<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904</id><updated>2024-09-14T22:39:35.562-07:00</updated><category term="Desenvolvimento Sustentável"/><category term="Eficiência Energética"/><category term="Energias Renováveis."/><category term="Planejamento Energético ; Energias Renováveis"/><category term="Sustentabilidade"/><category term="CO2"/><category term="COP-16"/><category term="Carro Elétrico"/><category term="Cimento Verde"/><category term="Eficiência Energética."/><category term="Energias Renováveis"/><category term="Geração Distribuída - GD"/><category term="MIT"/><category term="Mudanças Climáticas e Agricultura"/><category term="Planejamento Energético de Longo Prazo ;"/><category term="Profissional de Engenharia"/><category term="Resiliência Econômica e Pobreza"/><title type='text'>Energia e Sustentabilidade</title><subtitle type='html'>Temas prioritários: Eficiência Energética e Energias Renováveis</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>13</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-4039916663343998587</id><published>2012-02-22T04:40:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-22T04:40:39.041-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Energias Renováveis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Geração Distribuída - GD"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Planejamento Energético de Longo Prazo ;"/><title type='text'>Geração Distribuída – Conceitos Gerais e Premissas Futuras</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A geração de energia elétrica no
Brasil apresenta características que a difere dos demais países, tanto pelo
perfil de produção de energia predominantemente hidrelétrica, quanto pela forma
de disponibilidade desta energia ao longo de todo país, através do Sistema
Interligado Nacional – SIN, que abrange em torno de 98% da carga instalada.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Com dimensões continentais e
características regionais distintas, este modelo é o mais viável atualmente,
pois permite o aproveitamento dos grandes potenciais hidrelétricos que, via de
regra, são longe dos centros de carga, e possibilita ainda o compartilhamento a
nível nacional de toda a energia produzida. No entanto um fenômeno natural está
em curso atualmente, principalmente em conseqüência do crescimento do país, que
é justamente o aumento no consumo de energia, devido a diversos fatores
relacionados à melhoria de indicadores sócio-econômicos e ao aumento dos níveis
de industrialização e produção.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Este aumento de forma não linear em relação ao
histórico de consumo de energia vêm trazendo conseqüências ao planejamento energético
de longo prazo, e segundo a Empresa de Pesquisa Energética – EPE, é inevitável a
escassez dos recursos hídricos no longo prazo. Este fator associado ao
crescente consumo de energia poderá aumentar a utilização de combustíveis
fósseis para garantir a geração de energia na base, o que pode significar um
aumento de preços da energia no futuro frente a instabilidades com relação aos
preços do petróleo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Por outro lado o Brasil possui uma
gama considerável de fontes de energia, e que estão sendo introduzidas na
matriz energética mos últimos anos, dentre as quais se destacam as energias
renováveis que ecoam ao redor do mundo, como a eólica e a solar por exemplo.
Além destas também é destaque a biomassa através dos resíduos de madeira, do
bagaço da cana e em menor escala dos resíduos sólidos urbanos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Atualmente a energia dos ventos é que
está ganhando espaço no contexto nacional, principalmente na região nordeste do
país, onde se destaca o potencial de 75,0GW, contra 22,8GW do Sul e 29,7GW do
Sudeste. Estas três regiões representam aproximadamente 88,5% do potencial
apresentado no atlas eólico elaborado pela Empresa de Pesquisa Energética – EPE
em 2010. No entanto algumas indefinições quanto à operação e confiabilidade
destes sistemas, e ainda com relação à vazão indefinida dos ventos e capacidade
de operação, permitem que apenas uma parte deste potencial seja convertida em energia,
que significa algo em torno de 5GW assegurados de acordo com o Plano Nacional
de Expansão de Energia Elétrica - PNE 2030.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Sendo então a centralização da geração
uma característica predominante no Brasil, um tema que surge como opção de
grande potencial é a geração distribuída - GD, uma vez que ela atenua
consideravelmente problemas de perdas elétricas, devidos principalmente aos deslocamentos
dos grandes blocos de energia entre os centros geradores e os centros
consumidores.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A GD contribui ainda para diversificação
maior da matriz energética, principalmente as matrizes regionais, que podem ser
melhor exploradas e conseqüentemente valorizadas, tornando viáveis projetos
outrora de baixo retorno econômico, e permitindo assim postergar investimentos
na expansão de sistemas em regiões com limitações ambientais ou econômicas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Dentre as tecnologias disponíveis e
consideradas de pequeno porte, estão, por exemplo, micro-turbinas a gás, Usinas
Eólicas, Usinas a Biomassa, Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas – PCHs e Sistema Solar
Fotovoltaico. No entanto para que a GD se torne uma realidade no Brasil, será
necessário um grande trabalho no tocante à regulação e medição dos montantes de
energia a serem comercializados por estas fontes, além da necessidade de desenvolvimento
técnico e científico para atendimento ao mercado dos micro e pequenos geradores
que serão conectados às redes das concessionárias.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Atualmente no Brasil a capacidade
instalada em GD não representa nem 0,1% do total da capacidade instalada, o que
significa algo em torno de 280MW. Esse número é tão pequeno que inviabiliza
qualquer investimento para que se forme um mercado competitivo no curto prazo,
sendo que no longo prazo seriam necessários diversos ajustes técnicos e legais
para que esta modalidade de produção atingisse parcelas significativas da
sociedade e a preços módicos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;De acordo com a ANEEL por meio de
consulta pública realizada recentemente, os preços das energias renováveis
praticados nos EUA e Europa são os relacionados abaixo, sendo que incentivos
diversos são praticados para que estes mercados se tornem maduros em termos de
operação, manutenção, capacidade de fornecimento, valor de mercado, entre
outros aspectos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;Solar
Fotovoltaíca &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; R$ 600,00 MWh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;Eólica
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; R$ 130,00 MWh &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;Biomassa
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; R$ 144,00 MWh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;Resíduos
Sólidos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt; à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; R$ 200,00 MWh &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;PCHs &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; R$ 140,00 MWh &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Cabe à ANEEL, por meio dos poderes de
regulação que lhe são próprios, proporcionar o ambiente de discussão e permitir
que sejam feitos investimentos neste tipo de projeto, valorizando assim a utilização
das características regionais para geração de energia, vislumbrando
principalmente os seus benefícios difusos, em sintonia com o disposto na Lei nº
10.848/04.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Fica também a incumbência à sociedade
em geral, principalmente centros de pesquisas, grupos de empresários,
acadêmicos e simpatizantes, dentro de suas limitações, promoverem o debate e proporcionarem
o ambiente para obtermos a independência energética no longo prazo, com
retornos concretos à sociedade, através da garantia universal do acesso à
energia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/4039916663343998587/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2012/02/geracao-distribuida-conceitos-gerais-e.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/4039916663343998587'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/4039916663343998587'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2012/02/geracao-distribuida-conceitos-gerais-e.html' title='Geração Distribuída – Conceitos Gerais e Premissas Futuras'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-2011570969386963921</id><published>2011-11-17T13:01:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-17T13:25:31.531-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Eficiência Energética."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Planejamento Energético ; Energias Renováveis"/><title type='text'>Alterações Mundiais no Sentido da Sustentabilidade</title><content type='html'>&lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;O mundo todo discute atualmente as diversas formas de tornar-se sustentável num cenário de esgotamento de recursos naturais.&amp;nbsp; Obviamente os países mais desenvolvidos já conhecem o suficiente a respeito deste fato, tanto é que buscam de forma incansável desenvolver sistemas e tecnologias que suportem o desenvolvimento das nações. Sob o foco principalmente de termos atingido a marca de 7 Bilhões de cidadãos no planeta, alguns aspectos relevantes com relação às tendências energéticas são abordados neste artigo, com intuito de fomentar análises sobre o longo caminho que o Brasil tem a trilhar para tornar-se um país eficiente com relação ao uso de energia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Nos EUA a situação é conhecida por todos, e nada boa infelizmente. O país atravessa diversos períodos de crise econômica, e não bastasse isso possui um perfil de consumo de alta dependência energética, devido sobretudo ao seu alto grau de desenvolvimento. No entanto a degradação ambiental e o esgotamento de recursos já é uma realidade projetada e inevitável, sendo que resta apenas a escolha de tornar-se eficiente rápido e sem grandes impactos econômicos, ou devagar e com danos irreversíveis em sua estrutura econômico social, em outras palavras, aumentar a pobreza na terra do tio Sam.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Apesar da consciência crescente da necessidade de construir uma economia sustentável, nos EUA o consumo energético ainda é fortemente dependente dos combustíveis, sendo que ainda é relativamente baixo o índice de investimentos em renováveis. Algumas estratégias foram apontadas como aplicáveis nos âmbitos nacional, estadual e municipal, e citadas pela Agência Internacional de Energia como princípios a serem considerados pelo governo americano na construção de uma chamada economia sustentável. Dentre elas destacam-se: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;Os recursos renováveis ​​não podem ser consumidos mais rápido do que regenerados; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A base de desenvolvimento deverá se concentrar mais na qualidade de vida das populações, e menos no aumento do consumo por parte das populações;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Prover a desaceleração do crescimento da população facilitará a criação de uma economia sustentável no uso de recursos;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Em outra direção, a China recentemente lançou seu “12&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; Five-Year Plan – China’s, 2011-2015”, que é o Plano Qüinqüenal feito no país para nortear as questões de planejamento energético de longo prazo.