comment-form' title='9 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/4966955220283461654'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/4966955220283461654'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/perbedaan-antara-mri-ct-cat-scans.html' title='Perbedaan Antara MRI &amp; CT (CAT Scans)'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>9</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-216571723544539660</id><published>2010-10-02T19:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-02T19:28:15.489-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;articleBody&quot;&gt;  &lt;h1 class=&quot;articlePageTitle&quot;&gt;Advantages of Robotic Surgery&lt;/h1&gt;In today&#39;s operating rooms, you&#39;ll find two or three surgeons, an  anesthesiologist and several nurses, all needed for even the simplest of  surgeries. Most surgeries require nearly a dozen people in the room. As  with all automation, surgical &lt;a href=&quot;http://science.howstuffworks.com/robot.htm&quot;&gt;robots&lt;/a&gt;  will eventually eliminate the need for some personnel. Taking a glimpse  into the future, surgery may require only one surgeon, an  anesthesiologist and one or two nurses. In this nearly empty operating  room, the doctor sits at a computer console, either in or outside the  operating room, using the surgical robot to accomplish what it once took  a crowd of people to perform.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-bottom: 3px; text-align: center; width: 341px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;robot&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/robotic-surgery-layout.jpg&quot; width=&quot;341&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;  The use of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm&quot;&gt;computer&lt;/a&gt; console to perform operations from a distance opens up the idea of &lt;strong&gt;telesurgery&lt;/strong&gt;,  which would involve a doctor performing delicate surgery miles away  from the patient. If the doctor doesn&#39;t have to stand over the patient  to perform the surgery, and can control the robotic arms from a computer  station just a few feet away from the patient, the next step would be  performing surgery from locations that are even farther away. If it were  possible to use the computer console to move the robotic arms in  real-time, then it would be possible for a doctor in &lt;a href=&quot;http://maps.howstuffworks.com/maps-of-california.htm&quot;&gt;California&lt;/a&gt; to operate on a patient in New York. A major obstacle in telesurgery has been &lt;strong&gt;latency&lt;/strong&gt;  -- the time delay between the doctor moving his or her hands to the  robotic arms responding to those movements. Currently, the doctor must  be in the room with the patient for robotic systems to react instantly  to the doctor&#39;s hand movements.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;sideBoxRight&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;titleBlue&quot;&gt;Hefty Price Tags&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot;&gt;Some robotic surgery systems cost more than $1 million to purchase and more than $100,000 a year to maintain. While hospitals can save on costs by decreasing the length of a patient&#39;s stay due to a shorter recovery period, they might not save enough to justify the expense of the system.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;Having fewer personnel in  the operating room and allowing doctors the ability to operate on a  patient long-distance could lower the cost of health care in the long  term. In addition to cost efficiency, robotic surgery has several other  advantages over conventional surgery, including enhanced precision and  reduced trauma to the patient. For instance, traditional heart bypass  surgery requires that the patient&#39;s chest be &quot;cracked&quot; open by way of a  1-foot (30.48-cm) long incision. However, with the da Vinci system, it&#39;s  possible to operate on the heart by making three or four small  incisions in the chest, each only about 1 centimeter in length. Because  the surgeon would make these smaller incisions instead of one long one  down the length of the chest, the patient would experience less pain,  trauma and bleeding, which means a faster recovery.&lt;br /&gt;
Robotic assistants can also decrease the fatigue that doctors  experience during surgeries that can last several hours. Surgeons can  become exhausted during those long surgeries, and can experience hand  tremors as a result. Even the steadiest of human hands cannot match  those of a surgical robot. Engineers program robotic surgery systems to  compensate for tremors, so if the doctor&#39;s hand shakes the computer  ignores it and keeps the mechanical arm steady.&lt;br /&gt;
Let&#39;s take a look  at the different approaches to robot surgery, starting with  supervisory-controlled systems in the next section.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tipImage&quot;&gt;     &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;iconLimit&quot; src=&quot;http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/tool-tip-video-icon-22x37.gif&quot; /&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tipText&quot;&gt;     &lt;span class=&quot;bold&quot;&gt;VIDEO:&lt;/span&gt; Check out videos of    &lt;a href=&quot;http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/robot-videos-playlist.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;bold&quot;&gt;amazing robots. &amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/216571723544539660/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/advantages-of-robotic-surgery-in-todays.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/216571723544539660'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/216571723544539660'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/advantages-of-robotic-surgery-in-todays.html' title=''/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-5743874824671928293</id><published>2010-10-02T19:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-02T19:20:12.410-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Tan Le: A headset that reads your brainwaves</title><content type='html'>Tan Le: A headset that reads your brainwaves&lt;br /&gt;
Tan Le’s astonishing new computer interface reads its user’s  brainwaves, making it possible to control virtual objects, and even  physical electronics, with mere thoughts (and a little concentration).  She demos the headset, and talks about its far-reaching applications.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;Source &amp;gt; http://www.ted.com/talks/tan_le_a_headset_that_reads_your_brainwaves.html&lt;br /&gt;
Why you should listen to her:&lt;br /&gt;
Tan Le is the co-founder and president of Emotiv Systems, a firm  that’s working on a new form of remote control that uses brainwaves to  control digital devices and digital media. It’s long been a dream to  bypass the mechanical (mouse, keyboard, clicker) and have our digital  devices respond directly to what we think. Emotiv’s recently released  EPOC headset uses 16 sensors to listen to activity across the entire  brain. Software “learns” what each user’s brain activity looks like when  one, for instance, imagines a left turn or a jump.&lt;br /&gt;
Neuroscientists have expressed varying views about Emotiv’s headset  and technology — electrical activity in the brain is notoriously  difficult to decode — but it does work. It is a  natural for gaming,  where ever more complex environments demand more complex inputs.&lt;br /&gt;
But it’s also a potential gamechanger for accessibility apps, such as  steering a wheelchair. Le herself has an extraordinary story — a  refugee from Vietnam at age 4, she entered college at 16 and has since  become a vital young leader in her home country of Australia.&lt;br /&gt;
More &amp;gt; http://www.ted.com/speakers/tan_le.html&lt;br /&gt;
Tan Le on the Web &amp;gt; http://www.emotiv.com/</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/5743874824671928293/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/tan-le-headset-that-reads-your.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/5743874824671928293'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/5743874824671928293'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/tan-le-headset-that-reads-your.html' title='Tan Le: A headset that reads your brainwaves'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-6752245132064903358</id><published>2010-10-02T05:36:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-02T19:52:21.884-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="software"/><title type='text'>Electronics Assistant V4.1 ( alat bantu belajar elektronik)</title><content type='html'>jika anda sedang belajar atau bahkan bekerja di bidang yang membutuhkan  pengetahuan tentang elektronik, software asisten elektronik ini akan sangat membantu  anda.......&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Software Electronics Assistant V4.1 ini mempunyai fitur antara lain :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Resistor code calculator&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Resistors in series or parallel &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;LED series resistor calculator&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Capasitor code calculator&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Capasitor in series or parallel&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;Capasitance Unit Converter&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Charge and energi in a Capasitor&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Inductor code calculator&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Power calculator&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;frecuency calculator&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reactance calculator&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dan masih banyak fitur lain yang akan membantu anda....&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Download &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/11324701/elektronikasisten.exe.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;disini&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; atau &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://depositfiles.com/files/tvdb5g8b6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #990000;&quot;&gt;disini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/6752245132064903358/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/electronics-assistant-v41.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/6752245132064903358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/6752245132064903358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/electronics-assistant-v41.html' title='Electronics Assistant V4.1 ( alat bantu belajar elektronik)'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-9167716929743201049</id><published>2010-10-02T04:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-02T04:08:29.312-07:00</updated><title type='text'>STANDAR PROFESI TENAGA TEKNIK ELEKTROMEDIK</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoHeading9&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Latar Belakang&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pembangunan nasional yang sedang dilaksanakan secara menyeluruh telah mengakibatkan berbagai perubahan dalam tata kehidupan masyarakat. Sedangkan pembangunan kesehatan yang merupakan bagian integral dari pembangunan nasional pada hakekatnya merupakan penyelenggaraan berbagai upaya kesehatan untuk berkemampuan hidup sehat bagi setiap penduduk agar dapat mewujudkan derajat kesehatan yang optimal yang sangat besar artinya bagi produktivitas sumber daya manusia sebagai modal pembangunan nasional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kebutuhan dan tuntutan akan pelayanan kesehatan bidang teknik elektromedik pada masa mendatang akan lebih meningkat baik jenis mapun kwalitasnya. Dengan disyahkan dan diundangkannya undang-undang No.23 tahun 1992 tentang kesehatan akan memberikan landasan yang lebih mantap dalam pembangunan kesehatan yang akan datang. Dengan demikian pelayanan kesehatan harus ditunjang oleh teknik elektromedik yang memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan yang memadai dan dapat melaksanakan tugasnya esi.secara profesional, dengan berpedoman kepada standar prof&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Untuk melaksanakan undang-undang No. 23 tahun 1992 khususnya dalam pelayanan kesehatan bidang teknik elektromedik perlu dirumuskan standar profesi tenaga kesehatan teknik elektromedik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoHeading9&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Pengertian dan Tujuan Standar Profesi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pengertian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Standar profesi teknik elektromedik: adalah pedoman dan batasan-batasan yang harus dipergunakan sebagai petunjuk dalam menjalankan profesi teknik elektromedik secara baik (UU/W No.23.1992).