Product Design Engineering

Prompt Engineering

2025-11-29T17:48:00.023+00:00

Prompt 1:

Create a meeting cost calculator as a single HTML file with inline CSS and JavaScript. (Only Vanilla No Backend). Requirements: Modern, professional design with gradient background input fields for: number of attendees, average hourly rate, meeting duration Real-time calculation showing: total cost, cost per minute, Cost per second Mobile responsive Include a shocking message when cost exceeds $500 All code in one file, no external dependencies.

The easiest way to make money online without any skill:

Copy the code in Notepad app and save it as tool.html.

To upload the file in Netlify:

Create a folder
Move the html file into the folder
Rename the html file to index.html.

Netlify

Tool.html

Free Online Web Tools

Meeting Cost Calculator

Meeting Cost Calculator 2

Hasan Aboul Hasan Medium

My Favorite Tools

Learn with Hasan

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Prompt 2:

Search for the latest research articles, news, and developments in the field of [specific field/topic] published in the last 24 hours. Summarize the findings in 300-400 words, highlighting the key takeaways, methods, and conclusions. Include any links to the original sources if available. Organize the summary by themes or subtopics, if applicable, and provide a brief (50-100 word) summary for each article or finding. Include any citations or links to the sources.

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Prompt 3:

A project I created in my ChatGPT account is titled "Advanced Prompt Engineering". Every Saturday, Provide a summary of this project. Highlight the progress made so far, tasks completed, and remaining milestones. Suggest specific next steps to achieve the upcoming goals.

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Prompt 4:

من در زمینه چگونگی کاربرد هوش مصنوعی در آموزش و پژوهش ویدیوی آموزشی تولید می‌کنم و در یوتیوب به اشتراک می‌گذارم هر روز سه تا ایده جذاب برای تولید ویدیو برای کانال یوتیوبم به من ارائه بده. لیست ویدیوهایی که در طول هفته‌های گذشته منتشر کردم رو در زیر برات آوردم تا به تو کمک کنم که بتونی ایده‌های مناسب برای من ارسال کنی.

I produce educational videos about how artificial intelligence can be used in teaching and research, and I share them on YouTube.
Give me three interesting video ideas every day for my YouTube channel.
Below, I’ve provided you with the list of videos I have published over the past weeks to help you send me suitable ideas.

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Prompt 5:

What are the 3 best prompts for idea generation that I can give ChatGPT?

1. Problem-Solving Ideas:

Prompt: "I am facing a challenge with [describe the problem]. Can you suggest some innovative and practical solutions to address this issue?"

2. Creative Brainstorming:

Prompt: "I want to come up with creative ideas for [specific project or topic]. Can you provide a list of unique and original concepts or approaches?"

3. Future Trends Exploration:

Prompt: "I am looking to understand future trends in [specific field or industry]. Can you generate some ideas on emerging trends, technologies, or practices that might shape the future of this field?"

These prompts are designed to elicit thoughtful, creative, and relevant ideas that can help you tackle challenges, develop new projects, or stay ahead in your field.

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Prompt 6 (Google Antigravity):

I want to build an investment web app using nextjs and tailwind v3. I want to be able to enter a stock ticker, then it shows me the price chart as well as all the latest news on the company. Use the screenshot attached as visual inspiration for what the app should look like. do not write any code, just build me the plan. (Use image below as a Visual Inspiration in https://v0.app/).

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Prompt 7:

You take on the role of a professional translator of scientific and academic books.

Your task is to provide an accurate, fluent, and smooth chapter-by-chapter translation of an English book. Please follow the instructions below:

The translation must be completely fluent, native-sounding, and easily understandable for Persian readers.
Avoid word-for-word or literal translation, and convey the correct meaning of each sentence.
Translate scientific terms using precise Persian equivalents, or include a short explanation if needed.
Read and translate only the specific chapter indicated from the attached file.
The translation of each chapter must be coherent, accurate, and of a quality suitable for publication in a Persian book.
At the end of the translation of each chapter, ask me only this question: “Would you like me to translate the next chapter?”

Now, please read the content of Chapter One from the attached file and provide a fluent, complete, and accurate translation.

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Prompt 8:

یک دختر بچه بامزه به سبک پیکسار با چشمان مشکی براق و درخشان و گونه‌های سرخ، لبخندی شاد، روی یک کوسن نشسته باشد، موهایش بلند و فرفری باشد و بک‌گراند تصویر شیشه‌ای و تمیز باشد.

این پرامپت رو برای تولید عکس برای سایت جمینای می‌خوام، برام ویرایش کن و بفرست

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Prompt 9:

Data Library Brainstormer:

Generate creative, actionable ideas for data-driven tools, dashboards, or libraries based on any niche. Perfect for indie hackers and microSaaS builders looking to turn real data into simple, valuable products.

You are an expert at helping solopreneurs and indie hackers build data-driven digital products.

The user will give you a niche or topic.

Your job is to brainstorm **data-driven microSaaS or research library ideas** they can build around that topic.

Each idea should:

- Collect or aggregate useful data regularly (via scraping, forms, APIs, or Make)

- Solve a real problem, surface insights, or save time

- Be realistically buildable solo or with no-code

- Include a clear target user (e.g. creators, marketers, investors)

- Optional: include how to monetize (freemium, subscriptions, reports)

Input:

Topic: I want something for youtubers

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NotebookLM:

NotebookLM is an AI-powered research and note-taking assistant developed by Google that uses Gemini 2.0 to analyze user-uploaded documents. It acts as a specialized, "grounded" AI that generates summaries, answers questions, and creates study guides or audio overviews based only on your provided sources, significantly reducing hallucinations.

نوت بوک ال ام، قدرتمندترین ابزار «هوش مصنوعی منبع‌محور» برای متحول کردن فرآیند پژوهش، آموزش و تولید محتوای علمی / تخصصی کاربرد دارد

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CAD Engineering Income Sources

2025-11-09T14:09:00.005+00:00

With years of CAD experience, you have valuable skills that can generate multiple income streams beyond your main job. Here are practical and high-potential ways to leverage your CAD expertise for extra income:

🧠 1. Freelance CAD Design Work

Platforms: Upwork, Fiverr, Freelancer, PeoplePerHour, CAD Crowd, SolidProfessor Jobs.
Work Types:
- Product design and prototyping for inventors/startups.
- 2D-to-3D model conversion.
- Mechanical parts modeling and assemblies.
- Technical drawings for manufacturing.
- 3D printing model preparation.
Tip: Build a portfolio showing screenshots/renders of your best designs (you can anonymize company projects).

💡 2. Offer CAD Training or Tutoring

Teach SolidWorks, CATIA, NX, or AutoCAD online or locally.
Ways to do it:
- Create online courses (Udemy, Skillshare, Teachable).
- Offer 1-on-1 tutoring via Zoom/Skype.
- Run weekend workshops for students or engineers.
Bonus: Record your sessions and turn them into passive-income video courses.

🧱 3. Sell 3D Models and CAD Templates

Platforms: TurboSquid, CGTrader, GrabCAD, Cults3D, Thingiverse, Shapeways, Gumroad.
Sell:
- Reusable design templates (e.g., jigs, fixtures, enclosures).
- 3D printable tools and parts.
- Rendering-ready models for animations and games.
- Engineering parts or assemblies for training/education.

🏗️ 4. Consulting / Design Support

Offer CAD design consulting for small manufacturers or startups.
- Design reviews, DFM feedback, tolerance analysis, prototype improvements.
You can charge hourly or per-project, working remotely.
Create a simple website or LinkedIn page advertising your design expertise.

⚙️ 5. Develop and Sell Your Own Products

You already design durable, reliable machines — use that!

Pick one product (e.g., folding trailer, trolley, or tool fixture) and develop a prototype.
Sell via:
- Etsy, eBay, or your own Shopify store.
- Partner with local workshops for small-scale production.
Option: License your design to a manufacturer for royalties.

📚 6. Technical Writing or CAD Content Creation

Write tutorials, blogs, or eBooks about CAD design, tooling, or fixture design.
Monetize via:
- Medium, Substack, or your own blog (with ads or affiliate links).
- Write for engineering magazines or online portals (like Engineering.com or GrabCAD blog).

📸 7. 3D Rendering and Visualization Services

Many inventors and startups need photo-realistic renders of their ideas for marketing or crowdfunding.
Offer visualization services using KeyShot, SolidWorks Visualize, or Blender.

🧰 8. Create CAD Macros, Scripts, or Templates

Automate common design tasks with SolidWorks macros or NX journal scripts.
Sell them or offer them as part of a consulting service to improve design efficiency.

💬 9. Mentoring and Career Coaching

With your experience, you can guide junior CAD designers or students.
Offer career mentoring via LinkedIn or a personal site.

🔄 10. Affiliate or Partner Programs

Partner with CAD-related software or tool companies.
Review or demonstrate products on YouTube or LinkedIn and earn affiliate commissions.

Crypto Currency

2025-02-19T21:07:00.000+00:00

Crypto Currency:

FNDK:

FNDK

BEP-20 vs TRC-20:

FNDK Tutorial:

LBank Exchange:

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Generative Design

2025-01-26T12:49:00.069+00:00

Generative Design is an advanced AI-driven approach used in engineering, architecture, and product design to explore multiple design possibilities based on defined constraints and goals. It leverages algorithms, often supported by machine learning, to generate and evaluate thousands or even millions of design iterations in a fraction of the time it would take using traditional methods. Here’s how generative design works:

1. Defining Inputs:

Designers or engineers specify the constraints and requirements for the product. These inputs typically include:

Functional goals: The product's purpose and expected performance.
Design constraints: Dimensions, weight limits, and structural or aesthetic requirements.
Materials: Choices like steel, aluminum, plastic, etc.
Manufacturing methods: Processes such as CNC machining, injection molding, or 3D printing.
Load conditions: Forces the product must endure (e.g., pressure, weight, or thermal stresses).

2. Generating Designs:

Using these inputs, the generative design software creates numerous design options by optimizing for the specified goals. Algorithms evaluate how different configurations meet the constraints and generate variations in:

Shape and geometry.
Internal structures (e.g., lattices for light weighting).
Material distribution and efficiency.

3. Analyzing and Evaluating Options:

The AI evaluates the performance of each design against the given criteria. For instance:

Strength: Does the design meet the load-bearing requirements?
Weight: Is the design as lightweight as possible while maintaining functionality?
Cost: Does it minimize material use or simplify manufacturing?
Aesthetics: Does it have a visually pleasing form (if applicable)?

Designs are scored or ranked based on their performance in these categories.

4. Designer Collaboration:

While AI generates many concepts, human designers retain creative control. They can:

Review the generated designs.
Select the most promising ones.
Refine them further based on aesthetic or practical considerations.

5. Application in Real-World Design:

Generative design is widely used in industries such as:

Aerospace: For lightweight and strong structural components.
Automotive: To optimize parts for performance and fuel efficiency.
Consumer Products: To create ergonomic and innovative product designs.
Architecture: To design efficient layouts and structures.

Advantages of Generative Design:

Innovative Solutions: AI explores unconventional designs that may not be immediately intuitive to humans.
Efficiency: Accelerates the design process by evaluating many possibilities in less time.
Material Optimization: Minimizes material use while maintaining strength and functionality.
Cost-Effectiveness: Designs optimized for specific manufacturing methods reduce production costs.
Sustainability: By optimizing materials and energy use, generative design can lead to more sustainable products.

Example:

An aerospace company might use generative design to create a lightweight bracket for an aircraft. The inputs include:

Materials: Titanium.
Load conditions: High stresses from turbulence.
Manufacturing method: 3D printing. The AI generates multiple designs with optimized geometries, such as lattice structures, reducing weight while maintaining strength. The final design could save hundreds of pounds of material across the aircraft, improving fuel efficiency.

Tools for Generative Design:

Autodesk Fusion 360: One of the most popular tools with integrated generative design capabilities.
Siemens NX: A platform with advanced AI-driven design optimization.
ANSYS Discovery: Combines simulation-driven design with generative features.
SolidWorks: Includes topology optimization tools that align with generative design workflows.

By leveraging generative design, companies can achieve innovative, high-performance, and cost-effective product designs that push the boundaries of what’s possible. Have you worked with tools like Siemens NX or SolidWorks to explore this technique?

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1. Defining Inputs:

Defining inputs is the critical first step in the Generative Design process, and AI can play a significant role in making this phase more accurate, efficient, and informed. Here’s a detailed breakdown of how AI can assist in defining these inputs:

1. Understanding Functional Requirements:

AI can analyze the intended purpose of a product and help define functional requirements by:

Processing textual descriptions: Using Natural Language Processing (NLP), AI can interpret design briefs, user requirements, and technical specifications to extract key functional goals.
Predictive modeling: AI can predict functional needs based on historical data, previous similar designs, or usage scenarios.
Simulated usage scenarios: AI can simulate various use cases and environments, helping identify key performance criteria (e.g., load capacity, durability, thermal resistance).

2. Material Selection:

AI helps designers choose the best material for the product by:

Analyzing databases of materials: AI systems can search extensive material libraries to find suitable options based on desired properties like strength, flexibility, and weight.
Balancing trade-offs: AI can weigh multiple factors—cost, availability, sustainability, and recyclability—to recommend the optimal material.

For example, a lightweight product might require AI to suggest aluminum or advanced composites while considering manufacturing constraints.

3. Identifying Constraints:

AI defines realistic constraints to guide the design process, such as:

Manufacturing constraints: AI understands the limitations of various manufacturing processes like 3D printing, injection molding, or CNC machining. For instance, AI might restrict certain designs to those that can be printed without requiring excessive support structures.
Spatial constraints: AI can process dimensions of available space or boundary conditions, ensuring the design fits within these limits.
Cost constraints: AI integrates cost models to ensure the design remains within budget by minimizing material waste or reducing complexity.

4. Load and Stress Conditions:

AI can define operational conditions by:

Simulating environmental factors: AI-powered tools simulate forces, vibrations, thermal loads, or fluid interactions to predict how the product will perform under real-world conditions.
Data from sensors: For an existing system or similar products, AI can analyze IoT or sensor data to understand typical load conditions and apply these insights to new designs.

5. User Behavior Analysis:

AI can leverage user-centric data to define inputs that reflect real-world usage:

Tracking user interactions: By analyzing how users interact with similar products (e.g., ergonomics, grip strength), AI can suggest inputs that enhance usability.
Feedback analysis: AI can extract user preferences from reviews, surveys, or focus groups and translate them into design requirements.

For example, if users of a chair often mention the need for lumbar support, AI can include this as a key design constraint.

6. Benchmarking and Reverse Engineering:

AI can analyze existing products and their performance to define inputs by:

Reverse engineering: AI scans and evaluates competitor designs to identify strengths and weaknesses, which inform input constraints.
Benchmarking: AI compares market standards or industry benchmarks to ensure the product meets or exceeds expectations.

7. Sustainability and Environmental Factors:

AI helps define environmentally conscious inputs:

Carbon footprint analysis: AI calculates the environmental impact of material and manufacturing choices, suggesting more sustainable alternatives.
Lifecycle assessment: AI predicts how a product’s design will affect its durability, recyclability, and overall lifecycle.

8. Incorporating Regulatory Standards:

AI integrates compliance requirements directly into the inputs:

Industry-specific regulations: AI can process and apply standards (e.g., ISO, ANSI) relevant to the product.
Automatic validation: AI ensures inputs meet safety, legal, or environmental regulations, avoiding costly redesigns later.

9. Optimization of Goals:

AI helps balance competing design objectives:

Multi-objective optimization: AI evaluates trade-offs between goals like weight, cost, strength, and aesthetics to propose a balanced set of inputs.
Goal prioritization: AI can rank objectives based on designer or stakeholder preferences.

Example Workflow:

Imagine designing a lightweight drone. Here’s how AI defines the inputs:

Purpose: AI extracts "lightweight," "durable," and "aerodynamic" from a design brief.
Materials: AI recommends carbon fiber composites for strength-to-weight ratio.
Constraints: AI limits the design to parts that fit within a 3D printer’s build volume.
Load Conditions: AI simulates wind forces and battery weight to set structural requirements.
User Preferences: AI adds ergonomic features based on feedback, like an easy-to-carry handle.

Conclusion:

AI streamlines the input definition phase by automating research, optimizing decisions, and ensuring the inputs align with functional, practical, and regulatory needs. This not only accelerates the process but also sets a strong foundation for successful generative design outcomes.

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2. Generating Designs:

AI-Driven Design Generation is the core of generative design, where artificial intelligence algorithms autonomously create numerous design options based on defined inputs and goals. This phase leverages computational power, advanced algorithms, and machine learning to produce innovative designs that meet specified constraints. Let’s explore this in detail:

1. Design Space Exploration:

AI begins by exploring the design space, which includes all possible configurations that meet the defined constraints. This involves:

Parametric Variations: Adjusting variables like dimensions, shapes, and features within set ranges (e.g., height, width, thickness).
Algorithmic Approaches: Using advanced mathematical methods to explore options, such as:

Topology Optimization: Removing unnecessary material from a structure while maintaining strength.
Shape Optimization: Modifying the geometry to improve performance metrics like aerodynamics or structural integrity.
Lattice and Cellular Structures: Creating intricate patterns within a component to reduce weight without sacrificing strength.

2. Goal-Oriented Design:

AI optimizes each design for specific goals. Common objectives include:

Maximizing Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Ideal for industries like aerospace and automotive.
Minimizing Material Usage: Reducing waste and production costs.
Enhancing Performance: Improving heat dissipation, aerodynamics, or load distribution.
Aesthetic Appeal: Balancing functionality with visual design.

AI achieves this by:

Multi-Objective Optimization: Balancing competing goals (e.g., cost vs. strength).
Iterative Refinement: Testing and refining designs over successive iterations.

3. Applying Constraints:

The AI ensures that all generated designs respect the constraints defined in the previous step, such as:

Geometric Constraints: Boundaries for size, shape, and orientation.
Manufacturing Constraints: Ensuring the designs are compatible with specific production methods like 3D printing, injection molding, or CNC machining.
Material Constraints: Adhering to material properties and availability.

For example:

For 3D printing, AI avoids overhangs that require excessive support structures.
For CNC machining, AI ensures features can be milled with standard tools.

4. Generating Design Variations:

AI uses algorithms to create a wide range of design solutions:

Evolutionary Algorithms: Mimicking natural selection, AI generates designs, evaluates their performance, and iteratively improves the best-performing ones.
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): AI models that generate designs by pitting two neural networks against each other—one creating designs and the other critiquing them.
Rule-Based Systems: AI applies predefined design rules to generate options (e.g., symmetry, modularity).

5. Simulating and Evaluating Designs:

Each design is virtually tested to determine its performance under real-world conditions:

Finite Element Analysis (FEA): AI simulates stress, strain, and deformation under various loads.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD): AI models how fluids (air, water, etc.) interact with the design to optimize aerodynamics or cooling.
Thermal Analysis: AI predicts how heat will flow through the design, critical for electronics or engine components.

The results of these simulations help rank and filter designs, prioritizing those that perform best against the set goals.

6. Feedback Loops:

AI refines the designs by learning from the evaluation results:

Poor-performing designs are discarded.
High-performing designs are further optimized through small adjustments.
Designers can intervene to adjust goals or constraints, guiding AI to more desirable outcomes.

7. Generating Organic and Complex Geometries:

Unlike traditional methods, AI is not bound by human intuition or standard geometric shapes. It can:

Create organic shapes inspired by nature, like bone structures or tree branches, which are often lightweight yet strong.
Design lattice structures that provide high strength-to-weight ratios, often used in aerospace and medical implants.
Produce unexpected solutions that might not occur to human designers but are highly effective.

8. Scalability:

AI doesn’t just generate one design, it can produce thousands or millions of options. These options can then be:

Ranked by performance metrics (e.g., strength, cost, sustainability).
Clustered by design family or features to present diverse but targeted solutions.

For example, in designing a drone chassis, AI might generate:

Lightweight, compact designs for portability.
Aerodynamic designs for speed and efficiency.
Modular designs for easy assembly and repair.

9. AI as a Co-Designer:

AI doesn’t work in isolation—it collaborates with designers:

Exploration of Design Space: Designers can define broad goals, and AI fills in the details.
Iteration and Refinement: Designers review AI-generated designs, select promising ones, and guide further refinement.
Inspiration: AI presents unexpected concepts, sparking human creativity.

10. Real-World Examples:

Airbus: AI-generated lightweight partitions for aircraft cabins, inspired by bone structures. These were manufactured using 3D printing, reducing weight significantly.
General Motors: AI helped design a seat bracket for an electric vehicle. The resulting design was 40% lighter and 20% stronger than traditional brackets.
Nike: Used AI to generate performance-optimized midsoles for athletic footwear, balancing cushioning and durability.

Benefits of AI in Design Generation:

Speed: Generates thousands of designs in hours instead of weeks.
Innovation: Explores unconventional, high-performance solutions.
Efficiency: Optimizes for multiple goals simultaneously (e.g., cost, weight, strength).
Customization: Produces designs tailored to specific needs or user preferences.
Sustainability: Reduces waste and energy use by optimizing material placement.

Conclusion:

AI-generated designs go beyond human intuition, leveraging computational power and data to create innovative, efficient, and optimized solutions. By incorporating advanced algorithms, AI ensures the generated designs are practical, manufacturable, and high-performing, significantly accelerating the design process while fostering innovation.

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3. Analyzing and Evaluating Options:

AI's ability to analyze and evaluate design options is one of its most powerful contributions to the generative design process. After generating multiple designs (as explained in the previous step), AI systematically assesses each design against the specified goals, constraints, and performance metrics to determine which options are most viable. Here’s a detailed explanation of how AI performs this task:

1. Defining Evaluation Criteria:

Before analyzing designs, AI ensures that all generated options are evaluated based on specific performance metrics, which may include:

Structural integrity: Does the design withstand the expected loads and stresses?
Weight optimization: Is the design as lightweight as possible without compromising strength?
Material efficiency: Does it minimize material usage and waste?
Cost-effectiveness: Is the design economical to manufacture?
Functionality: Does the design meet functional requirements, such as usability or compatibility with other components?
Aesthetics: Does the design adhere to the desired visual appeal (if applicable)?
Environmental impact: Does it meet sustainability goals, such as reduced carbon footprint or recyclability?

2. Virtual Simulation of Performance:

AI integrates simulation tools to evaluate each design's performance in virtual environments. Key techniques include:

A. Finite Element Analysis (FEA):

AI applies FEA to assess how the design reacts to forces, stresses, and deformations.
Simulations include:

Static analysis: Evaluates load-bearing capacity.

Dynamic analysis: Assesses performance under vibrations or cyclic loads.

Thermal analysis: Checks for heat resistance or dissipation.

B. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD):

AI evaluates designs for fluid flow and aerodynamics, analyzing factors like:

Drag reduction for automotive or aerospace components.

Cooling efficiency in electronics housings.

C. Fatigue and Lifecycle Testing:

AI predicts how the design will hold up over time, considering factors like repeated use, wear, and environmental conditions.

3. Scoring and Ranking Designs:

AI assigns scores to each design based on how well it meets the defined criteria:

Weighted scoring systems: Criteria are weighted according to importance (e.g., weight might have higher importance in aerospace design).
Trade-off analysis: AI evaluates trade-offs between competing factors, such as strength vs. weight or cost vs. performance.
Multi-objective optimization: AI uses advanced algorithms to find Pareto-optimal solutions, where no single criterion can be improved without compromising another.

For example:

A drone chassis design may score highly for weight reduction but moderately for structural rigidity. AI ranks it based on how these scores align with the project's goals.

4. Comparing Design Variants:

AI compares generated designs against:

Baseline models: How does the new design perform compared to existing designs?
Industry benchmarks: Does the design meet or exceed standards in the field?
Previous iterations: Is the new design an improvement over earlier concepts?

5. Identifying Design Clusters:

AI uses clustering algorithms to group designs into families based on similarities. For example:

Group A: Lightweight designs optimized for portability.
Group B: Heavy-duty designs for high-stress applications.

This helps designers quickly identify and focus on the most relevant design options.

6. Automated Feedback and Refinement:

AI doesn’t just evaluate, it also provides actionable feedback for improvement:

Highlighting weak points: AI pinpoints areas where the design fails to meet goals (e.g., excessive stress concentrations or material inefficiency).
Proposing modifications: Suggests tweaks to geometry, materials, or constraints to enhance performance.
Learning from results: AI refines its algorithms based on evaluation outcomes, improving subsequent design iterations.

7. Visualization of Results:

AI generates intuitive visualizations to help designers understand and compare performance:

Heatmaps: Show stress distribution or airflow patterns on the design.
Graphs and charts: Display performance metrics like weight, cost, and strength.
Interactive models: Allow designers to explore design variations and their trade-offs dynamically.

8. Cost and Manufacturability Analysis:

AI ensures that designs are practical and cost-effective by:

Estimating manufacturing costs: Based on material usage, production time, and method (e.g., CNC machining, 3D printing).
Checking manufacturability: Ensuring that the design adheres to the constraints of the chosen manufacturing process. For instance:

Avoiding complex geometries that can’t be machined.

Ensuring 3D-printed parts minimize support material.

9. Sustainability and Environmental Impact:

AI evaluates the environmental footprint of each design by:

Lifecycle analysis (LCA): Assessing the environmental impact from material extraction to disposal.
Material usage: Optimizing designs to minimize waste and promote recyclability.
Energy consumption: Analyzing energy requirements for manufacturing and use.

For example, AI may suggest reducing the thickness of a non-critical section to save material and energy.

10. Final Design Selection:

After analyzing all options, AI helps the designer or engineer select the best design by:

Recommending top-performing designs: Based on overall scores and performance rankings.
Exploring alternatives: AI suggests backup options that emphasize different priorities (e.g., cost over strength).
Presenting Pareto fronts: Designers can see trade-offs visually and select the design that best aligns with project goals.