&amp;nbsp; Nesta edição o compromisso foi reduzir 16% na intensidade energética total do país, menor que os 20% da meta do plano 2006-2010. Segundo as informações da agência nacional de energia chinesa (NEA), considerando as reduções propostas o consumo de energia na china ficará em 4,1 bilhões de toneladas de carvão (tec) em 2015, o que representa um aumento de 28% com relação aos 3,2 Bi de 2010. A garantia destes indicadores será obtida através de fiscalização dos órgãos municipais, estaduais e federais, sob a operação da agência federal. Porém ressalta-se no plano que os indicadores de consumo energético podem variar, sendo que a intensidade energética deve ser o alvo, porém ainda não existem penalidades ou meios de bonificar os que fizerem bom uso no consumo final. Neste caso o governo conta com o bom senso dos usuários em colaborar com o plano, para o bem comum que é a redução da intensidade energética, e que trará consigo um barateamento dos custos de energia no longo prazo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Porém os analistas da agência internacional de energia notaram que a taxa de crescimento do consumo de energia na china está aumentando fora de uma proporção sustentável, uma vez que as metas de intensidade energética são cada vez menores, e isso leva a alterações proporcionais no indicador (tep/mil US$). &amp;nbsp;A preocupação maior do governo chinês é garantir que os investimentos para melhoria da intensidade energética sejam suficientes para o aumento das demandas por energia, uma vez que a china historicamente vem crescendo acima das projeções utilizadas pela NEA. Esta preocupação vem da necessidade de uma meta de consumo de energia absoluta correlacionada à meta de intensidade energética, para que se possa se atingir os 7% de crescimento do PIB previstos anualmente, sem que ocorram problemas com abastecimento ou preços de energia no médio e longo prazo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Outra análise importante é com relação aos biocombustiveis, cujo aumento na participação da composição energética mundial tem sido debatida a tempos, como recurso sustentável e uma ótima solução às frotas de veículos, como uma espécie de novo petróleo. No entanto outros estudos sugerem que a crise de 2008 teve parte de sua gravidade originada da vulnerabilidade a que se expuseram as commodities agrícolas e as imobiliárias, frente à indefinições com relação aos preços do petróleo no futuro. O ponto principal para se rever a prospecção dos biocombustíveis é justamente a relação entre eles e a produção de alimentos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;O Banco Mundial apresenta relatórios onde demonstra, por exemplo, que um aumento de 65% no preço do petróleo de hoje até 2020, seria responsável por um aumento da penetração dos biocombustiveis no mix energético mundial, dos atuais 2,4% para 5,9% em 2020, o que representa o dobro do índice de referência. E se, por exemplo, dobrasse o preço do petróleo em 2020, a taxa de penetração chegaria aos 12%, quintuplicando em 5 anos. &amp;nbsp;Em resumo, segundo o Banco Mundial, a oferta mundial de alimentos poderia sofrer um decréscimo de 3% a 6% em suas capacidades de produção, de acordo com a região, caso o preço do petróleo subisse em média 25% até 2020. Notadamente as regiões com maiores áreas agriculturáveis sofreriam os maiores déficits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Frente a tantas incertezas, a conscientização e a educação certamente são condições mínimas para compreensão do problema enquanto sociedade. As questões ligadas ao consumo, que possibilitem melhoria nos índices de eficiência, bem como as questões de qualidade no suprimento e tantas outras que coexistem no processo de utilização de energia, são fundamentais para a sustentabilidade dos recursos energéticos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Fontes:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/china-is-on-its-way-to-capping-its-total-energy-consumption/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Revolt  Blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2011/06/02/000158349_20110602161941/Rendered/PDF/WPS5673.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Relatório BM&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/2011570969386963921/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2011/11/alteracoes-mundiais-no-sentido-da.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/2011570969386963921'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/2011570969386963921'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2011/11/alteracoes-mundiais-no-sentido-da.html' title='Alterações Mundiais no Sentido da Sustentabilidade'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-9134498584278187139</id><published>2011-06-24T06:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-24T06:44:24.375-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Desenvolvimento Sustentável"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Eficiência Energética"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Energias Renováveis."/><title type='text'>Compreendendo a Eficiência Energética</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Já de longa data está em pauta, dentro do contexto da sustentabilidade, a questão da eficiência energética. Mas o que seria enfim ser eficiente energeticamente? Como e onde podemos obter eficiência energética? Perguntas simples como as anteriormente feitas podem nos levar a um sem fim de respostas, baseadas em outro sem fim de teorias e correntes que defendem o consumo eficiente. Mas o que temos de mais concreto são exatamente as dúvidas e problemas que precisam ser resolvidos, para que então o tema seja de fato tratado com a devida importância por todos os usuários de sistemas baseados em energia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;É sabido faz muito tempo que o planeta está acelerando o consumo de energia desde a revolução industrial, e que isso tende a gerar um déficit de energia no longo prazo, que já não é mais tão longo assim. Muitas soluções estão sendo tomadas, mas ainda há muito o que se fazer com relação à eficiência no uso final de energia. A indústria, não somente no Brasil mais em todo mundo, por mais estranho que possa parecer, é o setor onde se obtêm os maiores ganhos de escala em termos de aumento da eficiência energética, notadamente por força natural da maior competitividade, que leva à redução de custos. No caso brasileiro, os setores comercial/público e residencial são os maiores vilões da eficiência no uso de energia, segundo dados do Balanço energético Nacional publicado pela EPE.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O crescimento de um país, demonstrado pelo seu PIB, está intrinsecamente ligado ao consumo de energia. O indicador mais utilizado para esta análise é o da “Intensidade Energética”, que apresenta a relação entre o total de energia consumido (em toneladas equivalentes de petróleo), pelo montante de riquezas produzido (em milhões de reais). Este indicador é adotado para determinar o nível de utilização de energia, e norteia as avaliações para adoção de medidas de eficiência em determinados setores da economia. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Alguns estudos apresentados pela EPE apontam para a potencialidade da eficiência em determinados setores no Brasil, sendo que os valores apresentados para os próximos 30 anos colocam a indústria com 6% do potencial de eficientização, seguidos pelo setor comercial/público com 12%, e do setor residencial com 16%. Estes percentuais juntos representam cerca de 30TWh anuais de economia de energia, o que no longo prazo pode chegar aos 15% da necessidade de expansão do sistema. Vale ressaltar que no caso da indústria por exemplo, onde existe uma gestão maior dos dados de consumo, estudos apontam que na maioria dos segmentos industriais lastreados pela Confederação Nacional da Industria - CNI, o custo do MWh conservado por medidas de eficiência é inferior ao custo do MWh adotado nos leilões de venda de energia, o que significa dizer que nesses casos é mais interessante investir na eficiência dos processos do que na compra de energia. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mas não é tão simples assim adotar medidas de eficiência energética, sem que exista o respaldo do estado. Nesta linha os programas como o selo Procel, o Procel Edifica, são atitudes positivas e que devem ser aprimoradas e continuadas, tendo suas aplicações em níveis cada vez menores, principalmente nos setores anteriormente citados. Além disso, a recente elaboração de NBR-ISO-50.001 trará uma ferramenta importante na continuidade e sedimentação destas ações.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;E de que forma podemos enfim colaborar com essa corrente pela eficiência energética? Adotando medidas de eficiência no consumo de energia diário, e também divulgando a cultura entre seus grupos de amigos, familiares e simpatizantes do tema. Além disso, torna-se necessário o engajamento dos agentes públicos e das organizações da sociedade civil, para que o tema possa ser discutido amplamente, e que tais discussões permitam a elaboração de políticas públicas efetivas, nos âmbitos Federal, Estadual e Municipal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dentre as iniciativas que estimulam a eficiência energética, destaco aqui três atitudes das quais participo em nosso estado, e que estão sendo o primeiro passo para a conscientização sobre a importância do tema. A primeira delas é o Projeto do “Escritório Verde”, que foi concebido pelo professor Eloy Casagrande da UTFPR e que vem trazendo contribuições substanciais para a concepção das práticas sustentáveis na construção civil. A segunda atitude que destaco trata-se da formação recente do Grupo de Trabalho de Eficiência Energética no âmbito do CREA-PR, grupo do qual tenho a honra de participar como convidado, e que sob a condução do Engenheiro Sergio Cequinel e demais conselheiros do CREA, visa fomentar a discussão da Eficiência Energética a nível estadual, e colaborar com a evolução institucional do tema. A terceira atitude, por parte do SENAI na pessoa do Diretor Estadual Sr. João Barreto, que assinou recentemente acordo internacional entre Brasil, Alemanha e Bulgária, para instalação do primeiro laboratório de eficiência energética no Estado, na unidade do SENAI-CIC. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Atitudes como as anteriormente citadas dão dimensão dos horizontes que estão sendo traçados para a eficiência energética, e mostram que a preocupação com o tema já atinge esferas públicas com poder de decisão. Basta que consigamos ir além enquanto formadores de opinião, colaborando na formação de massa crítica desde a base, já no ensino fundamental, para que possamos plantar sementes duradouras e formar cidadãos conscientes da sustentabilidade no uso da energia elétrica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/9134498584278187139/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2011/06/compreendendo-eficiencia-energetica.