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Tenaga teknik elektromedik: seorang yang berpendidikan dalam bidang teknik elektromedik dan diberi tugas, tanggung jawab, wewenang dan hak oleh pejabat yang berwenang untuk melakukan kegiatan pelayanan teknik elektromedik, berdasarkan rekomendasi atau akreditasi organisasi profesi teknik elektromedik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Pelayanan teknik elektromedik: kegiatan yang mencakup perencanaan, pelaksanaan, wasdal dan berperan serta dalam pengadaan/penerimaan, evaluasi dan pendayagunaan alkes serta bimbingan pengoperasian alat kesehatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Alat kesehatan adalah (UU.No.23 tentang kesehatan): Instrumen, apparatus, mesin, implan yang tidak mengandung obat yang digunakan untuk mencegah, mendiagnosis, menyembuhkan dan meringankan penyakit, merawat orang sakit serta memulihkan kesehatan pada manusia dan atau untuk membentuk struktur dan memperbaiki fungsi tubuh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;e.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Penerima pelayanan teknik elektromedik: semua bidang pelayanan, penjual jasa dan produksi alkes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;f.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Tempat tugas: disemua bidang penerimaan pelayanan teknik elektromedik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tujuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tujuan adanya standar profesi teknik elektromedik adalah memberikan perlindungan baik kepada tenaga teknik elektromedik maupun pihak penerima pelayanan teknik elektromedik. Standar profesi juga bertujuan untuk pengawasan, pelaksanaan, pembinaan serta meningkatkan mutu pelayanan teknik elektromedik sehingga pelayanan teknik elektromedik lebih bermutu dan dilaksanakan secara efektif dan efisien.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoHeading9&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Pendidikan Dan Pelatihan Profesi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Salah satu tenaga kesehatan yang profesional dalam pelayanan kesehatan adalah tenaga teknik elektromedik. Pengadaan tenaga teknik elektromedik dihasilkan oleh lembaga formal yang menggunakan kurikulum yang disyahkan oleh pemerintah (Depkes, Depdiknas), sedangkan penyelenggaraan pendidikan dan pelatihan pada hakekatnya dapat diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah/swasta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Sumber daya teknik elektromedik dapat didayagunakan untuk pelayanan kesehatan, pendidikan, pelatihan, penelitian, pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam bidang teknik elektromedik serta bidang lain sesuai dengan ruang lingkup tugas, tanggung jawab dan wewenang tenaga teknik elektromedik. Pelatihan profesional ditujukan untuk meningkatkan wawasan kemampuan akademik serta kinerja (performance) teknik elektromedik dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenangnya agar senantiasa mampu mengadaptasi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam bidang khususnya bidang teknik elektromedik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Untuk penyelenggaraan pendidikan dan pelatihan profesi tersebut, organisasi profesi turut berperan serta dan memberikan rekomendasi-rekomendasi agar tenaga yang dihasilkan senantiasa seauai dengan kebutuhan pelayanan kesehatan yang memenuhi kriteria standar pelayanan kesehatan dan kode etik standar profesi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Dalam rangka merealisasi standar pelayanan kesehatan dan mengantisipasi perkembangan dalam bidang teknik elektromedik, maka diperlukan jenjang pendidikan lanjut dari pendidikan yang telah ada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;D.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;Pedoman atau Kriteria Dalam Menjalankan Profesi Teknik Elektromedik (Standar Profesi).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Standar profesi teknik elektromedik disusun berdasarkan tujuan pelayanan kesehatan secara menyeluruh dan terpadu. Disamping itu motivasi dan minat tenaga teknik elektromedik merupakan faktor penting dalam memberikan pelayanan teknik elektromedik secara profesional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Dalam menjalankan profesi teknik elektromedik dapat dilakukan di unit pelayanan seperti rumah sakit, BPFK, Laboratorium kesehatan, unit jasa swasta, konsultan, supplier, unit industri peralatan kesehatan dan lainnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/9167716929743201049/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/standar-profesi-tenaga-teknik.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/9167716929743201049'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/9167716929743201049'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/10/standar-profesi-tenaga-teknik.html' title='STANDAR PROFESI TENAGA TEKNIK ELEKTROMEDIK'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-2465306680510310829</id><published>2010-09-24T05:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-09-24T05:46:04.500-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="microcontroller"/><title type='text'>USB AVR in System Programmer</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;======= &amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;CREDITS&lt;/b&gt; &amp;nbsp;=======&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- The AVR firmware was written by: &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:klaus@mikrocontroller-projekte.de?subject=AVR%20programmer%20V3.8%20firmware&quot;&gt;Klaus Leidinger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- The PCB was designed by: &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:diporli@auth.gr?subject=USB%20AVR%20programmer%20PCB&quot;&gt;Dimitris Porlidas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- The schematic&amp;nbsp;diagram was drawn&amp;nbsp;by: &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:diporli@auth.gr?subject=USB%20AVR%20programmer%20PCB&quot;&gt;Dimitris Porlidas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- The AvrOspII software was written by: &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:mikehg_67@yahoo.com?subject=AvrOspII%205.47&quot;&gt;Mike Henning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Small modifications in&amp;nbsp;firmware and&amp;nbsp;schematic diagram were made by: &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:avrsite@yahoo.gr?subject=USB%20AVR%20programmer&quot;&gt;Vassilis Serasidis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: 1065px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;                     &lt;td width=&quot;538&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;450&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/componentSide.jpg&quot; width=&quot;538&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                     &lt;td width=&quot;527&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/copperSide.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;450&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/copperSide.jpg&quot; width=&quot;497&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Nowadays,  USB&amp;nbsp;is the most popular connection connection between PC and  peripherals such as AVR programmers, printers, scanners etc. For that  reason I had to modify my old serial AVR In-System-Programmer (ISP) to  work with USB connection. You can say, &quot;use a USB to Serial adaptor&amp;nbsp;to  connect your AVR ISP with your PC&quot;. Yes, that could be a solution but  it&amp;nbsp;would cost me&amp;nbsp;more&amp;nbsp;money than a singe FT232BM chip&amp;nbsp;because&amp;nbsp;I&amp;nbsp;had to  include an USB to RS232 adaptor and a&amp;nbsp;power supply for my&amp;nbsp;programmer.  (almost €30). &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;So,  the solution was to replace the two transistors, that were used to  adapt the RS-232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, with a USB to  RS-232 chip such as &lt;b&gt;FT-232BM&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Initially, I used the &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:samperi@ampertronics.com.au?subject=www.serasidis.gr%20::%20Avr%20USB%20programmer&quot;&gt;John Samperi&#39;s&lt;/a&gt; firmware V3.2 but afterwards&amp;nbsp;I found out the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:klaus@mikrocontroller-projekte.de?subject=www.serasidis.gr%20::%20AVR%20programmer%20V3.8%20firmware&quot;&gt;Klaus Leidinger&#39;s&lt;/a&gt;  firmware that was a little bit faster. So, I chose the second one  firmware but I had to modify the source code&amp;nbsp;to work with 11.0592MHz  crystal instead of 7.3724MHz that was initially designed because I  couldn&#39;t find this crystal in the market . &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;This programmer worked perfect with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/avr_isp/AVRprog.zip&quot;&gt;AVRprog&lt;/a&gt;  but then I found a software that could support much more&amp;nbsp;AVR devices  than the AVRprog could program. This software is AvrOspII V5.47.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;253&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/schematicSmall.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; The schematic diagram of USB AVR In-System-Programmer&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The circuit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Following  the schematic diagram&amp;nbsp;that I read in the FT232BM manual I made the  connections between ATtiny2313 and FT232BM. The FT232BM requires a few  and ordinary components to work. When you connect this circuit to your  PC you will see the message &quot; a new hardware was found&quot; and then the  factory name of FT232BM. IC1 is a serial EEPROM that used to store  user&#39;s settings. So, you can rename this programmer to be appeared as  &quot;AVR In-System-Programmer&quot; or &quot;MyAVR programmer&quot;. Furthermore, you can  add the firmware version of your circuit. Of cource, you can bypass this  component because it&#39;s optional. I saw that the programmer works with  or&amp;nbsp;without this EEPROM. Anyway, FTDI suggests you to use this EEPROM.  Led D1 flashes&amp;nbsp;when data are transmitted or received by FT232BM. CN1 is a  USB-B connector and CN2 is a 6-pin connector to your target AVR (it is  connected to the AVR to be programmed). The S1 switch is used to supply  your target circuit with +5V from the USB connector of your PC. In this  case you won&#39;t need any additional power supply for your target circuit.  Consider that a single USB port can supply up to 500mA current. You  should not exceed this current limitation including the current that  needs your AVR programmer too.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; bordercolordark=&quot;black&quot; bordercolorlight=&quot;black&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 784px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;                     &lt;td width=&quot;384&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/pcb_48x48mm.jpg&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; The PCB was&amp;nbsp;designed with Sprint-Layout 4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                     &lt;td width=&quot;400&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/components.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/components.jpg&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; The placement of the components on PCB&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Programming the ATtiny2313.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 100%;&quot;&gt;Burn the ATtiny2313 with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;avr910_2313_v38c.hex&lt;/b&gt; file. Do not forget to deselect the &quot;&lt;b&gt;Devide clock by 8 internaly&lt;/b&gt;&quot; option and select the &quot;&lt;b&gt;Ext. Crystal Osc. 14CK + 65ms&lt;/b&gt;&quot; option on fuses section of your AVR programming software.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;335&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/MProg.