Example Workflow:

Imagine an aerospace company designing a lightweight airplane seat bracket:

Performance Simulation:

AI runs FEA to ensure the bracket can handle loads during turbulence.
CFD confirms that the bracket design minimizes drag in airflow-sensitive areas.

2. Scoring:

Weight is prioritized over cost, so lightweight designs receive higher scores.

3. Visualization:

AI presents heatmaps of stress concentrations to highlight weak areas.

4. Feedback:

AI suggests reducing material in low-stress regions to save weight.

5. Selection:

Designers choose the best bracket, balancing performance, weight, and manufacturability.

Benefits of AI in Design Analysis:

Speed: Analyzes thousands of designs in hours instead of weeks.
Accuracy: Provides precise, data-driven evaluations.
Cost Savings: Identifies efficient, manufacturable, and cost-effective designs early in the process.
Innovation: Evaluates unconventional designs that humans might overlook. Sustainability: Promotes eco-friendly designs by reducing material and energy use.

Conclusion:

AI’s ability to analyze and evaluate design options is transformative, enabling engineers and designers to focus on creativity and innovation while leaving repetitive and data-heavy evaluations to the machine. By integrating simulations, scoring systems, and feedback loops, AI ensures that the final design is optimized for performance, cost, and manufacturability—delivering superior results faster and more efficiently.

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4. Designer Collaboration:

AI-Assisted Designer Collaboration focuses on how artificial intelligence facilitates teamwork among designers, engineers, and other stakeholders in the product development process. By enabling seamless communication, sharing insights, and streamlining workflows, AI enhances collaborative efforts, leading to faster and better design outcomes. Below is a detailed explanation of how AI assists in designer collaboration:

1. Centralized Design Platforms:

AI powers cloud-based platforms that serve as collaborative workspaces for design teams. These platforms provide:

Real-time collaboration: Designers can work on the same project simultaneously, viewing updates instantly.
Version control: AI ensures that all team members access the latest design iteration, reducing the risk of errors from outdated files.
Access control: Team members have role-specific access to ensure data security and accountability.
Design sharing: AI simplifies the sharing of CAD models, blueprints, and analysis results across teams or with external stakeholders.

Example:

A design team working on a new product can use AI-enabled tools like Autodesk Fusion 360 or Onshape to collaborate on the same 3D model in real time, regardless of their physical location.

2. Automated Documentation and Knowledge Sharing:

AI helps streamline documentation and knowledge sharing by:

Generating design documentation: Automatically creates BOMs (Bill of Materials), assembly instructions, and technical specifications based on the design.
Summarizing discussions: AI tools like natural language processing (NLP) summarize meeting notes, chats, or emails to ensure no critical decisions are missed.
Maintaining a knowledge database: AI organizes past projects, lessons learned, and best practices, making them easily searchable for future reference.

Example:

AI can create a knowledge base for a company, categorizing previous projects (e.g., CAD files for jigs and fixtures) and suggesting solutions from past designs for similar challenges.

3. Enhanced Communication Tools:

AI-powered communication tools make it easier for designers to collaborate by:

Breaking down language barriers: AI-enabled translation tools allow team members speaking different languages to communicate effectively.
Summarizing complex data: AI visualizes design data and performance metrics using charts, 3D renderings, and interactive dashboards, making technical details accessible to non-technical stakeholders.
Speech-to-text transcription: AI captures and transcribes conversations or brainstorming sessions, enabling teams to revisit discussions or search for specific points later.

Example:

AI can transcribe and translate design discussions in international teams, ensuring everyone remains aligned despite language differences.

4. AI as a Mediator:

AI acts as a neutral intermediary, resolving disputes or conflicting opinions in the design process:

Objective decision-making: AI evaluates design options against predefined criteria (e.g., cost, weight, sustainability) and suggests the most optimal choice.
Conflict resolution: When team members propose conflicting design ideas, AI can run simulations and provide data-driven insights to guide the decision.
Design ranking: AI presents a ranked list of design options, helping teams prioritize based on the project’s goals.

Example:

During the development of an automotive part, if one engineer prioritizes durability while another emphasizes cost, AI can analyze the designs for both and suggest a balanced solution.

5. Workflow Optimization:

AI integrates with project management tools to streamline workflows and ensure efficient collaboration:

Task allocation: AI assigns tasks based on team members’ expertise, availability, and workload.
Deadline tracking: AI monitors project timelines, alerts teams about upcoming deadlines, and suggests ways to accelerate progress if delays occur.
Dependency mapping: AI identifies dependencies between tasks, ensuring critical steps are completed in the correct order.

Example:

For a team designing an industrial machine, AI can allocate tasks like material selection, CAD modeling, and stress analysis to the appropriate experts while keeping everyone on schedule.

6. Real-Time Feedback and Design Iteration:

AI enables teams to collaborate on design iterations by providing immediate feedback and suggestions:

Simulation-driven feedback: AI allows team members to test and evaluate designs in real time, showing how changes affect performance.
Collaborative revision tools: AI highlights areas of concern in a design (e.g., stress concentrations, material inefficiencies) and proposes changes that align with the team’s objectives.
Integration with prototyping tools: AI connects digital designs to physical prototypes, enabling teams to see how changes in the virtual model impact real-world performance.

Example:

AI can alert a designer that reducing the thickness of a structural beam will compromise its strength, while suggesting an alternative material to maintain performance.

7. Predictive Collaboration Insights:

AI analyzes team dynamics and project data to provide actionable insights for better collaboration:

Identifying bottlenecks: AI highlights areas where the workflow is slowing down and suggests remedies (e.g., reallocating resources or automating repetitive tasks).
Team performance analytics: AI tracks team productivity and identifies patterns, such as who excels in certain tasks or where additional support might be needed.
Proactive issue resolution: AI predicts potential conflicts, such as misalignment between design and manufacturing teams, and suggests steps to avoid them.

8. Multi-Disciplinary Integration:

AI fosters collaboration between different disciplines by bridging knowledge gaps:

Cross-disciplinary communication: AI translates technical jargon into language understandable by all stakeholders (e.g., turning engineering constraints into business terms for executives).
Inter-departmental collaboration: AI ensures that designers, engineers, marketers, and manufacturers work in sync by providing tailored insights for each group.
Supply chain integration: AI connects designers with suppliers and manufacturers, enabling real-time collaboration on material choices, production methods, and cost optimization.

Example:

In a product development team, AI helps engineers understand the implications of using a specific material on manufacturing costs and delivery timelines.

9. Design Review Automation:

AI automates and enhances the design review process:

Automatic error detection: AI flags potential issues like overlapping parts, incorrect tolerances, or unfeasible manufacturing features.
Compliance checks: AI ensures the design meets industry standards, safety regulations, and environmental requirements.
Visual review tools: AI enables virtual walkthroughs or augmented reality (AR) experiences, helping teams visualize and review designs collaboratively.

Example:

In designing a folding trailer, AI can automatically verify that all joints and hinges meet the required load specifications before finalizing the design.

10. Democratizing Design:

AI empowers all team members, even those with limited technical expertise, to contribute effectively:

User-friendly interfaces: Simplified tools allow non-designers to participate in brainstorming or provide feedback.
AI-assisted ideation: AI generates preliminary design concepts based on input from diverse team members, encouraging innovation.
Inclusive collaboration: AI ensures everyone, from junior engineers to senior managers, can engage meaningfully in the design process.

Benefits of AI in Designer Collaboration:

Faster Iterations: Teams can collaborate in real time, accelerating design cycles.
Improved Communication: AI bridges knowledge gaps between team members with varying expertise.
Data-Driven Decisions: AI provides objective insights, reducing bias in decision-making.
Enhanced Creativity: AI encourages innovative ideas by generating diverse concepts and suggesting unconventional solutions.
Global Collaboration: AI enables seamless teamwork across time zones and geographies.

Conclusion:

AI transforms designer collaboration by breaking down communication barriers, streamlining workflows, and providing actionable insights. By acting as a mediator, optimizer, and enabler, AI ensures that all team members—regardless of location, discipline, or expertise—can work together effectively. This not only accelerates the design process but also improves the quality and innovation of the final product.

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Surface Finishing & Coating

2025-01-12T11:39:00.033+00:00

Surface finish refers to the physical characteristics of a surface, while a coating is a layer of material applied to a surface:

Surface finish:

Also known as surface texture or topography, surface finish is defined by three main characteristics: roughness, waviness, and lay. Roughness is the small irregularities in the surface, waviness is the medium undulations, and lay is the direction of the dominant pattern.

Coating:

A coating is a layer of material applied to a surface to protect it, improve its appearance, or add specific qualities. Coatings can be made from various substances, such as paint or protective finishes.

Surface finishing and coating processes are critical manufacturing steps used to improve the appearance, performance, and durability of a product. These processes are commonly employed in industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and tooling. Here's an overview:

Surface Finishing Processes:

Surface finishing involves modifying the surface of a material to achieve desired properties, such as smoothness, texture, or precision. Key purposes include reducing roughness, improving corrosion resistance, enhancing aesthetics, and improving functionality (e.g., friction reduction).

Types of Surface Finishing Processes

1. Mechanical Finishing:

Grinding: Abrasive tools remove material for high precision and smoothness.
Polishing: Creates a shiny, smooth surface using polishing wheels or abrasive pastes.
Buffing: Produces a mirror-like finish using soft cloth wheels.
Sandblasting: Propels abrasive particles at the surface to clean, roughen, or matte it.

2. Chemical Finishing:

Etching: Removes material chemically to create patterns or textures.
Passivation: Enhances corrosion resistance of stainless steel by removing free iron particles.

3. Electrochemical Finishing:

Electropolishing: Smooths and brightens metal surfaces by dissolving microscopic peaks through an electrolytic process.

4. Thermal Finishing:

Annealing: Heat treatment that improves surface ductility and reduces stresses.
Plasma Finishing: Cleans or activates the surface using plasma energy.

5. Magnetic Finishing:

Uses magnetic abrasives to smooth hard-to-reach areas, often used for precision components.

Coating Processes:

Coatings are applied to the surface of materials to improve properties such as wear resistance, corrosion protection, aesthetics, or electrical insulation.

Types of Coating Processes

1. Painting and Powder Coating:

Painting: Liquid paint applied with brushes, rollers, or sprays, often for aesthetics and protection.
Powder Coating: A dry powder is electrostatically applied and cured under heat to create a durable, decorative finish.

2. Electroplating:

Deposits a thin metal layer (e.g., chromium, gold, nickel) on a substrate using electrochemical processes for corrosion resistance, aesthetics, or conductivity.

3. Anodizing:

An electrochemical process that increases the oxide layer thickness on aluminum, improving corrosion resistance and allowing for dyeing.

4. Galvanizing:

A protective zinc layer is applied to steel or iron to prevent rusting, commonly through hot-dipping.

5. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD):

A vacuum process where a thin film of material (e.g., titanium nitride) is deposited to enhance hardness, wear resistance, and aesthetics.

6. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD):

A chemical process in which a thin layer of material is deposited from a vapor phase at high temperatures, often for advanced wear resistance and thermal barriers.

7. Thermal Spray Coatings:

Coating material is melted and sprayed onto the surface, forming a protective layer. Examples include plasma spraying and flame spraying.

8. Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD):

A uniform, thin coating (often paint or ceramic) is deposited on a substrate using an electric field.

9. Ceramic Coating:

Used for high-temperature applications, ceramic coatings provide thermal insulation and wear resistance.

10. Powder Metallurgy Coating:

Uses fine powders and heat to create a bonded surface layer for improved wear or thermal properties.

Applications of Surface Finishing and Coating:

Corrosion Resistance: Protects metals from rust and environmental damage.
Aesthetics: Enhances appearance with a polished or colored surface.
Wear Resistance: Extends the lifespan of components by reducing surface degradation.
Friction Reduction: Improves efficiency in moving parts by smoothing surfaces.
Electrical Properties: Provides insulation or conductivity as required.

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Hardex Finish:

The Hardex finish is a specialized surface treatment primarily used in the hardware and home security industry to enhance the durability and aesthetics of metal components, such as door handles, locks, hinges, and other fittings.

It all starts with the expertise design engineers and tool makers – only the most refined castings make the grade for a Hardex coat. Time is then of the essence, it takes over 24 hours to perfect a single handle. Meticulous preparation of the surface material is followed by a complex series of chemical baths, each submersion calculated to the second. Now the product is ready for Hardex to be applied before curing in extreme temperatures.

Key Features of Hardex Finish:

1. Durability:

Hardex coatings are designed to resist wear, scratches, and impacts, making them ideal for high-traffic or frequently used items.

2. Corrosion Resistance:

The finish provides excellent protection against rust and environmental corrosion, ensuring longevity even in outdoor or humid conditions.

3. Aesthetics:

Hardex finishes offer a premium look with a variety of color options, such as Hardex Chrome, Hardex Graphite, Hardex Gold, and more. These finishes typically have a modern, sleek, and metallic appearance.

4. Low Maintenance:

Surfaces treated with Hardex require minimal maintenance, retaining their appearance for extended periods without frequent cleaning or refinishing.

5. Eco-Friendly Process:

The Hardex coating process is often more environmentally friendly compared to traditional electroplating or other chemical-intensive methods.

Applications:

Door and Window Hardware: Handles, hinges, and locks for residential, commercial, and industrial use.
Architectural Hardware: Metal fittings for aesthetic and functional purposes in construction.
Automotive Components: Certain decorative or protective elements in vehicles.

The Hardex finish is particularly valued in applications where both appearance and performance are critical. It is a common choice in industries requiring high-quality finishes for functional and decorative purposes.

Patent:

The Hardex finish is a proprietary surface treatment developed and patented by ERA Home Security, a UK-based company specializing in home security solutions. This finish is applied to their Fab & Fix range of hardware products, including door handles, locks, and other fittings, to enhance durability, corrosion resistance, and aesthetic appeal.

ERA's Hardex finish underwent five years of development to achieve exceptional resilience and durability. The process involves meticulous preparation of the surface material, followed by a complex series of chemical baths and the application of the Hardex coating, which is then cured at extreme temperatures. This detailed procedure ensures that each product attains a high-quality finish capable of withstanding rigorous use.

The Hardex finish is available in various color options, such as Hardex Chrome, Hardex Graphite, and Hardex Gold, allowing for a range of aesthetic choices to suit different design preferences.

In summary, ERA Home Security holds the patent for the Hardex finish process, which is a testament to their commitment to innovation and quality in the home security hardware industry.

Hardex Finish Process:

The Hardex finish process is a proprietary surface treatment developed by ERA Home Security. While the exact details of the patented process are confidential, we can outline the general steps and technical principles based on surface finishing and coating techniques commonly used in similar high-performance finishes. Technical Steps in the Hardex Finish Process:

1. Surface Preparation

Cleaning and Degreasing: The substrate (usually metal) is cleaned to remove grease, dirt, and oxides. This is typically done using chemical cleaning agents or ultrasonic baths.
Abrasive Preparation: Mechanical or chemical methods like sandblasting or etching roughen the surface to improve adhesion for subsequent layers.
Acid Bath Treatment: The material may be dipped in an acid bath to remove any surface impurities or oxides and promote better bonding for the Hardex coating.

2. Base Coating Application

A primer layer is applied to the metal surface to enhance the adhesion of the Hardex finish. The primer also provides a smooth foundation and can improve corrosion resistance.

3. Deposition of the Hardex Coating

The Hardex finish involves applying multiple layers of a specially formulated metallic or ceramic-based coating. This step may utilize techniques like:
PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition): A vaporized form of metal or ceramic is deposited onto the surface in a vacuum environment, creating a thin but durable layer.
Electrochemical Deposition: A thin metallic coating is applied via an electrolytic process to ensure uniform coverage and enhanced durability.

4. Curing at High Temperatures

The coated part is baked in a high-temperature oven to cure the coating. This step ensures that the layers fuse and adhere securely to the surface. The curing process enhances the hardness, wear resistance, and chemical stability of the finish.

5. Surface Polishing (Optional)

Depending on the desired aesthetic (e.g., mirror-like chrome or matte graphite), the surface may be polished, buffed, or treated to achieve the desired texture and appearance.

6. Quality Inspection

Each finished product undergoes stringent quality checks, such as:
Adhesion Testing: Ensuring the coating firmly bonds to the surface.
Scratch and Abrasion Testing: Evaluating the durability of the Hardex finish.
Corrosion Resistance Testing: Validating resistance to rust and environmental factors.

Key Features of the Hardex Finish Process

1. Multilayer Coating:

Combines functional (e.g., corrosion resistance) and decorative layers for enhanced performance and aesthetics.

2. High Hardness and Wear Resistance:

The cured coating achieves exceptional hardness, making it resistant to scratches and impacts.

3. Environmentally Friendly:

Unlike traditional electroplating methods, the Hardex process is eco-friendly, avoiding the use of hazardous chemicals like hexavalent chromium.

Advantages of the Hardex Finish

Corrosion Protection: The finish protects metal parts from rust and degradation, even in extreme environments.
Durability: Withstands wear, impacts, and weathering.
Aesthetic Variety: Available in various metallic finishes such as Hardex Chrome, Hardex Gold, and Hardex Graphite.
Low Maintenance: Easy to clean and maintain, with a lasting finish.

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Black Powder Coated (RAL 9005):

Black Powder Coated (RAL 9005) refers to a specific type of powder coating finish in the RAL color system, where RAL 9005 corresponds to Jet Black. Powder coating is a durable, decorative surface finishing process used to coat metal surfaces with a dry powder, which is cured under heat to form a hard and protective layer. Key Features of Black Powder Coated (RAL 9005)

1. Color Specification:

RAL 9005 is a deep, pure black color often referred to as Jet Black.
It provides a sleek, matte, satin, or glossy finish depending on the desired look.

2. Powder Coating Process:

The surface to be coated is first cleaned and prepped (e.g., sandblasting, degreasing).
A layer of electrostatically charged powder (containing pigments, resins, and additives) is sprayed onto the surface.
The coated part is then cured in an oven, where the powder melts and forms a hard, even layer.

3. Durability:

Black powder coating is highly resistant to wear, corrosion, fading, and impact.
It offers excellent UV protection, making it suitable for outdoor and indoor use.

4. Aesthetic Appeal:

Provides a uniform, high-quality black finish.
Available in a variety of textures, including smooth, textured, or even hammered effects.

5. Environmentally Friendly:

Powder coating processes produce minimal waste and do not use harmful solvents, making it an eco-friendly alternative to liquid paints.

Applications of Black Powder Coated (RAL 9005):

1. Architectural Applications:

Doors, windows, metal railings, and frames for buildings.

2. Automotive Industry:

Black powder-coated wheels, bumpers, and other vehicle components.

3. Furniture and Fixtures:

Industrial and residential furniture, such as tables, chairs, and shelving units.

4. Home Security Products:

Handles, locks, hinges, and other hardware.

5. Electrical and Industrial Equipment:

Coatings for control panels, enclosures, and tools.

Advantages of Black Powder Coated (RAL 9005):

Corrosion Resistance: Protects metal surfaces from rust and environmental damage.
Durability: Resistant to scratches, chips, and wear.
Versatility: Suitable for various textures and gloss levels.
Ease of Maintenance: Easy to clean and does not fade or discolor over time.

=========================================================

White Powder Coated (RAL 9010):

White Powder Coated (RAL 9010) refers to a type of powder coating with the RAL 9010 color, commonly called Pure White or Off-White in the RAL color system. It is widely used in industries for its clean, bright, and durable finish. Key Features of White Powder Coated (RAL 9010):

1. Color Specification:

RAL 9010 is a soft, neutral white with a slight off-white tone.
It is widely favored for its clean and professional appearance, often used in architectural, furniture, and appliance applications.

2. Powder Coating Process:

Surface Preparation: The metal surface is cleaned, degreased, and sometimes sandblasted to remove impurities and ensure proper adhesion.
Electrostatic Application: The white powder, consisting of pigments, resins, and additives, is electrostatically sprayed onto the surface.
Curing Process: The coated material is heated in an oven, causing the powder to melt, flow, and form a solid, uniform finish.

3. Durability:

White powder coating is highly resistant to weather, corrosion, UV light, and wear, making it ideal for both indoor and outdoor applications.

4. Aesthetic Options:

Available in various finishes, including matte, satin, glossy, and textured.

5. Eco-Friendly:

Powder coating uses no solvents and produces minimal waste, making it a more sustainable option compared to traditional liquid paints.

Applications of White Powder Coated (RAL 9010):

1. Architectural and Building Materials:

Doors, window frames, curtain walls, and other structural elements.

2. Furniture:

Chairs, tables, cabinets, and shelving units with a clean and modern aesthetic.

3. Home Appliances:

Washing machines, refrigerators, and air conditioners often feature white powder-coated panels for durability and aesthetic appeal.

4. Industrial Equipment:

Used for white casings, enclosures, or control panels.

5. Lighting Fixtures:

Ideal for decorative and functional lighting equipment in homes, offices, and public spaces.

Advantages of White Powder Coated (RAL 9010):

1. Corrosion Resistance:

Protects metal surfaces from rust and moisture.

2. Durable and Long-Lasting:

Resists scratches, fading, and chipping.

3. Ease of Maintenance:

The smooth surface is easy to clean and resistant to staining.

4. Versatility:

Works well with a variety of textures and gloss levels, making it adaptable for diverse applications.

5. Aesthetic Appeal:

Offers a clean, polished look suitable for modern and minimalist designs.

IT

2024-12-26T11:49:00.004+00:00

How to Fix "You have been denied permission to access this folder" Issue?

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قابلیت رد‌یابی در ویندوز ۱ - Find My Device

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Install NX 12 on WIN 10:

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How to Install Autodesk Fusion 360 Free:

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How to watch Showbox on PC/Laptop Windows without Bluestacks:
Check what apps are installed on google chrome: Chrome://apps

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SHOWBOX is back & updated Find What to Do Here:

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Virtual Clone Drive:

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Expand the size of C Drive Without Losing and Formatting Data: Windows 10

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:نقاشی با هوش مصنوعی

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USA vs China, The War You Can't See (Microchip War):

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How to fix VLC Media Player Not Playing YouTube Videos | VLC .lua file fix:

Method 1 - Downloading YouTube Video using VLC Media Player & Browser

1. Get URL from YouTube Video

2. Extracting Info using VLC:

Run VLC player, then select Open Network Stream...

Paste the YouTube URL into network URL, then hit Play:

While the video is playing, go to Tools => Codec Information:

As shown in the picture below, we get the video file location Ctrl+A while holding the mouse:

3. Playing it on Browser and Save the video file:

Paste the file info into the URL of browser:

Right mouse click, and choose Save As...

4. The File has been downloaded:

Method 2 - Downloading YouTube Video using VLC streaming to a file

In this method, we just do streaming using VLC with its target set as a file.

1. Get URL from YouTube Video

Get the URL while the video is played on YouTube:

2. Streaming to a file using VLC

Run VLC player, then select Stream...

Paste the YouTube URL into network URL, then hit Stream button:

Just click Next at the Source setup dialog:

In the Destination Setup window, click Add:

Put the destination file name:

Click Stream button at the Option Setup dialog:

Now, VLC is transcoding while doing streaming:

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ChatGPT Tutorial - A Crash Course on Chat GPT for Beginners:

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How To Make PASSIVE INCOME With ChatGPT & Midjourney AI?

Make $650 Per Day Making AI Videos | YouTube Automation:

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Auto-GPT:

AI That Learns: We're Closer To AGI Than You Think:

Install Auto-GPT Locally (Quick Setup Guide):

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Simple Scribble Drawings Into Works of Art (Anyone can be an artist!):

Free AI Art Tool Let's You Build 3D Worlds (Canvas NVIDIA):

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3D Printing Technologies

2024-10-31T19:44:00.021+00:00

3D printing technologies are advancing rapidly, with recent innovations focusing on improving speed, material diversity, precision, and scalability. Here are some of the latest 3D printing technologies:

1. Digital Light Processing (DLP) with Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP):

Overview: CLIP is an advanced form of DLP developed by Carbon (a 3D printing company) that creates parts by projecting light onto a resin bath. Unlike traditional DLP, it uses a continuous oxygen-permeable membrane, allowing parts to be printed much faster and with better surface finish.

Advantages: High-speed production with isotropic properties (uniform strength in all directions), making it suitable for manufacturing functional parts.

Applications: Widely used in automotive, dental, and consumer products, especially where high speed and durability are crucial.

2. Multi Jet Fusion (MJF):

Overview: Developed by HP, MJF uses a powder bed fusion process combined with fusing agents and detailing agents. A heat source passes over the bed to fuse particles, while detailing agents refine the edges for better accuracy.

Advantages: High strength, smooth surface finish, fine detail, and faster print times compared to traditional SLS (Selective Laser Sintering).

Applications: Ideal for functional prototypes, production of end-use parts, and creating geometrically complex designs.

3. Bound Metal Deposition (BMD):

Overview: A proprietary technology by Desktop Metal, BMD uses bound metal rods with polymer binders that are extruded and then sintered in a furnace to form solid metal parts.

Advantages: Safer and less expensive than traditional metal 3D printing (e.g., DMLS or SLM), and suitable for office environments.

Applications: Great for producing metal parts without the need for a dedicated metalworking facility, ideal for tooling, functional parts, and low-to-mid-volume production.

4. Volumetric 3D Printing (V3DP):

Overview: Volumetric printing uses light to cure a liquid resin in multiple directions at once, creating the entire part simultaneously rather than layer-by-layer.

Advantages: Extremely fast print times, with some processes producing parts in seconds. Offers smoother surfaces and reduces stress that occurs in layer-based printing.

Applications: Suitable for rapid prototyping and applications where speed is critical, though still in experimental phases for industrial use.

5. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) with Laser Metal Deposition (LMD):

Overview: DED uses a focused energy source, such as a laser or electron beam, to melt metal powders or wires as they’re deposited layer by layer. Newer methods, like LMD, precisely control the deposition process.

Advantages: Ideal for repairing or adding material to existing metal parts, can work with a wide range of metals and even create multi-material parts.

Applications: Primarily used in aerospace and defense for component repair, and in industries requiring large, complex metal parts.

6. High-Speed Sintering (HSS):

Overview: HSS is a powder bed fusion process similar to SLS but uses infrared-sensitive ink that helps accelerate the sintering process, allowing for faster prints.

Advantages: High-speed production and better scalability for producing large quantities of parts compared to SLS.

Applications: Suitable for consumer products, industrial parts, and high-volume applications where speed and cost-effectiveness are priorities.

7. Hybrid 3D Printing (3D Printing + CNC Machining):

Overview: Hybrid 3D printing combines additive manufacturing with CNC machining in a single setup, allowing parts to be both printed and machined in sequence or even simultaneously.

Advantages: Allows for high precision and better surface finish in metal parts, as machining refines the printed part’s quality.

Applications: Used in industries needing precision-engineered parts with complex geometries, such as aerospace, automotive, and medical devices.

8. Bio 3D Printing (Bioprinting):

Overview: Bioprinting uses bio-compatible materials or living cells to create tissues, organs, or bone structures layer-by-layer.

Advantages: Provides a foundation for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and potential organ replacement solutions.

Applications: Research and development for tissue engineering, pharmaceutical testing, and, in the future, personalized medicine.

9. Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing (CSAM):

Overview: Cold spray uses kinetic energy rather than heat to bond metal powders to a substrate by accelerating them through a nozzle. This additive technique builds up layers without melting the material.

Advantages: Avoids thermal stresses, making it excellent for repairing high-performance parts, especially those with high-strength alloys or heat-sensitive materials.

Applications: Useful in aerospace and defense industries for repair and creating parts with unique material properties.

10. Programmable Photopolymerization (P3):

Overview: Developed by EnvisionTEC, P3 is an advanced DLP process that enables detailed control over resin curing, allowing parts with both soft and hard sections in a single print.

Advantages: Provides extremely high surface finish, control over mechanical properties, and speed.

Applications: Medical devices, wearable products, and functional prototypes where parts require varied properties.

Stereolithography (SLA) is a 3D printing technology known for its precision and smooth surface finish. SLA uses a UV laser to cure liquid resin into solid plastic. The range of materials available for SLA has expanded significantly, allowing for specialized applications across industries. Here’s a breakdown of the main SLA material types:

1. Standard Resins:

Characteristics: Basic, rigid, and cost-effective. Known for high detail and smooth finishes.

Uses: Ideal for prototypes and visual models with fine details, like product design concepts and presentation pieces.

2. Engineering Resins:

Characteristics: These resins have improved mechanical properties, like high strength, temperature resistance, and flexibility.

Tough Resin: Mimics the properties of ABS plastic, with impact resistance and durability.

Durable Resin: Offers low friction and high impact strength, ideal for parts that undergo wear and tear.

Flexible and Elastic Resins: Provide a range of flexibility and softness, suitable for prototyping rubber-like or ergonomic parts.

Uses: Functional prototyping, jigs and fixtures, parts requiring mechanical durability.

3. High-Temperature Resins:

Characteristics: Can withstand higher temperatures, with heat deflection temperatures up to 238°C or more.

Uses: Great for applications like casting, molding, and functional parts that will experience elevated temperatures.

4. Dental and Medical Resins:

Characteristics: Biocompatible resins designed for medical applications, often certified for specific uses (Class I and II).

Dental Model Resin: Used for creating precise dental models.

Surgical Guide Resin: Biocompatible resin for creating medical guides used in surgery.

Denture Resin: For dental prosthetics, including crowns and bridges.

Uses: Dental models, surgical guides, clear aligners, and other patient-specific applications.

5. Castable Resins:

Characteristics: Burn out cleanly in casting processes without leaving ash.

Uses: Common in jewelry, dentistry, and engineering for creating cast molds for metals or ceramics.

6. Clear Resins:

Characteristics: Translucent and can be polished to transparency.

Uses: Optics, fluid flow testing, and parts where transparency is essential.

SLA materials are continually evolving, with manufacturers developing new formulations to match specific industry needs, pushing the material range for SLA technology further every year.

Each of these technologies is driving the 3D printing industry forward, unlocking new possibilities for materials, designs, and applications across multiple industries.

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Product Idea Generation

2024-06-15T11:41:00.019+01:00

AI can contribute to product idea generation in several transformative ways:

Automated Concept Generation:

AI algorithms can process vast amounts of data to generate numerous design concepts based on specific parameters. Generative design, for instance, allows designers to input constraints and objectives, and the AI generates a variety of design options. This not only accelerates the ideation process but also introduces innovative solutions that might not have been considered manually.

Data Analysis, Market Research and Trend Analysis:

AI can continuously monitor and analyze market trends, consumer behavior, purchasing patterns, and competitive products. By examining data from social media, sales reports, and customer feedback, AI identifies emerging trends, unmet needs and gaps in the market. This insight helps companies develop product ideas that are aligned with current market demands and future opportunities.

Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI-powered NLP can sift through customer reviews, social media comments, and feedback to understand what customers like or dislike about existing products. This insight can inspire new features or entirely new product concepts.

Customer Insights and Personalization:

AI can analyze individual customer preferences and behaviors to suggest personalized product concepts or modifications, catering to niche markets or individual tastes. Analyzing customer data with AI provides deep insights into preferences and behaviors. By understanding what customers like and dislike, companies can generate product ideas that cater to specific segments. Personalization algorithms can suggest new product features or entirely new product lines that are more likely to resonate with target audiences.

Generative Design: In fields like industrial design and engineering, AI can use generative design algorithms to explore numerous design possibilities based on specified parameters such as materials, manufacturing methods, and performance criteria. This can lead to innovative product designs that might not be immediately apparent through traditional methods.

Creative Assistance:

AI models, such as those used for natural language processing and image generation, can assist in brainstorming sessions by providing creative content. For example, AI can generate product descriptions, marketing slogans, or even visual designs based on a set of inputs. This aids creative teams in exploring a wide range of ideas quickly and efficiently.

Collaborative Platforms:

AI-powered collaboration tools enhance the ideation process by allowing team members to contribute ideas and feedback seamlessly. These platforms can use AI to highlight the most promising concepts and suggest improvements. The integration of AI helps streamline the collaborative efforts, making the ideation process more efficient and productive.

Collaborative Filtering: AI algorithms can use collaborative filtering techniques to recommend product ideas based on similarities between existing successful products and user preferences.

Simulation and Feasibility Testing:

AI can simulate how different product ideas would perform under various conditions or in various scenarios. This capability enables designers to evaluate the feasibility and potential success of new concepts early in the development process. AI-driven simulations provide feedback on factors like durability, user interaction, and market viability, helping refine ideas before significant resources are invested.

By leveraging these AI capabilities, companies can enhance their product development processes, making them faster, more efficient, and more aligned with market needs. This leads to innovative products that have a higher likelihood of success in the competitive market.

AI enhances the product development process by providing data-driven insights, accelerating ideation, and supporting creativity with vast amounts of relevant information. Integrating AI into product concept generation can lead to more innovative, market-oriented, and successful product launches.

Artificial Intelligence & Product Design Process

2023-04-01T22:53:00.016+01:00

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to greatly influence the product design process by providing designers with new tools and methods to generate and evaluate ideas, optimize designs, and improve the overall quality of the final product. Here are some ways in which AI could impact product design:

Idea generation: AI can be used to generate new ideas for product design by analyzing existing products, user feedback, and market trends. It can also help designers to identify gaps in the market and generate ideas for products that meet unmet needs.

Design optimization: AI can assist designers in optimizing their designs by analyzing data from simulations and experiments. This can help to identify the best design parameters and improve the performance of the product.

User experience: AI can be used to analyze user feedback and behavior to improve the user experience of a product. This includes identifying areas where users struggle with a product and finding ways to improve the product to address these issues.

Manufacturing: AI can optimize the manufacturing process by identifying inefficiencies and making recommendations for improvements. It can also be used to monitor the production process and identify potential quality issues.

Sustainability: AI can help designers to create more sustainable products by analyzing the environmental impact of different design choices and making recommendations for more environmentally friendly materials and manufacturing processes.

Overall, AI has the potential to significantly improve the product design process by providing designers with new tools and methods to generate ideas, optimize designs, and improve the overall quality and user experience of the final product.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly essential in the product design process for several reasons:

Faster design iteration: AI can help designers to quickly generate and evaluate a large number of design options. This can significantly speed up the design process and allow designers to explore more possibilities in less time.

Improved accuracy: AI can help designers to make more accurate predictions about the performance of a product by analyzing data from simulations and experiments. This can lead to more reliable and high-performing products.

Enhanced user experience: AI can help designers to create products that better meet the needs of users by analyzing user feedback and behavior. This can result in products that are more intuitive, easier to use, and better tailored to the needs of their target audience.

Increased sustainability: AI can help designers to create more sustainable products by analyzing the environmental impact of different design choices and making recommendations for more environmentally friendly materials and manufacturing processes.

Competitive advantage: Companies that adopt AI in their product design process can gain a competitive advantage by creating products that are faster, more accurate, and better tailored to the needs of their customers.

In summary, AI is essential in the product design process because it can help designers to create better products in less time, with more accuracy, and improved sustainability, resulting in a competitive edge in the market.

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3D Models

2022-01-11T22:53:00.016+00:00

Internal Puller:

Download

Download

Hand Operated Tumbler Mixer:

Download

Stapler:

Download

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2-Plate Plastic Injection Molding Equipment:

Download

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Folding Trailer:

Download

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Scissor Lift Table Powered by Hydraulic Jack:

Download

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Cordless Drill:

Download

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Hydraulic In-feed Out-feed Support Roller:

Download

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Adjustable Scissor Lift Table:

Download

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Handle Truck For Workshop (Trolley):

Download

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Hydraulic Wheelbarrow for Workshop:

Download

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Fan Blade:

Download

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Impeller Blade Project

2021-03-24T00:14:00.001+00:00

Impeller Blade:

Build the impeller using wireframe profiles, revolved features, imported geometry, and free form features.

1: Create a new part in millimeters. Assign the part any name but create it in the directory assigned to your workstation or your home directory.

2: If your company has a layering convention, use it instead of the layers specified throughout the project. Try to keep the different profiles on separate layers because you use them in different operations as this project progresses.

3: The two profiles are built in the RIGHT view. Orient your WCS so the XC-YC plane is in the same plane as the Right view, and the origin of the WCS is located at the (0,0,0) location of the Absolute Coordinate System. If you are comfortable using Sketcher, create both profiles in different sketches. Create the three fixed datum planes or use a Datum CSYS to attach the sketches.

4: Start by creating the wireframe profile shown. You use these curves to create the hub for the impeller blade. Create this geometry on Layer 5. Make a note of the WCS location as shown. The profile consists of three lines, one (full radius) fillet, and one optimized curve that pass through four defined points. Make the slope of the optimized curve match the slope of the 1.5mm fillet and as smooth as possible with no reversals in curvature.

5: On Layer 6, create the second wireframe profile as shown. You will use this profile to create a trim sheet for the blades. Make a note of the WCS location in the diagram. The profile consists of one line, one fillet, and one optimized curve that pass through the four points. Make the curve tangent to the 9.5mm fillet and as smooth as possible with no reversals in curvature. Use the same optimization tip as specified for Profile A.

6: Profile A creates the inside hub solid body and Profile B creates the sheet body that trims away the top of the impeller blades. Revolve Profile A about the long horizontal line from 0 degrees to 360 degrees on Work Layer 10.

7: Change the Work Layer to Layer 11. Revolve Profile B into a sheet body, 360 degrees about the same axis as Profile A. Remember to save your part.

To create a sheet body, you must change the settings for Solid to the Sheet setting. Even though it is an open profile, when it revolves the ends are planar and therefore NX closes the ends and creates a solid body.

8: The data for the blade profile has been created in another part file. This part file contains the geometry necessary to create a solid body using free form features. Import the part blade_profile.prt on Layer 15 and orient it to the Absolute Coordinate System.

You can orient the WCS to the Absolute Coordinate System before importing the profiles or specify a CSYS during the import.

9: Create a solid body on Layer 16 through the 14 curve profiles using Through Curves. Use a Parameter alignment and the Preserve Shape toggle activated. Check your solid body to make sure there are no twists.

10: To create the other 11 solid bodies, use the Pattern option. This option allows you to create the other blades while maintaining associativity to the original. The 12 blades should be equally spaced around the hub.

11: After you create the 12 blades required for this part, you need to trim away the upper portion using the sheet body produced by Profile B, located on Layer 11.

Unite the blade to the hub.

12: Create a 60mm diameter thru hole through the center of the hub.

Review: In this project, you created an impeller by using both imported and parametric geometry. By this method, changing the hub profiles defined by Profile A and Profile B is accomplished quite easily. Changing the number of blades in the impeller is also easy. However, changing the blades themselves is a more difficult task because they are constructed from imported geometry. You could change the curves in the impeller file individually, or import a new file, which necessitates adding and removing string from the existing blades. Keep these factors in mind when creating your models and estimating the time necessary to complete the part.

CATIA V5 Tips & Tricks

2020-11-05T12:10:00.003+00:00

Arrow Keys for hidden items selection: Hover over and area and then pick the up or down arrow on the keyboard, you will get a pop out allowing you to pick through a list of the items in that are in that immediate area (behind you arrow). Simply a very fast way to select things for operations.

Hide/Show Specification Tree by using the F3 key.
Turn off Tree Zoom: By default, CATIA will enter tree zoom mode after the user clicks on a branch of the tree, causing zoom and pan commands to alter the specification tree instead of the model. To disable this behavior, uncheck Tools > Options > General > Display > Tree Manipulation (tab) > Tree zoom after clicking on any branch.

Sketch Analysis: Quickly find out where your sketch is under-defined. Easily identify gaps in your profile or duplicate entities

In part design workbench, before applying Pattern command, first select the features then apply pattern command.

To resize reference elements (Plane, Line & Point):

If you try to click thesign in the specification tree but miss and click a branch instead, your model will get a darker shade and all your navigation functions, like panning and zooming, will affect the specification tree instead of the model. The Options dialog box is used to customize this setting.

Q: I'm trying to assemble a pocket (body) to the main partbody using boolean feature Assemble, however the pocket feature (body) does not become part of the original partbody and I get the message " You are trying to create a boolean operation between an ordered body (OGS or body) and a non-ordered body (GS or solid body). Operand body will not be moved under the boolean feature. Do you want to continue?" The company mandates one partbody per .catpart, Does anyone have any suggestions?

A: It seems you are trying to assemble a hybrid body with a non-hybrid body. Probably the setting Tools - Options - Infrastructure - Part Infrastructure - Part Document - Hybrid Design was modified between the creation of both bodies. I guess the gears icons of the bodies have different color (yellow-green or grey-green). The setting should be kept with the value recommended by your company. There is no way to change a non-hybrid body into a hybrid one (nor vice versa). One of them must be recreated.

Dynamic Sectioning: Part Design Workbench - View - Toolbars - Dynamic Sectioning
How to select the axis of a cylinder: Right clicking a cylindrical face using the Other Selection... or Any Geometry command on the pop-up menu.

Loaded Component: This is any open part. When an assembly file opened, all of its components open when Load referenced documents is activated within the Tool > Options > General > Referenced Documents section.

To carry out a Projection Distance: Choose Any geometry, infinite option from Selection 2 mode drop down menu.

When creating Length parameter insert mm unit after the value.

To create parameters in assembly, click on Tools - Formula then from Filter Type drop down menu select User parameters. Then click on New Parameter of type. Do not forget inserting unit after value.

The macro function is a powerful tool when it comes to accomplishing a process that is repeated over and over especially with Design Table.
To add a second row of text, select Shift + Enter

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Threaded Fasteners - Screw Threads - Bolts - Nuts

2020-09-08T10:05:00.007+01:00

Threaded Fasteners & Screw Threads:

"n" = pitch. Edit: threads per inch. For metric it would be 4*n instead of 4/n.

Thread Depth:

Thread depth (C & A) is 2x nominal diameter (d) for Aluminium and 1.5x nominal diameter for Steel.

Thread Clearance:

Thread Clearance (B) is at least 2x thread pitch. This is because you assume that the last two threads of a tap will not result in a full thread of engagement, so you need to "overshoot" the tap in order to get the actual full-thread depth. This Wikipedia page has a good picture of a typical tap, and you can see the chamfer that will not create full threads.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes

Example:

I'm using a .250-20 UNC. There are 20 threads per inch, or .05 inches per thread.

.05 x 2 = .1 inch drill depth minimum beyond your full-thread depth.

Drill Depth:

The drill depth (E) is the same as the clearance above. In order to get the full-thread depth per the requirement, the chamfered tip of the tap must have room to extend past the threaded portion.

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Imperial:

Metric:

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Pivot Table - Excel

2020-08-19T14:02:00.004+01:00

Excel mini-workshop:

In this section, we will see how spreadsheets are utilized to do simple data analysis. To perform this practice you need to have access to Microsoft excel.

To start this practice, please download the file that contains the data by clicking here. Make sure you know the folder that you are going to save the file. Now Let's start!

When you open the file you should see a page like the one below. Every Excel file can have multiple tabs(or sheets). As you see, in this excel file, there are 6 tabs which are SKU Master, Store 312, Store 323, Store 415, Store 521, and Store 632.

SKU Master - information on each of SKU
Store 312 - daily transactional records for sales at store 312
Store 323 - daily transactional records for sales at store 323
Store 415 - daily transactional records for sales at store 415
Store 521 - daily transactional records for sales at store 521
Store 632 - daily transactional records for sales at store 632

Now click on tab 312 to see the transactional data for store 312. The questions for this practice that we are interested to find answers for are:

Which specific week had the highest sales of MA Excellent Products in dollars for store 312?
Are the sales (in units) between the different SKUs from MA Excellent Products correlated for store 312?
How does the profit margin for salesof MA Excellent Products in store 312 change over the time period?
TinyCo is thinking of running a one-day promotion each week for MA Excellent Products– which day of the week makes the most sense for store 312?
How do these SKUs of MA Excellent Products behave differently in other stores?

Before I let you start working on these questions, let's discuss a few concepts and some functions in excel.

Pivot tables:

As we explained in the videos, the pivot table is a tool that helps us to summarize and analyze the data. In the following we have shown how to use a pivot table using an example.

Example: Let's find the SKU in store 312 that has the maximum unit sales for 2/21/2015.

Step 1: let's make sure we are in tab 312 since we are only interested in store 312

Step 2: Select the entire data that we want to summarize.

Step3: Click on the insert tab at the top.

Step 4: In the most right hand side of the insert tab, there is an icon looks like. Click on it.

Step 5: A window opens up which asks you to confirm the region of the data that you want to analyze and the cell/tab that you want to put your table. Go ahead and choose the the location of your pivot table. The default is new worksheet and we can leave it as is for now. Click OK so the table gets created.

Step 6: Now we should all have a pivot table in front of us. This table is empty and we need to construct the table so that it summarize the data the way we want. You should be able to see a pivot table fields on the right that has 4 boxes, Filter, Columns, Rows, and Values. Using these boxes that we can create a desirable table.

Back to the question, we want to summarize the data so it helps us identify the SKU that has the maximum sales for 2/21/2015 of store 312. There are many different ways to summarize the data so we can find our answer. Here I show one of them.

Let's create table that shows distinct SKU's in rows for 2/21/2015 and for each SKU show the total sales of each.

Step 7: To start we will grab the SKU field name from field name and drop it in rows.

The resulting table should look like something like this:

Now we can see distinct list of SKU's in rows. Since we want to see total of sales for each SKU, we select Unit Sales from field name but this time drop it in values. The values box is the only box that you can do operations on data such as summation, extraction, maximization, etc. Both Columns and Rows boxes are only for summarizing and grouping the data and you cannot perform any operations on the fields in them.

Step 8: After dropping Unit Sales in Values box, we also want to make sure we are adding the values and not any other operations. For this purpose, right click on the Unit Sales in the Values box and choose Field Settings.

In the field setting we want to make sure we are choosing "sum" as our desirable operations.

Click OK and continue. Right now you should all have a table look like below which shows total unit sales by SKU. But wait, aren't we missing something?

Let's review our question again, "Find the SKU with maximum unit sales for 2/21/2015 for store 312". Sure we have created a table that has total unit sales by SKU, but are those numbers only for store 312 and 2/21/2015?

Since the selected data for Pivot Table is from tab 312 then all the numbers in the table are for 312. However, in the 312 tab, there are many transactional sales by different dates. So how can we filter the table only for a specific date? Thanks to Excel this can be done pretty easy. Like before, we just need to select Date and drop it into Filter box. The filter box is designed to include only part of the selected data that we want, in this case on the transactions from 2/21/2015.

Step 9: After dropping Dates in Filters field, we should have a table look like this:

If your date is not grouped as desired, you can activate the grouping manually:

Last step here is to click on the filter above the Pivot Table and uncheck select all option. Then scroll down and choose 2/21/2015.

The result should look like the following:

As we can see the answer to our question is SKU 8000520021.

Correlation: the degree in which two or more variables changes are related to one another.

An example could be age and health related expenses. One might observe that as population ages, their health related expenses goes up. This relationship does not have to be in the same direction, it could be opposite as well. Example could be the higher the temperatures goes the less layers people wear.

Profit margin: it is the percentage difference between revenue and cost over revenue.

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Creating Histogram in EXCEL 2016:

So a histogram is simply a graphical representation of the distribution by mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive bins or intervals.

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How To Calculate Confidence Intervals In Excel:

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Life Tips & Hints

2020-08-04T18:27:00.001+01:00

چهار تکیه کلام طبقه متوسط که ثروتمندان هرگز به زبان نمی‌آورند چیست؟

اگر در جملاتی که بر زبان دوستان ثروتمند و افراد طبقه متوسط اقتصادی رانده می‌شود دقت کنید، تفاوت‌هایی را تشخیص می‌دهید که راز فاصله ثروت آنها از یکدیگر نیز در همین تفاوت‌ها نهفته است.

به گزارش یورو نیوز، تفاوت‌هایی که بسیاری از افراد طبقه متوسط اقتصادی جهان را دچار نگرش منفی به پول و ثروت زیاد کرده یا آنها را از تصاحب آن ناامید کرده است.

در مقابل، ثروتمندان کارآفرین معتقدند که هیچ اتفاقی نیست که رخداد آن غیرممکن باشد و هر اتفاقی هم که می‌افتد فرصتی برای کسب پول بیشتر است.

این تفاوت‌ها را که ریشه در باورهای فردی آنها دارد، از بیان و به زبان نیاوردن چهار تکیه کلام می‌توان تشخیص داد:

۱- مشکل من نداشتن سرمایه است

از اکثر افرادی که در طبقه متوسط اقتصادی قرار دارند مدام می‌شنویم که ایده‌های درخشانی داشته و دارند که تنها به دلیل کمبود سرمایه و پولِ لازم برای اجرایی کردن آنها، ثروتمند نشده و عطای کارآفرینی را به لقای یک درآمد ثابت بخشیده‌اند.

اما در مقابل، یک کارآفرین اگر به ایده خود ایمان داشته باشد، ریسک استقراض، دریافت وام و جذب سرمایه‌گذار را به جان می‌خرد تا ایده خود را عملی کند و به سوددهی برسانند. ولی بسیاری از افراد دارای درآمد متوسط همواره تکرار می‌کنند که تحمل زیر بار قرض و وام رفتن و شریک شدن با شخص دیگری را ندارند.

۲- به نان و ماستی که می‌خورم قانع هستم

فراتر از طبقه متوسط، این یک اعتقاد فراگیر در بین توده‌هاست که باید نسبت به وضع موجود رضایت داشت؛ زیرا فرد قانعی بودن یک ارزش مثبت است. گویا یک باور عمومی هست که کارآفرینی یک خصلت ژنتیک است و هر کسی قادر به ثروتمند شدن نیست.

با این حال، بررسی احوال کارآفرینان موفق جهان نشان می‌دهد که چه بسیارند افرادی که فقیر و بی‌بضاعت بوده‌اند ولی با هدف حل مشکل دیگران و رفع نقص موجود در جامعه، خالق کسب و کارهای بزرگی شده‌اند که آنها را بدل به ثروتمندان مورد احترام مردم کرده است. به باور آنها هر کسی لیاقت و توانایی تحقق رویاهایش را دارد و می‌تواند ثروتمند شود.

۳- ورشکست نشوم!

اکثر مردم نگران از دست دادن پول و ثروت خود هستند و در مواجهه با هر پیشنهاد سرما‌یه‌گذاری ناگهان این جملۀ معترضه را تکرار می‌کنند که مبادا ورشکست شوم!

همین ترس عمومی مانع بسیاری از سرمایه‌گذاری‌ها می‌شود.

اما کارآفرینان دارای یک پیش فرض ذهنی هستند که همانقدر که احتمال کسب درآمدهای محاسبه نشده وجود دارد، ریسک از دست دادن پول هم وجود دارد ولی مهم این است که همیشه فرصت‌های جبران ضررها هست.

۴- از شغلم متنفرم

اکثر افراد حاضر در طبقه متوسط، شغلی را برای خود انتخاب کرده‌اند که بتواند درآمد مناسبی را تا رسیدن آنها به سن بازنشستگی تامین کند. شغلی که در بسیاری از موارد علاقه‌ای به آن ندارند و حتی در برخی موارد از آن متنفرند.

اما کارآفرینان موفق معتقدند که اشتیاق به کار راز اصلی ثروتمند شدن است و بدون عشق و علاقه به کاری که می‌کنند، خلق ثروت ممکن نیست.