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/9134498584278187139'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/9134498584278187139'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2011/06/compreendendo-eficiencia-energetica.html' title='Compreendendo a Eficiência Energética'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-9166845943977606054</id><published>2011-03-11T17:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-11T18:42:26.031-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Eficiência Energética"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Planejamento Energético ; Energias Renováveis"/><title type='text'>A importância do Planejamento Energético para o Desenvolvimento</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;De maneira mais ampla, o Planejamento pode ser entendido como uma ferramenta que administra a realidade sobre determinados acontecimentos, e pode subsidiar informações que se tornarão referência para melhoria de resultados. Aplicações de planejamento são facilmente encontradas em sistemas de produção, no comércio, ou até mesmo nas residências e nas rotinas diárias da população. As Mudanças Climáticas reforçam ainda mais a grande necessidade de planejamento, principalmente em função de catástrofes ambientais que podem reduzir a produção de recursos e modificar a dinâmica dos países.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Falando especificamente com relação ao Planejamento Energético, no Brasil a responsabilidade fica a cargo da Empresa de Pesquisa Energética – EPE, que é vinculada ao Ministério de Minas e Energia – MME e foi criada por meio de Lei especifica, sendo que dentre suas atribuições estão: a elaboração e revisão anual dos Planos Decenais de Expansão do Setor Energético (PDE’s), e a elaboração e revisão bi-anual dos Planos Nacionais de Energia de Longo Prazo (PNE’s). Estes planos são disponibilizados ao público geral, e são inclusive determinantes na condução de políticas no âmbito nacional, como o Programa Luz para Todos por exemplo. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Além do governo Federal, alguns estados também realizam seu Planejamento Energético aos moldes do MME, entre eles São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Nestes casos o Estado possui uma Secretaria de Minas e Energia, que é o órgão ao qual se delega as atividades de Planejamento Energético do Estado. Desta maneira o estado possui ferramentas para avaliar suas questões energéticas regionais, e dar rumo a determinados projetos de incentivo a fontes energéticas, sem depender de políticas federais. Uma das vantagens de se ter uma Secretaria deste porte no estado é justamente subsidiar envergadura política em favor do estado com relação a questões estratégicas de energia. Principalmente frente a situações de escassez prevista com relação à produção de energia no Brasil, que é fortemente dependente da energia Hidráulica.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No Link PNE 2030 abaixo, pode ser encontrada a estrutura resumida das etapas e atividades relacionadas à projeção de energia para o Longo Prazo no Brasil. Pode-se notar a multidisciplinaridade associada aos cálculos, uma vez que envolve questões macroeconômicas, Índices socioeconômicos, além de diversas análises complementares com relação a tendências tecnológicas e ambientais. Tais análises são feitas pela EPE, com apoio de centros de Pesquisa, e com consultorias e softwares específicos para cálculos de projeção, que são geralmente desenvolvidos e fornecidos pela AIEA – Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica, ou pela IEA – Agência Internacional de Energia. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Os períodos de racionamento de energia entre 2000 e 2001, e o próprio apagão ocorrido nesta época, foram alguns reflexos da falta de planejamento a que estava submetido este setor, frente a um crescimento econômico proporcionado àquela época pela estabilização monetária do Plano Real. Um exemplo claro disso pode ser observado no estado de MG. Segundo dados do IBGE 2007, o estado teve um acréscimo de aproximadamente 18% no consumo de energia do setor residencial no período de 2000 a 2001, sendo que maior parte associado à penetração de novos equipamentos eletroeletrônicos nas residências do estado. Este acréscimo não planejado do consumo, associado à questão do racionamento de aproximadamente 18% imposto à época, fez com que o estado passasse da condição de Exportador de Energia para Importador de Energia, de acordo com as considerações do Balanço Energético Nacional – BEN 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O balanço energético considera o total de energia consumido no país, ou região considerada. Este balanço apresenta o consumo dividido por setor da economia, geralmente os setores considerados são: Setor Industrial, Setor de Transportes, Setor Residencial, e Setor de Serviços. Para cada setor são apontados os valores de energia consumidos, em “tep” (Toneladas Equivalentes de Petróleo), e o índice representa então o consumo total de energia nestes setores. A oferta de energia para atendimento à demanda é calculada com base nas fontes energéticas disponíveis, como o Petróleo, Óleo Diesel, Gás Natural, GLP, Hidráulica, Biomassa, Biogás, Eólica, Solar, entre outros de ainda pouca expressão.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Outro exemplo de problemas no planejamento é o acontecido no inicio de fevereiro deste ano, numa região rural ao norte da cidade do México, quando cerca de 25.000 pessoas ficaram por mais de 5 dias praticamente sem fornecimento de energia por problemas nas estações de Gás. A região é uma das mais frias do país, e a dependência quase total do Gás Natural para abastecimento de energia elétrica, acabou por agravar a situação justamente na época em que mais solicitam energia para aquecimento residencial. O relato foi contado por uma moradora da região, e publicado pela World Watch Institute com maiores detalhes. Foi declarado estado de emergência na região, mobilizadas mais de 300 pessoas especializadas para retornar o mais rápido possível o abastecimento de energia, além dos diversos problemas ocorridos por falta do fornecimento completo de energia durante o período.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O planejamento energético tem então a responsabilidade de reunir diversas informações dos setores consumidores e produtores de energia, e deve prever, com o menor erro possível, qual será a melhor forma de produção de energia, levando em conta os custos operacionais de cada fonte de energia, e as demandas por cada um desses energéticos. Os modelos de planejamento devem ainda poder incorporar aos cálculos, premissas de inovações tecnológicas e operacionais que reduzirão o consumo de energia, e considerar a inserção destas fontes na matriz energética, visando complementar possíveis períodos de escassez ou de preços altos. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/new-mexico%E2%80%99s-winter-tale-gas-gas-everywhere-but-not-a-drop-to-burn/&quot;&gt;Worldwatch Institute&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epe.gov.br/PNE/Forms/Empreendimento.aspx&quot;&gt;PNE - Plano Nacional de Energia 2030&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;TimesNewRoman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A expressão Desenvolvimento Sustentável vêm sendo utilizada de diversas formas, na promoção do que se espera ser uma grande evolução da humanidade. Há alguns anos atrás esta expressão, além das prerrogativas associadas a ela, foi determinada por meio de diversas reuniões dos grupos de estudo no âmbito das Universidades e mesmo dos organismos da ONU. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Uma comissão denominada Comissão de Brundtland foi criada, no intuito de formar grupos técnico/científicos que promovessem a compreensão dos efeitos da acelerada deterioração do meio ambiente e do esgotamento dos recursos naturais. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Um relatório final foi publicado pela Oxford University em 1987, intitulado “Our Common Future”. Deste documento surge o que se pode chamar da definição mais completa e ampla de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, que trata exatamente da garantia de manter o desenvolvimento sem que se cause incapacidade de recursos para a perpetuação das próximas gerações. Esta definição é apoiada, segundo o relatório, em outros dois conceitos chave. Um deles trata as necessidades básicas para sobrevivência, priorizando políticas para os países mais pobres. O outro trata das limitações impostas ao crescimento das nações em geral, associadas principalmente ao estado de desenvolvimento tecnológico e de organização social em que se encontram.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A abrangência das engenharias em todo mundo possibilita solucionar desde os pequenos até os grandes problemas, e ao mesmo tempo produz conhecimento que perpetua e prove soluções durante muitos anos, ou mesmo décadas. Neste aspecto uma nova necessidade na área de engenharia surge rapidamente, o que seria a aplicação da engenharia para atenuar os problemas trazidos pelas mudanças climáticas. São Paulo, por exemplo, teve aprovada recentemente a lei de mudanças climáticas, assim como a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Ambas terão metas de redução de emissões, o que abrirá inúmeras oportunidades nas diversas áreas de engenharia, além do aumento de projetos nos moldes dos selos internacionais de gestão energética, e das soluções de equipamentos e sistemas eficientes em consumo de energia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Os acordos para redução das emissões de poluentes são, portanto, políticas de suma importância, uma vez que tem a premissa básica de associar valor à redução das emissões de poluentes ao redor do globo. Neste caso cabe avaliar os inúmeros projetos propostos à UNFCCC para a compensação das emissões no âmbito de protocolo de Kyoto. Estes projetos são escritos por grupos de engenheiros,&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;pesquisadores, cientistas, todos com vasta experiência teórica e prática. Além destes, participam profissionais das indústrias de grande porte, que são os maiores emissores de poluentes, e que por sua vez precisam compensar estas emissões e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Se dermos uma olhada na lista de projetos protocolados na UNFCCC, encontraremos inúmeros deles associados às questões de troca de combustíveis em plantas industriais, troca de caldeiras em processos de calor, eficiência em processos agrícolas, de Produção de Papel, Extração de Madeira, nos Modais de Transporte, na Produção de Alimentos, entre outros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E o papel do profissional de Engenharia nesse novo perfil de desenvolvimento? Com toda essa evolução nos conceitos de produção e consumo, principalmente com foco para a eficiência nos processos e na redução das emissões, é latente que os engenheiros possuem posição de destaque no Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Todas as modalidades de engenharia, além de economia e das inúmeras outras, são extremamente importantes para a compreensão destes novos conceitos já conhecidos e aplicados mundialmente. Neste caso, devemos difundir através dos mais diversos veículos de comunicação, a importância da educação para formação de bons engenheiros, comprometidos com o meio ambiente, e que consigam assimilar com mais profundidade as questões econômicas e sociais atreladas às inovações tecnológicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Para um engenheiro, o Desenvolvimento Sustentável é praticamente intrínseco à função uma vez que ele concebe, projeta, cria e inova em diversos segmentos, sempre com a visão de longo prazo. Um bom exemplo é sem duvida o das grandes obras hidrelétricas, como a barragem de Itaipu, que foi reconhecida à época como grande obra da engenharia moderna, e até hoje prove grande parte de nossa energia, e orgulha a nós brasileiros com o titulo de maior Hidrelétrica do mundo em capacidade de geração anual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Enfim, para as indústrias e empresas que empregam engenheiros, o Desenvolvimento Sustentável é um objetivo fundamental a ser perseguido, tendo em vista as novas exigências do mercado globalizado. Certamente as chances de uma empresa prosperar são cada vez menores se ela não leva em conta os aspectos sustentáveis na sua corporação, e nestes aspectos devem estar bem claras as questões sociais, ambientais e econômicas, sendo que cabe aos engenheiros interpretar as inovações e garantir a correta aplicação daquilo que tange suas áreas de atuação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/4718303770947849426/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2011/01/o-papel-da-engenharia-no.