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Configuration tool for the EEPROM of FT232BM chip&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Optional: Configure the USB programmer.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;As  I said before, you can configure your programmer to be appeared with  the name you want. In this case, my programmer is appeared as &quot;AVR  In-System-Programmer&quot; when I plug it in to the USB port. Note that if  you change any information on this screen you should change the same  information in the &quot;FTDIBUS.INF&quot; and &quot;FTDIPORT.INF&quot; files. If you don&#39;t  make&amp;nbsp;any modification to the EEPROM and you have Windows XP SP2 or newer  operating system, you won&#39;t need any driver. All the necessary drivers  are included in your operating system.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 1065px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;                     &lt;td width=&quot;524&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/AvrOspIIset.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;426&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/AvrOspIIset.gif&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; The initial screen of AvrOspII&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                     &lt;td width=&quot;524&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/AvrOspIIinit.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/images/AvrOspIIinit.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; The settings screen of AvrOspII&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The AvrOspII programming software.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;The  programming software that was chosen is&amp;nbsp;AvrOspII V5.47 (currently  version) because it supports a lot of AVR devices and the author of this  software &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:mikehg_67@yahoo.com?subject=www.serasidis.gr%20::%20AvrOspII%205.47&quot;&gt;Mike Henning&lt;/a&gt; is keep on writing new versions supporting new AVR devices. You can see if there is a new AvrOspII version available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.esnips.com/web/AtmelAVR&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 894px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;                     &lt;td width=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/USB_AVR_ISP.zip&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;32&quot; src=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/images/download.gif&quot; width=&quot;32&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                     &lt;td width=&quot;837&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.serasidis.gr/circuits/usbAvrProg/USB_AVR_ISP.zip&quot;&gt;Download the source code, firmware, programming software, schematic and&amp;nbsp;PCB for this programmer.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Published by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:avrsite@yahoo.gr?subject=Usb%20Avr%20Programmer&quot;&gt;Vassilis Serasidis&lt;/a&gt; at 09.Jun.2008&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/2465306680510310829/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/09/usb-avr-in-system-programmer.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/2465306680510310829'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/2465306680510310829'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/09/usb-avr-in-system-programmer.html' title='USB AVR in System Programmer'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-4522879978798546337</id><published>2010-09-24T05:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-09-24T05:16:10.871-07:00</updated><title type='text'>PERAN, FUNGSI, KOMPETENSI DAN JENJANG JABATAN FUNGSIONAL TEKNISI ELEKTROMEDIS</title><content type='html'>A. KETENTUAN UMUM&lt;br /&gt;
Teknisi Elektromedis adalah Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diberi tugas,&lt;br /&gt;
tanggung jawab, wewenang dan hak secara penuh oleh pejabat yang&lt;br /&gt;
berwenang untuk melakukan kegiatan pelayanan teknik elektromedik pada&lt;br /&gt;
unit pelayanan kesehatan.&lt;br /&gt;
Pelayanan Teknik Elektromedik, adalah kegiatan penunjang pelayanan&lt;br /&gt;
kesehatan secara professional terhadap alat elektromedik yang meliputi&lt;br /&gt;
persiapan kegiatan, pelaksanaan kegiatan, penanganan alat kerja, suku&lt;br /&gt;
cadang dan bahan/material, pemantapan mutu, evaluasi dan laporan hasil&lt;br /&gt;
kerja, pemecahan masalah serta pembinaan teknik elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
Alat Elektromedik, adalah alat kerja yang dipergunakan dalam pelayanan&lt;br /&gt;
kesehatan kepada pasien di sarana pelayanan kesehatan.&lt;br /&gt;
Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Pusat, adalah Menteri, Jaksa Agung,&lt;br /&gt;
Pimpinan Kesekretariatan Lembaga Kepresidenan, Kepala Kepolisian&lt;br /&gt;
Negara, Pimpinan Lembaga Pemerintahan Non Departemen, Pimpinan&lt;br /&gt;
Kesekretariatan Lembaga Tinggi Negara, Kepala Pelaksana Harian Badan&lt;br /&gt;
Narkotika Nasional serta Kesekretariatan Lembaga lain yang dipimpin oleh&lt;br /&gt;
pejabat structural eselon 1 dan bukan merupakan bagian dari&lt;br /&gt;
Departemen/Lembaga Pemerintahan Non Departemen.&lt;br /&gt;
Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian daerah Propinsi, adalah Gubernur&lt;br /&gt;
Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten/Kota, adalah&lt;br /&gt;
Bupati/Walikota.&lt;br /&gt;
Pengangkatan adalah Pengangkatan PNS ke dalam jabatan Teknisi&lt;br /&gt;
Elektromedis sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.&lt;br /&gt;
B. PERAN&lt;br /&gt;
Sebagai pelaksana teknis di bidang pelayanan alat elektromedik pada unit&lt;br /&gt;
pelayanan kesehatan di lingkungan Departemen Kesehatan dan instansi&lt;br /&gt;
lain di luar.&lt;br /&gt;
C. FUNGSI, JABATAN FUNGSIONAL TEKNISI ELEKTROMEDIS&lt;br /&gt;
1. Melakukan persiapan kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
2. Melaksanakan kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
3. Melakukan penanganan alat kerja, suku cadang dan bahan/ material&lt;br /&gt;
kegiatan teknik elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
4. Melaksanakan pemantapan mutu kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
5. Melakukan evaluasi dan laporan hasil kerja&lt;br /&gt;
6. Melakukan Pemecahan masalah teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
7. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah di bidang kesehatan&lt;br /&gt;
8. Melakukan penterjemahan/penyaduran buku atau karya ilmiah di&lt;br /&gt;
bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
9. Membuat buku pedoman/juklak/juknis di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
10. Mengembangkan teknologi tepat guna di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
D. KOMPETENSI JABATAN FUNGSIONAL&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi dari masing-masing jabatan fungsional disesuaikan dengan&lt;br /&gt;
fungsinya. Oleh karena itu kompetensi dibagi menjadi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. KOMPETENSI UNTUK TEKNISI ELEKTROMEDIS PELAKSANA&lt;br /&gt;
a. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Mempersiapkan kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
Menyusun rencana operasional&lt;br /&gt;
b. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Memeriksa alat yang akan diuji/kalibrasi&lt;br /&gt;
2. Menyiapkan alat kerja eletromedik&lt;br /&gt;
3. Menyiapkan alat kerja pengujian/kalibrasi&lt;br /&gt;
4. Menyiapkan suku cadang/bahan/material&lt;br /&gt;
5. Mengoperasikan prasarana dasar alat elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
6. Melakukan pemantauan fungsi alat elektromedik teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
sederhana dan menengah.&lt;br /&gt;
7. Melakukan pemeliharaan alat elektromedik teknologi sederhana&lt;br /&gt;
dan menengah secara berkala&lt;br /&gt;
8. Melakukan analisa kerusakan alat : elektromedik teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
sederhana&lt;br /&gt;
9. Melakukan perbaikan alat:elektromedik teknologi sederhana&lt;br /&gt;
10. Melakukan pemasangan/pemindahan alat:elektromedik teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
sederhana&lt;br /&gt;
11. Melakukan pengujian/kalibrasi alat: elektromedik teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
sederhana.&lt;br /&gt;
c. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan penanganan alat kerja, suku cadang, bahan/ meterial&lt;br /&gt;
kegiatan teknik elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi&lt;br /&gt;
1. Melakukan pencatatan dan pelaporan kondisi alat kerja&lt;br /&gt;
2. Melakukan pencatatan dan pelaporan persediaan suku&lt;br /&gt;
cadang/bahan/material&lt;br /&gt;
3. Memelihara alat kerja elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
d. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan pemantapan mutu kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
Menguji suku cadang/bahan/material&lt;br /&gt;
e. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah di bidang teknik eletromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah hasil penelitian di bidang teknik&lt;br /&gt;
elektromedik yang dipublikasikan dalam bentuk buku dan&lt;br /&gt;
majalah ilmiah.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Membuat karya tulis/ karya ilmiah hasil penelitian di bidang&lt;br /&gt;
teknik elektromedik yang dipublikasikan dalam bentuk buku dan&lt;br /&gt;
makalah.&lt;br /&gt;
3. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah berupa tinjauan atau ulasan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah hasil gagasan sendiri di bidang teknik eletromedik yang&lt;br /&gt;
dipublikasikan&lt;br /&gt;
4. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah berupa tinjauan atau ulasan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah hasil gagasan sendiri di bidang teknik eletromedik yang&lt;br /&gt;
dipublikasikan&lt;br /&gt;
5. Membuat tulisan ilmiah popular di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
yang disebarluaskan dalam penyuluhan kesehatan melalui&lt;br /&gt;
media massa&lt;br /&gt;
6. Menyampaikan prasaran berupa tinjauan, gagasan dan atau&lt;br /&gt;
ulasan ilmiah di bidang teknik elektromedik pada pertemuan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah.&lt;br /&gt;
f. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Menerjemahkan/ menyadur buku atau karya ilmiah di bidang teknik&lt;br /&gt;
elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Menterjemahkan/menyadur buku atau karya ilmiah di bidang&lt;br /&gt;
teknik elektromedik yang dipublikasikan.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Membuat abstrak tulisan ilmiah di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
yang dimuat dalam penerbitan.&lt;br /&gt;
g. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat buku pedoman/juklak/juknis di bidang teknik elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat buku pedoman/juklak/juknis di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
h. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Mengembangkan teknologi tepat guna di bidang teknik&lt;br /&gt;
elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
Mengembangkan teknologi tepat guna di bidang teknik&lt;br /&gt;
elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
2. KOMPETENSI UNTUK TEKNISI ELEKTROMEDIS PELAKSANA&lt;br /&gt;
LANJUTAN&lt;br /&gt;
a. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Menyusun rencana tahunan (mengumpulkan dan mengolah&lt;br /&gt;
data, menyusun rencana)&lt;br /&gt;
2. Menyusun rencana triwulan (mengumpulkan dan mengolah data,&lt;br /&gt;
menyusun rencana)&lt;br /&gt;
3. Menyusun rencana operasional (mengumpulkan dan mengolah&lt;br /&gt;
data, menyusun rencana)&lt;br /&gt;
b. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Memeriksa alat kerja elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
2. Memeriksa alat pengujian/kalibrasi&lt;br /&gt;
3. Memeriksa suku cadang/bahan/material&lt;br /&gt;
4. Mengoperasikan prasarana lanjutan alat elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
5. Melakukan pemantauan fungsi alat: elektromedik teknologi tinggi&lt;br /&gt;
6. Melakukan pemeliharaan alat secara berkala: elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
teknologi tinggi.&lt;br /&gt;
7. Melakukan analisa kerusakan alat: elektromedik teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
menengah&lt;br /&gt;
8. Melakukan perbaikan alat: elektromedik teknologi menengah&lt;br /&gt;
9. Melakukan pemasangan /pemindahan alat:elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
teknologi menengah&lt;br /&gt;
10. Melakukan pengujian/kalibrasi alat:elektromedik teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