البته فکر کردن همانند یک کارآفرین ثروتمند به خودی خود کسی را پولدار نمی‌کند؛ ولی حداقل این حسن را دارد که به شما اطمینان می‌دهد در مسیر درستی گام بر‌می‌دارید.

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Standard Parts and Tools

2020-07-15T09:34:00.036+01:00

CAM-LEVER:

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RS Components Ltd:

S3I Group Ltd:

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L-Handle Quick Release Pin:

Quick release ball lock pins have a wide range of applications in fastening, locating, and alignment. These positive locking pins will not release until the button on the handle is depressed, which then allows the balls to retract into the shank. All quick release pins are available in a variety of lengths and diameters with shanks made from 17-4 stainless steel, 300 series stainless steel, or 4130 alloy steel.
Weld-in style pull pins are also offered. These pins allow a user to quickly retract and engage the plunger for locating, fastening, and quick change operations.

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Clevis:

A clevis fastener is a three-piece fastener system consisting of a clevis, clevis pin, and tang. The clevis is a U-shaped piece that has holes at the end of the prongs to accept the clevis pin. The clevis pin is similar to a bolt, but is only partially threaded or un-threaded with a cross-hole for a split pin.

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Turnbuckle:

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WDS814-2086:

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Thrust Washer:

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Anchor Nuts:

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Circlips:

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Support Jack - RRT106910 - P0251:

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D-Shackle:

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Gunnebo Master Link:

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Ferrule:

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Quick Action Release Thumb Nut:

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Remote Locking and Release:

RINGSPANN_283-U-NL_S05M-1-0660

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Clutch:

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Lifting Eye (RUD) - Rochdale Sign:

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Bearing Axial and Profile Rail:

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Gas Spring Slam Proof:

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Bearing Extractor - Pullers - Both Internal and External:

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'O' Rings:

'O' Rings (Simply Bearings)

Pressure Test Fixture (P01296):

It is allowable to have up to 5% elongation in fact 3% is preferred on OD type installs.

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Marine Engine Piston Ring Compressor:

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Centroid, Section Properties and Area Moments of Inertia

2020-05-20T11:28:00.000+01:00

Example: Centroid and moment of inertia - T Shape:
Before stresses in the beam can be computed, two important properties related to the shape of the cross section must be calculated:

The location of the centroidal axis
The moment of inertia of the cross section about its centroidal axis

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Centroid and Area Moments of Inertia calculation in NX & AutoCAD:
This tutorial is how to find the Centroid and Area moments of inertia in NX.

Centroid and Area Moments of Inertia Examples
Free Beam Calculator

Section Properties Using AutoCAD:

1. Create regions by using Region command.

2. Carry out MassProp command to find the Centroid

3. Move the UCS coordinate position according to the Centroid point. The new position is the (0,0) new position of the UCS.

4. Again carry out MassProp command now the Centroid is (0,0)

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Commercial Aero-Engine

2020-01-21T10:32:00.007+00:00

Basic configuration of a jet engine:

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Outlet Guide Vanes (OGVs):

Ultra High Bypass Ratio (UHBR) engines are designed as compact as possible and are characterized by a short asymmetric air inlet and heterogeneous Outlet Guide Vanes (OGVs).

The propulsion system of an aircraft consists of an engine and a propeller. The gas turbine engine generates mechanical power and the propeller creates the thrust, which makes the machine move forward. The outlet guide vane (OGV) is an essential element of the engine’s compressor that is responsible for the efficient delivery of air. Its function consists of directing the airflow to the combustor. Since the OGVs are subjected to erosion and potential damages, all their components, including the blades, should be precisely and reliably manufactured.

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Fan Case:

The fan case of a turbo fan engine is a major part of the engine that serves two purposes; enclose the fan, and shield the passengers and aircraft in the case of blade-out accident. More often than not, the case is the single heaviest component of a jet engine. For this reason alone, optimal designs that reduce weight are absolutely critical. As might be expected, the fan case is the large cylinder covering the fan unit.

The blue highlighted ring is the section that protects the passenger from blade fragments.

Composite Fan Case on the Trent Engine.

It is difficult to say for certain what exactly the composite case is made of, as it is still a trade secret, but visual inspection suggests that a 3D tri-axial carbon fiber weave is used, at least on the exterior of the case.

Here you can see the overlaying of reinforcement on the early F50.

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Temperature and Pressure at which each part of the engine is exposed:

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Design Process

2020-01-14T12:29:00.058+00:00

SCAMPER:

Improving Products and Services:

It can often be difficult to come up with new ideas when you're trying to develop or improve a product or service. This is where creative brainstorming techniques like SCAMPER can help. This tool helps you generate ideas for new products and services by encouraging you to think about how you could improve existing ones. We'll look at SCAMPER in this article and infographic.

About the Tool:

SCAMPER is a mnemonic that stands for:

Substitute
Combine
Adapt
Modify
Put to another use
Eliminate
Reverse

You use the tool by asking questions about existing products, using each of the seven prompts above. These questions help you come up with creative ideas for developing new products, and for improving current ones. Alex Osborn, credited by many as the originator of brainstorming, originally came up with many of the questions used in the technique. However, it was Bob Eberle, an education administrator and author, who organized these questions into the SCAMPER mnemonic.

Note:

Remember that the word "products" doesn't only refer to physical goods. Products can also include processes, services, and even people. You can therefore adapt this technique to a wide range of situations.

How to Use the Tool:

SCAMPER is really easy to use.

First, take an existing product or service. This could be one that you want to improve, one that you're currently having problems with, or one that you think could be a good starting point for future development.

Then, ask questions about the product you identified, using the mnemonic to guide you. Brainstorm as many questions and answers as you can. (We've included some example questions, below.)

Finally, look at the answers that you came up with. Do any stand out as viable solutions? Could you use any of them to create a new product, or develop an existing one? If any of your ideas seem viable, then you can explore them further.

Example Questions:

Let's look at some of the questions you could ask for each letter of the mnemonic:

Substitute:

What materials or resources can you substitute or swap to improve the product?
What other product or process could you use?
What rules could you substitute?
Can you use this product somewhere else, or as a substitute for something else?
What will happen if you change your feelings or attitude toward this product?

Combine:

What would happen if you combine this product with another, to create something new?
What if you combine purposes or objectives?
What could you combine to maximize the uses of this product?
How could you combine talent and resources to create a new approach to this product?

Adapt:

How could you adapt or readjust this product to serve another purpose or use?
What else is the product like?
Who or what could you emulate to adapt this product?
What else is like your product?
What other context could you put your product into?
What other products or ideas could you use for inspiration?

Modify:

How could you change the shape, look, or feel of your product?
What could you add to modify this product?
What could you emphasize or highlight to create more value?
What element of this product could you strengthen to create something new?

Put to Another Use:

Can you use this product somewhere else, perhaps in another industry?
Who else could use this product?
How would this product behave differently in another setting?
Could you recycle the waste from this product to make something new?

Eliminate:

How could you streamline or simplify this product?
What features, parts, or rules could you eliminate?
What could you understate or tone down?
How could you make it smaller, faster, lighter, or more fun?
What would happen if you took away part of this product? What would you have in its place?

Reverse:

What would happen if you reversed this process or sequenced things differently?
What if you try to do the exact opposite of what you're trying to do now?
What components could you substitute to change the order of this product?
What roles could you reverse or swap?
How could you reorganize this product?

Tip 1:

Some ideas that you generate using the tool may be impractical or may not suit your circumstances. Don't worry about this – the aim is to generate as many ideas as you can.

Tip 2:

To get the greatest benefit, use SCAMPER alongside other creative brainstorming and lateral thinking techniques such as Random Input, Provocation, Reversal, and Metaphorical Thinking.

LINK

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Synectics:

Around the same time in the 1940s that Alex Osborn was developing brainstorming, W. J. J. Gordon was investigating the psychology of problem-solving. He was later joined by George Prince at consultants Arthur D. Little where they developed the basic principles of what was called ‘Synectics’. In the manner of warring gurus, they later disagreed and both left to set up rival versions of the process (although for this article, the differences are too subtle to trouble with).

‘Synectics’ was derived from the Greek word ‘synektiktein’ meaning the joining together of different items and reflects the early discovery of the synergistic effects of ‘banging things together’ where the creative equation of A + B = C illustrates how new ideas can be created from two old ideas. Synectics these days is very much alive and the methods are taught and used around the world.

What is in Synectics?

Synectics is a big bag of tricks, developed over many years. Not surprisingly, as it is dealing with the same subject, many of the rules and techniques are similar to many other approaches. Where Synectics scores, however, is in the additional methods and principles that it adds to get around the problems of such traditional techniques as brainstorming. Thus, although Synectics sessions are often very much like brainstorming, they are supercharged with additional techniques to assist in even greater success. Some of these methods are described here.

Headlining and in-out listening:

When you are giving an idea, how do you do it? In many situations, we tend to start with a preamble about the need for the idea, then give the idea itself, then add further justification. The problem comes when you look at what the listener is doing at this time. They hear your initial preamble, and, once they have got the idea, start thinking about ideas of their own. This means that just as you are giving your idea, they have ‘gone inside their heads’ and are not paying attention!!

This leads to two complementary principles. ‘Headlining’ is simply for the person giving the idea to state the idea up-front, adding clarification only if it is called for. This, of course, requires an environment of trust, which must be built before the session begins. The other method of ‘In-out listening’ is for the listener, who, when they have an idea, write it down quickly so they can return to paying full attention to what is being said, rather than rehearsing their thoughts and trying to find a space in which to interrupt with their suggestion.

The problem-owner:

When brainstorming with a group of people, all of whom have some ownership of a problem, the trouble that often occurs is that they can all fall into judgement and evaluation at various times through the process. This is simplified and sorted out in Synectics by having a single problem owner, with all other people being there to help that person solve their problem. Where those other people also have some ownership of the problem, they can ‘take turns’ at being the problem owner.

This also overcomes the problem of being blinkered by the situation and the helpers should not know as much about the problem as the problem owner, as this might lead to them becoming blinkered also. This encourages ‘wild ideas’ which, although on the face of it may appear ridiculous, may in fact not be so silly after all or may trigger other very valid thoughts.

Springboarding:

Have you ever been in a creative session where people do not seem to be paying much attention to other people’s ideas? Springboarding is a simple method of helping to trigger other ideas through the wording of your idea. This is simply done by prefixing the statement with ‘I wish…’ or ‘How to…’. You can use other words like ‘Wouldn’t it be nice if…’ although these are longer. ‘I wish’ and ‘How to’ can also be abbreviated when written down as ‘IW’ and ‘H2’. Wishing tends to be used for more speculative ideas and ‘How to’ for more specific problems, although people also tend to have their own preferences.

Notice the difference that these suggestions have on your inclination to add to them versus adding one of your own ideas: ‘Make everyone understand’ or ‘I wish everyone understood’. The ‘I wish’ probably leads you to think more about how that may be done.

Wording ideas as springboards also acts as a psychological legitimization as it is easier to say things like ‘I wish the parcels delivered themselves’ rather than ‘The parcels should deliver themselves.’

Excursions:

Have you ever been in a creative session where the ideas have dried up, yet you are sure that there are more ideas that could be found, if only you could unblock yourself somehow? Excursions are simply exercises that drive up side-roads using different techniques to find ideas off the beaten track that can be brought back and used like any other ideas.

Synectics makes particular use of analogies and metaphors, as these give you access to whole new worlds which tend to be very rich in the subject-matter areas which leads to many new ideas.

For example, when looking for ideas on how to insert components into a circuit board, you may take the principle of ‘insertion’ and take a journey into other realms, such as swords, which get inserted into scabbards and other people! Shocking subjects can be quite useful as they also jolt you out of the current rut you are in. Swords often have a groove in to allow the blood to run along and act as a lubricant. This principle could be applied to component leads, using solder flux as the lubricant, leading to full soldering through a plated-through hold.

To discover more about Synectics, try the book ‘Innovation and Creativity’ by Synectics consultants Jonne Cesarani and Peter Greatwood, and published in the UK by Kogan Page in 1995. Another excellent book that is sadly now out of print is Vincent Nolan’s ‘Innovator’s Handbook’ (though your local library may be able find you a copy). If you want to get back to the roots of it all, the original book is call ‘Synectics’ and was written by W. J. J. Gordon in 1961. LINK

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TRIZ:

TRIZ, also known as the theory of inventive problem solving, is a technique that fosters invention for project teams who have become stuck while trying to solve a business challenge. It provides data on similar past projects that can help teams find a new path forward.

TRIZ (pronounced “trees”) started in Russia. It involves a technique for problem solving created by observing the commonalities in solutions discovered in the past. Created by Genrich Altshuller in the former Soviet Union, the Six Sigma technique recognizes that certain patterns emerge whenever inventions are made.

Features of the technique:

Altshuller found that almost every invention falls into one of 40 categories. Each is an area where invention and innovation took place. They include areas such as weight, length and area of moving and stationary objects, speed of the object, temperature illumination intensity, ease of operation and ease of repair.

In practical use, a project team stymied by a challenge can use TRIZ to analyze a matrix of similar challenges and their solutions.

When TRIZ is used:

TRIZ operates on the idea that someone, somewhere, likely came up with a solution for the challenge you currently face or something similar. Another guiding principle is that contradictions should not be accepted, but rather resolved.

It also provides an answer for those concerned that Six Sigma stifles innovation. TRIZ encourages innovation. As pointed out in a paper on TRIZ conducted by researchers at the University of Belgrade and Metropolitan University in Serbia, not all solutions involving Six Sigma can be found in the process itself.

This “inhibits the ability to identify the control variables. In this case, a methodology that can solve the problem outside of the process boundaries, such as TRIZ, is necessary,” the researchers wrote. Essentially, TRIZ offers a sophisticated, effective tool for clearing roadblocks.

The Benefits of TRIZ:

TRIZ works best in situations where other Six Sigma tools have not accomplished the task. It provides another way to find solutions during the improve phase of the Six Sigma technique DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) or the design phase of DMADV (define, measure, analyze, design, verify).

TRIZ allows project teams to globalize an issue and find examples of how people have solved similar challenges. It’s a bit like the old saying, “There’s no need to reinvent the wheel.” It’s possible that teams won’t have to develop a solution on their own, because it’s already been done. On the other hand, knowing the possible combination of the 40 categories that might apply to a specific issue can also spark new ideas.

How TRIZ works and examples:

TRIZ translates problems from the specific to the generic. It then compares the current challenge with 40 different inventive solutions. This is because in his research, Altshuller found that:

Problems and solutions repeat across industries and sciences. Patterns of technical evolution repeat across industries and sciences. Innovations used scientific effects outside the field where they were developed. It also supplies potential solutions to apparently contradictory issues, such as wanting a more powerful engine that is lighter or wanting something to both operate faster and more accurately.

Most examples for TRIZ involve solving engineering issues, such as the invention of a new type of self-heating container as detailed by TRIZ Journal or creation of automation that can handle the simultaneous filing of 10 interlinked plastic cups with paint.

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A designer must be familiar with modeling machined, cast, and sheet metal parts. He must also know the best method of handling weldments, assemblies, and purchased parts.

Design Process
Overview: A successful machine design requires much more than just creating a part. With all of the possible manufacturing processes, materials and commercial products available, a great amount of thought must go into the design process. Unfortunately, the machine market is too broad to go into specific detail. Because we can can't explain every detail in the machine market, we have shared some of our thoughts and experience that will make your outcome much more successful. The following explains our thoughts that go into each design process phase.

The Problem:
The first step in the design process is to define the problem. Whenever you start a new design, even if it is similar to past designs, you need to define and prioritize the elements of the problem. Subdividing the problem into smaller problems may make it easier to find a solution. After finding solutions to each of the small problems, you integrate them into a single solution.

In machine design, you essentially break the machine into components and design them individually - solve the small problems. You then integrate them to design the machine - solve the large problem. This usually involves a team of designers so communication is very important.

Usually you inherit a design assignment from your supervisor, the Research and Development team or it is self-induced. Next, you determine what your design time is, what are the production numbers and what are your available resources. It is important that you thoroughly understand all aspects of the problem in order to find an acceptable solution.

To understand the problem thoroughly, communicate with all involved parties from the potential operators of the machine to managers. Next, build in artificial barriers for yourself. It is impossible for a designer to know everything about the problem, so you should embark on an investigation to increase your knowledge.

Ask questions! In doing so, you may discover aspects of the problem that you may not otherwise have addressed. This means you have avoided setbacks. As a designer, you don't just want to find the solution to the problem. You want to find the optimum solution.

Ideas:
The Innovative Phase of the design process is possibly the most time consuming part of the design process. This phase may appear to be a waste of time or unproductive. You must think of creating a design that is competitive in the market, cost effective, and innovative. In order to achieve this, you should follow a few ground rules.

First, avoid studying the specifics of the problem just yet. Thinking about the constraints may prevent you from generating ideas. Brew some ideas first, identify the criteria next, then study each of the candidate ideas for a solution.

Generate as many ideas as possible. A common problem among designers is that they proceed to the specific problem-solving stage too quickly, which can be limiting. Working with a small number of ideas can be quite discouraging because many of them may not work. Generate a large pool of ideas before proceeding. You may find that it is not a single idea that solves the problem, but a combination of ideas.

No idea is too crazy. No idea is too complicated. By generating ideas, you get your creative juices flowing. While the first, second, or twenty-third idea may not provide the solution maybe the twenty-fourth does. Brainstorming sessions are very worthwhile - bouncing ideas around with co-workers really helps with creativity. Often the great idea comes two hours after the session, when you're putting a box of frosted flakes in the supermarket basket. And that million-dollar idea is nothing more than a simplified version of the crazy complicated idea mentioned earlier.

Keep a positive attitude. Its true you don't know everything, but you've just learned a lot about the problem in the previous phase. Now that you are thinking creatively, something will click. Don't let yourself be intimidated by criticism. If you do, you may suppress that crazy idea that just might work.

Criteria:
Once you have a good pool of ideas, identify the specific criteria for the problem. You must be very thorough in this phase, so communication is again important. You must be on the same page as the Marketing, Business Development, and any other involved departments.

List out all of the criteria such as cost, the timeline, size, and the working environment. The success of the product hinges on comparing your ideas against this list of constraints.

As you compare each candidate idea with this list, it either does or does not meet the criteria. There is not in-between. If the candidate does not meet the criteria, can it be modified to meet the criteria? If it can not, it is time to throw it out.

Solving the problem does not mean you need to reinvent the wheel. If you can use existing designs or standard parts to decrease the design cycle and not compromise design integrity, do it.

Look at your or your company's past designs. Are there design elements in past projects that can easily improve a candidate idea?

Look at your competitor's products to see how they do it. If you have a competitor, they must be doing something right. You can learn from the way they do things, either right or wrong.

Development:
Identifying the criteria and flushing the impractical ideas leaves you with a core set of plausible ideas. As you are doing this, you are entering the next phase in the design process when you materialize your ideas into concepts. After developing the concepts, evaluate each one to ensure an optimum design. Some designers prefer to sketch a basic layout.

Others create a block assembly of approximate size and shape in the computer. Most designers like to sketch a layout on a coffee napkin over break. (Napkins are a bit cheaper than paper and it gets them away from their desks.) However you materialize your ideas, try to keep the details to a minimum.

This step is important because it gives you a good feel for the size of the machine, makes you aware of general problems that you need to give more thought to, and helps you communicate your ideas to others. This is where you can also delegate some of your workload.

You can even take this step a little farther if you create a basic sketch with some dimensions. Even basic dimensions help in determining bar stock or standard parts required. It gives you a better feel for the size of the machine you are designing.

Evaluation:
Developing the concepts may reveal unforeseen flaws, prompting you to eliminate them. Any remaining concepts should then be compared to the established criteria again.

This time, however, the comparison is much more in depth. Establish the relative importance of each criterion. For a machine in a manufacturing facility, cost is likely to be much more important than appearance. For a consumer product, cost and appearance may be of equal importance.

Next, rate how well each concept satisfies the criteria. This process should reveal the best concept. Selecting the candidate that has the best ratings for the most important criteria ensures an optimum design.

The Solution:
Simply put, there are only three things to be concerned with in this phase: form, fit, and function. Modeling your design in detail, fitting the pieces together, and evaluating the design for proper function are the most enjoyable and rewarding parts of the job.

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Designing with CAD:

CAD Process:

Design requires careful planning during the entire process. Knowing how to use the available tools (In NX, CATIA, etc) is the key to creating successful designs.

Conceptualization:

Before creating your part, it's a good idea to conceptualize your design. Some designers begin with a 2-D layout or even a rough CAD model, which will be redone. Hand-drawn sketches can even be a tremendous advantage in getting started. Many good designs started as a rough sketch on a napkin.

For styled consumer products, many designers sculpt their parts out of clay or Styrofoam before ever attempting to create a CAD model. This can be useful in that you can create a mock-up of your part. You can study this crude prototype to determine both how functional and moldable it is. Quite often, the most obvious molding issues are revealed at this stage. Reshaping your part to make it moldable before starting your CAD model saves valuable time.

Orienting the Part:

The idea behind conceptualizing is to determine how to approach your CAD model. Think about your part in a mold tool. What features does it have and how are they oriented? Can the part be oriented in the mold tool so that there are no undercuts?

By answering these questions, you can determine the draw direction and parting line for your part. Then you have a starting point for your CAD model.

Modeling the Basic Shape:

Typically, you begin your model with a primitive feature, such as a block or cylinder, or by extruding a profile.

With plastic parts, you should first concentrate on modeling the main portion of your part. That is, the overall shape of the part without the individual features. This portion of your model has a nominal, uniform thickness.

Shape your part by adding additional features. Creating sketches to define split profiles is a good approach. You can Pad (Extrude) or Shaft (Revolve) these sketches to Split (Trim) the solid body.

Features such as pads, pockets and slots can also be used to help shape your part. You should already be thinking about Draft. Adding Draft features while creating the model in these early stages saves you time when preparing your model for tool design.

Adding features or padding (extruding) sketches may not always define the desired shape. You may find it necessary to create sheet bodies, surfaces or additional solid bodies.

Doing this allows more flexibility in the way you can define the necessary shape. These bodies are commonly referred to as tools. Use these tools to Split, Trim or Remove material away from your solid body.

You also need to be thinking about Fillets (blends). Use this feature to eliminate the sharp corners of your model. Fillets are normally added after Draft features. It is nearly impossible to add draft to a model using a blended Taper (Draft) feature.

By concentrating on only the basic shape of the part, you can now use the Shell feature to easily give the part a nominal, uniform thickness.

Adding Features:

Now you can begin adding features such as snaps, ribs, and bosses. The reason for holding off on these features until now is that they typically have a thickness smaller than the nominal thickness. The Shell (Hollow) feature is used to define the nominal thickness, so these features should be added after the Shell feature.

Evaluating the Design:

Once you have completed your model, you need to check it. You can use operations such as Measure Between (CATIA) or Analysis - Distance (NX) to verify the thickness in different areas. Doing this gives you a chance to catch anything you might have missed. Correcting thickness problems allows you to avoid having to deal with sink marks after the part has started a test production run.

In NX Face Analysis on the Analysis Shape toolbar is another key tool for analysing your part. Draft Analysis (CATIA) is another key tool for analyzing your part. This allows you to graphically note the draft angles. It can be quite easy to forget to draft some faces of your model.

Identifying problem areas on your model is an important step in the design process. Once a mold tool is cut, it can be quite expensive to modify. Carefully scrutinizing your design can easily save thousands of dollars.

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What is Design Specifications?

A specification (singular) consists of a metric and a value. For example, "average time to assemble" is a metric, while "less than 75 seconds" is the value of this metric. Note that the value may take on several forms, including a particular number, a range, or an inequality. Values are always labeled with the appropriate units (e.g., seconds, kilograms, joules). Together, the metric and value form a specification. The product specifications (plural) are simply the set of the individual specifications.

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Design in Context (Top-down Modeling):

Overview:

There are many advantages to top-down modeling, the greatest being the ability to design or edit in the context of the assembly structure. It is important to understand the following concepts when using design-in-context principles:

- Define the new component before creating any parametric geometry when possible.

- Sketching in the context of an assembly.

- Switching back and forth between top-down and bottom-up methods.

- Creating sub-assembly files.

Switching Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up:

You can use a combination of top-down and bottom-up methods in defining the assembly structure. You can also use a combination of these methods in designing and editing individual component geometry.

For example, in an existing assembly, you create a new component and a "black box" shape to define its location and overall size within the assembly structure. You can save this part, close the assembly, and design the detail of the component part using bottom-up methods. The combination of methods provides the best of both worlds: top-down for positioning and evaluating size restrictions and bottom-up for detailing the component without having to work with the entire assembly.

Creating Sub-assembly Files:

Remember, components are the piece parts making-up an assembly. These piece parts can be used in multiple assemblies and multiple sub-assemblies. Therefore, it is always a good idea for each unique piece part to have its own part file. Even these piece parts can have their own component piece parts.

For example, a coupling may be a piece part in a large machine assembly but the coupling also has its own components (plates, shafts, and hardware). The coupling is an assembly itself and a sub-assembly in a larger assembly.

The piece parts in the coupling assembly should not be added directly to the machine assembly as components. Instead, create an empty file to act as the coupling assembly file, such as coupling-assy, and add all of the related coupling components to this file. Now coupling-assy can be added to a larger assembly as a sub-assembly.

When you add a sub-assembly to an existing assembly, all of the components are added as well. In terms of design-in-context concepts, use the Insert| New Product to create sub-assembly files before adding or designing new components. Doing it this way creates a sub-assembly structure that is much easier to manage and manipulate than if you simply add the components to the top level assembly. Be careful of using the Insert | New Component to create a sub-assembly. If you do this, the sub-assembly only exists within that individual Product file and cannot be accessed by other CATIA Product files.