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/4718303770947849426'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/4718303770947849426'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2011/01/o-papel-da-engenharia-no.html' title='O Papel da Engenharia no Desenvolvimento Sustentável'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-4960900625764401619</id><published>2010-12-30T03:37:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-30T03:37:24.173-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mudanças Climáticas e Agricultura"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resiliência Econômica e Pobreza"/><title type='text'>A produção de Alimentos e as Mudanças Climáticas</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;   &lt;o:RelyOnVML/&gt;   &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;  &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Quando se fala em mudanças climáticas, um dos pontos mais importantes é sem dúvida a questão relacionada ao uso da terra em todo planeta, principalmente a maneira como já vêm sendo afetada a produção de alimentos em todo o mundo, e como isso se dará nas próximas décadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Durante a COP-16 ocorrida em Cancun, Jacques Diouf, Diretor Geral da FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization, vinculada à ONU, enfatizou que a humanidade necessita promover o que ele chamou de “Cimate Smart”, ou “Clima Inteligente”.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Neste modelo supostamente seriam reduzidas as emissões de gases de efeito estufa, através de sistemas mais eficientes para as aplicações agrícolas, o que seria matar dois coelhos com uma paulada só.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Quase que na mesma semana, o departamento de pesquisa em Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural do Banco Mundial, lançou um relatório intitulado: Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty, um documento que visa esclarecer o impacto que as alterações climáticas podem causar às populações de baixa renda dos países em desenvolvimento, com relação principalmente à alimentação. A literatura disponível para estas questões está sendo elaborada em meio a um ambiente de pesquisa que cresce cada vez mais, e que prioriza a análise de medidas políticas passiveis de garantir a resiliência econômica, com o menor impacto sobre os pobres e com maior resistência às pressões ambientais. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Estes estudos constituem um passo importante para a compreensão da relação entre as mudanças climáticas, a escassez de alimentos e a pobreza, uma vez que entendendo a dinâmica entre estes três pontos se poderá prever cenários futuros, e traçar políticas para minimizar os impactos mais severos. Notadamente as populações de menor condição financeira são as que sofreriam mais, caso os custos com alimentos tivessem preços elevados frente a situações de colapso de produção, por exemplo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Um estado da arte sobre as mudanças em relação à temperatura foi realizado pelo IPCC em 2007, e apresenta a possibilidade de incremento na temperatura mundial na ordem de 1.1 até 6.2 °C, até o final deste século. Baseado nestes índices o Banco Mundial apresentou um estimativa consistente, na qual considera que um acréscimo de aproximadamente 2°C na temperatura mundial até meados de 2050, proporcionaria um melhor aproveitamento de áreas agriculturáveis e de pastos nas regiões de clima temperado do globo, porém causaria uma baixa na produção agrícola nas regiões de Semi-Árido e Tropical. Já para a segunda metade do século, as previsões apontam para uma redução acentuada da produção em todas as regiões do planeta, caso se atinja o aumento de 6.2°C previstos pelo IPCC. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Todas as projeções feitas pelas equipes foram pautadas em documentos produzidos por cientistas, que reuniram e sintetizaram informações seguindo três vias de raciocínio, tais sejam: Modelos de Simulação de Crescimento de Culturas agriculturáveis; Estudos Estatísticos e Modelos de Aproximação Ricardianos. Além da utilização destes modelos, existem diversos critérios para nortear a interpretação dos resultados apresentados pelas três metodologias. Estes tópicos de avaliação são extremamente importantes para que os analistas possam determinar com o máximo de certeza quais as medidas e os impactos a curto e longo prazo. Alguns dos critérios mais citados para estas análises são os seguintes: Impacto sobre os Consumos das Famílias, Impacto Sobre a Renda dos Produtores, Impactos Indiretos Sobre Efeitos de Variação de Mercado, Impactos Sobre Impossibilidade de Pagamento de Bens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Mesmo com todo este conhecimento que está sendo criado, a tarefa das mais complexas é justamente a adaptação às mudanças climáticas por parte dos governos, população e indústrias, uma vez que o impacto das mudanças climáticas sobre a população depende do tempo durante o qual elas ocorrem, e da intensidade dos efeitos destas ocorrências. Neste caso uma correta previsão do tempo em que ocorrerão as mudanças mais drásticas, se é que ocorrerão, daria subsídios para tomada de decisões de longo prazo. Porém, tecnicamente a adaptação é um processo intrinsecamente dinâmico e ocorre no contexto de outros processos dinâmicos endógenos, incluindo o crescimento populacional, migração, mudança tecnológica, crescimento econômico e transformação estrutural. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Como exemplo positivo desta nova dinâmica, podemos citar a questão das algas, que vêm sendo estudada para produção em larga escala, inclusive como alternativa a países em desenvolvimento que sejam banhados por oceanos. O cultivo das algas não requer fertilizantes, áreas desmatadas, nem utilização de máquinas pesadas com altos consumos energéticos. Além de evitar as emissões globais de GEE, as algas ainda têm sua aplicação possível para a implantação de indústria de biocombustíveis, gerando empregos e independência energética. Além disso, parte da produção pode ainda ser usada como complemento alimentício e de renda pelas comunidades produtoras, através da utilização das algas em sopas, sushi e saladas, proporcionando alta concentração de proteínas na dieta. O uso da terra para agricultura e a pastagem representa atualmente cerca de 30% das emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Neste contexto, o potencial que esse segmento representa em relação ao mercado de carbono é algo tão grande, que pode gerar nas próximas duas décadas, créditos de carbono equivalentes à redução das emissões relativas ao segmento de transportes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Outro ponto positivo e que foi observado já na COP-15, e reforçado agora na&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;COP-16, é a questão da chamada REDD – “Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação”. Essa redução já esta sendo incentivada, através de um fundo próprio criado por países europeus, e visa agregar valor exatamente ao ato da conservação de áreas, evitando o desmatamento para plantação de culturas alimentícias, pastos, entre outros. Geralmente o desmatamento ocorre em áreas de pobreza acentuada, como em regiões fronteiriças da América Latina ou da África, e o fortalecimento destes acordos pela conservação das áreas pode acelerar processos de controle de desmatamento, uma vez que se está agregando valor à manutenção das florestas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Assim, cada vez mais as questões relacionadas às mudanças climáticas e ao cultivo das terras vão tomando espaço na discussão mundial. Neste sentido cabe aos governantes e grandes tomadores de decisão, estar preparados para se adaptar às novas dinâmicas de gestão populacional nas regiões dos países mais pobres, levando em conta agora as questões de vulnerabilidade geográfica desenhada pelas mudanças no clima. Segundo o próprio Diouf, “Não vamos alcançar a segurança alimentar, sem investimento sério na adaptação à mudança climática”. Portanto cabe a todos colaborar na medida do seu possível, para a conscientização na utilização dos recursos naturais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Abaixo segue os links para as referências deste artigo, e também para um vídeo curto que mostra de forma simples, algumas das questões apresentadas no texto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/the-opportunities-and-the-risks-of-climate-change/&quot;&gt;Vídeo Interessante (2 min)&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/innovation-of-the-week-climate-smart-seaweed-farming/&quot;&gt;Artigo Completo  Algas - Blog Nourishing the Planet&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2010/11/02/000158349_20101102135244/Rendered/PDF/WPS5468.pdf&quot;&gt;Relatório Banco Mundial&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/4960900625764401619/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2010/12/producao-de-alimentos-e-as-mudancas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/4960900625764401619'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/4960900625764401619'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2010/12/producao-de-alimentos-e-as-mudancas.html' title='A produção de Alimentos e as Mudanças Climáticas'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-8041015326631118478</id><published>2010-11-29T09:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-11-29T09:52:59.226-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="COP-16"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sustentabilidade"/><title type='text'>COP-16  – Será este o momento de um acordo Global ?