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Strangelets | The Strange Matter

2020-08-01T03:00:00.000-07:00

The Strange Matter

Neutron stars are the densest things that aren't black holes. In their cores, we'd find the foremost dangerous substance in existence: Strange matter. A bizarre thing so extreme, that it bends the principles of the universe and will infect and destroy everything it comes into contact with or it could teach us about how the universe began. Maybe both. to know how extreme strange matter really is, we first got to get a couple of basics.

what's a star , and the way does strange matter break the principles of the universe? to urge all of this into one article, we'll grossly oversimplify a couple of things, but we'll provide you with further reading if you would like more details. A star is what remains after a really massive star explodes during a supernova. When this happens, the star's core collapses under its own gravity with such a robust inward force that it squeezes nuclei and particles together violently. Electrons are pushed into protons, in order that they merge and switch into neutrons. All the "nothing" inside atoms is suddenly completely crammed with particles that basically don't need to be on the brink of one another , but haven't any choice. They desperately keep off against gravity, against the collapse. If gravity wins, they're going to become a region . If they win, they become a star .

This makes neutron stars like giant atomic nuclei the dimensions of a city, but holding the mass of our Sun. And here, things get weird. The environment within the core of neutron stars is so extreme that the principles of atomic physics change. And this might cause a wierd and very dangerous substance. But let's not get before ourselves. We first got to know the principles before we find out how they will be broken. Protons and neutrons, the particles making up the nuclei of atoms, are made from smaller particles called quarks. Quarks really don't need to be alone. they're what we call confined. you'll attempt to separate them, but the harder you pull, the harder they struggle to tug themselves back together. If you employ tons of energy, they only use this energy to make new quarks.

Quarks only exist together because the building blocks of other particles and haven't been observed by themselves. they are available in many sorts , but only two appear to form stable matter: the 'up' and 'down' quarks found in protons and neutrons. All other quarks seem to decay away quickly, but this might vary inside neutron stars. The forces operating in their cores are so extreme that they're actually almost like the universe shortly after the large Bang. star cores are like fossils, which may allow us to peer back in time to the start of everything. So learning how quarks behave inside a star may be a way of understanding the very nature of the universe itself. One hypothesis is that, inside a star core, protons and neutrons deconfine.

All the particles crammed shoulder-to-shoulder dissolve and melt into a kind of bath of quarks. Uncountable numbers of particles become one giant thing made purely from quarks: Quark matter. A star made up of this is often called a Quark Star. Though from the surface , it's going to not look any different than a daily star . Now, we will finally mention the foremost dangerous substance. If the pressure inside a quark star is great enough, it's going to get stranger, literally. within the cores of neutron stars, a number of the quarks could also be converted into 'strange' quarks.

Strangelets

Strange( Strangelets ) quarks have bizarre nuclear properties, and that they are heavier, and for the shortage of a far better word, stronger. If they happen , they might create strange matter. Strange matter could be the perfect state of matter, perfectly dense, perfectly stable, indestructible, more stable than the other matter within the universe. So stable that it can exist outside neutron stars. If this is often the case, we've a drag . it'd be infectious. each piece of matter it touches could be so impressed by its stability that it might immediately become strange matter, too. Protons and neutrons would dissolve and become a part of the quark bath, which frees energy and creates weirder matter.

The sole thanks to get obviate it might be to throw it into a region . on the other hand again, who cares? All of it's inside neutron stars, except when neutron stars hit other neutron stars or black holes. They spew tremendous amounts of their insides, a number of which could include little droplets of strange matter called strangelets. Strangelets are as dense because the core of a star . they might be really small, maybe even subatomic, but even the most important strangelets wouldn't be any bigger than a rocket. These strangelets would drift through the galaxy for millions or billions of years until they meet a star or planet accidentally . If one were to strike earth, it would immediately start converting it into strange matter. The more it converts, the more it would grow. Ultimately, all of the atoms making up earth would be converted. Earth would become a hot clump of strange matter, the dimensions of an asteroid. If a strangelet strikes the sun, it might collapse into a wierd star, eating through it like fire through a dry forest. This would not change the Sun's mass much, but it would become way less bright.