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Creating a Bottom-Up Assembly:

Path: Insert | Existing Component

Key Points:

This technique is similar to building a toy with 'some assembly required.' The necessary components are already available; you just need to put them together.

Prerequisites:

You should be in the Assembly Design workbench.
Adding a Component to an Assembly Using Bottom-Up Techniques

1. Open bottom_up\bottom_up.CATProduct.

2. Select Insert | Existing Component. CATIA prompts you to select a product component to add the existing component to.

3. Pick Bottom-Up Assembly. The File Selection dialog displays.

4. Navigate to the required folder and open bottom_up\cu_bolt.CATPart.

5. Position the component using either the Positioning Compass or by selecting Edit | Move | Manipulate. To hide the component planes from view, expand the appropriate branch of the tree to reveal the planes and View | Hide them in the same manner.

6. Add the bolt three more times using the same process.

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Creating a Top-Down Assembly:

Path: Insert | New Part

Use this to:

Create an assembly without all of the components in place. This allows you to start the product design of a component from scratch.
Create new components in an existing assembly. This allows you to consider size, space, or interference limitations.

Prerequisites:

You should be in the Assembly Design Workbench.

Creating an Assembly Using Top-Down Techniques

1. Select File | New. The New dialog displays.

2. Select Product from the list and click OK to create the assembly.

3. Pick the product from the Specification tree, then select Edit | Properties and change the part number to top_down_assembly, the revision level to A, and the description to Assembly, Top Down.

4. Refer to the next process, Creating a New Component Using Top-Down Techniques to create components in this assembly.

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Creating a New Component Using Top-Down Techniques:

1. Use the product you created in the previous Try It.

2. Select Insert | New Part. CATIA prompts you to select a component to add the new part to.

3. In the Specification Tree, pick the product. The new part is added to the Specification Tree and displays in the Graphics Window. Since this is the first part, the part's origin is automatically positioned at the assembly's origin.

4. Select Edit | Properties and change the part number to first_part, the revision level to A, and the description to Part, First.

5. Add a second part to the assembly. Select Insert | New Part. CATIA prompts you to select a component to add the new part to.

6. Pick the product name in the Specification Tree. Click No to set the origin of the new part to be the same as the origin of the assembly.

7. The new part is added to the Specification Tree and displays in the Graphics Window.

8. Select Edit | Properties and change the part number to second_part, the revision level to A, and the description to Part, Second.

9. Pick a new part in the Specification Tree, then expand it. Double–click on the Part to begin modeling in context of the assembly. (Make sure you pick the part and not the instance of the part.)

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English Idioms & Expressions

2019-12-10T20:07:00.003+00:00

Spring

2019-11-13T13:55:00.011+00:00

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Weldments

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Weldments:
Industries commonly use weldments as an alternative to cast or machined parts. A welded steel structure is generally stronger and more rigid than a cast iron structure because the tensile strength of steel is approximately twice that of cast iron. In addition, castings generally include extra thickness to allow for defective material or shifting cores. The higher strength to weight ratio of a weldment is clearly a benefit where weight or strength is a concern. Also, the added cost and time to create a mold and pattern for a casting can be less cost effective than the added processing time to manufacture a weldment in small number production runs. Creating a weldment involves more than just slapping pieces of steel together. The manufacturing personnel must cut materials to size, prepare them for welding through cleaning or grinding, assemble, weld, and finally relieve the weldment of stress deformation caused by heating and cooling. Therefore, you should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of using a weldment in your design.

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Differences between Welding and Brazing:

A brazed joint is made in a completely different manner from a welded joint. The first big difference is in temperature – brazing does not melt the base metals. This means that brazing temperatures are invariably lower than the melting points of the base metals. Brazing temperatures are also significantly lower than welding temperatures for the same base metals, using less energy.
If brazing doesn’t fuse the base metals, how does it join them? It works by creating a metallurgical bond between the filler metal and the surfaces of the two metals being joined. The principle by which the filler metal is drawn through the joint to create this bond is capillary action. In a brazing operation, you apply heat broadly to the base metals. The filler metal is then brought into contact with the heated parts. It is melted instantly by the heat in the base metals and drawn by capillary action completely through the joint. This is how a brazed joint is made.
Brazing applications include electronics/electrical, aerospace, automotive, HVAC/R, construction and more. Examples range from air conditioning systems for automobiles to highly sensitive jet turbine blades to satellite components to fine jewelry. Brazing offers a significant advantage in applications that require joining of dissimilar base metals, including copper and steel as well as non-metals such as tungsten carbide, alumina, graphite and diamond.
Comparative Advantages. First, a brazed joint is a strong joint. A properly made brazed joint (like a welded joint) will in many cases be as strong or stronger than the metals being joined. Second, the joint is made at relatively low temperatures, ranging from about 1150°F to 1600°F (620°C to 870°C).
Most significant, the base metals are never melted. Since the base metals are not melted, they can typically retain most of their physical properties. This base metal integrity is characteristic of all brazed joints, including both thin- and thick-section joints. Also, the lower heat minimizes danger of metal distortion or warping. Consider too, that lower temperatures require less heat – a significant cost-saving factor.
Another important advantage of brazing is the ease of joining dissimilar metals using flux or flux-cored/coated alloys. If you don’t have to melt the base metals to join them, it doesn’t matter if they have widely different melting points. You can braze steel to copper as easily as steel to steel. Welding is a different story because you must melt the base metals to fuse them. This means that if you try to weld copper (melting point 1981°F/1083°C) to steel (melting point 2500°F/1370°C), you must employ rather sophisticated and expensive welding techniques. The total ease of joining dissimilar metals through conventional brazing procedures means you can select whatever metals are best suited to the function of the assembly, knowing you’ll have no problem joining them no matter how widely they vary in melting temperatures.
Also, a brazed joint has a smooth, favorable appearance. There is a night-and-day comparison between the tiny, neat fillet of a brazed joint and the thick, irregular bead of a welded joint. This characteristic is especially important for joints on consumer products, where appearance is critical. A brazed joint can almost always be used “as is,” without any finishing operations needed – another cost savings.
Brazing offers another significant advantage over welding in that operators can usually acquire brazing skills faster than welding skills. The reason lies in the inherent difference between the two processes. A linear welded joint must be traced with precise synchronization of heat application and deposition of filler metal. A brazed joint, on the other hand, tends to “make itself” through capillary action. In fact, a considerable portion of the skill involved in brazing is rooted in the design and engineering of the joint. The comparative speed of highly skilled operator training is an important cost factor.
Finally, brazing is relatively easy to automate. The characteristics of the brazing process – broad heat applications and ease of filler metal positioning – help eliminate the potential for problems. There are many ways to heat the joint automatically, many forms of brazing filler metal and many ways to deposit them so that a brazing operation can easily be automated for almost any level of production.

Welding of EN24T:

We have identified an issue with all tools manufactured using welded EN24T material in that this particular material is impossible to weld in the correct conditions.

So we’ve begun a plan to re-design the few existing tools we have in this condition to remove the need to weld.

I am a big fan of brazing where stress considerations allow. For 2 main reasons:

As you say it is much easier to repair.
It creates much lower thermal stress so avoids stress relief in most cases. In the 1970’s and 1980’s when I used to work on racing motorcycles, most of the modifications and repairs we did were brazed, just welded the high strength tubes.

You can get brazing alloys with strengths of 500 MPa plus, a well-designed braze can outperform a weld in many ways.

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Stress-relieving after welding:
Stress-relieving is the process generally specified after welding of most materials. Removing or reducing the residual stresses generated by welding is required for improving the dimensional stability of weldments. In certain applications, internal residual stresses can sum up with those generated by externally applied loads. Then, if the yield strength of the material is exceeded, unacceptable plastic deformations will occur.

Non symmetrical machining may need to be performed on welded assemblies. Then, following material removal, the redistribution of internal stresses may cause unwanted distortions.
Furthermore, without Stress-relieving, the material may suffer from service problems such as stress corrosion cracking. Stress-relieving occurs by diffusion of atoms within solid materials. Naturally, the material slowly approaches its equilibrium state. Heat, if supplied, will increase the rate of diffusion by providing additional energy.
The movement of atoms has the effect of redistributing and eliminating linear imperfections, called dislocations, in crystalline arrays. This alteration allows metals to deform more easily, so that their ductility is improved. The relief of internal stresses is a thermo-dynamically spontaneous process. However, at room temperatures, it is a very slow process.
Stress-relieving should always be considered:
Residual Internal Stresses can be reduced or removed either thermally or mechanically.
At higher temperatures the process will occur with an accelerated pace. The treatment is not intended to produce significant changes in material structures or mechanical properties. Therefore it is normally restricted to relatively low temperatures.
Most commonly thermal Stress-relieving is applied by heating the welded part in a furnace.
At elevated temperature the yield strength of materials is reduced, relative to that at room temperature. Since the residual stress cannot exceed the yield stress, plastic flow will reduce the excess to the level of yield strength at that temperature.
In other words, a significant reduction of residual stresses is possible by heating weldments. As materials are weaker at higher temperatures, (remember "Strike while the iron is hot"), plastic yield will occur. For steels such a temperature is around 620 °C (1150 °F). Most Stress-relieving operations are carried out in air furnaces.
In air, alloys are subject to discoloration or scaling depending on the alloy and temperature used. Post-treatment cleaning or scale removal treatments are therefore often required. Time dependent stress relaxation will further reduce most of remaining residual stresses.
A rule of thumb requires that the time of the metal at temperature be at least one hour per 2.5 cm (1 inch) of thickness. At higher temperatures the time required to reach a given lower stress level is shorter.
Stress-relieving may be skipped if other specialized thermal treatments are planned for other reasons. For very large parts it may be unpractical and most expensive to find a suitable large enough furnace and the Stress-relieving treatment risks to become very costly. In those cases heating may be performed locally near the welds with a gas flame torch, or using resistance heated blankets or by induction systems heating. (See Videos further down this page).
The local strains that produce high residual stresses can also be eliminated by plastic deformation at room temperature. Sheet metal, plates and extrusions may be stretched beyond the yield stress to relieve by yielding the differential strains. In other cases a working operation generating a different residual stress distribution may be superposed.
It will modify and correct the pattern of the original residual stresses to a more favorable equilibrium. Such may be rolling or shot peening that are known to introduce compressive stresses.
In certain applications, like in the welding of tool steels, it is recommended to peen the weld while it is still hot to reduce the level of dangerous tensile stresses. Manually applied mechanical systems are available, intended to peen welds in large constructions to reduce the residual stresses.
See Ultrasonic Impact Treatment at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_impact_treatment
Another form of mechanical Stress-relieving is called VSR or Vibratory Stress Relieving.
The induced vibration level, to be effective, should be in the lower, or sub-harmonic, portion of the harmonic curve, just before the amplitude quickly rises and reaches the part's natural resonance. It is at the right frequency that the vibration has the greatest dampening effect, at which point it removes the stresses caused by welding.
A list of downloadable Articles on Vibratory Stress Relief is available at:
http://www.vsrtechnology.net/resources/library-articles/
See an article showing typical applications of induction heating for Stress-relieving:
Welders Turn To Induction Heating For Preheating, Stress-Relieving
http://www.millerwelds.com/resources/articles/index?page=articles24.html
On this subject, an article introducing ASM Handbook Volume 4C on Induction Heating and Heat Treatment was published (2) in Issue 136 of Practical Welding Letter for December 2014.
Click on PWL#136 to see it.

Weld Types:

There are an overwhelming number of welding processes used in industry today, but the most common are gas, electrical arc (including wire-feed), and resistance. Of those processes, the two most common weld types are the Bevel weld and the Fillet weld. It is important for you to know what type of weld is to be used so that preparatory operations, such as chamfers or grooves, can be modeled on parts as needed.

Selection of Stock:

There are many commercially available steel forms that should be used whenever possible to avoid weldments. A standard piece of I-beam stock is cheaper and in most cases stronger than an equivalent weldment.

Machining Weldments:

In situations where you need to machine a welded member, placing the weld outside of the machined area increases tool life, reduces the machined surface deformation, and produces a more appealing surface finish.

Modeling Weldments:

Weldments occasionally create a problem for new designers because of its very nature. How do you handle a project that is neither a true assembly, nor a component that you machine or cast as one piece? Using CATIA also poses a unique challenge; you cannot store geometry in the assembly file. To address this issue, there are a couple of different methods for creating weldments; the one you use ultimately depends on the standards set by your company.

Modeling a Weldment as a Complete Part:

Some situations might allow you to model a weldment as a single complete part. An example of this situation might be for a lever that connects two shafts. The part shown in this figure would be an excellent candidate for a casting. Although, if demand calls for a small production run, a weldment is the wise choice. The main disadvantage to modeling the weldment as a single part is that it is difficult to detail the individual pieces of the weldment on a drawing, and tracking the drawing number of initial parts that make up the weldment is not possible.

Creating Multiple Bodies in One Part File:

Many companies allow designers to model the multiple bodies of a weldment in a single part file. This technique can be used in order to simplify a situation, such as a support bracket. Depending on your approach, the bodies can be associative to the original parts. Be advised that using this method to create a weldment, consisting of a large number of complex parts, can cause large file sizes, which, in turn, decrease computer performance. Also, depending on where components are modeled, (absolute vehicle position or at the origin of the part), you may need to relocate the bodies to their assembled locations.

Creating a Weldment from an Assembly:

Another method of creating a weldment is to create all of the pieces in individual CATPart files, and then constrain them together in an assembly.

However, in the case of a weldment assembly, you cannot perform secondary operations to an assembly, so a final step is to create a CATPart (the weldment file) from this assembly, using the command: Generate CATPart from Product. This method allows you to create detail drawings of each component and is well suited for instances where the weldment must display the physical welds. However, to create the weldment file, you lose associativity to the original parts.

Creating a Weldment Assembly:

The most popular method of creating a weldment is to create all of the pieces in individual component files and, using the Master Model concept, mate them together in an assembly. This method allows you to create detail drawings of each component and is well suited for instances where the components must have preparatory machining performed.

Performing Secondary Operations on Weldments:

In many cases, you must drill holes, machine surfaces to an acceptable tolerance, or perform other secondary operations to a finished weldment. This is not a problem if you create the weldment as an individual part. However, in the case of a weldment assembly, you can not perform secondary operations to a component. Actually, NX has created two provisions for just that situation: Promote and WAVE Geometry Linker.

Promote Command:

Promote a component to a solid body within an assembly in order to perform operations that are secondary to a weldment.

Q: If a hole is created through a weldment after promoting the components, does that hole become part of the original component file?

A: No. Any operations performed on a promoted body do not affect the original component file however changes to the original component file do appear on the promoted body.

NOTE: Use WAVE Geometry Linker as a better alternative to Promote.

Weldments Using WAVE Geometry Linker:

Link the solid bodies of weldment components into the assembly file in order to unite the bodies and perform secondary operations.

Using WAVE Geometry Linker in conjunction with a mated assembly is the most effective and parametric method of creating a weldment. This method allows you to create detailed drawings of weldment components, conform to the Master Model concept, and perform subsequent operations to a weldment within an assembly. This is the recommended method to use in all cases.

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Weldment Symbols:

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Do not weld these type of high grade steels:

Components must be manufactured from solid or be a bolted assembly:

817M40T 1.6582 EN24T

722M24 1.8516 EN40B

S960QL

Aim to use common steels :

S235/S355/E355 EN10210

S275/E275 EN10219

17-4PH 1.4542 stainless

BS EN10088-1, 2 or 3 - 304, 314 & 316 L

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Trading & Investment

2019-09-17T20:55:00.113+01:00

:پلی لیست مبانی سرمایه‌گذاری در انگلیس

پلی لیست مبانی سرمایه‌گذاری در انگلیس

:کسب بالاترین سود با حداقل دانش سرمایه‌گذاری در بازار بورس انگلیس و جهان S&P500

ETF: Exchange-Traded Fund

Vanguard S&P500 ETF (VOO) - Index Fund

ISA (Individual Savings Account): 20,000 Pounds per year

Trading 212 App

Free Trade App

+500 App

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Trading 212:

VUAG: Vanguard S&P 500 UCITS ETF (USD Accumulating).

FWRG: Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF.

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:بهترین استراتژی رشد سرمایه در بریتانیا, رسیدن به آزادی مالی

:سرمایه‌گذاری بلندمدت در انگلیس با خرید سهام ای‌تی‌اف - Invest Engine

:تجربه کارت خرید Trading 212

:بهترین تصمیم مالی قبل از ۶ آوریل در بریتانیا

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دوستان به هیچ عنوان برای فارکس عجله نکنید و حتما در حساب دمو 100 درصد کار کنین تا کاملا مهارت کسب کنید و کاملا با بازار فارکس و طرز ترید کردن اشنا بشین این بازار با هیچکسی شوخی نداره و تمام تازه واردها در این بازار 100 درصد بازنده هستن اگر آموزشها شون رو کامل یاد نگیرن من خودم به شخصه یکی از همون بازنده های فارکس هستم پس شما هم مثل من خواهش میکنم عجله نداشته باشین من یک هفته با حساب دمو کار کردم فکر میکردم دیگه استاد شدم و وقتی با پول واقعی ترید کردم تازه فهمیدم که خیلی عقبم و اصلا چیزی از این بازار نمیدانم به همین خاطر 100 دلار براحتی در عرض 30 دقیقه از دست دادم و خیلی ناراحت باز هم به حساب دمو برگشتم و 10 روز دیگه با حساب دمو کار کردم و بعد از 10 روز دوباره با پول واقعی شروع کردم و اینبار بجای 30 دقیقه در عرض 10 دقیقه 150 دلار دیگه از دست دادم و فقط فرق بین سری اول با دوم این بود که در سری دوم زمان کمتری از دست دادم برای باخت بیشتر پس فکر نکنین فارکس به همین راحتی هاست کلیک میکنید و 30 ثانیه بعد 92 دلار پول بحسابتون میاد از این خبرها نیست پس اگر میخواین در این بازار برنده باشین نیاز دارین که ماه ها سخت تمرین کنید در حساب دمو و تمام استراتژیها رو هزاران بار و در زمانهای مختلف امتحان کنید تا 100 درصد فارکس رو بشناسید .

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:هشت ویژگی اساسی یک معامله گرمنظم و موفق

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Charts:

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What is a pip?

The unit of measurement to express the change in value between two currencies is called a “pip.”

A "pip" is the smallest whole increment in any forex pair.

For pairs quoted in 3 decimal points a pip increment is based on the second decimal.

For pairs quoted in 5 decimal points a pip increment is based on the fourth decimal, like the EUR/USD below.

If EUR/USD moves from 1.1050 to 1.1051, that .0001 USD rise in value is ONE PIP.

A pip is usually the last decimal place of a price quote.

Most pairs go out to 4 decimal places, but there are some exceptions like Japanese yen pairs (they go out to two decimal places).

For example, for EUR/USD, it is 0.0001, and for USD/JPY, it is 0.01.

Example:

EUR/USD: A movement from 1.362(9)8 to 1.363(0)8 is a 1 pip move.

In USD/JPY, a movement from 104.4(7)1 to 104.4(8)1 is 1 pip.

So how much is a pip worth? This is determined by the currency of your account, the pair you are trading and the position size of your trade.

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Pending Orders:

حمایت و مقاومت چیست؟

در تحلیل تکنیکی سطوح کف و سطوح سقف روند توسط اسامی مناسب شان مشخص می شوند. سطوح کف، سطوح حمایت؛ و سطوح سقف، سطوح مقاومت هستند. این سطوح محوطه هایی هستند که اکثر معامله گران در آنها خواهان خرید یا فروش یک دارائی هستند۰

سطح حمایت، محوطه هایی را نشان می دهد در آنها تمایل به خرید بالا است و از فشار فروش بیشتر است. قیمت در این سطح برای خرید بسیار جذاب است و اکثر معامله گران در زمانیکه قیمت به یک سطح حمایت می رسد اقدام به خرید می نمایند۰

سطح مقاومت، محوطه هایی را نشان می دهد که در آن تمایل به فروش بالا است و از فشار خرید بیشتر است. معامله گران مایلند در این سطح اقدام به فروش کنند و زمانیکه قیمت به این محوطه می رسد دارائی مورد نظرشان را به فروش برسانند۰‌‌‌

:نحوۀ ترسیم خطوط حمایت و مقاومت

سطوح حمایت و مقاومت یک بخش اساسی از تحلیل تکنیکی است که برای تشخیص روند و اتخاذ تصمیمات معاملاتی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. این سطوح روندها را مورد سنجش قرار می دهند و آنها را تائید می کنند و باید توسط هر معامله گری که تحلیل تکنیکی را بکار می برد مورد استفاده قرار گیرند۰

سطح حمایت توسط خطی نشان داده می شود که نقاط کف قیمتی در گذشته را به هم وصل می کند. این خط بسته به روند اصلی (جهت غالب حرکات قیمت) می تواند توسط یک خط افقی یا یک خط شیب دار نشان داده شود۰

اگر روند، صعودی باشد خط روندی که کف های قیمتی را بهم وصل می کند به عنوان یک حمایت با شیب مثبت در نظر گرفته می شود۰اگر روند افقی باشد خط روند تحتانی به عنوان یک حمایت افقی در نظر گرفته می شود۰

سطح مقاومت توسط خطی که اوج های قیمتی را بهم وصل می کند مشخص می شود. سطح مقاومت بسته به روند اصلی می تواند توسط یک خط افقی یا یک خط شیب دار نشان داده شود۰

خط روندی که در یک روند نزولی نقاط اوج قیمتی را بهم وصل می کند، به عنوان یک مقاومت با یک شیب منفی در نظر گرفته می شود۰

در یک روند افقی، خط روند فوقانی به عنوان یک مقاومت افقی در نظر گرفته می شود۰

Sell Stop & Sell Limit:

For Pending Order (Sell), there are two types of Sell Order:

Sell Limit (Above the price)
Sell Stop (Below the Price)

Buy Stop & Buy Limit:

For Pending Order (Buy), there are two types of Buy order: :

Buy Limit (Below the price)
Buy Stop (Above the price)

Example:

EUR/USD:

The current price is 0.81538 and when the price reach to 0.82777 you want to place a Pending Order (Sell).

The broker buys it from you at the price of 0.81538 (Bid) - You are the seller
The broker sells it to you at the price of 0.81578 (Ask) - You are the buyer
If you want to buy, you have to set your Stop Loss below the current price
If you want to buy, you have to set your Take Profit above the current price
If you want to sell, you have to set your Stop Loss above the current price
If you want to sell, you have to set your Take Profit below the current price

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:رفتار قیمت بصورت امواج

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:رفتار قیمت بصورت امواج

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:خطوط روند

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حمایت و مقاومت چیست؟

:نحوۀ ترسیم خطوط حمایت و مقاومت

در یک روند افقی، خط روند فوقانی به عنوان یک مقاومت افقی در نظر گرفته می شود۰

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Financial Basics

2019-09-16T09:06:00.004+01:00

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Clamping Mechanisms

2019-08-21T17:37:00.122+01:00

Screw Jack:

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Clamping:

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Spring Loaded Supporter - MM00015946:

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Pusher Mechanisms - EDM Fixture (RRT086992):

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Correct clamping on the root end:

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Clamping and vertical push pins:

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Clamping and vertical push pins:

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Wedge Pusher Mechanism:

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General Engineering

2019-06-12T22:48:00.063+01:00

Isotropic Material:

This type of material has the same properties in any or all directions and is independent of the coordinate system. An Isotropic material is the most commonly used material type. Mild steel, high strength steel, and aluminum the most commonly used materials in automotive parts, are all isotropic materials.

Orthotropic Materials:

This material type uses three planes (XY, YZ and XZ), having different properties in each of these planes at any given location on the model (Different properties in X-, Y- and Z- directions). Use this type for plate and shell elements. They are used in composites or laminates with oriented fibers. If you use the Orthotropic type, the XC-YC plane should be parallel to the 2D mesh when the material is applied to the mesh.
Orthotropic materials are a subset of anisotropic materials; their properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. Orthotropic materials have three planes/axes of symmetry.

Anisotropic Material:

This type of material has different properties in each direction at any given location which are used for composites or laminates with oriented fibers. An isotropic material, in contrast, has the same properties in every direction.

Example (wood):

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Stress - Strain Diagram:

Poisson Ratio - Length Change:

3D State of Stress at a Point:

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Ductile to Brittle Transform Temperature:

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Von Mises Stress vs Principal Stress:

While both are stress measurements used in engineering, "von Mises stress" is a calculated scalar value representing the combined effect of all principal stresses at a point, typically used to predict yielding in ductile materials, whereas "principal stress" refers to the maximum and minimum normal stresses acting on a material along specific planes, often used to analyze potential failure points in brittle materials; essentially, von Mises stress provides a single value to assess overall stress state, while principal stress gives information about the individual stress components along specific directions.

Application:

Von Mises stress is primarily used for ductile materials like metals where significant deformation occurs before failure, while principal stress is more relevant for brittle materials where failure happens with minimal deformation.

Calculation:

Von Mises stress is calculated using a formula that combines all three principal stresses, creating a single scalar value, whereas principal stresses are the individual maximum and minimum normal stresses at a point.

Interpretation:

A high von Mises stress indicates a high likelihood of yielding in a ductile material, while a high principal stress could signify a potential fracture point in a brittle material.

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Static Failure Theories:

Stress & Strength:

Stress Concentration Factor:

Factor of Safety:

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Center of Gravity:

Horsepower, Torque and RPM Formulas:

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The Periodic Table of the Elements:

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PRISM OF TRIZ:

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Limit Gauges (Go/No-Go Gauge):

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THEORETICAL & PHYSICAL APPLICATION OF DATUM FEATURE SIMULATORS:

This Standard defines engineering specifications relative to theoretical datums established from theoretical datum feature simulators.