</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A Conferência das Partes – COP inicia hoje, dia 29 de Novembro, sua 16&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; edição. Denominado COP-16, este evento trata da reunião anual de todas as nações envolvidas nas tratativas de redução do aquecimento global, sob organização da ONU e da UNFCCC, além dos países signatários do protocolo do Kyoto, conhecidos como países do “ANEXO I”, e os países em desenvolvimento denominados do “não-ANEXO I”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Assim como no ano passado, quando o evento ocorreu em um momento de incertezas na ordem econômica mundial, novamente estamos no mesmo patamar. Foram grandes as expectativas durante o COP-15, realizado em &lt;/span&gt;Copenhague&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; em dezembro de 2009, porém os resultados foram considerados por especialistas como pífios, para quem aguardava que de fato surgiria dali um grande acordo global para mitigação dos gases de efeito estufa. Não foi bem assim, principalmente pelo pouco engajamento demonstrado por países como os EUA, responsáveis por grande parcela da poluição a nível mundial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Este ano é diferente, segundo informações disponíveis nos sites da UNFCCC e nos relatórios elaborados pela entidade para apoiar e nortear as discussões entre todos os interessados. Um dos relatórios foi apresentado pela ONU no inicio de novembro, e elaborado por meio de seu alto comitê consultivo para financiamentos das Mudanças Climáticas. O texto apresenta inúmeras análises macro-econômicas que visam subsidiar estudos de alta complexidade, visando estimar o potencial de projetos de grande escala, além de estabelecer regras de avaliação considerando as inúmeras variáveis associadas à capacidade dos países em desenvolvimento. Além disso, o documento apresenta a composição dos fundos de financiamento que se formam ao redor destes projetos, associados principalmente a este novo mercado de eficientização energética e do uso de recursos naturais. Conforme estabelecido no COP-15, já se contabiliza cerca de 100 Bilhões anuais para aplicação em projetos nos países em desenvolvimento.&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Dentre as metodologias e preocupações apresentadas no relatório, foram discutidas também as receitas líquidas do mercado de carbono. Nesse conceito, foi considerado a avaliação das receitas infra-marginais do mercado de carbono, o que seria de maneira simples, verificar a diferença entre custo médio de determinados projetos de mitigação, e o custo médio de mercado para implementação dos mesmos. Segundo o relatório, em linhas gerais para um mercado competitivo, o preço de mercado é igual ao custo marginal do fornecedor. O saldo positivo nessa diferença, pode ser chamado de receita infra-marginal, e representa a remuneração dos ativos do proprietário do projeto, sejam instituições privadas ou governamentais. Conceitos em teoria aplicáveis facilmente, porém na prática remontam às questões sociais e de tecnologia dos países em desenvolvimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Como exemplo destes conceitos abordados, o relatório apresenta o estudo de caso de um parque eólico a ser instalado em um país em desenvolvimento. Dentre as questões avaliadas, o exemplo denota o custo associado ao local físico de implantação do parque eólico. A depender da maneira como for feito, o projeto pode ter custos de viabilidade que não o permitam trazer o retorno financeiro que sua mitigação representa. Nesse caso, alternativas como o aluguel das áreas com preços determinados em função da capacidade de mitigação do projeto, seria uma opção dentro do modelo estudado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Recentemente assisti a um vídeo, feito por cientistas de um grupo controverso a toda essa temática do desenvolvimento sustentável. O documentário comparava toda essa grande notoriedade dada aos órgãos do UNFCCC e ONU, e ao aquecimento global, com uma nova cruzada dos tempos modernos, onde novamente veremos a tomada de países inteiros sob a bandeira do desenvolvimento sustentável. Verdade ou não, o que se pode afirmar é que as mudanças climáticas estão ai, o mercado de carbono já existe, e a maneira como eles serão conduzidos é que ainda não esta muito clara, principalmente porque muitos países ainda não estão preparados para já iniciarem na dinâmica dos grandes projetos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Em outro documento apresentado pela UNFCCC, estão listados todos os países em desenvolvimento, e seu devido status com relação ao cumprimento das exigências perante os organismos, para que possam participar de projetos. Vemos que muitos ainda não estão com dados completos, isso sem contar os níveis de confiabilidade que se pode atribuir aos dados já fornecidos, uma vez que as metodologias da UNFCCC são realmente complexas e exigem capacitação cientifica dos países em diversas áreas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Os documentos anexos são os relatórios citados no texto, e podem ser obtidos em outras línguas diretamente no site dos organismos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/climatechange/shared/Documents/AGF_reports/AGF_Final_Report.pdf&quot;&gt;Relatório ONU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/05a01.pdf&quot;&gt;Relatório UNFCCC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/8041015326631118478/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2010/11/cop-16-sera-este-o-momento-de-um-acordo.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/8041015326631118478'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/8041015326631118478'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2010/11/cop-16-sera-este-o-momento-de-um-acordo.html' title='COP-16  – Será este o momento de um acordo Global ?'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-4987422012661825078</id><published>2010-11-05T11:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-11-05T11:09:38.801-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Igualdade em Mudanças Climáticas – Qual a melhor saída?</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Vivemos numa época de alterações de diversas ordens, &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;mais intensamente nas áreas tecnológica, climática e social. Estes três aspectos nos dão dimensão da abrangência que a sustentabilidade proporciona e exige, para que se possam desenvolver novas práticas de consumo baseadas na baixa emissão de carbono. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;São inúmeras as instituições já envolvidas nesse ambiente de crescimento sustentável, fazendo surgir diversas ações para que efetivamente se crie uma cultura de eficiência energética. Muitos estudiosos consideram que já estamos inseridos numa nova era da concepção e utilização dos recursos, e inclusive denominam de 3&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; Revolução Industrial, onde teremos no longo prazo a independência do petróleo e a redução do aquecimento global.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Nesta última semana o Banco Mundial lançou um estudo que traz à tona uma questão de extrema complexidade, porém de alta relevância para que assegure a continuidade desta revolução do século XXI. O relatório apresenta uma avaliação das mudanças climáticas e desenvolve uma análise sobre o capital associado a estas emissões, como forma de prever os impactos econômicos e criar soluções baseadas em mecanismos de mercado. A premissa geral deste estudo foi de avaliar as conseqüências da alocação das emissões, entendam-se aqui os créditos de carbono, sob diferentes avaliações do ponto de vista da igualdade entre os países.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Tal divisão do capital, e de que forma ela seria igualitária entre as partes, foi abordada sobre aspectos que visam assegurar o sucesso efetivo das alocações de emissões, sem que se crie um mercado falho, onde investimentos deixariam de ser feitos por falta de infra-estrutura em determinadas regiões. Os modelos apresentados para a avaliação sugerem que as alocações de emissões sejam: (i) atribuídas igualmente em &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;base per capita, (ii)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; inversamente relacionadas com a responsabilidade histórica das emissões; (iii) inversamente relacionada à capacidade de pagamento, e (iv) diretamente relacionado às oportunidades de desenvolvimento futuro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A primeira opção parte do principio que todos os habitantes do planeta têm igual participação nas emissões, devido ao igual direito de acesso à atmosfera e seus gases. Seria como se, para calcular, não fossem feitas quaisquer ponderações e simplesmente divida todas as emissões pelo número de habitantes, o que resultaria numa parcela igual de participação nos benefícios que os recursos financeiros proporcionariam. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Já a segunda opção remete a avaliação ao histórico de emissões passadas, sendo calculada a possibilidade de emissões no futuro, de forma inversa ao que foi emitido anos anteriores. Resumidamente significa que os países que emitiram mais no passado, teriam obrigação de reduzir e compensar suas emissões no futuro. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Neste caso os países que emitiram menos no histórico, passariam a ter maior volume para alocar e compensar emissões. Esta modalidade contou inclusive com a participação do Brasil, que apresentou um dos primeiros estudos sobre tal modalidade e suas vantagens. (No gráfico abaixo se observa a posição do Brasil por tal opção)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A terceira opção é relacionada à capacidade de pagamento, e possui a mesma linha de raciocínio da opção dos históricos, porém neste caso apontando que os maiores detentores de tecnologias, e evidentemente que tenham sido grandes poluidores até então, terão a obrigação de arcar com a maior parte dos custos de implantação de novas formas para redução do aquecimento global. Este é o modelo que mais se assemelha ao protocolo de Kyoto e sua estrutura, que vêm aos poucos se modificando a cada reunião anual do comitê mundial de mudanças climáticas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;O último modelo, que trata da preservação das futuras oportunidades de desenvolvimento, é o mais amistoso de todos por tratar dos países menos emissores de forma diferenciada, onde ao longo do tempo terão capacidade de crescer ordenadamente segundo seu potencial de alocação de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Porém não esta claro quanto às diversas adaptações em países de extrema pobreza, como em casos nos continentes africano e asiático. O gráfico abaixo apresenta as quatro opções e os resultados estimados para a alocação dos poluentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnryKJ2flIBirxw-4d4NRNiiMxIEWRTFqYNimsYX-s30X21bK4ou3RGHymup9F8sCTj0ozsfWsCXTEz4LBXt9c8jL3B4zoGoVSsIW_FRZKRw2FtxHGd1v7ah18OL8rhVlw1Ue1d2jTGs8/s1600/Grafico.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnryKJ2flIBirxw-4d4NRNiiMxIEWRTFqYNimsYX-s30X21bK4ou3RGHymup9F8sCTj0ozsfWsCXTEz4LBXt9c8jL3B4zoGoVSsIW_FRZKRw2FtxHGd1v7ah18OL8rhVlw1Ue1d2jTGs8/s400/Grafico.