menengah.&lt;br /&gt;
c. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan penanganan alat kerja, suku cadang,bahan/material&lt;br /&gt;
kegiatan teknik elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Memelihara alat pengujian/kalibrasi&lt;br /&gt;
2. Melakukan analisa kerusakan alat kerja eletromedik&lt;br /&gt;
3. Melakukan analisa kerusakan alat pengujian/kalibrasi teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
sederhana.&lt;br /&gt;
4. Melakukan perbaikan alat kerja elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
5. Melakukan perbaikan alat pengujian/kalibrasi teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
sederhana&lt;br /&gt;
d. Fungsi&lt;br /&gt;
Pelaksanaan pemantapan mutu kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
Menguji alat kerja elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
e. Fungsi&lt;br /&gt;
Pelaksanaan evaluasi dan laporan hasil kerja&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Melakukan evaluasi hasil uji alat kerja&lt;br /&gt;
2. Melakukan evaluasi hasil pemantauan fungsi&lt;br /&gt;
3. Melakukan evaluasi hasil pemeliharaan&lt;br /&gt;
f. Fungsi&lt;br /&gt;
Pemecahan masalah teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
Modifikasi alat, komponen, suku cadang teknologi sederhana dan&lt;br /&gt;
terbukti dapat dipergunakan.&lt;br /&gt;
g. Fungsi&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah hasil penelitian di bidang teknik&lt;br /&gt;
elektromedik yang dipublikasikan dalam bentuk buku dan&lt;br /&gt;
majalah ilmiah&lt;br /&gt;
2. Membuat karya tulis/ karya ilmiah hasil penelitian di bidang&lt;br /&gt;
teknik elektromedik yang dipublikasikan dalam bentuk buku dan&lt;br /&gt;
makalah.&lt;br /&gt;
3. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah berupa tinjauan atau ulasan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah hasil gagasan sendiri di bidang teknik eletromedik yang&lt;br /&gt;
dipublikasikan&lt;br /&gt;
4. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah berupa tinjauan atau ulasan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah hasil gagasan sendiri di bidang teknik eletromedik yang&lt;br /&gt;
dipublikasikan&lt;br /&gt;
5. Membuat tulisan ilmiah popular di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
yang disebarluaskan dalam penyuluhan kesehatan melalui&lt;br /&gt;
media massa&lt;br /&gt;
6. Menyampaikan prasaran berupa tinjauan, gagasan dan atau&lt;br /&gt;
ulasan ilmiah di bidang teknik elektromedik pada pertemuan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah.&lt;br /&gt;
h. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melakukan penterjemah/menyadur buku atau karya ilmiah di bidang&lt;br /&gt;
teknik elektromedik yang dipublikasikan&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Menterjemahkan/menyadur buku atau karya ilmiah di bidang&lt;br /&gt;
teknik elektromedik yang dipublikasikan.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Membuat abstrak tulisan ilmiah di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
yang dimuat dalam penerbitan.&lt;br /&gt;
i. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat buku pedoman/juklak/juknis di bdiang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat buku pedoman/juklak/juknis di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
j. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Mengembangkan teknologi tepat guna dibidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
Mengembangkan teknologi tepat guna dibidang teknik elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
3. KOMPETENSI UNTUK TEKNISI ELEKTROMEDIS PENYELIA&lt;br /&gt;
a. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Mempersiapkan kegiatan elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Membuat kerangka acuan&lt;br /&gt;
2. Menyusun rencana tahunan (menganalisa dan mengevaluasi&lt;br /&gt;
data serta mengevaluasi penyusunan rencana)&lt;br /&gt;
3. Menyusun rencana triwulan (menganalisas dan mengevaluasi&lt;br /&gt;
data)&lt;br /&gt;
4. Menyusun rencana operasional&lt;br /&gt;
5. Menyusun program pelatihan teknis bagi teknisi elektromedis.&lt;br /&gt;
b. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Melakukan analisa kerusakan alat:elektromedik teknologi tinggi&lt;br /&gt;
2. Melakukan perbaikan alat:elektromedik teknologi tinggi&lt;br /&gt;
3. Melakukan pemasangan/pemindahan alat; elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
teknologi tinggi&lt;br /&gt;
4. Melakukan pengujian/kalibrasi alat: elektromedik teknologi tinggi&lt;br /&gt;
c. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan penanganan alat kerja, suku cadang, bahan/material&lt;br /&gt;
kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Melakukan analisa kerusakan alat pengujian/kalibrasi teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
menengah.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Melakukan perbaikan alat pengujian/kalibrasi teknologi&lt;br /&gt;
menengah.&lt;br /&gt;
d. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan pemantapan mutu kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
Menguji alat kerja pengujian/kalibrasi&lt;br /&gt;
e. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melaksanakan evaluasi dan laporan hasil kerja&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Melakukan evaluasi hasil analisa kerusakan&lt;br /&gt;
2. Melakukan evaluasi hasil perbaikan&lt;br /&gt;
3. Melakukan evaluasi hasil pemasangan&lt;br /&gt;
4. Melakukan evaluasi hasil pengujian/kalibrasi&lt;br /&gt;
5. Membuat laporan tahunan kegiatan teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
f. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melakukan pemecahan masalah teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. membuat telaah teknis: internal dan eksternal&lt;br /&gt;
2. Modifikasi alat, komponen, suku cadang teknologi menengah&lt;br /&gt;
dan terbukti dapat dipergunakan.&lt;br /&gt;
g. Fungsi:&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah hasil penelitian di bidang teknik&lt;br /&gt;
elektromedik yang dipublikasikan dalam bentuk buku dan&lt;br /&gt;
majalah ilmiah.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Membuat karya tulis/ karya ilmiah hasil penelitian di bidang&lt;br /&gt;
teknik elektromedik yang dipublikasikan dalam bentuk buku dan&lt;br /&gt;
makalah&lt;br /&gt;
3. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah berupa tinjauan atau ulasan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah hasil gagasan sendiri di bidang teknik eletromedik yang&lt;br /&gt;
dipublikasikan&lt;br /&gt;
4. Membuat karya tulis/karya ilmiah berupa tinjauan atau ulasan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah hasil gagasan sendiri di bidang teknik eletromedik yang&lt;br /&gt;
dipublikasikan&lt;br /&gt;
5. Membuat tulisan ilmiah popular di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
yang disebarluaskan dalam penyuluhan kesehatan melalui&lt;br /&gt;
media massa&lt;br /&gt;
6. Menyampaikan prasaran berupa tinjauan, gagasan dan atau&lt;br /&gt;
ulasan ilmiah di bidang teknik elektromedik pada pertemuan&lt;br /&gt;
ilmiah.&lt;br /&gt;
h. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Melakukan penterjemahan/menyadur buku atau karya ilmiah di&lt;br /&gt;
bidang teknik elektromedik.&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Menterjemahkan/menyadur buku atau karya ilmiah di bidang&lt;br /&gt;
teknik elektromedik yang dipublikasikan.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Membuat abstrak tulisan ilmiah di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
yang dimuat dalam penerbitan.&lt;br /&gt;
i. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat buku pedoman/juklak/juknis di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi:&lt;br /&gt;
Membuat buku pedoman/juklak/juknis di bidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
j. Fungsi :&lt;br /&gt;
Mengembangkan teknologi tepat guna dibidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
Kompetensi :&lt;br /&gt;
Mengembangkan teknologi tepat guna dibidang teknik elektromedik&lt;br /&gt;
E. JENJANG JABATAN &amp;amp; KEPANGKATAN TEKNISI ELEKTROMEDIS&lt;br /&gt;
Jenjang jabatan &amp;amp; kepangkatan Teknisi Elektromedis mempunyai 3&lt;br /&gt;
kategori yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Teknisi Elektromedis Pelaksana&lt;br /&gt;
• Pengatur, golongan ruang II/c sampai dengan&lt;br /&gt;
Pengatur Tingkat I, golongan II/d&lt;br /&gt;
2. Teknisi Elektromedis Pelaksana Lanjutan&lt;br /&gt;
• Penata Muda, golongan ruang III/a sampai dengan&lt;br /&gt;
Penata Muda Tingkat I, golongan ruang III/b&lt;br /&gt;
3. Teknisi Elektromedis Penyelia&lt;br /&gt;
• Penata, golongan ruang III/c sampai dengan&lt;br /&gt;
Penata Tingkat I, golongan ruang III/d</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/4522879978798546337/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/09/peran-fungsi-kompetensi-dan-jenjang.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/4522879978798546337'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/4522879978798546337'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/09/peran-fungsi-kompetensi-dan-jenjang.html' title='PERAN, FUNGSI, KOMPETENSI DAN JENJANG JABATAN FUNGSIONAL TEKNISI ELEKTROMEDIS'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-2386952821752059019</id><published>2010-09-22T02:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-09-24T05:18:58.085-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="microcontroller"/><title type='text'>AVR ATMega 8535/16/32 Learning Kit</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Membuat Board modul AVR ATMega 8535/16/32 dengan I/O (input/output) interface.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Feature :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Pin  kompatibel untuk 40-pin AVR Microcontrollers&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Single sided PCB, header  untuk 4 port I/O, port ISP dan RS-232 port&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Include Regulator +5 Volt DC&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Onboard ISP (In System Programer) header&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHRxWUR4BW2MNQXAAKScbUvf7Kt79eW74rFLSQOBExdv0uXlrVh9nDEtviVlbPrcmfGy5dXE9HajjSJ9rDWIkLpv6y2c0MKZtLcBNyEUFAbXHIYx6ufT_VCQGES_LWQWeOXmvucWK6oQ/s1600/minsys.png&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;minnimum system (minsys)&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5470653086252640946&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHRxWUR4BW2MNQXAAKScbUvf7Kt79eW74rFLSQOBExdv0uXlrVh9nDEtviVlbPrcmfGy5dXE9HajjSJ9rDWIkLpv6y2c0MKZtLcBNyEUFAbXHIYx6ufT_VCQGES_LWQWeOXmvucWK6oQ/s320/minsys.png&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 245px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;I/O Module :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Led Module&lt;/b&gt; (LED Board menyediakan 8-bit LED dot. Konektor ke PCB utama dengan mudah dengan kabel pita 10 pin.