In the practical application, measurements cannot be made from datums or datum feature simulators which are theoretical, therefore simulated datums are established using physical datum feature simulators.

For example, machine tables and surface plates, though not true planes, are of such quality that the planes derived from them are used to establish the simulated datums from which measurements are taken and dimensions verified. See figure below:

Also, for example, ring and plug gages, and mandrels, though not true cylinders, are of such quality that their axes are used as simulated datums from which measurements are taken and dimensions verified.

When magnified surfaces of manufactured parts are seen to have irregularities, contact is made with a datum feature simulator at a number of surface extremities or high points. The principles in this Standard are based on theoretical datum feature simulators and do not take into account any tolerances or error in the physical datum feature simulators.

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Technical History (Documenting):

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General Information

2019-04-16T10:53:00.103+01:00

JLM Diesel DPF Cleaner 375ml:

Product information:

All modern cars with a diesel engine have a diesel particulate filter. The filter captures incompletely combusted fuel (soot) from the engine that would otherwise end up in the environment. In the course of time the filter becomes full. The car's electronics ensure that this soot is burned during motorway driving or when the engine is under a heavy load. This is known as regeneration.

However, many cars only make short journeys as a result of which the engine is hardly under any load at all. As a result, regeneration does not occur and soot continues to accumulate in the diesel particulate filter. Eventually the filter becomes blocked, the orange warning light with the diesel particulate filter symbol lights up on the dashboard and the car has to be taken to the garage.

JLM Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner solves this specific problem. There is no need to dismantle the diesel particulate filter. This saves time and therefore money. Add the contents of a bottle to a full tank of fuel and drive the car again. The cleaner ensures that the soot in the diesel particulate filter burns at a low speed, when the engine is under a light load and even during short journeys.

On top of this JLM Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner reduces the HC and CO emissions and soot emissions by no less than 20 percent. A can of cleaner could be the difference between passing and failing the MOT test. In addition, JLM Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner ensures that fewer soot particles are deposited in the filter, meaning that the customer visits the workshop less often. JLM Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner also conditions the engine and diesel particulate filter for a longer period of time with better performance and lower fuel consumption as a result.

Conventional cleaners contain iron to initiate the regeneration process. JLM Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner comprises a high concentration of a patented platinum-cerium compound. The combination of platinum and cerium ensures, in the first instance, significantly improved regeneration and cleaning of the diesel particulate filter compared with conventional cleaners. The higher the concentration of platinum the better the regeneration.

Because JLM cleaners contain less iron than other manufacturers' cleaners there is also a smaller build-up of ash in the diesel particulate filter. As a result, the service life of the filter is prolonged. Other manufacturers add more iron to the additive to achieve the same results and advantages as JLM. The result is an increase in the amount of ash in the filter, which means that the filter has to be cleaned more often and does not last as long.

For this reason, manufacturers of conventional cleaners reduce the amount of iron in the additive. This results in a drastic decrease in the regeneration performance. This is why you should use JLM Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner. JLM Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner restores the exhaust system and with it the fuel consumption, power and emission of exhaust gases to the original factory condition. JLM Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner is proven to be suitable for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and heavy duty diesel retrofit systems.

Once the filter has been cleaned using Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner it can be preventively maintained using Diesel DPF ReGen Plus 100 ml.

Benefits:

Rapid regeneration
Cleaning without dismantling
High engine speed not necessary for cleaning
Lower fuel consumption
Less ash accumulation in filter. Longer service life
Fewer visits to the workshop
Lower maintenance costs
Lower repair costs
Complies with VERT and EPA standards

How to use:

Add 375 ml JLM DPF Cleaner to 60 liters of diesel fuel before or after re-fueling. Adding JLM DPF Cleaner to the diesel tank every 10,000 kilometers (6,000 miles) and every servicing will ensure that the filter can be regenerated fully, whatever the DPF type and whatever the driving conditions (depending on soot load, filter condition and age).

JLM DPF Cleaner
=====================================================

چطور از فروش ۱۰ دوچرخه در استرالیا به ۱۰ هزار تا در سال رسیدم؟

=====================================================

How to Start a Car with Jack and Rope:

=======================================================

Rear Wheel-Bearing - TOYOTA Yaris:

=======================================================

همانطور که از تصویرمشخص است، دور کاپوت خط شکسته وجود دارد. بنابراین بغل کاپوت جریان شدید هوا بوجود میاید و باعث اغتشاش و تربولانس تو سرعت بالا ودرنتیجه موجب مصرف سوخت بالا با سرعت گرفتن می شود

=======================================================

========================================================

چرا این ایده در ساخت ماشین لباسشویی به فکر کسی نرسیده بود؟

یک تغییر ساده در طراحی و ساخت ماشین لباسشویی وزن آن را کاهش می‌دهد، باعث کاهش مصرف انرژی و تولید گاز دی اکسید کربن و حتی کاهش کمردرد می‌شود

هر ماشین لباسشویی معمولا حاوی ۲۵ کیلو بتن است که وقتی ماشین با دور تند مشغول آب‌گیری است در جای خود ثابت بماند و جابجا نشود

اما اکنون فکر تازه‌ای برای این قطعه بتن شده است، به جای آن یک ظرف پلاستیکی خالی قرار می‌گیرد. به این ترتیب وزن ماشین لباسشویی تا یک سوم کاهش پیدا می‌کند، حمل و نقل و جابجا کردن آن راحت‌تر و ارزان‌تر می‌شود و وقتی ماشین لباسشویی در جای خود مستقر شد ظرف پلاستیکی با آب پر می‌شود تا نقش لنگر را بازی کند

طراحی تازه نتیجه کار یک شرکت طراحی مهندسی به نام توچی است که در کنار محققان دانشگاه ناتینگهام ترنت بریتانیا در باره ایده‌های نو در تولید وسایل خانه فعالیت می‌کنند

http://www.bbc.com/persian/science-40825047

==========================================================

Make a Power Driver with 3D Printer:

=======================================================

:پدیده هیدروپلنینگ

=======================================================

Lifting Equipment:

=======================================================

Bypass Electric Meter Reading:

=======================================================

:تخته برش آشپزخانه

:برای پیداکردن موارد مناسب، این عبارات را در گوگل سرچ بفرمایید

.گاهی در ایران «تخته ملامین» هم نامیده می‌شوند PE500 تخته های ساخته شده از پلاستیک فشرده

HDPE فروش تخته آشپزخانه

PE500 خرید تخته آشپزخانه پلی اتیلن فشرده

فروش تخته کار تفلون

فروش تخته آشپزخانه تفلون

HDPE فروش تخته گوشت

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:همه چیز در مورد چاقو، مهمترین ابزار آشپزی حرفه ای

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گوجه، خیار، کدو،بادمجان وقارچ

85 - 220 Grams

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Tesla vs Edison:

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Online Movies:

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Wall Tiling:

==================================================

:فلسفه انسانهای شکست ناپذیر و روشی که مارا نیزشکست ناپذیر میکند

=======================================================

:اقامت رایگان در تمام نقاط دنیا با کوچ سرفینگ

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:تاریخچه ونگارد یکی از سه شرکت مالک ثروت های زمین

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:کرنلیوس وندربیلت، بی رحم ترین تاجر دنیا

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:اندرو کارنگی، کارفرمایی بی رحم که بعنوان یکی از سازندگان آمریکا شناخته شد

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:جی پی مورگان، مردی که جلوی سقوط دولت آمریکا را گرفت

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:مردانی که آمریکا را ساختند

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:لیبرالیسم و طبقه کارگر؛ با حضور موسی غنی‌نژاد و مهدی تدینی

========================================================

:سخنرانی خاویر میلی در مجمع جهانی اقتصاد

سخنرانی آتشین خاویر میلی در داووس: غرب «در خطر» است!

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Using Data Roaming Abroad:

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Extendable Dining Table:

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Plastic over molding:

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Taxes in UK:

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NX - Fan Blade Project

2016-03-30T00:32:00.010+01:00

Objectives

To create a Fan Blade using basic and advanced features. Surface development, using sheet bodies, is necessary to manage a challenging draft issue.

Overview

You will use Sketch, Ruled Surface, Trim Body, and Extract to develop the model.

Prerequisites

If there is difficulty finding the feature or command please type it in to the Command Finder to find its pathway with in NX.

Instructions:

Step 1:

Create a new millimeter file called fan_blade.prt using a Model template.

Step 2:

Press the W key to hide the display of the WCS.

Step 3:

Create a Cylinder with a diameter of 39 and height of 21.5 in the positive Z direction.

Step 4:

Create a Sketch on the XY plane as shown.

Step 5:

Extrude the sketch 40 in the positive Z direction with a 1.0 degree draft using From Start Limit. Do not unite the two solids.

Step 6:

Create another Sketch on the XZ plane. Be sure the orientation of the sketch is altered as shown.

Create and constrain the following curves. The reference line is used to define a tangent constraint with the arc. The reference line should also contain a Constant Length constraint.

Step 7:

Select Curve tab > Derived Curve group > Derived Curve gallery > Section Curve to create a section cutting through the indicated arc, with the YZ plane. This should produce a point.

Step 8:

Create a Datum Plane using the XZ plane and section point just created.

Step 9:

Create a Sketch on the Datum Plane just created oriented as shown.

Constrain two arcs using the following constraints. The 15 dimension measures the location the two arcs meet.

Step 10:

Select Surface tab > Surface group > More > Mesh Surface gallery > Ruled to create Ruled surface using the two previously created sketches. Be sure to deactivate Preserve Shape and use the Arc Length alignment method. Using the Arc Length alignment method eliminates a tangent line created if the Parameter Alignment method is used.

Step 11:

Select Home tab > Feature group > More > Offset/Scale gallery > Offset Surface to create an Offset Surface upward with a distance of 1.5.

Step 12:

Use Trim Body to trim the blade solid using the surface just created by the offset.

Step 13:

Hide the top surface and select Surface tab > Surface Operations group > More > Trim gallery > Divide Face to divide the outer tangent vertical faces of the blade solid using the bottom surface as the dividing object. Be sure that Hide Dividing Objects is active.

Hide everything but the two solids and the Datum Coordinate System.

Step 14:

Select Home tab > Feature group > Draft to create a 10 degree draft using the positive Z direction for the Draw Direction and the newly created edges as the Stationary Edges.

Step 15:

Create an Edge Blend with a radius of 1.5 around the tangent edges of the blade solid.

Step 16:

Show the original Ruled surface and use it to Trim the bottom side of the blade solid.

Step 17:

Select Home tab > Feature group > More > Associative Copy > Pattern Geometry to create two more blades, using a Circular layout, a Count and Pitch spacing and a 120 degree angle.

Step 18:

This step removes the extra material on the inside of the blades interfering with the center cylinder.

Perform three Subtract operations making sure Keep Tool is active.

The blade is the target and the cylinder is the tool.

Step 19:

The next few steps will be used to create draft on the cylinder. Since the draft is required on both sides of the cylinder (bottom & top) a parting line needs to be developed. Start this by creating a sketch on the YZ plane as shown.

The sketch consists of only two lines and is coincident to corners of the blades.

Step 20:

Select Curve tab > Derived Curve group > Project Curve to project the sketch you just created on to the cylinder face in the positive X direction.

Step 21:

Use Pattern Geometry to copy two more projections around the cylinder. Use a Circular layout, a Count and Pitch spacing and a 120 degree angle.

Step 22:

Use Divide Face to divide the projections and top edges of the blades around the cylinder face. Hide Dividing Objects should be active. Select the outside face of the cylinder for Faces To Divide. Select the projected curves and the top edges of the blade as the Dividing Objects.

Hide the blades.

Step 23:

Add a 2 degree draft using the To Parting Edges type. Use the positive Z direction for the Draw Direction, pick the top cylinder face as the Stationary Plane and pick the newly created edges as the Parting Edges.

Step 24:

At this point draft has been added only to the top side of the cylinder. If draft is attempted on the bottom side, an error is given. Before we get much farther, let's see how the cylinder and blades look together. Show the blades and Unite them to the cylinder.

Step 25:

Zoom to the areas shown to visually analyze the connection of the blades.

Based on the steps performed, you will notice problem areas.

These bad areas are caused because of how we drafted the cylinder. Not only is the draft causing a problem, but the bottom side of the cylinder is not drafted at all.

Step 26:

When using To Parting Edges draft type, draft is created up to the parting line as we desire, but knife edges are created. This is because a 90 degree angle is created at the intersection of the base face and parting edge.

If the blades were 90 degrees and flat, we would be fine, but obviously this is not the case.

Step 27:

The logical step to attempt next would be to Unite the blades first, then apply draft to the cylinder. After attempting you may realize this does not work since the blades themselves will also draft. In this case the geometry is too complex and therefore an error is given. Even if the draft worked, the blades would alter, and this is not the intent of our design. Plus we still need the bottom side to also have draft. To accomplish our task, a manual approach is necessary. Start by deleting or undoing the last Unite, Draft, Divide Face, and the Instance Geometry commands.

Step 28:

Next, a cleaner more accurate draft will be created. This will be done by creating a parting surface first, and then trimming commands to trim the solid. First Show the Projected Curve feature created earlier.

Step 29:

Select Home tab > Surface group > Swept to create a Swept feature using the projected curve as a Section Curve and the two edges of the blades as Guides. Be sure to use the Parameter alignment method and activate Preserve Shape.

Make sure the Curve Rule drop-down in the Top Border Bar is set to Single Curve.

Step 30:

Select Home tab > Feature group > Associative Copy > Extract Geometry to extract four faces from the first original blade. Set the Type drop-down to Face and activate Fix at Current Timestamp.

Make sure the Face Rule drop-down in the Top Border Bar is set to Single Face.

Step 31:

Hide the blade solids and change the color of the extracted faces to the same color as the Swept feature.

Step 32:

Perform another Pattern Geometry operation to pattern all sheet bodies to form a complete circular chain of surfaces. Select Home tab > Feature group > More > Combine gallery > Sew to sew all surfaces together when complete.

Step 33:

To be more organized and to reduce the part history count. Group the features that make up the parting surface by creating a Feature Group.

Be sure to Embed Feature Group Members and name the group Parting Surface.

Group from the Swept feature to the last feature. Ignore example feature numbers. These number will vary based on mistakes, deleting, undo's, etc.

Step 34:

Extract the cylindrical face of the cylinder.

All extracts should always have Fix at Current Timestamp active.

Step 35:

Hide the cylinder. Draft the extracted surface 2 degrees using the From Plane draft type. The Draw Direction should be in the positive Z direction. Use the top arc center as the Stationary Plane.

Step 36:

Select Home tab > Feature group > More > Trim gallery > Trim and Extend to trim away the overlapping surfaces using the Make Corner type. Keep the outside portion of the parting surface and the top portion of the cylindrical surface. Choose the Parting Surface as the Target.

Step 37:

The last command automatically combined the surfaces together. Change the color of this surface to green.

Step 38:

Another surface representing the bottom half needs to be created. A copy of Parting Surface must be created. Start by making the feature group named 'Parting Surface' the Current Feature.

Extract the entire sheet body using the Body method.

Make the last feature Current and Hide the Parting Surface.

Step 39:

Perform the same steps as before. Show the cylinder solid. Extract the cylindrical face, Draft the face 2 degrees in the negative Z direction using the bottom arc center as the Stationary Plane, and Trim and Extend keeping the outside and bottom half.

Change the color of the surface to yellow.

Step 40:

Use Show and Hide to only show the Cylinder and Yellow/Green surfaces.

Step 41:

Using Trim Body is the ultimate command we will use to create the draft on the cylinder. Before this can be done though, the cylinder needs to have enough material to shave off. Create an Offset Face of 5 on the outside face to make the diameter larger.

Step 42:

Perform two Trim Body operations to trim away the solid using the surfaces created.

Hide the surfaces.

Step 43:

Show and Unite the blade solids to the cylinder.

Step 44:

Examine the previous problem areas.

No geometrical problems at the connections of the blade solids should exist.

Even though more work was required, a more accurate result was achieved.

Step 45:

Extrude an embedded sketch comprising of a circle with a diameter of 34.5 centered on the bottom of the cylinder base in to the solid. Use an end Distance of 19.25 and a draft Angle of 1 from the start limit. Subtract the tool then add a blend to the bottom edge of the pocket with a radius of 1.25.

Step 46:

Blend the top edge of the cylinder using a radius of 3.5.

Mathematics

2015-02-03T08:27:00.024+00:00

Cartesian Coordinate System:

Cylindrical Coordinate System:

Spherical Coordinate System:

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Similarity Between Triangles:

Similarity Between Triangles Example:

=========================================================

Absolute Value Inequalities:

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Numbers:

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Conics:

Coefficients:

The primary function of the Coefficients method is to allow you to create any conic (circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola), given the equation of the conic.

You enter the coefficient values of the mathematical equation as A through F in the parameters dialog. The values control the size, type, and orientation angle of the conic (based on the location of the WCS). NX uses a general equation for all conic types as long as A, B, and C are not all zeros.

A quick way to determine what the result will be is to use the A, B, and C values in the following two formulas.

If A=C and B=0 The result is a circle.
For B2 - 4AC=X If the result is greater than 0 a hyperbola is created.
If the result is equal to 0, a parabola is created.
If the result is less than 0, an ellipse is created.

Ellipse:

Parabola:

Hyperbola:

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Curvature of a Curve:

Trigonometry in Motion:

Fourier Series in Motion:

Degree-Radian Conversion:

Sine Function:

Y = A.SIN(B(X - C)) + D:

Sine & Cosine Conversion:

Phase Angle:

Sine & Cosine Phase Angle:

Phase Shift in Sine Function Example:

Phase Shift Example:

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Angular Velocity - Linear Velocity Conversion:

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Polynomial: In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables (also called indeterminates) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponentiation of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate x is x^2 − 4x + 7. An example in three variables is

x 3 + 2 xyz 2 - yz + 1

A linear polynomial is any polynomial defined by an equation of the form. p(x) = ax + b. where a and b are real numbers.

The graph of a polynomial function of degree 3.

=========================================================

Euler's Method (Approximation):

Example 1:

Example 2:

Example 3:

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions:

Example 1:

Example 2:

Example 3:

Example 4:

Example 5:

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Wolfram Alpha - Tutorial 1:

Wolfram Alpha - Tutorial 2:

=======================================================

MATLAB Tutorial - MATLAB Matrix main functions - MATLAB Examples

2015-01-11T17:54:00.002+00:00

MATLAB Introductory Commands:

MATLAB Toolboxes

MATLAB variables

What is MATLAB?

MATLAB Variables
MATLAB as a Calculator
Mathematical Functions

Clear & clc commands:

Clear command clears the variables value. For example, in the example below, the value of the 4 is assigned to pi. By executing clear command the value of the pi is no longer 4 and now it is 3.1416.

clc command clear the screen and all the commands will disappear. By using Help command you can get information about any function.

By using Tab button you can complete the command you entered in MATLAB. For example, you enter ezp but you don't know the rest of the command so you can use Tab button to access a list commands that starts with ezp.

Help command:

who & whos commands:

Scalar:

In the example below, the linespace command will create 10 numbers between 0 and pi/2. The interval of the 10 numbers are equal.

Random Figure Generator:

The brackets in the example below, deletes the third elements of the array. Now the array r has 5 elements.

Matrix:

Function Plot (sin(x)):

Vertical Motion under Gravity:

Linear equation examples:

Double Command: Double(x) returns the double-precision (Decimal) value for X.

To see other examples, click on Start button.

Select Demos option.

SUM command:

Disp command:

Format Command:

M-File:

To open the Editor:

For Loop:

Factorial and Limit calculation:

==========================================================
==========================================================

Introductory to structured programming (Projectile project):

% The proctile problem with zero air resistance

% in a gravitational field with constant g.

% An eight-step structure plan applied in MATLAB:

% 1. Definition of the input variables.

g = 9.81; % Gravity in m/s/s.

vo = input('What is the launch speed in m/s?')

tho = input('What is the launch angle in degrees?')

tho = pi*tho/180; % Conversion of degrees to radians.

% 2. Calculate the range and duration of the flight.

txmax = (2*vo/g) * sin(tho);

xmax = txmax * vo * cos(tho);

% 3. Calculate the sequence of time steps to compute trajectory.

dt = txmax/100;

t = 0:dt:txmax;

% 4. Compute the trajectory.

x = (vo * cos(tho)) .* t;

y = (vo * sin(tho)) .* t - (g/2) .* t.^2;

% 5. Compute the speed and angular direction of the projectile.

% Note that vx = dx/dt, vy = dy/dt.

vx = vo * cos(tho);

vy = vo * sin(tho) - g .* t;

v = sqrt(vx.*vx + vy.*vy);

th = (180/pi) .* atan2(vy,vx);

% 6. Compute the time, horizontal distance at maximum altitude.

tymax = (vo/g) * sin(tho);

xymax = xmax/2;

ymax = (vo/2) * tymax * sin(tho);

% 7. Display ouput.

disp(['Range in m = ',num2str(xmax),' Duration in s = ',...

num2str(txmax)])

disp(' ')

disp(['Maximum altitude in m = ',num2str(ymax), ...

' Arrival in s = ',num2str(tymax)])

plot(x,y,'k',xmax,y(size(t)),'o',xmax/2,ymax,'o')

title(['Projectile flight path, vo =',num2str(vo), ...

', th =', num2str(180*tho/pi)])

xlabel('x'), ylabel('y') % Plot of Figure 1.

axis('equal');

figure % Creates a new figure.

plot(v,th,'r')

title('Projectile speed vs. angle')

xlabel('V'), ylabel('\theta') % Plot of Figure 2.

% 8. Stop.

Structured Programming using functions (Projectile project):

function [xmax txmax] = projectile2(vo , tho)
% proctile problem with zero air resistance
% this is edited projectile problem
% that uses function to define the program
% in a gravitational field with constant g.
%
% An eight-step structure plan applied in MATLAB:
%
% 1. Definition of the input variables.
%
g = 9.81; % Gravity in m/s/s.
tho = pi*tho/180; % Conversion of degrees to radians.
%
% 2. Calculate the range and duration of the flight.
%
txmax = (2*vo/g) * sin(tho);
xmax = txmax * vo * cos(tho);
%
% 3. Calculate the sequence of time steps to compute trajectory.
%
dt = txmax/100;
t = 0:dt:txmax;
%
% 4. Compute the trajectory.
%
x = (vo * cos(tho)) .* t;
y = (vo * sin(tho)) .* t - (g/2) .* t.^2;
%
% 5. Compute the speed and angular direction of the projectile.
% Note that vx = dx/dt, vy = dy/dt.
%
vx = vo * cos(tho);
vy = vo * sin(tho) - g .* t;
v = sqrt(vx.*vx + vy.*vy);
th = (180/pi) .* atan2(vy,vx);
%
% 6. Compute the time, horizontal distance at maximum altitude.
%
tymax = (vo/g) * sin(tho);
ymax = (vo/2) * tymax * sin(tho);
%
% 7. Display ouput.
%
disp(['Range in m = ',num2str(xmax),' Duration in s = ',...
num2str(txmax)])
disp(' ')
disp(['Maximum altitude in m = ',num2str(ymax), ...
' Arrival in s = ',num2str(tymax)])
plot(x,y,'k',xmax,y(size(t)),'o',xmax/2,ymax,'o')
title(['Projectile flight path, vo =',num2str(vo), ...
', th =', num2str(180*tho/pi)])
xlabel('x'), ylabel('y') % Plot of Figure 1.
axis('equal');
figure % Creates a new figure.
plot(v,th,'r')
title('Projectile speed vs. angle')
xlabel('V'), ylabel('\theta') % Plot of Figure 2.
%
% 8. Stop.
%

Access to functions in MATLAB:

Functions:

Searching functions by using Help command:

Input & Output in MATLAB:

Saving Data in text string with ASCII format:

% Income tax the old-fashioned way 1
inc = [50000 100000 150000 300000 500000];
for ti = inc
if ti < 100000
tax = 0.1 * ti;
elseif ti < 200000
tax = 10000 + 0.2 * (ti - 100000);
else
tax = 30000 + 0.5 * (ti - 200000);
end;
disp( [ti tax] )
end;

% Income tax the old-fashioned way 2
Income = input('What is your income?')
if Income<100000
tax = 0.1*Income;
elseif Income>100000&Income<200000
tax = 10000 + 0.2*(Income-100000);
elseif Income>200000
tax = 20000 + 0.5*(Income-200000);
end;
disp([Income tax]);

% Income tax the logical way
inc = [50000 100000 150000 300000 500000];
tax = 0.1 * inc .* (inc <= 100000);
tax = tax + (inc > 100000 & inc <= 200000) ...
.* (0.2 * (inc-100000) + 10000);
tax = tax + (inc > 200000) .* (0.5 * (inc-200000) + 30000);
disp( [inc' tax'] );

% This program computes n!
n = 10; % This line can be changed in order to change n!
fact = 1;
for k = 1:n
fact = k* fact;
end
disp([n fact]);

% This program computes the root of a real positive number
% and at the end shows the matlab's value for the root
format long
format compact
a = 2; % This line can be changed in order to change the results
x = a/2;
disp(['the approach to sqrt(a) for a= ' num2str(a)]);
for counter = 1:6
x = ( x + a/x)/2;
disp(x)
end
disp('Matlab''s value:')
disp(sqrt(a))
format

% This program computes the limit of the sequence
% a^k / k! for arbitrary k (say 20)
a =20; % This line can be changed to change a
k = 10; % Number of terms you can change this line
x = 1;
for n = 1:k
x = a*x/n;
disp([n x])
end

% This program use Selective structure method: Switch
d = floor(10*rand);
switch d
case {2, 4, 6, 8}
disp( 'Even' );
case {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
disp( 'Odd' );
otherwise
disp( 'Zero' );
end

% This program creates a random integer number between 1 and 3 and displays the number in different cases
d = floor(3*rand) + 1
switch d
case 1
disp( 'That''s a 1!' );
case 2
disp( 'That''s a 2!' );
otherwise
disp( 'Must be 3!' );
end

=========================================================
=========================================================
MATLAB Logical Operations:

Calculation of current output of a Diode:

Plot sin(x)/x:

y = tan(x):

Examples:

==========================================================
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MATLAB Matrix:

Application of (:) in matrix:

Copying and deleting rows and columns:

Primitive and special matrices:

Application of functions in matrices:

Matrices and For loop:

More dimensional matrices (3, 4, ...):

Product and power of matrices:

==========================================================

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Text Strings:

ASCII Codes:

Text Strings functions:

Two dimensional Text strings and execution:

===========================================================

MATLAB Graphic Foundations:

Labels:

Creating multi plots in one plot:

Line shape, Line color:

Plot Limits:

Creating multi plots in single window:

Defining a point by mouse:
Press Enter as well.