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A análise do próprio Banco Mundial aponta que todos os modelos são possíveis de serem aplicados, mas que alguns deles proporcionam uma igualdade camuflada, por estar associada, por exemplo, ao desenvolvimento social de nações pobres, ou à demanda de criação de tecnologias ainda não disponíveis em prática. Os modelos da igualdade de emissões per capita, a responsabilidade histórica e a capacidade de pagamento, são mais favoráveis aos países em desenvolvimento, exceto à China, que possui características per capta que o classificam como pais em desenvolvimento, porém é responsável por taxas monstruosas de emissão de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Para se concretizarem as tratativas mundiais sobre as alocações de CO2, serão necessários diversos acordos de cooperação entre todas as nações, sejam elas desenvolvidas ou não, para que se crie o ambiente para a revolução tecnológica do baixo consumo de carbono. Precisamos pensar o planeta de outra forma que não aquela baseada na produção em massa e na geração descontrolada de resíduos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;longtext&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A geração atual foi presenteada com esse desafio, e temos na eficiência energética, talvez, a única chance de conciliar as necessidades de desenvolvimento dos países de baixa renda com as necessidades de redução no aquecimento do planeta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;A pegada de carbono, traduzido do termo em inglês &lt;i&gt;carbon footprint&lt;/i&gt;, vem sendo cada vez mais difundida como uma ferramenta de conscientização sobre o aquecimento global e suas conseqüências a nível mundial. A medida representa, em termos gerais, o quanto um ser humano emite de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; para a atmosfera anualmente, durante suas atividades diárias. Ainda existem divergências de ordem técnica que devem ser avaliadas, mas certamente a contribuição dos seres humanos é o fator de maior peso nas emissões mundiais de poluentes para atmosfera. Qualquer atividade realizada por nós está necessariamente emitindo poluentes, visto que tudo o que consumimos de bens duráveis e não duráveis, além de alimentos, transporte, entre outros, estão associados a consumos de energia desde suas concepções até suas cadeias produtivas e de distribuição. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Além do CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; propriamente, outros gases são emitidos à atmosfera em menor escala, porém com mais nocividade. Os gases da tabela abaixo são considerados como de potencial poluente, e assim denominados pelos organismos ligados à ONU que regulam o Comitê Global de Mudanças Climáticas. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Todas as emissões provenientes deles são ponderadas e referidas em equivalentes de dióxido de carbono, para que se tenha uma medida padrão. O fator de poluição apresentado na tabela representa quantas vezes uma molécula do gás é mais poluente que uma molécula de CO&lt;sub&gt;2.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Tabela normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 text-align:justify;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
table.MsoTableLightShading
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Sombreamento Claro&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
 mso-style-priority:60;
 mso-style-unhide:no;
 border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
 mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;
 border-left:none;
 border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
 mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
 border-right:none;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 text-align:justify;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 color:black;
 mso-themecolor:text1;
 mso-themeshade:191;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingFirstRow
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Sombreamento Claro&quot;;
 mso-table-condition:first-row;
 mso-style-priority:60;
 mso-style-unhide:no;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableLightShading&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.3pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: rgb(192, 80, 77) -moz-use-text-color black rgb(192, 80, 77); border-style: double none solid double; border-width: 3.75pt medium 1pt 3.75pt; height: 20.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;342&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Gás   de Efeito Estufa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: rgb(192, 80, 77) rgb(192, 80, 77) black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double double solid none; border-width: 3.75pt 3.75pt 1pt medium; height: 20.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;   &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Fator de Poluição&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 20.3pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77); border-style: none none none double; border-width: medium medium medium 3.75pt; height: 20.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;342&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Dióxido   de Carbono (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77) -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 3.75pt medium medium; height: 20.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;   &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77); border-style: none none none double; border-width: medium medium medium 3.75pt; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;342&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Metano   (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77) -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 3.75pt medium medium; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;   &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77); border-style: none none none double; border-width: medium medium medium 3.75pt; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;342&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Oxido   Nitroso (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77) -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 3.75pt medium medium; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;   &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;298&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77); border-style: none none none double; border-width: medium medium medium 3.75pt; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;342&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Hidrofluorcarboneto   (HFC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77) -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 3.75pt medium medium; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;   &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;150 – 11.700&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77); border-style: none none none double; border-width: medium medium medium 3.75pt; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;342&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Perfluorcarboneto   (PFC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77) -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 3.75pt medium medium; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;   &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;6.500 – 9.200&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77) rgb(192, 80, 77); border-style: none none double double; border-width: medium medium 3.75pt 3.75pt; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 256.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;342&quot;&gt;   &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Hexafluoreto   de enxofre (SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(192, 80, 77) rgb(192, 80, 77) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double double none; border-width: medium 3.75pt 3.75pt medium; height: 21.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;   &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;23.900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Cada um destes gases é mais utilizado em determinados segmentos industriais, e também na agropecuária, em proporções bastante inferiores à emissão direta de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pelos meios anteriormente citados.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;O CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; é um gás largamente emitido em processos de agricultura, por exemplo, na decomposição de resíduos orgânicos, nos processos de digestão de animais herbivoros&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb%C3%ADvoro&quot; title=&quot;Herbívoro&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, carnívoros e onívoros, e também através de bactérias que consomem matéria orgânica. Também na área de energia como no caso das plataformas de petróleo, que quando não concebem práticas apropriadas para o aproveitamento do CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; que surge no processo de extração do óleo bruto, a maioria deste gás é queimada para que se reduza sua taxa de poluição, que de 23 vezes passa a cerca de 2,6 vezes devido às reações químicas da queima.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;O N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O é bastante encontrado nas indústrias em geral, principalmente nas aplicações agrícolas através da produção de fertilizantes, na indústria automobilística com aplicação em técnicas de aumento de potência de motores de combustão, e ainda na área médica onde pode ser aplicado juntamente com Oxigênio para produção de substâncias analgésicas e sedativas. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Os gases HFC se encontram em aplicações restritas, como em processos produtivos nas indústrias químicas e em sistemas de alta refrigeração ou processos envolvendo altas temperaturas. Já o PFC é utilizado largamente na produção de semicondutores e surge também nos processos de produção de alumínio.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;E o SF6 é o mais nocivo gás que se utiliza em escala industrial. Utilizado em processos de fundição, ou os que envolvam alta temperatura e pressão, como a produção de matrizes de automóveis por exemplo. É aplicado mais amplamente como isolante em sistemas de Alta e Extra Alta tensão, em equipamentos como disjuntores, que devem seccionar grandes quantidades de energia de forma rápida e segura. Ele possui uma propriedade de isolação inigualável, porém tal característica esta associada à ao alto poder de poluição deste gás. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Para o cálculo da pegada de carbono, são feitas inúmeras considerações utilizando-se dados de consumo, produção, populacionais, econômicos, entre outros, para que se possa determinar a parcela por habitante, na emissão total de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; de uns pais. Indicadores mais comuns para elaboração dos cálculos são: &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Número de habitantes na residência, quantidade de quilômetros percorridos anualmente com carro, quilômetros em viagens anuais de avião ou automóvel, consumo médio de eletricidade, consumo de outros combustíveis, quantidade de equipamentos de consumo energético, atitudes de eficiência energética, entre outros. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Tecnicamente as emissões de poluentes são medidas em Toneladas de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; anuais, que são a representação de todas as emissões provenientes dos &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; setores produtivos do país. Uma tonelada de carbono significa ainda o equivalente a um crédito de carbono, porém neste caso existem diversas outras considerações que não cabem a este exemplo. Assim sendo, podemos estimar a parcela de emissão per capita, de maneira simples, através da divisão de todas as emissões anuais do país, pela população total neste ano. Teremos ai então uma taxa que no caso do Brasil, segundo dados do organismo &lt;i&gt;EIA Energy&lt;/i&gt;, tem seu valor em torno de 2,3 toneladas de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; por habitantes. Muito inferior por exemplo à dos EUA, que com cerca de 300 milhões de habitantes emite o total de 6 Bilhões de toneladas anuais, resultando numa taxa de aproximadamente 20 toneladas por habitante.