So Earth would freeze to death. And sort of a tiny virus, we'd haven't any thanks to see a strangelet coming. Worse still, some theories suggest strangelets are quite common, outnumbering all stars within the galaxy. The strangelets could've formed very early after the Big Bang, when it was as hot and dense as a neutron star core everywhere.

They might be clumping around the gravity of galaxies as the universe expanded and evolved. Strangelets could even be so numerous and large , that they could actually be the substance we suspect holds galaxies together. But then again, maybe not. This is speculation. And the Earth and Sun and planets haven't been consumed during a wildfire of strangelets within the past few billion years.

So the odds seem good that it won't happen any time soon. Understanding these strange objects today may be the key to understanding the birth of our universe, and why it grew to look the way it does now. When scientists first started playing with magnets and wires and thinking about electrons, they had no idea how technology would evolve in the next hundred years. The scientists thinking about the cause of neutron stars and strange matter today may be setting up humans for a future beyond our wildest imaginations ...or maybe not. Time will tell.

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Mysterious The Great Attractor | Unknown force in space

2020-07-18T03:51:00.000-07:00

Mysterious The Great Attractor

If you’ve been following my article series recently, you’ll notice that we’ve talked a lot about how the universe is structured, filament structures of galaxies being pulled apart by the universe’s expansion, with bubbles or voids forming in the gaps. Because of the universe’s expansion, everything is moving away from everything. But of course, this isn’t totally true in practice, due to a mysterious force called gravity.

Gravity is a pulling force, or technically it is the curvature of space-time caused by uneven distribution of mass. On very small scales, gravity is hardly relevant at all. I don’t feel any pull towards objects around me, only towards the Earth because it is so massive. Celestial objects close enough to the Sun are most influenced by its gravity, and all stars in the galaxy orbit around a supermassive black hole at the galaxies core. But it doesn’t stop there. You’ve probably heard that the Andromeda galaxy is hurtling towards us. How can that be when everything is moving apart?

Objects that are close enough together with a large enough mass are pulled towards each other by gravity faster than the universe can expand. This is why we have galaxy super-clusters, and in fact we are part of one. Gravity is keeping these galaxy clusters bound together, meaning over extremely large time scales, collisions aren’t totally unusual. In fact, a new theory has just recently been proposed that the Milky Way may have recently experienced such a collision with a ‘Large Magellanic Cloud-sized’ diffuse galaxy called Antlia 2. Scientists have discovered that the Milky Way has ripples consistent with it having had a collision in the past, but we couldn’t pinpoint what it collided with, until Gaia discovered the Antlia 2 galaxy hidden behind our galactic disk.

This makes it very hard to spot as although it is massive, it is very spread out due to the collision, and being behind our galactic disk makes it hard to see due to the stars and dust in the way. But that brings us onto the main topic of this article, the Great Attractor. In an opposite vein from the supervoids, where there are regions of space where there is an almost total absence of mass for hundreds of millions of light years in any direction, the Great Attractor is the biggest concentration of mass for hundreds of millions of light years. It is so massive, that even though our galaxy is between 150-250 million light years away, we, and all galaxies around it, are currently moving towards it.

Estimates put its mass at roughly 1,000 trillion Suns, which is enough for many thousands of galaxies. But what could possibly be there that is that massive? Well for the longest time, it was a total mystery, because like Antlia 2, the region where the Great Attractor is located is hidden behind our galaxy’s disk. However, X-ray telescopes can see through the disk, and recent technological improvements and advances in x-ray teleoscopes have meant we have been able to detect thousands of galaxies in the region where the Great Attractor is supposed to be. But the mass detected didn’t add up. There wasn’t enough present to create such a pull. Further analysis has revealed something very interesting: that while we are being pulled towards the Great Attractor, there is something even more massive behind it, located 650 million light years away called the Shapley Attractor, or the Shapley Supercluster.