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMpFpnpiV5Zm5pUA4O19Bsmv5ViuD-9AWGccvS3IQkoBG-UPQgwzUMjBiCc74oIWzEsYxkEcBXzkPVGKm2dU-V6StthEQ8SzmOpSNgX9tqXkItUfJu05zIyGQ-Ddt_W1c5sB3PKhmYgvg/s1600/led.png&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;LED Module&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5470655067013231090&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMpFpnpiV5Zm5pUA4O19Bsmv5ViuD-9AWGccvS3IQkoBG-UPQgwzUMjBiCc74oIWzEsYxkEcBXzkPVGKm2dU-V6StthEQ8SzmOpSNgX9tqXkItUfJu05zIyGQ-Ddt_W1c5sB3PKhmYgvg/s320/led.png&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 160px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Switch Module&lt;/b&gt; (Modul Switch juga untuk 8 bit port input. Ketika switch ditekan, logika akan &#39;0&#39;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTMxkhoMq6bwZo8TJN411khGhHYF5ipzR8XXuugO4TIOidwye8ku6XGo87dRvWPt1Hd6PTKbuE-9oX2broSXLUpEl_mJ4gFdjzbafvG3R47w-377tv1rb2Bb-eIjHfcQOXnzleegfSCC4/s1600/switch.png&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Switch module&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5470655087353899714&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTMxkhoMq6bwZo8TJN411khGhHYF5ipzR8XXuugO4TIOidwye8ku6XGo87dRvWPt1Hd6PTKbuE-9oX2broSXLUpEl_mJ4gFdjzbafvG3R47w-377tv1rb2Bb-eIjHfcQOXnzleegfSCC4/s320/switch.png&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 152px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;LCD Module&lt;/b&gt; (LCD karakter HD44780 LCD 2x16 kompatibel)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1HpKAVd8Z_Y1bIDlu7jbel2xFbxTfKJJkHJS6iY6C39M5D-zTA_RGZ6hP-rY0p41wyWb6klDNtl0whGMakkPBYCL_QwpkYdICl7DdY4d2-J9aUb93HA7LIFDvBULv77cKLH5UKdSMOac/s1600/lcd.png&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;LCD Module&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5470655076387564402&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1HpKAVd8Z_Y1bIDlu7jbel2xFbxTfKJJkHJS6iY6C39M5D-zTA_RGZ6hP-rY0p41wyWb6klDNtl0whGMakkPBYCL_QwpkYdICl7DdY4d2-J9aUb93HA7LIFDvBULv77cKLH5UKdSMOac/s320/lcd.png&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 140px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Keypad Module&lt;/b&gt; (4x4 keypad matrik)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAv4aXBPZvRYQ7wQKW1oiMiGsOKwe_ysxQm5E4hyphenhyphenQGSGK6Hrr8SM_1lcUHPpHyAaT8mAX7MGZ-qPDvQBL5dMSFVN9sl-58KfaF6mUSRtrUtXhLSSahtXYhsR93Ze65u07XZ0__vths7vU/s1600/keypad.png&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Keypad Module&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5470655086023621970&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAv4aXBPZvRYQ7wQKW1oiMiGsOKwe_ysxQm5E4hyphenhyphenQGSGK6Hrr8SM_1lcUHPpHyAaT8mAX7MGZ-qPDvQBL5dMSFVN9sl-58KfaF6mUSRtrUtXhLSSahtXYhsR93Ze65u07XZ0__vths7vU/s320/keypad.png&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 297px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Susunan PORT ISP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIg8DlhSbZuHY2HOGnq1Vrzj5xdjKiT_JIPZLz0Zwtfn5KALA3XP0ddBDhyphenhyphentYgs6Amp3TiLCUCRySU52kDKkoSiU80sAafYzuAOI_UVMuoXK7N0qRE3pydjy9fmCLIegcIh_bsM7HezEs/s1600/USBISP%2520014.png&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5470655096176902402&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIg8DlhSbZuHY2HOGnq1Vrzj5xdjKiT_JIPZLz0Zwtfn5KALA3XP0ddBDhyphenhyphentYgs6Amp3TiLCUCRySU52kDKkoSiU80sAafYzuAOI_UVMuoXK7N0qRE3pydjy9fmCLIegcIh_bsM7HezEs/s320/USBISP%2520014.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; height: 180px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Untuk download module diatas silahkan &lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/274C&quot; ref=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;klik disini&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;source http://link-elka.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/2386952821752059019/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/09/board-trainner-microcontroller.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/2386952821752059019'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/2386952821752059019'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/09/board-trainner-microcontroller.html' title='AVR ATMega 8535/16/32 Learning Kit'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHRxWUR4BW2MNQXAAKScbUvf7Kt79eW74rFLSQOBExdv0uXlrVh9nDEtviVlbPrcmfGy5dXE9HajjSJ9rDWIkLpv6y2c0MKZtLcBNyEUFAbXHIYx6ufT_VCQGES_LWQWeOXmvucWK6oQ/s72-c/minsys.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-1906467525056489100</id><published>2010-09-21T05:50:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-09-21T05:50:13.103-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Biomedical engineering</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;hw&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
An interdisciplinary  field in which the principles, laws, and techniques of engineering,  physics, chemistry, and other physical sciences are applied to  facilitate progress in medicine, biology, and other life sciences.  Biomedical engineering encompasses both engineering science and applied  engineering in order to define and solve problems in medical research  and clinical medicine for the improvement of health care. Biomedical  engineers must have training in anatomy, physiology, and medicine, as  well as in engineering.&lt;br /&gt;
A wide variety of instrumentation is  available to the physician and surgeon to facilitate the diagnosis and  treatment of diseases and other malfunctions of the body.  Instrumentation has been developed to extend and improve the quality of  life. A primary objective in the development of medical instrumentation  is to obtain the required results with minimal invasion of the body.  Responsibility for the correct installation, use, and maintenance of all  medical instrumentation in the hospital is usually assigned to  individuals with biomedical engineering training. This phase of  biomedical engineering is termed clinical engineering, and often  involves providing training for physicians, nurses, and other hospital  personnel who operate the equipment. Another responsibility of the  clinical engineer is to ensure that the instrumentation meets functional  specifications at all times and poses no safety hazard to patients. In  most hospitals, the clinical engineer supervises one or more biomedical  engineering technicians in the repair and maintenance of the  instrumentation.&lt;br /&gt;
The application of engineering principles and  techniques has a significant impact on medical and biological research  aimed at finding cures for a large number of diseases, such as heart  disease, cancer, and AIDS, and at providing the medical community with  increased knowledge in almost all areas of physiology and biology.  Biomedical engineers are involved in the development of instrumentation  for nearly every aspect of medical and biological research, either as a  part of a team with medical professionals or independently, in such  varied fields as electrophysiology, biomechanics, fluid mechanics,  microcirculation, and biochemistry. A number of fields, such as cellular  engineering and tissue engineering, have evolved from this work.&lt;br /&gt;
A  significant role for biomedical engineers in research is the  development of mathematical models of physiological and biological  systems. A mathematical model is a set of equations that are derived  from physical and chemical laws and that describe a physiological or  biological function. Modeling can be done at various physiological  levels, from the cellular or microbiological level to that of a complete  living organism, and can be of various degrees of complexity, depending  on which kinds of functions they are intended to represent and how much  of the natural function is essential for the purpose of the model. A  major objective of biomedical engineering is to create models that more  closely approximate the natural functions they represent and that  satisfy as many of the conditions encountered in nature as possible. &lt;i&gt;See&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Simulation&quot;&gt;Simulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A  highly important contribution of biomedical engineering is in the  design and development of artificial organs and prosthetic devices which  replace or enhance the function of missing, inoperative, or inadequate  natural organs or body parts. A major goal in this area is to develop  small, self-contained, implantable artificial organs that function as  well as the natural organs, which they can permanently supersede.&lt;br /&gt;
The  goal of rehabilitation engineering is to increase the quality of life  for the disabled. One major part of this field is directed toward  strengthening existing but weakened motor functions through use of  special devices and procedures that control exercising of the muscles  involved. Another part is devoted to enabling disabled persons to  function better in the world and live more normal lives. Included in  this area are devices to aid the blind and hearing-impaired.  Human-factors engineering is utilized in modifying the home and  workplace to accommodate the special needs of disabled persons. &lt;i&gt;See&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Biomechanics&quot;&gt;Biomechanics&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Human-factors+engineering&quot;&gt;Human-factors engineering&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/1906467525056489100/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/09/biomedical-engineering.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/1906467525056489100'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/1906467525056489100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/09/biomedical-engineering.html' title='Biomedical engineering'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-467342625469491810</id><published>2010-08-31T09:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-09-21T18:41:36.206-07:00</updated><title type='text'>A New Anatomy for Health</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;An International Problem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The  affordability of healthcare in an era of explosive technological  innovation compounded by exhaustion of financial resources is arguably  the No. 1 problem of the industrialized world. Presently, greatly  beneficial care is under-delivered, while unneccessary or harmful care  is over-delivered, leading to the inevitable unaffordability of all  care. Verily, it is likely that modern societies are facing a healthcare  financing bubble on a global basis, due to the inability to clearly  distinguish between such decisions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;A New Approach&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The  optimal allocation of resources for the greatest benefit to a  population requires a completely new approach. Innovative polices like  the CMS (U.S. Medicare + Medicaid) Coverage with Evidence Development  are practically unscalable because requisite information technology  tools are deployed on a case-by-case basis, and re-invented each time.  Indeed, healthcare IT today is a set of highly fragmented applications  which do not contribute to the topology of a complex healthcare system,  where micro decisions at the patient-physician level are directly  connected to a macro view of the entire system as a whole.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The  present approach to healthcare financing, from a business intelligence  perspective, is computationally intractable and leads to arbitrary  coverage and health policies in the absence of data that cannot possibly  be obtained in the time frame it is needed. Meanwhile, technological  developments march inexorably forward, creating a culture of endless  demand for lifesaving as well as utterly futile treatments, without  clear distinction, at esoteric costs. In contrast to the disorganization  of healthcare, modern Internet search engines have a macro view of  billions of pages of data contained in the World Wide Web, and update  this world-view interpretation on a continuous (hourly) basis.  Importantly, none of the millions of individual website creators  designed their own content to be interpreted by a global system.  Regardless, an individual web user can rapidly search and find crucial  information extremely rapidly (essentially in real-time) across a  disparate universe of massively heterogeneous datasets, ranging from an  airline boarding pass to streaming video. Additionally, virtually all  users, from public officials to grade school students to astronauts, tap  into the same engine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A macro view of healthcare, continually  updated by Point-of-Care decisions now technologically exists and can be  inexpensively deployed. Its availability would have immediate and  profound implications on allocation of resources, patient safety, and  knowledge discovery. We call this solution a Medical Operating System,  to distinguish it from applications which are stakeholder-specific,  microview tools.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Knowledge and Learning Architecture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In  this Operating System there is realtime coupling of each of the  following attributes, creating a singularly powerful framework:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(1)  An open, nonproprietary thesaurus of terms which utilizes and leverages  all existing standards, but serves to bridge heterogeneous ones that  might never harmonize due to political or financial reasons,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(2) an open rules-authoring environment where a medical societies can publish computable guidelines related to clinical care,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(3)  the same rules-authoring environment where a payer organization can  publish computable guidelines for financial coverage (e.g., step therapy  or prior-authorization),&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(3) the same rules-authoring  environment where regulatory agencies can create computable quality  performance measures, that have a zero net-cost to implement, and  require no new engineering effort when requirements change,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(4) a  real-time rules execution engine that is publicly available, so that  any patient, caregiver, or physician can obtain personalized health  guidance at the Point of Care based upon the collective knowledge of the  entire system at that moment in time, intersected with patient-specific  data,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(5) a macroscopic outcomes transparency engine that runs  continuously to measure comparative efficacy of treatments, and is made  available to the public in a transparent way when difficult choices are  required,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(6) symmetrical consumer-level advice to patients based  on the same algorithms utilized at the POC, to allow for shared  decision making on risk, benefit, and costs, and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(7) a  service-oriented architecture (SOA) that can be delivered to virtually  any device, application, or end-user using a simple XML protocol.