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Saber o quanto se emite de poluentes é sem duvida uma ferramenta que pode ser muito útil para a sociedade, e de suma importância para o planeta.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Identificar ações e adotar condutas sustentáveis traz resultados positivos para todos, e o envolvimento das pessoas&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;acrescenta a sinergia necessária para a construção de uma cultura de eficiência na utilização dos recursos. Para isso acontecer, o importante é ter a consciência do significado da preservação dos recursos, para que assim se possa compreender e mover ações efetivas por parte do poder público, iniciativa privada e população, para se criar um ambiente de crescimento sustentável, através da manutenção dos pilares econômico, social e ambiental.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Calculando e compreendendo sua pegada de carbono, certamente ficará mais fácil nortear as ações para a sustentabilidade, e tornar-se aos poucos um disseminador de uma nova cultura, que mais do que simples modismo, é essencial para a manutenção da qualidade de vida para as futuras gerações. Eu recomendo o teste no site no primeiro link logo abaixo. O segundo link apresenta o relatório mais atualizado do inventário das emissões brasileiras, com diversas informações a cerca do que foi apresentado no texto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Grande Abraço!!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://myfootprint.org/en/visitor_information/&quot;&gt;Calcular a Pegada de Carbono - myfootprint.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/brazilnc1e.pdf&quot;&gt;Inventário Brasileiro de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/5381119699008147768/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2010/09/significado-e-calculo-da-pegada-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/5381119699008147768'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/5381119699008147768'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2010/09/significado-e-calculo-da-pegada-de.html' title='Significado e Cálculo da PEGADA de CARBONO'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-4069120023935656036</id><published>2010-07-28T05:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-07-28T05:41:44.225-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Carro Elétrico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Energias Renováveis."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sustentabilidade"/><title type='text'>O carro elétrico e a Sustentabilidade</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; O carro elétrico é sem duvida uma inovação das mais importantes em se tratando da redução das emissões de CO2 e da independência da matriz energética baseada em petróleo. Recentemente tive a possibilidade de aprofundar meus conhecimentos sobre o carro elétrico, notadamente os carros elétricos que a Renault, indústria automobilística presente no Paraná, pretende apresentar ao Mundo a partir de 2011. Neste contexto observei quão importante este projeto é para o meio ambiente, e como ele pode inserir um conceito inovador de utilização dos recursos naturais, sem que se perca a mobilidade, o progresso e o conforto que a industrialização proporciona ao mundo desde o século XVIII.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; O projeto do carro elétrico apresentado pela Renault em seus meios de comunicação, já vem sendo estudado há pelo menos 10 anos, com preocupações que vão desde a concepção e adaptabilidade das fabricas às novas tecnologias e materiais utilizados, até questões de infra- estrutura  para possibilitar a rodagem dos veículos sem nenhum problema.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; A taxa de emissão de um veiculo de passeio comum é  medida em  gramas de CO2 emitidas para cada kilômetro percorrido (g/km), e que se traduzindo para a linguagem das emissões de poluentes na atmosfera, facilmente atinge-se a casa dos trilhões de Toneladas de CO2 anuais, provenientes dos veículos de passeio. Observa-se a níveis mundiais que, nos últimos dez anos, houve uma redução de cerca de 15% nas taxas de emissão, relativa principalmente à melhorias de engenharia nos sistemas veiculares, à adição de combustíveis menos poluentes às misturas, entre outras. Recentemente foram divulgados dados da consultoria JATO, que mostra as taxas dos principais fabricantes no ano de 2008. A Renault aparece na média, com 142,7 g/km, sendo que a menor taxa registrada é do fabricante FIAT, com 133,7 g/km e a maior para Mercedes, com 185,0 g/km.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; O que se espera dos veículos elétricos é que sua taxa de emissão chegue a “0 g/km”, e para atingir este ambicioso objetivo, não só a Renault como todas as montadoras mundiais estão empenhadas, a mais de uma década, em projetos de concepção das novas tecnologias e sistemas de produção.  A Renault, que já possui projetos em diversos países, tem por objetivo que os veículos elétricos representem cerca de 20% dos novos veículos produzidos na Europa até 2020. E para atingir tal objetivo investirão em torno de 200 milhões de Euros por ano. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Tecnicamente o veículos elétricos serão movidos à baterias, que necessitam de autonomia para percorrer longas distâncias sem necessidade de recarga, e que podem ser fabricadas a partir de diferentes matérias primas,  como por exemplo as  NiMH (bateria de hidreto metálico de níquel ) e as de Li-ion (íon lítio), esta última a mais utilizada atualmente devido a alta densidade de energia proporcionada pelo elemento químico lítio. Atualmente estas baterias podem proporcionar autonomia de 160km sem recarga, e isso é de fato um grande avanço, mas já existe outros materiais sendo estudados para aumentar estes valores. Para o abastecimento destes veículos, a Renault apresenta três maneiras, que são também comuns a outros fabricantes. A primeira é aquela que o carro pode ser recarregado em casa, e leva de 6 a 8 horas para completar a carga. A segunda são estações de recarga na rua, similares aos postos de gasolina, onde se poderá carregar a bateria em no Maximo 30 minutos. A terceira é a opção mais rápida, chamada de Quick Drop, onde o proprietário poderá trocar, em cerca de 3 minutos, sua bateria por outra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Para que este projeto atinja os efeitos positivos a que se propõem, ou seja, a sustentabilidade na utilização dos recursos naturais, será necessário que os países, através de seus representantes no governo, se mobilizem em diversos sentidos, para que exista o ambiente favorável à implantação do que podemos chamar de mudança global nos meios de transporte.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Diversos pontos podem ser destacados como cruciais ao sucesso deste projeto, mas deixo a discussão aberta apenas com relação à matriz energética dos países, tendo em vista que em diversas partes do mundo existem países de alto nível de industrialização, como a China por exemplo, que utilizam derivados de petróleo para produção de sua energia. É Fundamental que estes projetos estejam associados à implantação de novas fontes de energia renovável, e que toda a capacidade adicional necessária aos sistemas elétricos seja composta exclusivamente destas fontes, para desta forma conseguir um veiculo de emissão zero.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Gostaria de finalizar parabenizando a Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná -UTFPR, que no ano de 2010 teve dois de seus alunos selecionados para participar de um mestrado internacional, oferecido pela fundação Renault, e que visa formar profissionais para participar das próximas fases de implantação do projeto do carro elétrico na Europa e posteriormente em outros países. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Abaixo segue um link para assistir ao teste do veiculo Renault Kangoo ZE, realizado recentemente na Espanha, com usuários de diversas áreas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Hoje falarei sobre as energias renováveis, especialmente a Eólica, tendo em vista o ultimo leilão realizado no Brasil, que foi considerado um sucesso e um passo importante na sedimentação das energias renováveis na matriz energética brasileira.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Os cerca de 1.800MW contratados neste leilão irão, segundo o Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME), demandar investimentos da ordem de 9,4 Bilhões de reais, que com certeza trarão dividendos importantes para a economia nacional brasileira, considerando é claro uma preparação da indústria nacional para produzir equipamentos e sistemas necessários aos parques eólicos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Neste contexto destaco a questão dos créditos de carbono, principalmente os provenientes das energias renováveis. Segundo dados do Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia (MCT), &amp;nbsp;atualmente os projetos brasileiros de créditos de carbono representam cerca de &amp;nbsp;7% da redução estimada para o mundo todo. Ainda assim somos o terceiro em redução das emissões, antecedidos pela China (55%) e India (15%).&amp;nbsp; Apesar de tímidos, os 7% dos projetos brasileiros representam cerca de 174 milhões de toneladas de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; a serem reduzidas no primeiro período do protocolo de Kyoto. &amp;nbsp;Este volume, em termos gerais, significa algo em torno de 2,5 bilhões de reais considerando a cotação do crédito de carbono dos últimos meses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;No contexto da energia eólica, podem ser obtidos no site do MCT dados&amp;nbsp; sobre os projetos credenciados a obter créditos de carbono, e constata-se então que os projetos de energias renováveis representam 37% do total de projetos brasileiros, sendo que cerca de 5% destes são finalmente de energia proveniente da força dos ventos.&amp;nbsp; Isto representa mais ou menos 3,2 milhões de créditos de carbono, ou aproximadamente 50 milhões de reais.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Avaliando todos esses números,&amp;nbsp; observa-se que o Brasil poderá multiplicar por 5 sua emissão de créditos de carbono através das usinas eólicas, haja vista que atualmente cerca de apenas 400MW provenientes de energia eólica resultaram em créditos de carbono.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Todos os valores apresentados foram obtidos nos sites do MME, MCT, UNFCCC, conforme os links abaixo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Forte Abraço !!!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mme.gov.br/mme/menu/leiloes_de_energia/leilao_de_eolica.html&quot;&gt;http://www.mme.gov.br/mme/menu/leiloes_de_energia/leilao_de_eolica.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/index.html&quot;&gt;http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mct.gov.br/&quot;&gt;http://www.mct.gov.br&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Recentemente foi lançado pelo Departamento americano de energia, uma lista com diversos projetos em ações governamentais para atingir de forma ambiciosa a eficiência energética em todo pais.