Number of points limited to 5 points.

Polar and Logarithmic Plots:

Plotting with rapid changes:

2 dimensional Graphic plots:

==========================================================
==========================================================
3 Dimension Graphics:

Creating Surfaces:

Changing surface domain by using NaN:

Contour Curves:

3D Dimensional Matrices:

3 Dimensional Graphic functions:

===========================================================
===========================================================
MATLAB Coding:

Function Categories:

Structure of function M-Files:

In one M-File you can define as many function as you can.

Workspaces:

Now we can use curve variable in two defined functions.

Various advanced data structure in MATLAB:

Cell Array data type:

=========================================================
=========================================================

Graphic User Interface (GUI):

Click on OK.

Error Message:

Slider Control:

===========================================================

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Matrix Main Functions:

Intersection of Rows and Columns:

Index into a matrix with a single index and MATLAB will handle it as if it was a vector using column-major order. Meaning that all the elements of one column are processed, in this case printed, before the elements of the next column. Column-major order is the default throughout MATLAB.

Meshgrid Function:

nargin & nargout Functions:

nargin is the number of input arguments and nargout is the number of output arguments that are in the user's calling statement.

Robustness:

A function declaration specifies:

Name of the function
Number of input arguments
Number of output arguments

Function code and documentation specify:

What the function does
The type of the arguments
What the arguments represent

Robustness:

A function is robust if it handles erroneous input and output arguments
Provides a meaningful error message

Persistent variable:

Variables:

Local
Global
Persistent

Persistent Variable:

It's a local variable, but its value persists from one call of the function to the next
Relatively rarely used
None of the bad side effects of global variables

persistent X Y Z defines X, Y, and Z as variables that are local to the function in which they are declared; yet their values are retained in memory between calls to the function. Persistent variables are similar to global variables because the MATLAB software creates permanent storage for both. They differ from global variables in that persistent variables are known only to the function in which they are declared. This prevents persistent variables from being changed by other functions or from the MATLAB command line.

Whenever you clear or modify a function that is in memory, MATLAB also clears all persistent variables declared by that function. To keep a function in memory until MATLAB quits, use mlock.

If the persistent variable does not exist the first time you issue the persistent statement, it is initialized to the empty matrix.

It is an error to declare a variable persistent if a variable with the same name exists in the current workspace. MATLAB also errors if you declare any of a function's input or output arguments as persistent within that same function. For example, the following persistent declaration is invalid:

function myfun(argA, argB, argC)

persistent argB

The value of the persistent variable is initialized to an empty matrix by default. To retain the values in memory (buffer) between calls to the function, use the below code. This way the values will not be "lost" during repeated calls to the function.

Persistent variable example:

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MATLAB Examples:

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Control Pad Project

2014-10-05T12:55:00.107+01:00

Control Pad Task:

Main commands used:

Ruled
Through Curves

Process: Construct a series of datum planes that you use as attachment faces for sketch profiles. You will create and constrain three separate sketch profiles. Then you use these sketch profiles to create ruled bodies. Remember to place your geometry on separate layers.

1. Create a new part file in your home directory called control_pad. Make sure to set the units to Millimeters.

2. Create an offset datum plane from the Z-X plane at a distance of 150mm.

Create another offset datum from the first offset datum by 75mm.

3: Create a sketch called Profile_1 on the Z-X plane of the datum coordinate system. Make sure the vector normal (Z-axis of the sketch) points in the -Y direction.

Use the X datum axis as the horizontal reference. Make sure the X vector of the sketch points in the X direction. Create the curves as shown.

Make Line 1 collinear to the vertical datum axis or plane, and Line 2 collinear to the horizontal datum axis or plane.
Place the arc's center on Line 1.
Mirror the sketch about Line 1.
Create the sketch dimensions as shown.

Use Insert | Sketch in Task Environment

Assure Continuous Auto Dimensioning is toggled off.

Finish the sketch.

4: Create a sketch called Profile_2 on the 150mm offset datum plane. Make sure the vector normal (Z-axis of the sketch) points in the -Y direction. Use the X-Y datum plane as the horizontal reference. Make sure the X vector points in the X direction.

Create the curves as shown.

Make Line 1 collinear to the vertical axis or plane, and Line 2 collinear to the horizontal axis or plane.

Place the arc's center on Line 1.
Mirror the sketch about Line 1.
Create the sketch dimensions as shown.

It may help to hide the first sketch to avoid confusion.

Finish the sketch.

5: Create a sketch called Profile_3 on the 75mm offset datum plane. Orient the sketch in the same way the first two were oriented. Create the curves the same way you did the first two sketches.

Make Line 1 collinear to the vertical axis or plane, and Line 2 collinear to the horizontal axis or plane.

Place the arc's center on Line 1.
Mirror the sketch about Line 1.
Create the sketch dimensions as shown.

Finish the sketch and hide all of the datums.

6: Create a ruled body, goto Insert | Mesh Surface | Ruled, using Profile_1 and Profile_2. Make sure to select both profiles from the same location to force the arrows in the same direction. Use Parameter as the Alignment and activate Preserve Shape.

7: Create a second body but this time use Insert | Surface | Through Curves command using Profile_2 and Profile_3. Again, select both section strings in the same manner. Use Parameter as the Alignment and activate Preserve Shape.

Set the Continuity for the First Section to G1 (Tangent) and select the 5 faces of the first solid body as shown. Select Perpendicular in the Flow Direction drop down menu.

8: Unite the two bodies to complete the operation.

9: Select OK.

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Sheet Metal Design

2014-04-27T08:26:00.142+01:00

Sheet Metal Design:

Three basic processes compose the majority of sheet metal manufacturing:

Bending
Forming
Blanking (also called shearing)

These processes use tools that apply force to thin sheet material deforming or shearing the material to a specific shape. It's important when designing a sheet metal part to understand the physical limitations of bending, forming, and shearing. Following basic design rules when designing quality sheet metal parts can tremendously impact the processes and costs required to manufacture the part.

Bending Concepts

Bending is the uniform straining of material around a straight axis. The bend must take place in the plastic range of the material for the bend to remain permanent. When the sheet is bent, the inside radius is in compression and the outside radius is in tension. This distorts material differently on each side causing the sheet to become longer overall. Only at the neutral axis does the sheet retain its initial dimensions.

Two common ways to bend sheet metal are V-bending, and punch and die bending. The V-bend is usually accomplished by using a brake press. A brake press has a long bed and a selection of standard V-blocks that can make acute, obtuse, and 90-degree bends. The punch and die technique uses a punch that bends the sheet over a die. A pressure pad holds the material in place during the bend. This is commonly known as forming.

Blanking Concepts

Blanking uses a tool, usually a punch and die, to stamp out a peripheral shape in a single stroke. You can add other features into the tool to produce additional shapes, such as holes and internal profiles, as well as bent flanges in more advanced tools. To blank a profile, break or shear away the material from the parent material. As illustrated in the following figure, the shearing action takes place by stretching the material into a die, which puts the top of the material into compression and the bottom of the material into tension.

This causes a reduction in the cross-sectional area at the edges of the punch and die. Fractures usually occur in the reduced areas, which may eventually break as more force is applied.

Flat Patterns

The flat pattern is a two-dimensional layout of a three-dimensional part defining the shape and size of the flat sheet before it is formed. The flat pattern determines the bend radius length when it is flat and adds this length to the straight sections of the part. A mathematical formula, the Bend Allowance Formula (BAF), calculates the flat length of the bend radius.

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Types of Bending:

Air Bending, Bottom Bending and Coining are the three types of bending most often employed by precision metal fabricators.

Coining:

The term “coining” comes from coin making. In order to put the Lincoln profile on a penny, machines using extremely high tonnage compress a metal disc with enough force to make the metal conform to the image inscribed on the die set.

In the same vein, “coining” with a press brake involves using enough tonnage to conform the sheet metal to the exact angle of the punch and die being used. In coining, the sheet metal is more than just bent, it is actually thinned by the impact of the punch and die, as it is compressed between them along the bending surfaces.

The theory behind coining is that with enough tonnage, your sheet metal will bend to the precise angle of your tooling, so your tooling should be an equal match to the angle you want.

Bottom Bending:

In bottom bending or “bottoming” the punch and die are brought together so that the material makes contact with the punch tip and the sidewalls of the V-opening.

It differs from coining in that the punch and die don't make full contact with the metal, and there isn’t enough tonnage used to actually imprint, or thin the metal.

Because bottom bending uses less tonnage than coining, the material doesn’t entirely conform to the bend angle of the tooling. In fact, with bottoming, the metal experiences what’s referred to as “springback,” which is what happens when it relaxes to a wider angle after being bent. So, with bottom bending, in order to get a certain angle, you need to use tooling that has a slightly more acute angle in order to account for the springback that will naturally occur once the sheet metal is released. For example, you may need your punch and die to be at 88° to achieve a 90° finished form. Different materials and thicknesses result in different amounts of springback.

Air Bending:

With air bending, even less contact is made with the metal than with bottom bending. The tooling only touches the material at three points: the punch tip and the die shoulders. For this reason, the actual angle of the tooling is relatively unimportant. The factor that determines the bend angle is how far the punch descends into the die. The further the punch descends, the more acute the bend angle. Because the depth of stroke (and not the tooling) determines the bend angle, one can get a whole range of bend angles from one set of tooling. Your bend angle is only limited in that you can’t get equal to or smaller than the angle of your punch and die.

Since tonnage doesn’t produce the bend in air bending, you don’t need as much as with coining. And as with bottom bending, there will be a certain amount of springback expected in air bending, so you will likely need to bend to a slightly more acute angle in order to get the final bend you are looking for.

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Bend Allowance Formula

The Bend Allowance is calculated near the center of the material thickness. The neutral axis, which is the location of the calculation, locates where the bending forces, the tension, and compression are zero.

The location of the neutral axis depends on many factors, such as the hardness of the material being bent, the bend radius, and the process used for the bending. Use a factor called the K Factor to calculate the neutral axis in the bend allowance formula. Common values for K Factors work well for parts with standard tolerances. A general rule for the K Factors is to use .33 if the bend radius is less than the material thickness, .44 if the bend radius is one to two times the material thickness, and .5 if the bend radius is more than two times the material thickness. For precise bending, the actual K Factor is determined by trial and error based on the material and the process. The general formula for bend allowance is illustrated in the following figure.

The bend allowance must be calculated for each bend and added to the straight sections of the part to calculate the overall developed length of the flat pattern. The bend lines and bend tangent lines are included in the flat pattern to assist manufacturing personnel in aligning the bending equipment. The following figure illustrates a typical flat pattern with the appropriate information included.

Many variations of these formulas exist and are readily available online. These variations may often seem to be at odds with one another, but they are invariably the same formulas simplified or combined. What is presented here are the unsimplified formulas. All formulas use the following keys:

BA = bend allowance
BD = bend deduction
R = inside bend radius
K = K-Factor, which is t / T
T = material thickness
t = distance from inside face to the neutral line
A = bend angle in degrees (the angle through which the material is bent)

The neutral line (also called the neutral axis) is an imaginary line that can be drawn through the cross-section of the workpiece that represents the lack of any internal forces. Its location in the material is a function of the forces used to form the part and the material yield and tensile strengths. In the bend region, the material between the neutral line and the inside radius will be under compression during the bend. The material between the neutral line and the outside radius will be under tension during the bend.

Both bend deduction and bend allowance represent the difference between the neutral line or unbent flat pattern (the required length of the material prior to bending) and the formed bend. Subtracting them from the combined length of both flanges gives the flat pattern length. The question of which formula to use is determined by the dimensioning method used to define the flanges as shown in the two diagrams below.

Bend allowance

The bend allowance (BA) is the length of the arc of the neutral line between the tangent points of a bend in any material. Adding the length of each flange taken between the center of the radius to the BA gives the Flat Pattern length. This bend allowance formula is used to determine the flat pattern length when a bend is dimensioned from 1) the center of the radius, 2) a tangent point of the radius or 3) the outside tangent point of the radius on an acute angle bend. The BA can be calculated using the following formula:

Bend deduction

The outside set back (OSSB) is the length from the tangent point of the radius to the apex of the outside of the bend. The bend deduction (BD) is twice the outside setback minus the bend allowance. BD is calculated using the following formula:

The above formula works only for right angles. For bend angles 90 degrees or greater the following formula works, where A is the angle in radians (=degrees*π/180)

K-factor:

K-factor is a ratio of location of the neutral line to the material thickness as defined by t/T where t = location of the neutral line and T = material thickness. The K-Factor formulation does not take the forming stresses into account but is simply a geometric calculation of the location of the neutral line after the forces are applied and is thus the roll-up of all the unknown (error) factors for a given setup. The K-factor depends on many factors including the material, the type of bending operation (coining, bottoming, air-bending, etc.) the tools, etc. and is typically between 0.3 to 0.5.

In sheet metal design, the K-factor is used to calculate how much sheet metal one needs to leave for the bend in order to achieve particular final dimensions, especially for between the straight sides next the bend. Use the known k-factor and the known inner bending radius to calculate the bending radius of the neutral line. Then use the neutral bending radius to calculate the arc length of the neutral line ("circumference of circle" multiplied by the "bend angle as fraction of 360deg"). The arc length of the neutral line is the length of the sheet metal you have to leave for the bend!

The following equation relates the K-factor to the bend allowance:

Generative Sheet Metal Design Rules

Creating sheet metal parts is a metal deformation process. Because the metal is deformed rather than removed (mill or lathe), general rules help you compensate for the manufacturing process. Designing within the process parameters usually reduces tooling cost and, ultimately, the part.

Sheet Metal Tolerances

Sheet metal design is usually for parts that do not require tight tolerances. Specifying tight location and form tolerances on a sheet metal part requires additional machining operations that add additional part and tooling costs. Minimize the cost of a sheet metal part by using standard materials and material tolerances whenever possible. Tolerances should be no tighter than necessary to make the part functional.

Forming sheet metal is less accurate than other metal forming operations, such as machining or Electronic Discharge Machining (EDM); however, many parts do not require high accuracy making sheet metal forming an option. Short process time and inexpensive tooling makes forming sheet metal appealing. It's important to understand the limits in the sheet metal forming process and specify tolerances accordingly.

The forming process has three main elements:
- Blanking a flat layout.
- Bending a flange at an angle.
- Creating a radius in the bend.

Blanking a Flat Layout

When blanking a sheet to create a flat layout, the sheet can become wavy. It is important to limit the amount of waviness by specifying a flatness tolerance. Flatness is defined as all points on a surface lying on a single plane. A flatness tolerance is the deviation allowed between two parallel planes. Typical tolerances for the flatness of the blanked profile allow .005 TIR (Total Indicator Reading) for lengths up to 1 inch. For lengths from 1 to 4 inches, TIR is typically .005 per inch, and lengths over 4 inches are allowed .02 + .004 per inch of additional length.

Bending a Flange at an Angle

There are several ways to bend sheet metal. Regardless of the technique used, the typical angle tolerance for bent flanges is +1 degree.

Creating a Radius in the Bend

The final element typical of sheet metal forming is the bend radius. The radius is generally formed with a tool or mandrel as the steel is bent around it. The actual radius is a function of compression of the material against the tool and the tension or stretching of the material on the outside. Typical tolerances used for the limits of the actual radius are based on the radius size.

Blanking Rules
Use the following rules (when possible) to blank the part in one operation. At times, parts contain features that exceed these rules making secondary tooling and operations necessary.

Consider the following when designing a part to blank:

- Open slots and tabs should never be narrower than the material thickness.

- Open slots and tabs should never be longer than five times their width.

- Convex corner radii should be at least one half the material thickness if the material is over 1/16 inch thick.

- Convex corner radii can be sharp if the material is less than 1/16 inch.

Bending Rules
When bending sheet metal, the flange being bent cannot be inside the profile. Flanges being bent must have relief on the bend radii. As the flange is bent, the material inside the bend is compressed and the material outside the bend is in tension, which causes a tear in the flange.

One solution is to move the flange away from the profile to clear the radius. Another solution is to add relief notches to allow the bend radius to compress and stretch. This latter solution is preferred because the location of the flange remains in the same place. It also preserves the design intent and you can include the relief notches in the profile or blanking tool with little additional cost or effort.

Design flanges outside the profile.

- Use relief notches, whenever possible, to reduce the cost of tooling.
- Relief notch length should be the bend radius plus 1T minimum.
- Relief notch width should be 1T or more.

Sufficient height in the flange being bent is essential in order for the bend radius to properly form. If there isn't, adding additional material to the bending operation and then cutting it off in an additional milling operation is required which then increases operation and tooling costs in the part. Therefore, it's important to create flanges with proper height to eliminate additional operations.

- The height of the flange should be at least 2.5T plus inside bend radius for hard materials.
- The height of the flange should be at least 2T plus inside bend radius for softer materials.

The most important element when bending a sheet is the bend radius. A small inside bend radius, combined with thick material, forces the material to compress in a small area during bending. This can cause cracking, or at a minimum, severe bulging at the outside edges of the bend. If this condition is unavoidable and it causes interference with other parts, it may be necessary to modify the flat pattern or the blank to compensate for the bulge. When the bend radius is large in comparison to the material thickness or if the material is 1/16 inch or less, the bulging is usually acceptable and hardly noticeable. The following figure illustrates a flange that bulges due to a small bend radius.

Bending sheet metal with small radii can cause cracking in the bend. Cracking is a function of the inside bend radius, material thickness, and the materials hardness. The following figure illustrates a table of suggested minimum bend radii for several common materials.

Holes
Punching or piercing holes is a quick, economical way to create holes in sheet metal. It is important to remember when punching holes the physics of blanking. The material being removed is actually broken away from the parent material. The finished hole is accurate only for the first 25 to 30 percent of the hole on the punch side, the remainder of the hole is relatively rough and has a burr on the die side. If the part requires more accurate holes, punch an undersized hole and then ream to the finished size.

- A punched hole diameter must be at least the material thickness or a .062 minimum.
- For hard materials (PSI 90,000 and above), the minimum diameter must be two times the thickness.
- A + .002 hole diameter is possible for the top 25% to 30% of the hole on the punch side.
- Measure holes on the punch side for accuracy.
- Tolerance holes as minimum diameters.
- Specify burrs as a maximum allowable value.
- Call out hole locations from center of hole to center of hole.
- Determine hole location from the center of the blank, not the edge of the blank.

Feature Location
The location of a punched or blanked feature must be at least the material thickness from the edge of the blank due to the bulging that occurs as the metal is deformed. If a hole must be close to an edge, it's recommended that you add a tab to the material or change the hole to an open slot.

The general rule for minimum distances between features or edges is the larger the feature the greater the distance. There should also be a clearance distance established for features relative to bends. The closer a feature comes to a bend, the more distortion occurs in the feature as the part is bent into shape.

- The larger the feature periphery, the farther you should stay away from other edges.
- Keep features with curved profiles 1T to 1.5T away from other edges.
- Keep features with rectangular profiles 1.5T to 3T away from other edges.
- Keep features up to 1 inch (long or diameter) 1.5T plus bend radius away from bends.
- For larger features, add an additional 1T for each inch in length.
- Features positioned relative to bends should have a location tolerance of + .01.

Generative Sheet Metal Design - General Information
The most important part of a design is to effectively communicate your design intent to manufacturing and quality control personnel. The best sheet metal part design is only effective if the part can be manufactured efficiently. It is important to adhere to specific sheet metal terminology and notation. The manner in which tolerances are called out on the drawing and the areas of the part that are dimensioned can cause a perfectly good part to be scrapped, or worse, a bad part to be accepted.

Bend Terminology
Several terms are unique to sheet metal: Inner Mold Line (IML), Outer Mold Line (OML), Center Line of Bend, and Neutral Axis. These terms are defined as follows:

- The IML is the intersection of the two inner surfaces of the bend.
- The OML is the intersection of the two outer surfaces of the bend.
- The Center Line of Bend refers to the axis of the bend radius where the machine or die is set that creates the bend.
- The neutral axis is where the tensile forces (at the outside of the bend) and the compressive forces (on the inside of the bend) are zero.

Sheet Metal Dimensioning
The basic rules of design apply when dimensioning a sheet metal part for manufacturing or inspection. There are several rules that are unique to sheet metal. This figure illustrates the following rules:

- Dimensions should be given between surfaces having a functional relation to each other.
- Dimensions should be given between surfaces controlling the relationship of mating parts.
- Radial dimensions should always be to the inside bend radius.
- Dimensions should be consistent to the inside or outside surfaces.
- Do not dimension from the inside of the part to the outside of the part.
- Use the OML intersections to dimension the length of angled flanges.

Standard Notes
When dimensioning sheet metal parts, standard notes in the title block of the drawing can account for many features and conditions. You can also record them as common shop procedures. You can group many sheet metal designs as families of parts because they use similar features or are made of similar materials. By including a standard note in the title block that states "Unless otherwise specified...," you can focus on exceptions to the normal. Typical techniques used to handle standard conditions are listed below.

Bend Radii
When designing parts made from the same material, it is typical to design to a common inside bend radius. A typical title block note may state:
Unless otherwise specified.
All inside bend radii to be .062.

Corner Radii
It is more economical to produce a sheet metal part with an allowance on the outside corners rather than forcing them to remain sharp. A typical title block note states:
Unless otherwise specified.
1/16 corner radii allowed.

Feature Tolerance
When feature locations and sizes are designed with very tight tolerances, additional operations are usually required to finish the part. These additions increase time and cost to an otherwise simple process. Most sheet metal feature size and location tolerances can be specified by a note stating the following:
Unless otherwise specified.
Hole location + .010 on centers.
Hole size + .005 diameter.

Shape Deviation

Because the sheet metal process deforms material, it is not practical to assume features maintain their true shape. Holes tend to stretch in an oblong shape if they are near a bent edge. This condition can be captured in a note stating the following:

Unless otherwise specified.
Shape deviations acceptable within feature size limits.

Burrs and Sharp Edges
Because the edges of the material can become sharp and dangerous to handle during the sheet metal process, it is important to specify an edge condition to protect manufacturing personnel and the end-user of the product. You can define edge conditions in a general note in a variety of ways. Some methods are listed as follows:

- Break all sharp edges and corners .015.
- Remove all burrs.
- Burrs not to exceed .005.
- Condition for handling.
- Break all sharp corners except cutting edges.
- Specify burr up or down.

Common Shapes
The sheet metal process lends itself well to simple shapes that are typically formed using standard tools and processes. Standard shapes are used to add stiffness to the sheet metal parts and provide support or clearance for mating parts. The types of common shapes that are addressed in this course are: bends, flanges, hems, joggles, and beads.

Bends
Bends are the most common formed features in sheet metal design. They are defined as the uniform straining of material around an axis. Simple bends are typically formed using a brake press and can be formed at any angle as long as the bent material does not interfere with any surrounding material. Complex or multiple bends are formed using a punch and die, where you are forming the material rather than bending it.

Inset Flanges
Inset flanges are used mainly to support mating parts or provide mounting locations. These features are pierced into the sheet and then bent. The inset flange requires more sophisticated tooling than the simple bend but it is still cost effective compared to machining and/or welding.

Hems
Hem features modify the edges of sheet metal parts. They are used primarily for stiffening the part but are also useful for creating smooth edges where safety or contact with other parts is an issue. There are three basic shapes of a hemmed edge: J-hem, teardrop hem, and curled hem. The J-hem and the teardrop hem can be bent closed but the curled hem cannot.

Joggles
Joggle features are used for stiffening and to allow clearance for mating parts. The aerospace industry uses these features extensively because of the large number of sheet metal parts assembled to create a smooth contour. These features are usually formed using special joggle dies that stretch the material into shape.

Beads:
Beads are protrusions or depressions stamped on a sheet metal face. A bead can add strength to a sheet metal part or add control to the forming operation. There are three types of beads: U-Shaped, V-Shaped, and Circular.

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Bending is a metal forming process in which a force is applied to a piece of sheet metal, causing it to bend at an angle and form the desired shape. A bending operation causes deformation along one axis, but a sequence of several different operations can be performed to create a complex part. Bent parts can be quite small, such as a bracket, or up to 20 feet in length, such as a large enclosure or chassis. A bend can be characterised by several different parameters, shown in the image below.

Bend line - The straight line on the surface of the sheet, on either side of the bend, that defines the end of the level flange and the start of the bend.
Outside mold line - The straight line where the outside surfaces of the two flanges would meet, were they to continue. This line defines the edge of a mold that would bound the bent sheet metal.
Flange length - The length of either of the two flanges, extending from the edge of the sheet to the bend line.
Mold line distance - The distance from either end of the sheet to the outside mold line.
Setback - The distance from either bend line to the outside mold line. Also equal to the difference between the mold line distance and the flange length.
Bend axis - The straight line that defines the center around which the sheet metal is bent.
Bend length - The length of the bend, measured along the bend axis.
Bend radius - The distance from the bend axis to the inside surface of the material, between the bend lines. Sometimes specified as the inside bend radius. The outside bend radius is equal to the inside bend radius plus the sheet thickness.
Bend angle - The angle of the bend, measured between the bent flange and its original position, or as the included angle between perpendicular lines drawn from the bend lines.
Bevel angle - The complimentary angle to the bend angle.