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Multiple  synergistic applications can be built on top of this Operating System,  in distinction to an ever-increasing number of single-purpose  applications that are non-additive today. Most crucially, a Medical  Operating System can be incrementally adopted without wholesale  replacement of legacy systems, using commodity technology and a  webservices API.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additionallly, the power of the system grows  exponentially with the number of users, in accordance with Metcalfe&#39;s  law. A Medical Operating System would also foster competition for  healthcare outcomes (rather than care volume) among virtually every  manufacturer and service provider, but be transparent and allow for  unambiguous comparisons that are largely missing today. The lack of a  transparent knowledge infrastructure has created a culture of distrust  among stakeholders - and frank paralysis of desperately needed  innovation to avert financial crises - because society has few  consistently meaningful yardsticks to prioritize decisions beyond the  political pressures of the moment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Healthcare&#39;s GPS - An Analogy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The  following table illustrates how just-in-time decision making is  transformed using a Medical Operating System, similar to a Global  Positioning System:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GPS Characteristic/Medical Operating System Analogue&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Present Location&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(Latitude, Longitude)&lt;br /&gt;
Patient Longitudinal Health Record&lt;br /&gt;
(Age, Gender, Weight, Procedures, Medications, Diagnoses, Lab Results)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Destination&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(Address)&lt;br /&gt;
Effective Treatment Options for Problem X&lt;br /&gt;
Patient Quality of Life Preferences&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Routes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(Maps and Traffic)&lt;br /&gt;
Marginal Costs and Efficacy of Competing Therapies&lt;br /&gt;
Realtime Financial Approval&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Satellities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(Topology)&lt;br /&gt;
Quantitative World View of Like-Patients in Realtime&lt;br /&gt;
Continuously Updated and Refined&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Implications&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With  a dedicated staff of 270 members and 2000 outside experts, U.K. NICE  has been able to publish an average of 17.5 technology assessments per  year during the past decade, while the number of new therapeutic  protocols introduced during this time period was in the thousands. While  insightful and commendable first-generation approaches such as NICE  technology appraisals (and similar models in the U.S. such as Coverage  with Evidence Development, and Congressional Bill S.3408) are very  important, these strategies are not scalable or generalizable without  tools that provide continuous, automated world-views of treatment value.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A  world view also serves to make quantifiable, instead of arbitrary,  choices on thresholds for coverage using a Quality-Adjusted Life Year  (QALY) cost model. Instead of choosing arbitrary values (e.g., a $50,000  QALY threshold for coverage of a handful of formally-reviewed  treatments), it is possible to determine, given a specific amount of  total healthcare capital, what the consequences are, for the macro  system in terms of outcomes, as the QALY threshold is changed for any  treatment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This &quot;What-If&quot; analysis, fundamental to virtually  every traditional business, is not done today in healthcare because  there is no world view system in place that can interpret the semantics  of extraordinarily complex data. However, the same could have been said  of the billions of terminologically inconsistent and unstructured  webpages in the late 1990s.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Importantly,  the tools to create this world view now exist, and can be inexpensively  deployed, making public and private choices fundamentally  understandable, transparent, and defensible. Only leadership and will  are required to move forward.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;source : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dr. Ahmed Ghouri&#39;s Personal Blog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/467342625469491810/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/new-anatomy-for-health.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/467342625469491810'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/467342625469491810'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/new-anatomy-for-health.html' title='A New Anatomy for Health'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-7706029557795730520</id><published>2010-08-31T09:25:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-31T09:25:45.978-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Dental unit ( Description )</title><content type='html'>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The present invention relates to a dental unit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At present, a dental unit in its most basic form typically consists of a chair and a base or column which mounts the main and auxiliary items of dental equipment, including a tray for a main set of handpieces and another tray for an accessory set of handpieces.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dental unit is normally equipped with a plurality of dental handpieces, divided substantially into instruments, for example, the turbine and the micromotor, used for removal of dental material, and instruments, for example, the syringe and the polymerizing lamp, used for complementary stages of dental treatment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These handpieces may be located, according to function, either on the main tray or on the accessory tray.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the passage of time, this basic structure has been constantly improved in both the internal and external features of the dental unit. Thus, the latest dental units include sophisticated water and compressed air systems, one or more microprocessor units designed to control the functions of the dental unit, and other technological developments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These developments have also greatly improved the operative parts of dental units, for example, the handpieces, and especially micromotors, which the present invention is concerned with in particular. A handpiece typically comprises a first body, constituting the part by which the handpiece is held and which is equipped on the end of it with a head to which a tool (for example, a burr) can be fitted.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In micromotor handpieces, the first body is connected to a second body, which houses a motor. The connection is coaxial by means of a quick-release fitting on the respective ends of the two bodies. The second body is in turn connected, at its other end, to an endpiece that supplies water or physiological saline, air for nebulizing the liquid, air for cooling the micromotor and electricity for driving the micromotor. The endpiece constitutes the end of a cable that starts at one of the aforementioned handpiece trays on a dental unit and that combines the conduits and wires used to supply the fluids and electricity required for the operation of the handpiece.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The performance of these handpieces, driven by conventional electric motors, has reached the highest possible levels, giving little room for further improvement. The Applicant has therefore designed a handpiece which, instead of a conventional electric motor with brushes, is driven by a brushless motor. This optimizes speed control, offers better torque response and silent operation, and reduces friction and heating, thereby increasing the useful life of the motor. In addition to this, the new handpiece can be used for both traditional, conservative treatments and for implants thanks to a constructional architecture that enables it to be fitted with all the tools and accessories currently used on traditional handpieces.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The present invention accordingly provides a dental unit comprising at least one chair, a base positioned next to the chair and mounting a handpiece tray. The tray is equipped with a plurality of operative or auxiliary handpieces for dental operations of traditional conservative type and/or for implants. At least one of the handpieces is fitted with a drive unit consisting of a brushless micromotor presenting a unit for continuously controlling the speed of the brushless micromotor according to parameters that depend on the type of application, that is, traditional conservative type operations or implants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The technical characteristics of the invention, with reference to the above aims, are clearly described in the claims below and its advantages are apparent from the detailed description which follows, with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention provided merely by way of example without restricting the scope of the inventive concept, and in which:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FIG. 1 shows a dental unit according to the present invention in a schematic perspective view with some parts cut away to better illustrate others;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of a detail A from FIG. 1 showing a handpiece fitted to the dental unit; and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FIG. 3 is a cross section through line III—III of FIG. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With reference to the accompanying drawings, in particular FIG. 1, the dental unit according to the present invention, labeled 100 in its entirety, essentially comprises a chair 1, a base or column 2, located next to the chair 1 and mounting a set of operative and auxiliary elements such as a main handpiece tray 3 on an arm 3a.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FIG. 1 also shows a second tray 15 for the dentist&#39;s assistant, mounted on a second arm 15a, a lamp 16, a spit bowl 17, an endpiece 18 for supplying water to a tumbler 19, and a pedal unit 20 for activating the handpieces.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The handpieces 4 are mounted on the two trays 3 and 15 and are divided into operative and auxiliary handpieces for traditional, conservative operations and/or for implants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dental unit 100 further comprises a microprocessor unit 7 for controlling the main and auxiliary functions of the dental unit 100, that is, the main operative functions of the handpieces, such as, for example, speed, rpm, air and water supply, including the main water supply for the dental unit, activation of disinfection/sterilization cycles, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The unit 7 may be equipped with a display unit 21 and a keyboard 22, both located, for example, on the tray 3.