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A estratégia envolve diversos atores do governo, indústria e consumidores, tendo em vista a implantação de um mercado de massa, que tenha capacidade de controlar a variável &lt;i&gt;Produção X Consumo&lt;/i&gt;, além de assegurar custos viáveis sem grandes intervenções do estado, e garantir que o mercado seja sustentável em aspectos ambientais. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Tarefa nada fácil a ser cumprida, e o interessante é observar a mudança drástica que não só os EUA, mas todo o mundo precisa enfrentar, com relação à implantação de uma cultura de consumo sustentável. E isso sem duvidas obriga mudanças na educação, profissionalização e principalmente nas praticas políticas de incentivo. Continuar o crescimento econômico nos países, garantir os recursos naturais para as próximas gerações e ainda promover a redução da emissão de poluentes, não é tão simples assim.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Principalmente quando a necessidade é reduzir pela metade as emissões de CO2, para que se evite uma catástrofe climática num futuro breve.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;OS EUA estão rapidamente se adaptando para promover as transformações necessárias, preparar o crescimento e as transformações que se darão na indústria, com relação à adaptação tecnológica, Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Políticas de emprego e preparação de profissionais, entre outros.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O objetivo é ter profissionais e indústrias capazes de projetar, fabricar e manter sistemas elétricos renováveis, como Painéis solares, Turbinas Eólicas e Carros elétricos. A lista dos projetos pode ser vista abaixo, ou também no site com explicações detalhadas, pelo link que se encontra no final do texto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;Projetos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6427&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Low-Carbon Development Strategies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6421&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Natural Gas and Sustainable Energy Initiative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6429&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Green Transport Jobs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6428&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Reports&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6430&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Climate and Energy Security 2.0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldwatch.org/programs/agriculture&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Agriculture, Health, and Climate Change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldwatch.org/chinawatch&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;China Program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6055&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;India Climate Initiative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;; New Economy Council&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Re-Volt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nesta postagem vou falar um pouco sobre o primeiro item, que trata das Estratégias de Desenvolvimento para redução das emissões, e que podemos considerar a base para a implantação um mercado sustentável na utilização dos recursos. Esta mudança esta ligada ao processo de “descarbonização” do planeta,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;e&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;que em linhas gerais significa diminuir a passos largos a dependência energética do petróleo e seus derivados. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Tal dependência tem de ser reduzida o mais conjuntamente possível ao redor do mundo, e os países desenvolvidos&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;e em desenvolvimento terão de estar alinhados para que se crie um mercado global, com capacidade de reduzir drasticamente as emissões de poluentes ao meio ambiente, e ainda proporcionar crescimentos econômicos capazes de sustentar uma mudança global que durará décadas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dentre as potencias fontes de recursos apresentados no relatório, destaco duas: Energia Solar e os chamados elementos raros da terra, por exemplo o yttrium, gadolinium, neodymium e o Lithium.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pois bem, a energia Solar é extremamente abundante em todo planeta, e principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento haja vista suas áreas continentais. No mapa abaixo são apresentadas as taxas de irradiação solar em kWh/m², e ainda as reservas percentuais de Lithium encontrados no mundo.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os elementos da terra são aplicados em estudos avançados como de componentes eletrônicos, geradores magnéticos entre outros. Já o Lithium é mais aplicado às baterias que vem a mais de 10 anos sendo desenvolvidas para aplicação em veículos elétricos, outro grande assunto que falarei em separado. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM97TxR6wpxrPKCENq8vZQEl1-xtqiznXr6ZmgOHSMYTmyqBNTy1tVDBQS2i9XQP9VeXNZKaUdt-l8OOs3VVmbaRYzZab3Rn9EslKropqh6HJFF_yM2eCLBfOtZyIiwQCNhGWWpkLUCHs/s1600/Solar+MAP+Irr_Earth.GIF&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;231&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM97TxR6wpxrPKCENq8vZQEl1-xtqiznXr6ZmgOHSMYTmyqBNTy1tVDBQS2i9XQP9VeXNZKaUdt-l8OOs3VVmbaRYzZab3Rn9EslKropqh6HJFF_yM2eCLBfOtZyIiwQCNhGWWpkLUCHs/s400/Solar+MAP+Irr_Earth.GIF&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Intensidade de irradiação solar (kWh/m²)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Juntando todas essas informações, e aliando a elas o fato de que tais matérias primas são pouco comuns ao redor do planeta, pode-se imaginar que grandes volumes de negócios serão firmados por todo o globo, caso a redução das emissões tenha outra saída que não a eficiência energética e a diminuição da dependência do petróleo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;http://www.worldwatch.org/programs/energy_climate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Forte Abraço!&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/feeds/6546218846865406432/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2010/05/iniciativas-americanas-para-reducao-do.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/6546218846865406432'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4897977342133638904/posts/default/6546218846865406432'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://poliquezi.blogspot.com/2010/05/iniciativas-americanas-para-reducao-do.html' title='Iniciativas americanas para Redução do Aquecimento Global'/><author><name>Augusto Poliquezi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17453314636558078653</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_N5ULF7Sxqhs/S-v38cAPvII/AAAAAAAAAAo/iVXBpPkeWAM/S220/Identit%C3%A9+A+Poliquezi.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM97TxR6wpxrPKCENq8vZQEl1-xtqiznXr6ZmgOHSMYTmyqBNTy1tVDBQS2i9XQP9VeXNZKaUdt-l8OOs3VVmbaRYzZab3Rn9EslKropqh6HJFF_yM2eCLBfOtZyIiwQCNhGWWpkLUCHs/s72-c/Solar+MAP+Irr_Earth.GIF" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4897977342133638904.post-7316072162050759633</id><published>2010-05-12T10:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-12T18:51:48.162-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cimento Verde"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CO2"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="MIT"/><title type='text'>Concreto Verde</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_0&quot;&gt;Compartilho&lt;/span&gt; o artigo que li no site do &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_1&quot;&gt;MIT&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_2&quot;&gt;Massachusetts&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_3&quot;&gt;Institute&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_4&quot;&gt;of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_5&quot;&gt;Technology&lt;/span&gt;, sobre as 10 tecnologias consideradas emergentes e que serão úteis ao desenvolvimento da Sociedade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anualmente a instituição publica a lista das 10 tecnologias que consideram, após avaliação de um &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_6&quot;&gt;comitê&lt;/span&gt; próprio, as que possuem maior potencial de mudar o mundo. E os aspectos abordados na edição de 2010 são a Energia, Comunicação e Tecnologia, Medicina Avançada e Bioquímica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dentre os &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_7&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/span&gt; 10 &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_8&quot;&gt;elencados&lt;/span&gt; pelo &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_9&quot;&gt;MIT&lt;/span&gt;, e que são extremamente interessantes de se conhecer, o que destaco é o Cimento Verde, tendo em vista o &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_10&quot;&gt;caráter&lt;/span&gt; do Blog e a relevância do tema.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conforme o relatório mais detalhado apresentado pela instituição, em 2009 o total de cimento produzido no mundo inteiro, foi responsável pelo equivalente a cerca de 2 milhões de Toneladas de &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_11&quot;&gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;2. Isso sem dúvida é algo expressivo, mesmo que represente apenas 5% das emissões registradas em todo mundo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O cimento verde estudado &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_12&quot;&gt;atualmente&lt;/span&gt; apresenta uma &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_13&quot;&gt;ação&lt;/span&gt; diferente do cimento &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_14&quot;&gt;Portland&lt;/span&gt;, por diversos &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_15&quot;&gt;fatores&lt;/span&gt;, que o permitem reduzir entre 5 a 9 vezes a emissão de &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_16&quot;&gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;2 por Tonelada de cimento produzido. A &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_17&quot;&gt;característica&lt;/span&gt; de produção do material é &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_18&quot;&gt;fator&lt;/span&gt; determinante, e o mesmo absorverá carbono ao longo do tempo e reduzirá bruscamente as emissões associadas aos processos de produção &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_19&quot;&gt;atualmente&lt;/span&gt; utilizados.&lt;br /&gt;Para conhecer os &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_20&quot;&gt;Top&lt;/span&gt; 10 &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_21&quot;&gt;by&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_22&quot;&gt;MIT&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;blsp-spelling-error&quot; id=&quot;SPELLING_ERROR_23&quot;&gt;acesse&lt;/span&gt; o link abaixo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um forte Abraço!!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.technologyreview.com/tr10/?a=f&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://www.technologyreview.com/tr10/?a=f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;

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