The act of bending results in both tension and compression in the sheet metal. The outside portion of the sheet will undergo tension and stretch to a greater length, while the inside portion experiences compression and shortens. The neutral axis is the boundary line inside the sheet metal, along which no tension or compression forces are present. As a result, the length of this axis remains constant. The changes in length to the outside and inside surfaces can be related to the original flat length by two parameters, the bend allowance and bend deduction, which are defined below.

Neutral axis - The location in the sheet that is neither stretched nor compressed, and therefore remains at a constant length.
K-factor - The location of the neutral axis in the material, calculated as the ratio of the distance of the neutral axis (measured from the inside bend surface) to the material thickness. The K-factor is dependent upon several factors (material, bending operation, bend angle, etc.) and is typically greater than 0.25, but cannot exceed 0.50.
Bend allowance - The length of the neutral axis between the bend lines, or in other words, the arc length of the bend. The bend allowance added to the flange lengths is equal to the total flat length.
Bend deduction - Also called the bend compensation, the amount a piece of material has been stretched by bending. The value equals the difference between the mold line lengths and the total flat length.

When bending a piece of sheet metal, the residual stresses in the material will cause the sheet to spring-back slightly after the bending operation. Due to this elastic recovery, it is necessary to over-bend the sheet a precise amount to achieve the desired bend radius and bend angle. The final bend radius will be greater than initially formed and the final bend angle will be smaller. The ratio of the final bend angle to the initial bend angle is defined as the spring-back factor, KS. The amount of spring-back depends upon several factors, including the material, bending operation, and the initial bend angle and bend radius.

Bending is typically performed on a machine called a press brake, which can be manually or automatically operated. For this reason, the bending process is sometimes referred to as press brake forming. Press brakes are available in a range of sizes (commonly 20-200 tons) in order to best suit the given application. A press brake contains an upper tool called the punch and a lower tool called the die, between which the sheet metal is located. The sheet is carefully positioned over the die and held in place by the back gauge while the punch lowers and forces the sheet to bend. In an automatic machine, the punch is forced into the sheet under the power of a hydraulic ram. The bend angle achieved is determined by the depth to which the punch forces the sheet into the die. This depth is precisely controlled to achieve the desired bend. Standard tooling is often used for the punch and die, allowing a low initial cost and suitability for low volume production. Custom tooling can be used for specialized bending operations but will add to the cost. The tooling material is chosen based upon the production quantity, sheet metal material, and degree of bending. Naturally, a stronger tool is required to endure larger quantities, harder sheet metal, and severe bending operations. In order of increasing strength, some common tooling materials include hardwood, low carbon steel, tool steel, and carbide steel.

Bend Allowance and K Factor calculation:

[K-Factor = t/T] , (t = Half the thickness, T = Thickness). CATIA calculate K factor according to DIN standard [K-Factor = (0.65 + log (R/T)/2)/2]

[BA (Bend Allowance) = 2 * PI (A/360)(R + KT)] , (PI = 3.14, A = Angle between two walls, R = Bend radius, K = K Factor, T = Thickness of sheet)

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Example: Link (http://sheetmetal.me/formulas-and-functions/bend-allowance/)

Understanding the Bend Allowance and consequently the Bend Deduction of a part is a crucial first step to understanding how sheet metal parts are fabricated. When the sheet metal is put through the process of bending the metal around the bend is deformed and stretched. As this happens you gain a small amount of total length in your part. Likewise when you are trying to develop a flat pattern you will have to make a deduction from your desired part size to get the correct flat size.

The Bend Allowance is defined as the material you will add to the actual leg lengths of the part in order to develop a flat pattern. The leg lengths are the part of the flange which is outside of the bend radius.

In our example below a part with flange lengths of 2” and 3” with an inside radius of .250” at 90° will have leg lengths of 1.625” and 2.625” respectively. When we calculate the Bend Allowance we find that it equals .457”. In order to develop the flat pattern we add .457” to 1.625” and 2.625” to arrive at 4.707”. As you can see the Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction are closely related below.

The Bend Allowance Formula takes into account the geometries of bending and the properties of your metal to determine the Bend Allowance. You will need to know your Material Thickness (MT), the Bend Angle (B<), the Inside Radius (IR), and the K-Factor (K). The Material Thickness will be measured in decimal form, not by the gauge number. For more information on gauges and their decimal equivalents and tolerances view our Gauge Chart page. The Bend Angle will be something that you determine based on what the complimentary angle of your part is going to be.

It is important to convert from the included angle to the complimentary angle before performing any calculations. The Inside Radius will be the finished radius of the included angle. For information on how the Inside Radius is determined see our post on the Air Bend Force Chart. Finally the K-Factor is a property of the material which you are bending. This property determines how the material is stretched when bending. See our post on the K-Factor for better understanding as well as charts and formulas.

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Click Sheet Metal Parameters.

The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed.

The third tab concerns the bend allowance.

Bend Allowance:

The bend allowance corresponds to the unfolded bend width.

bend < 90deg

bend > 90deg

L is the total unfolded length

A and B the dimensioning lengths as defined on the above figure. They are similar to the DIN definition.

K Factor:

Physically, the neutral fiber represents the limit between the material compressed area inside the bend and the extended area outside the bend. Ideally, it is represented by an arc located inside the thickness and centered on the bend axis.

The K factor defines the neutral fiber position:

W = a * (R + k * T)

where:

W is the bend allowance
R the inner bend radius
T the sheet metal thickness
a the inner bend angle in radians

If b is the opening bend angle in degrees:

a = p * (180 - b) / 180

When you define the sheet metal parameters, a literal feature defines the default K Factor and a formula is applied to implement the DIN standard. This standard is defined for thin steel parts. Therefore the K Factor value ranges between 0 and 0.5.

The DIN definition for the K factor slightly differs.

W = a * (R + k' * T/2)

Therefore k' = 2 * k and ranges from 0 to 1.

This formula can be deactivated or modified by right-clicking in the K factor field and choosing an option from the contextual menu. It can be re-activated by clicking the Apply DIN button. Moreover, the limit values can also be modified.

When a bend is created, its own K Factor literal is created.

Two cases may then occur:

If the Sheet Metal K Factor has an activated formula using the default bend radius as input parameter, the same formula is activated on the bend K Factor replacing the default bend radius by the local bend radius as input.
In all other cases, a formula "equal to the Sheet Metal K Factor" is activated on the local bend K Factor. This formula can also be deactivated or modified.

Bend Deduction:

When the bend is unfolded, the sheet metal deformation is thus represented by the bend deduction V, defined by the formula:

L = A + B + V

(refer to the previous definitions).

Therefore the bend deduction is related to the K factor using the following formula:

V = a * (R + k * T) - 2 * (R + T) * tan ( min(p/2,a) / 2)

This formula is used by default. However, it is possible to define bend tables on the sheet metal parameters. These tables define samples: thickness, bend radius, open angle, and bend deduction. In this case, the bend deduction is located in the appropriate bend table, matching thickness, bend radius, and open angle. If no accurate open angle is found, an interpolation will be performed.

When updating the bend, the bend deduction is first computed using the previously defined rules. Then the bend allowance is deduced using the following formula:

W = V + 2 * (R + T) * tan ( min(p/2,a) / 2)

When the bend deduction is read in the bend table, the K factor is not used.

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Converting a surface model into a sheet metal:

1). Open the model of a surface.

2). Select Hopper from Rolled Walls.

3). For selection, select the surface.

4). Click OK. A sheet form of the surface is created.

5). From Views toolbar, select Fold/Unfold.

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Considering the Bend Deduction and Bend Allowances is a critical first step in designing sheet metal parts as it affects nearly every following step in the fabrication process. More so, it will allow you to achieve the correct size and dimensions needed in the flat pattern. The flat pattern is what the part looks like before any bends have happened. The lengths in the flat pattern will be different from in the bent state. This is because metal material when formed in a bending process is both stretched and compressed depending on the thickness and the type of material.

The Bend Deduction BD is defined as the difference between the sum of the flange lengths (from edge to the apex) and the initial flat length. In other words, the material you will have to remove from the total length of the flanges in order to arrive at the proper length in the flat pattern.

In the example below, the part has flange lengths of 2” and 3” with an inside radius of 0.250” at 90° will have a length of 5”. When the Bend Deduction is calculated we find that it equals 0.293” in length. In order to develop the flat pattern, we will subtract 0.293” from 5” to arrive at 4.707”. The image below shows the close relation between Bend Deduction and Bend Allowance.

What are sheet metal gauges?

Gauges are used to measure the material thickness of a sheet of metal. These units are neither standard of metric and are completely independent of those typical measurement systems. Keeping a gauge conversion chart nearby is an easy way to determine the actual thickness of a sheet of metal in inches or millimeters. For example, a 14 gauge stainless-steel is .07812 inches thick. The gauge number 14 holds no relevance to the actual measurements.

It is important to know that the gauge thicknesses also vary depending on the type of sheet metal being referenced. Take for instance 12-gauge thickness across the material types listed below; stainless steel is 0.105″ thick, aluminum is 0.080″, copper is 0.108″, and brass is 0.081″.

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Tube Pipe Bending:

The bends have been of small bend radius when there was no operational reason for this, as well as having difference bend radii when they could have been the same. Tube bending has some rules that should ideally be followed to avoid the manufacturer having to produce expensive dedicated tooling.

If there are multiple bends, these should, where possible, be of the same bend radius.
If a very tight bend is required, it may be better to consider an angular welded joint or joints.

Of course, a general rule is the tougher the tube material the harder it is to bend and more liable to buckle, crinkle or tear. So the most popular (and hence cheapest) Tube sizes are as follows:

The standard preferred bend is 2D and this also is the cheapest to produce due to standard tooling supporting this size of bend.

However, we would normally dimension the inside Radius not tube centerline. So for a Ø20 Tube a 2D bend would be R40 to the Tube Centerline, We would dimension this at R30 to the inside of the bend. It is also good practice if a differing bend to 2D is required, to go in increments of D; 3D, 4D etc. Finally, if the function allows, give a very open bend tolerance, For example in the Ø20 Tube of 2D bend, give a tolerance such as R20 to R50 (this equating to a 1.5D to 3D bend).

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Generative Sheet Metal Design:
Parameter standards help you enforce standard techniques and practices used when creating sheet metal features by simplifying how one defines the feature parameters. Therefore streamlining the design process. You can also verify sheet metal features, or the entire part, against these standards.

The sheet metal process lends itself well to simple shapes that are typically formed using standard tools and processes. The easiest way to add stiffness to a sheet metal part is to create a wall, extrusion or flange thus making the part much more rigid.

Sheet metal features are detail features that you add or subtract from a sheet metal part. Cutout features remove material from a sheet metal part. Corner relief features allow parts to fold and unfold without overlapping. Corner features add or remove material on a body by replacing selected edges/faces with cylindrical or conical surfaces. Chamfer features create or remove material by creating a flat face between faces. Pattern features duplicate features and geometry (using various methods) while still maintaining associativity. This feature type is useful when the part you are designing has a lot of symmetry. The different pattern types available are Rectangular, Circular, and User.

Generative Sheet Metal Stampings:
Sheet metal stamping allows you to add detailed features to a sheet metal part. They are created by embossing sheet metal.

The different stampings available on the Stamping toolbar are Flanged Hole, Bead, Circular Stamp, Curve Stamp, Surface Stamp, Bridge, Flanged Cut Out, Louver, User Stamp, Dowel, and Stiffening Rib. One benefit in using these features is that you can position them parametrically.

Within the mapping bracket project, we incorporated the use of another workbench to create additional sheet metal features. The Generative Shape Design tools (Extract, Join and Project) are useful when creating bead profiles along the walls of a folded part as well as creating unfolded/folded profiles. Creating the unfolded profile took many steps to develop. In some cases, actually flattening the part and developing the cut profile on the flat part may be an easier and better practice to use.

Save As DXF:
Saving the part file as a DXF allows you to import it as a flat pattern drawing. This can save a significant amount of time when transferring drawings between multiple CAD packages provided your system can support file translating.

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1). Click on Sheet Metal parameters.

2). Select Bend Allowance tab. There is a option as K Factor.

3). If you select Parameters tab and change the values of Thickness and Default Bend Radius. The value of K factor will also change.

Example:
1). Click on xy plane and then click on Sketch.

2). Create a rectangle on the plane and define the length of the rectangle 102mm then exit the sketch.

3). Create a wall based on the sketch

4). Click on Wall on Edge and create a new wall on an edge. Insert value of 50 for Height and select third option from length type. Then click on OK.

5). When you measure the length of the first wall you will notice that length of the wall is decreased 2mm (From 102mm to 100mm). As 2mm is the bend reduce defined in Sheet metal parameters.

6). The value of bend allowance (Internal bend radius is 2mm).

7). Therefore, external bend radius is 3.5 = Bend allowance (Internal bend radius) + Thickness

8). The length of the wall is 50mm which is defined previously.

9). Unfold the sheet metal by clicking on Fold/Unfold... command.

10). Now measure the bending section (Bend Allowance). The length is 3.982mm. The value is calculated by CATIA. The length and the whole length is related to parameters of bend allowance and K factor. This value is calculated in next step as follows.

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1). Now return to the previous example.
Open Sheet metal parameters window. K Factor = 0.35 (DIN Standard)

2). To see the formula which CATIA uses to calculate K factor right click on K Factor and select Edit.

3). Now calculate Bend Allowance. As you see the calculated value is exactly the same as value measured in previous example.

4). If you want to edit K factor. Click on Sheet metal parameters. In Bend Allowance tab right click on K Factor section, select Formula and then Deactivate.

5). Now you can edit K Factor value. Click OK.

6). Now, measure the bend allowance. The value is 4.32mm.

7). If you want to use DIN standard again, in Bend Allowance tab click on Apply DIN button.

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Sheet Metal Design in SolidWorks:

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Surface Modeling - Shampoo Bottle Project in CATIA

2012-10-26T10:48:00.005+01:00

The exercise is about modeling a shampoo bottle as shown in the figure.

At first step, the curves and sketches are created. Make sure you are in Wireframe and Surface Design workbench.

There are two sets of points created already by Point command in xy plane and yz plane. The file is called Bottle.CATPart and I can send it through email if anyone requires it.

Now click on Spline from Wireframe toolbar. Spline Definition window opens. Now connect all the points in the first set as shown in the figure.

Then click on OK.

Again click on Spline from Wireframe toolbar. Spline Definition window opens. Now connect all the points in the second set as shown in the figure.

Then click on OK.

Then click on Sketch command and select zx plane.

Now you are in sketch workbench.

From Profile toolbar, click on Ellipse command.

Now the bottom face of the bottle is created. Click on origin as the center of the ellipse. Then click the mouse somewhere close to the start points of the splines.

Now the ellipse will be connected to the start points of the splines. To do this, press Ctrl button and hold it, meanwhile select the start point of one of the splines and the ellipse.

Then click on 'Constraints Defined in Dialog Box' command. Constraint Definition box opens. Select Coincidence option and click on OK.

Repeat the above procedure for the second point and ellipse. To do this, press Ctrl button and hold it, meanwhile select the start point of the other spline and the ellipse.

Then click on 'Constraints Defined in Dialog Box' command. Constraint Definition box opens. Select Coincidence option and click on OK.

Now the sketch image looks like the following image.

Now exit the Sketcher. To exit the sketcher double click on one of the splines.

Next the top face of the bottle is created. First a plane is created. The top face of the bottle will be created on the plane. Click on Plane command. Plane Definition window opens. In Plane type list select 'Parallel through point' option. For Reference section click on zx plane from tree.

For Point section, select either end points of the splines (Both end points have the same height - Z axis). Click on OK to close the Plane Definition window.

Now click on Sketch command and select the new plane.

Now you are in sketch workbench.

Now click on Circle command and select the origin as the center of the circle. Then click somewhere close to the end points of splines.

Now the circle will be connected to the end points of the splines. To do this, press Ctrl button and hold it, meanwhile select the start point of one of the splines and the circle.

Then click on 'Constraints Defined in Dialog Box' command. Constraint Definition box opens. Select Coincidence option and click on OK.

Repeat the above procedure for the second point and circle. To do this, press Ctrl button and hold it, meanwhile select the start point of the other spline and the circle.

Then click on 'Constraints Defined in Dialog Box' command. Constraint Definition box opens. Select Coincidence option and click on OK.

Finally exit the sketch.

Next from Operations toolbar click on Symmetry command. Symmetry Definition window opens. For Element section, select Spline.1 as shown in the figure.

For Reference section, right click and select YZ Plane option.

Now click on OK.

Again from Operations toolbar click on Symmetry command. Symmetry Definition window opens. For Element section, select Spline.2 as shown in the figure.

For Reference section, right click and select XY Plane.

Then click on OK.

In next step the side surfaces of the bottle are created. From Surfaces toolbar, click on Multi-Sections Surface command. Multi-Sections Surface Definition window opens. For Section box first select the ellipse.

Then select the top circle.

For Guide section from Guide tab, select all the splines produced previously.

Now click on Preview.

Now from View toolbar select 'Shading with Edges' option. This will display the edges of the model.

As you see there is a extra edge on the surface model.

This edge connects two points of Closing point 1 and Closing point 2.

Right click on Closing point 2 and select Replace.

Then select the start point of the spline.

Repeat the procedure for Closing point 1. Right click on the Closing point 1 and select Replace option.

Then select the end point of the spline.

Now click on Preview. The extra edge is disappeared.

Click on OK.

Next, the top section of the bottle will be created. From Surfaces toolbar, click on Extrude command. Extruded Surface Definition window opens. For Profile section, select the circle.

In Dimension section enter 15 mm.

Then click on OK.

Next the bottom surface will be created. Click on Fill command from Surfaces toolbar. Fill Surface Definition window opens. For Curves section, select the ellipse sketch.

Then click on Preview and finally click on OK.

Next click on xy plane from tree.

Then click on Plane command to create a new plane. Plane Definition window opens. In Offset box enter 50 mm.

Click on OK.

As the new plane is selected, click on Sketch command.

Then from Profile toolbar, click on Axis command. Then for start point, click on the origin of the coordinate system.

For the second point, click somewhere in the vertical direction as shown in the figure.

Next double click on Line command. For the start point click somewhere on the new axis.

Then for the end point, click somewhere horizontally as shown in the figure.

Draw the second line perpendicular to the first line.

Draw the third line as shown in the figure.

Exit the Line command and click on Corner command from Operation toolbar. Click on the vertex and enter 12 mm for radius.

Repeat corner for the above vertex but enter 20 mm for the radius.

Then click on Constraint command, and constraint the sketch as shown in the figure.

Next press the Ctrl button and hold it and select all the sketch.

Then click on Mirror command. Then click on the vertical axis.

Now the sketch is complete.

Finally click on Corner command and select the top vertex and enter 24 mm for radius.

Constraint the inclined line (Length = 24 mm) as shown in the figure.

Now exit the sketcher.

Now the sketch will be projected on the surface. From Wireframe click on Projection command. Projection Definition window opens. For Projected section click on the sketch which was created in previous section. For Support section click on the surface model.

Then click on Preview.

Then click on OK.

Hide the sketch by right click on the sketch and hide it.

Next click on yz plane

And click on Sketch command.

Then click on Circle command and create a circle anywhere you want. The diameter of the circle is 2.5 mm.

Then click on Project 3D Elements command. Then select the curve as shown in the figure.

As the curve is selected click on Construction command.

Then press Ctrl button and hold it then select the center of the circle and the start point of the projected curve which is a point.

Next create a coincidence constraint between the center of the circle and the projected curve (point). To do this, click on 'Constraints Defined in Dialog Box' button. Constraint Definition window opens. Select Coincidence option and click OK.

Then exit the sketch.

Next, click on Sweep. Swept Surface Definition window opens. For Profile type select Explicit option and in Subtype section select 'With reference surface' option. For Profile section, select the circle.

For 'Guide curve' section, select the projected curve.

Then click on Preview.

Then click on OK.

Now the intersection between the swept surface and the body surface will be filleted. To do this you need to go to Generative Shape Design workbench. From menu click on Start - Shape - Generative Shape Design.

Then from menu click on Insert - Operations - Shape Fillet.

Fillet Definition window opens. For Support 1 section click on the main surface body.

For Support 2 section click on the swept surface.

For Radius section, enter 0.5 mm. Make sure that the direction of the arrows appeared on the selected surfaces should be outward.

Now click on OK.

Next, the top section of the model will be filleted. Again from menu click on Insert - Operations - Shape Fillet.

Fillet Definition window opens. For Support 1 section click on the extruded surface.

For Support 2 section, click on the body surface.

For Radius section enter 1.5 mm.

Then click on OK.

In next step, the bottom section of the model will be filleted through Variable Radius Fillet command. First hide the ellipse sketch. Right click on the ellipse and select Hide/Show option.

Note that at the moment this edge is the intersection of two separate surfaces (Fill.1 and Fillet.2) and it is impossible to use the fillet command.

To solve the problem, click on Join command from Operations toolbar or click on Insert - Operations- Join.

Join Definition window opens. For 'Elements To Join' section select the two intersecting surfaces.

Click on OK. The surfaces now joined together. Join.1 is added to the tree.

On the other hand, to use variable fillet command we need to create some points on the edge. Therefore, to create the symmetry of the point, from menu click on Insert - Operations - Symmetry.

Symmetry Definition window opens. Click on the point as shown in the figure.

In Reference section, right click and select XY Plane.

Now the point resulted from symmetry command is created. Then click on OK.

To create the other point at the other side, from menu click on Insert - Operations - Symmetry.

Symmetry Definition window opens. Click on the point as shown in the figure.

In Reference section, right click and select YZ Plane.

Click on OK. the point resulted from symmetry command is created.

Next from menu click on Insert - Operations - Variable Fillet.

Variable Radius Fillet Definition window opens. For Edge(s) to fillet section, click on the bottom edge of the model as shown in the figure.

As you in Points section 2 points are considered for variable fillet. Now click on Points section. Then click on the other points which were created through symmetry command.

Now at each point, a radius value is appeared. By double-clicking on each radius you can modify the radius. Now for two points located on the small radius of the ellipse, enter 6.5 mm for the radius of the fillet.

Repeat the above procedure for the other point and enter 6.5 mm for the radius and click on OK.

For the other two points located on the large radius of the ellipse, double click on the radius and enter 9.5 mm and click on OK.

For the last point, repeat the above procedure and enter 9.5 mm and click on OK.

From 'Variation' list select Linear option.

Click on OK.

Now hide all the sketches, points, curves, and planes by selecting them from tree. Then right click on them and hide them

Now the model looks like the following image.

In next stage, the threads at top section will be created. First click on Plane command. Plane Definition window opens. From Plane type list select 'Offset from plane' option. For Reference section, right click on it and select ZX Plane.

In Offset section, enter 244 mm and click on Preview.

Then click on OK. Then click on Point command and from Point type list select 'On curve' option. For Curve click on somewhere at top edge of the model as shown in the figure.

Then in Ratio section, enter 0 and click OK.

Now the point will be projected on the new plane. From Wireframe toolbar, click on Projection command. Projection Definition window opens. For Projected section click on the point.

For Support section, click on the plane.

Then click on OK.

Next, the central axis will be created. Therefore from Wireframe toolbar click on Axis command. Axis Definition window opens. For Element section click on the top edge of the model.

From Axis type list select 'Normal to circle' option.

Click on OK.

From Wireframe toolbar click on Helix command. Helix Curve Definition window opens. For Starting Point, click on the projected point.

For Axis section, click on the new axis.

In Pitch section, enter 5 mm. In Height section, enter 7 mm. Click on Reverse Direction, to change the direction of the helix downwards.

Then click on OK.

The profile of the thread is already created in a separated file and is similar to the following image.

Next, the plane which contains the sketch will be created. Click on Plane command. From Plane type list select Normal to curve option. For Curve section click on the Helix.

In Point section, click on the projected point.

Then click on OK.

Then click on Sketch command and select the new plane.

Now bring the thread file which has the profile thread and select all the thread sketch. Then from menu click on Edit - Copy.

Next switch to the main model file.

From menu click on Edit - Paste.

Press Ctrl button and hold it then select the corner of the profile as shown in the figure.

As you press the Ctrl, select another point.

Then click on 'Constraints Defined in Dialog Box' command. Constraint Definition window opens. Select Coincidence option.

Then click on OK.

Constraint the horizontal line of the profile and the surface with parallelism. Select the both line and the surface.

Then click on 'Constraints Defined in Dialog Box' command. Constraint Definition window opens. Select Parallelism option.

Click on OK. The Parallelism constraint is created between the axis and the horizontal line of the profile.

Then exit the Sketcher. Next from Surfaces toolbar, click on Sweep command. Swept Surface Definition window opens. In Profile type select Explicit option. From Subtype list select 'With reference surface' option. For Profile section, click on the profile.

For Guide curve section, click on the Helix.

Then click on Preview.

Click on OK.

To finish the model, enter to the Part Design workbench. From menu click Start - Mechanical Design - Part Design.

From tree right click on PartBody and select 'Define In Work Object' option.

Next from menu click on Insert - Surface-Based Features - Close Surface.

Close Surface Definition window opens. For 'Object to close' section click on the thread.

Then click OK.

Next the surface body will be thickened. From menu click Insert - Surface-Based Features - Thick Surface.

Thick Surface Definition window opens. Then select the surface model.

For First Offset section, enter 1.5 mm and for Second Offset section enter 0.25 mm. Make sure that the direction of the arrows are towards inside. If not, click on Reverse Direction button.

Click on OK. The model is now complete.

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Surface Modeling - Shampoo Bottle Project in CATIA