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In a dental unit 100 structured in this way, at least one of the handpieces, for example the one labeled 4a in FIG. 1, is fitted with a drive unit 5 consisting of a brushless micromotor (see also FIG. 2) presenting a unit 6 for continuously controlling the speed of the brushless micromotor 5 according to parameters that depend on the type of application, that is, traditional, conservative type operations or implants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Preferably, the unit 6 for continuously controlling the speed of the handpiece 4a is controlled by the microprocessor unit 7 with which it is possible to set the user parameters according to the type of application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As shown in FIG. 2, the handpiece 4a comprises an operative body 8, a spindle 9 located at a first end of the operative body 8 for quick fitting to the tool holder endpiece (not illustrated).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The tool drive unit 5 is housed in the operative body 8, while the other end of the operative body 8 mounts an endpiece 10 presenting at least one power cable 11 for the drive unit 5, the cable 11 being connected to the customary circuitry of the dental unit 100.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The unit 6 for continuously controlling the speed of the handpiece 4a is housed in the operative body 8 and comprises a plurality of Hall-effect sensors 12.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Looking in more detail (see FIG. 3), the unit 6 for continuously controlling the speed of the handpiece 4a comprises three Hall-effect sensors 12.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These three Hall-effect sensors 12 are arranged at a defined angular interval α of approximately 120° around a reference magnet 13 associated to a rotor 14 of the brushless micromotor 5 in such a way as to detect the latter&#39;s position and provide feedback control of the speed of the rotor 14.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Obviously, the handpiece 4a is structured in such a way as to include all the conduits necessary to supply air and spray water for the tool and to illuminate the tool working area (these structures being of customary type and therefore not illustrated in detail).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A further improvement to the dental unit structured in this way adds to the unit&#39;s already wide range of operative capabilities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, the possibility of combining traditional handpieces with one or more brushless micromotor handpieces built directly into the dental unit makes it possible to extend the range of operations that can be performed on the patient using normal equipment and the units forming part of the dental unit itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Indeed, the brushless handpiece, or handpieces, receives fluids and motive power from the dental unit and the operative part of the handpiece is controlled directly by the microprocessor unit that controls the dental unit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That means that auxiliary equipment independent of the dental unit, for example, for implant operations, are no longer necessary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wide range of speeds offered by the brushless motor enables the handpiece to be used for many different traditional treatments without having to change the handpiece, while at the same time allowing the speed to be controlled with a high degree of precision.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The invention described can be subject to modifications and variations without thereby departing from the scope of the inventive concept. Moreover, all the details of the invention may be substituted by technically equivalent elements.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* * * * *</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/7706029557795730520/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/dental-unit-description.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/7706029557795730520'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/7706029557795730520'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/dental-unit-description.html' title='Dental unit ( Description )'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-1898248547908878796</id><published>2010-08-30T11:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-30T11:00:17.391-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Syringe Driver or Syringe Pump</title><content type='html'>A &lt;b&gt;syringe driver&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;syringe pump&lt;/b&gt; is a small &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion_pump&quot; title=&quot;Infusion pump&quot;&gt;infusion pump&lt;/a&gt; (some include infuse and withdraw capability), used to gradually &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration&quot; title=&quot;Route of administration&quot;&gt;administer&lt;/a&gt; small amounts of fluid (with or without medication) to a patient or for use in chemical and biomedical research.&lt;br /&gt;
The most popular use of syringe drivers is in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_care&quot; title=&quot;Palliative care&quot;&gt;palliative care&lt;/a&gt;, to continuously administer &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic&quot; title=&quot;Analgesic&quot;&gt;analgesics&lt;/a&gt; (painkillers), &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic&quot; title=&quot;Antiemetic&quot;&gt;antiemetics&lt;/a&gt; (medication to suppress &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea&quot; title=&quot;Nausea&quot;&gt;nausea&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting&quot; title=&quot;Vomiting&quot;&gt;vomiting&lt;/a&gt;)  and other drugs. This prevents periods during which medication levels  in the blood are too high or too low, and avoids the use of multiple  tablets (especially in people who have difficulty &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallowing&quot; title=&quot;Swallowing&quot;&gt;swallowing&lt;/a&gt;). As the medication is administered &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutis&quot; title=&quot;Subcutis&quot;&gt;subcutaneously&lt;/a&gt;, the area for administration is practically limitless, although &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema&quot; title=&quot;Edema&quot;&gt;edema&lt;/a&gt; may interfere with the action of some drugs.&lt;br /&gt;
Syringe drivers are also useful for delivering IV medications over  several minutes. In the case of a medication which should be slowly  pushed in over the course of several minutes, this device saves staff  time and reduces errors.&lt;br /&gt;
Syringe pumps are also useful in microfluidic applications, such as  microreactor design and testing, and also in chemistry for slow  incorporation of a fixed volume of fluid into a solution. In &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics&quot; title=&quot;Enzyme kinetics&quot;&gt;enzyme kinetics&lt;/a&gt; syringe drivers can be used to observe rapid kinetics as part of a stopped-flow apparatus</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/1898248547908878796/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/syringe-driver-or-syringe-pump.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/1898248547908878796'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/1898248547908878796'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/syringe-driver-or-syringe-pump.html' title='Syringe Driver or Syringe Pump'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-4969839102438046865</id><published>2010-08-30T10:44:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-30T10:44:55.879-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Patient monitor Description</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;Patient monitors&lt;/strong&gt; are in wide use in hospital and clinic setting and considered vital  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.absolutemed.com/Medical-Equipment-Sale&quot;&gt;medical equipment&lt;/a&gt; for the delivery of an excellent standard of care. Like all medical devices, a &lt;strong&gt;patient monitor &lt;/strong&gt;can be prohibitively expensive but still urgently needed. One of the ways of obtaining this equipment with tight budgets is the purchase of used equipment instead of new.&lt;br /&gt;
There are many types of monitors from the basic &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;vital signs monitor&lt;/span&gt; to the advanced &lt;strong&gt;ansesthetic monitor&lt;/strong&gt; or 5 agent gas monitor, required for patients undergoing&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; anesthesia&lt;/span&gt; and many patient monitors that are multiparameter&amp;nbsp;. One simple monitor widely used is the &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;pulse&amp;nbsp;oximeter&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;monitor to detect the oxygen saturation, or &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;SpO2,&lt;/span&gt; in the blood through the skin. A sensor with a special light is attached to the finger or earlobe for an almost instant reading. Buying used oxygen meters can speed up testing by having more available.&lt;br /&gt;
Another type of monitor, one that provides information by telemetry is especially critical in cardiac units and there is usually a need for a large number of these monitors. There must be extras to replace broken or damaged monitors or modules so having a very large inventory is both essential and costly. Reducing the per unit cost through &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.absolutemed.com/Medical-Equipment-Sale&quot;&gt;used medical equipment&lt;/a&gt; purchasing makes having a safety cushion of extra units more affordable.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/4969839102438046865/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/patient-monitor-description.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/4969839102438046865'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/4969839102438046865'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/patient-monitor-description.html' title='Patient monitor Description'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-3477250787550949662</id><published>2010-08-30T10:40:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-30T10:40:54.979-07:00</updated><title type='text'>MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;MRI&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; (magnetic resonance imaging)&lt;/strong&gt; is  a non-invasive method of using magnets and radio waves to look deep  into the human body. MRI provides much greater detail than traditional  X-ray can help doctors diagnose a wide range of diseases. This article  is a non-technical summary in terms of patients, to help those who at  one point scan, or what is involved undergone. &lt;br /&gt;
We all tend to expect the worst, and it’s very normal to worry about  any medical procedure, but the MRI scan is really no need to worry, and  although the technology of MRI is very complicated, requiring only a  small number of patients other than lie down, breathe normally and put  up with some noise – more on that later …&lt;br /&gt;
If you visit the hospital as an outpatient, it is useful to consider  what you wear on the day of the scan. MRI uses a strong magnetic field,  so you should not avoid wearing clothing that metal fasteners, zippers,  buckles, etc., in this case does not get changed. Before you scan (or  guardian / career for children / elderly or sick) will be asked to  remove metal such as watches, eyeglasses, hairpins, etc., or items that  are damaged by a magnet (eg credit cards) and hand the majority  hospitals will be a box where your valuables have been made.&lt;br /&gt;
Scanning typically last 20 to 30 minutes (longer in some cases) and  is a good idea to visit the toilet before the scan, so you can feel as  relaxed as possible.&lt;br /&gt;
After searching the room, you see that the machine itself is quite a  large cube-shaped with a horizontal hole or tunnel in the center where  the patient is transferred to the motorized table, until the body part  directly be scanned in the middle of the magnetic field of the machine.&lt;br /&gt;
The most striking part of the MRI scan and a part that often the  biggest surprise is the sound. I can not explain the exact technical  reasons for the sound, but who has an MRI scan will knowingly nod as you  mentioned – the machine is very noisy and will be available earplugs or  some kind of headphones to help reduce the effect. Once inside the  tunnel radiologist usually ask if you are OK, and then leave. Now it’s  time to try to settle into a comfortable position, so if you can. If you  are on the radio or CD, try to match the music and focus your attention  on it as a way to get your body to relax.&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes you need to add scanning with a small dye injection MRI –  this is known as contrast injection and can help radiologists to the  veins easier to see a clearer picture if you have previously had  surgery, including orthopedic implants, metal plates or pins (all of  which must be addressed to the radiographer before the scan).&lt;br /&gt;
source http://elektromedik.com/mri-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanner/</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/3477250787550949662/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/mri-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanner.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/3477250787550949662'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/3477250787550949662'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/mri-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanner.html' title='MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-8841618925352944789</id><published>2010-08-30T08:38:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-30T08:38:37.603-07:00</updated><title type='text'>All About Heart Attacks</title><content type='html'>Because heart attacks are the number one killer in the United States, it is important that everyone know about them. Heart attacks kill approximately 3/4 of a million people each and every year. While heart attacks&lt;br /&gt;
clear pixel&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;can happen to any person at any given time, they do generally occur more in older people. During a heart attack, it is critical that the victim receive prompt treatment or death can occur. Familiarize yourself with CPR and the use of a defibrilator. You never know when you will need to use one to help someone out. Knowing what to do in the event of a heart attack can save someone&#39;s life!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Generally a heart attack occurs because the arteries that supply the heart with blood become blocked. Over time, the lining of the arteries thicken and a heart attack occurs when it suddenly becomes blocked. However, a heart attack can also occur when there is a hemorrhage, drug overdose, loss of oxygen or simply, an aged heart that can no longer handle the work load.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are usually early warning signs that a heart attack is going to occur. A heart attack vivtim will generally experience pressure, tightness or a squeezing sensation in the center of their chest. Sometimes, the pain will spread to the shoulders, arm, jaw or neck. Often times, a victim will also experience sweating, nausea, shortness of breath and faintness. A person will usually go unconscious during a severe heart attack and the heart will likely stop beating. If the victim&#39;s heart stops beating, he will also stop breathing. This will cause their skin to look pale and may give them the appearance of being dead.&lt;br /&gt;
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If you notice any warning signs of a heart attack, it is important to get help right away. If the person having the attack is breathing okay and his heart is still beating, you can either go directly to the hospital or call 911 to get an ambulance to the victim. Timing is crucial during a heart attack. Paramedics are specially trained and can provide life-support measures until they arrive at the hospital. Keep the person warm and calm until help arrives.&lt;br /&gt;
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If the person suffering a heart attack has already fallen unconscious, you must immediately. If someone else is around, have them call for help while you help the person suffering from the heart attack. You should&lt;br /&gt;
clear pixel&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;then lie the person down on a flat surface on their back. Do not use pillows or blankets to prop their head up. Instead, tilt their head back so that breathing can become accomplished. You should look, listen and feel. Look at the victim&#39;s chest to see if it is rising and falling. Listen and feel for any signs of breathing or pulse. Check the victim&#39;s neck or wrist for a pulse. If the person is not breathing, you should begin artificial respiration immediately. You should continue doing CPR until help arrives or until breathing resumes.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/8841618925352944789/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/all-about-heart-attacks.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/8841618925352944789'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/8841618925352944789'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/all-about-heart-attacks.html' title='All About Heart Attacks'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-603563165051197254</id><published>2010-08-30T08:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-30T08:35:14.949-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Defibrillators</title><content type='html'>Defibrillators are devices that apply sharp electrical shocks to the  heart when its beating becomes dangerously rapidly or chaotic. The  shocks can restore normal heart rhythms before the malfunctioning heart  suffers sudden cardiac arrest, a seizure than can lead to death within  minutes. &lt;br /&gt;
Implanted defibrillators have become a multibillion dollar business  for medical device makers following clinical trials showing that they  could save thousands of lives annually among patients with weak or  damaged hearts who are at heightened risk of sudden cardiac arrest. They  consist of small battery-powered canisters implanted into muscle under  the collarbone (usually on the right side for left-handed patients and  the left for those who are right-handed), which are connected to the  heart by insulated wires known as leads. &lt;br /&gt;
The leads are used both to sense when the heart is experiencing a  rhythm that requires a shock and to deliver the shock. Defibrillator  canisters need to be replaced when batteries are depleted -- currently  every four to seven years -- but leads are left in place unless  fractures or infections require them to be removed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;showhidetxt&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;javascript:toggleLayer(&#39;moretxt&#39;);%20javascript:toggleLayer2(&#39;more&#39;);&quot; id=&quot;more&quot; style=&quot;display: none;&quot; title=&quot;More&quot;&gt;Read More...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Many defibrillators are designed to be multi-purpose devices that can  also deliver low-powered stimulation to pace slow-beating hearts or to  help the four chambers of the heart contract in more synchronized  rhythms. &lt;br /&gt;
External defibrillators, which deliver life-saving jolts through  paddles applied to the chest, are standard equipment in ambulances and  many other emergency response vehicles. In recent years, simpler models  of such devices known as automated external defibrillators, or A.E.D.&#39;s,  have been placed on commercial aircraft, in offices and schools for  public use by citizens who are trained to use them in courses offered by  the Red Cross and other groups. In 2004, Philips Medical Systems  introduced the first F.D.A. approved A.E.D. for sale to home users. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;--Barnaby J. Feder, Dec. 14, 2007&lt;/em&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/603563165051197254/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/defibrillators.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/603563165051197254'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/603563165051197254'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/defibrillators.html' title='Defibrillators'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2214735815195878665.post-7301943628584816634</id><published>2010-08-30T08:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-30T08:33:49.254-07:00</updated><title type='text'>All About Ultrasonography</title><content type='html'>&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ultrasonography is a noninvasive diagnostic technique in which sound  waves are passed into internal body structures and are deflected back,  producing an image of the abdominal organs and structures on the  oscilloscope.This  procedure is generally used to indicate size and configuration of these  abdominal structures.  It is particularly useful on the detection of  cholelithiasis, cholecystitis and appendicitis.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Uses of  Abdominal ultrasound: To find out the condition of the abdominal organs  after an accident or abdominal injury and look for blood in the  abdominal cavity. The computed tomography (CT) scanning is more commonly  used for this purpose because it is more precise than abdominal  ultrasound. To find out the main cause of abdominal pain.To look for  fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity. An ultrasound may also be done to  guide the needle during a procedure to remove fluid from the abdominal  cavity. To find, measure, or monitor an aneurysm in the aorta. An  aneurysm can cause a large, pulsing lump in the abdomen.To check the  size, shape, and position of the liver. An ultrasound may be done to  evaluate jaundice and other problems of the liver, including liver  masses, cirrhosis, fat deposits in the liver, or abnormal liver function  tests. To detect gallstones, inflammation of the gallbladder, or  blocked bile ducts.To detect presence of kidney stones. To find out the  size of an enlarged spleen and look for damage or disease.To detect  problems with the pancreas, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer.  To find out the cause of urine blocked flow in the kidney. A kidney  ultrasound can also be done to find out the size of the kidneys, detect  kidney masses, detect fluid surrounding the kidneys, investigate the  causes for recurring urinary tract infections, or check the condition of  transplanted kidneys. To guide the placement of a needle or other  instrument during a biopsy.To find out whether a mass in any of the  abdominal organs is a solid tumor or a simple fluid-filled cyst.&lt;br /&gt;
Abdominal ultrasound can be used to diagnose abnormalities in various internal organs, such as the abdominal aorta, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. If Doppler imaging is added, the blood flow inside&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;blood vessels can also be evaluated as well.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Abdominal ultrasound examinations are performed by gastroenterologists or certain other specialists in internal medicine, radiologists or sonographers that are trained for this procedure.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Advantages of ultrasound imaging of abdominal structures are that the procedure can be performed quickly, done at bed-side, involves no exposure to X-rays (which makes it useful in pregnant patients, for example), it requires no ionizing radiation. There are no noticeable side effects and is inexpensive compared to other often-used techniques such as computed tomography (CT scan) of the abdomen.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The imaging occurs real-time and there is no required sedation, so that the influence of movements can be assessed quickly.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One disadvantage is that this technique cannot be used to examine structures that lie behind bony tissue, which prevents passage of sound waves to deeper structures. Gas and fluid in the abdomen or air in the lungs also presents problems because ultrasound is not well transmitted through gas, air, or fluid.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/feeds/7301943628584816634/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/all-about-ultrasonography.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/7301943628584816634'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2214735815195878665/posts/default/7301943628584816634'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://elektromagic.blogspot.com/2010/08/all-about-ultrasonography.html' title='All About Ultrasonography'/><author><name>elektromedik</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06363370344638683452</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>