The Empty Space

Located there are many thousands of galaxies densely packed together, with a mass of 10,000 trillion Suns and everything within 1 billion light years is being pulled towards it. On the other hand, looking the opposite direction from the Shapley supercluster, we see an underdense region, where everything seems to be moving away from it called the Dipole Repeller.

Conclusion

It isn’t actually repelling mass, but due to all the mass around it being pulled towards more dense regions by gravity, it creates the illusion that it is repelling that mass, although there are some scientists that do claim that an unknown repelling force is at work there. Simply put, we are still in very early days when it comes to understanding the universe. We observe certain things, like the motion of galaxies, dense galaxy groups, and absences of galaxies in large voids or “repelling regions”. We observe the expansion of the universe, and observe the filamentary structures. But the universe is an impossibly large place, and we can only see so far, only live so long.

Plus, our technology is still limited. We have theories which try and explain what we see, but I really wouldn’t be surprised to see these theories change as more data becomes accessible. Some may ask, what’s the point then? However, I for one am hugely grateful to the bright minds working on this, as discovering our place in the universe is so fascinating! I’m glad humans have an insatiable need to explore and understand everything around them. This innate sense of wonder and curiosity is what drives the evolution of mankind. And I am excited to witness it. Thanks for reading! Have a space related question? Ask in the comments below! Subscribe so you don’t miss out on future science article.

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Space Debris | Space junk removal around Earth

2020-07-10T04:14:00.000-07:00

Space Debris

Earth Actual Look From The Space

This is the actual look of the planet Earth from the Space. The junk you see around is called Space Debris. Since the beginning of spaceflight, over 9,000 satellites have been launched into orbit. But with the speed of launches increasing exponentially, space is close to get much busier. In addition to every satellite currently in Earth’s orbit, there is around 100,000 tonnes of debris, most of which is too small for us to track. But what proportion damage can a small object really do to a spacecraft? And how do we shield the ISS from such dangers?

In this article, we’re going to look at the powerful physics behind space impacts. We’re also going to look at the different methods used to shield the ISS and how we put them to the test here on Earth. Out of all the objects hurtling around Earth, only those larger than a baseball are often tracked. If a spacecraft is on a path to collide with a piece of debris, it performs a maneuver to avoid being completely destroyed. But for the many tiny objects that can’t be tracked, a collision could still be catastrophic.

A raindrop weighing 0.2 grams will fall on your head with about 0.8 millijoules of energy. But an equivalent raindrop flying around as space debris would have over 1,000,000 times more energy, albeit its speed is merely 1000 times faster. The reason that velocity makes such a difference here is because in the formula for kinetic energy, mass is directly proportional but the velocity is squared. This is obviously nothing new to scientists. But when operating within the vacuum of space, these tiny impacts are unavoidable. Even things like flecks of paint have led to visible impacts on the windows of the Space Shuttle.

Micrometeoroids coming from outside of Earth’s orbit can be moving at even greater velocities like 20 kilometres a second. Since the ISS is that the size of a whole football feild , it's constantly within the firing line of debris.

On-Board img. of damage ISS

whole caused by debris

While on-board the space station, astronaut Chris Hadfield took this photo of one of the solar arrays with a bullet-sized hole right through it. In order to shield something as large because the ISS, instead of using heavy thick plating, it uses something called a “whipple shield”. This consists of a skinny outer wall followed by alittle gap and a thick inner wall. The outer wall doesn’t take much speed out of the impact but it shatters the projectile into much finer pieces.

This means the K.E. is opened up into many smaller impacts on the inner wall. In some areas of the shield, the space between the two walls is stuffed with a high impact material such as kevlar or aluminium oxide. On the ISS, there are over a hundred different shield configurations, as a balance needs to be found between the weight and the amount of protection. Fortunately, we’re ready to do an excellent deal of testing on these sorts of impacts here on Earth. Since a typical firearm can’t generate orbital velocities, scientists back within the 60’s invented something called the Light-Gas Gun.

This works by using an charge to maneuver a piston and compress a sealed chamber of gas. The end of the chamber has a thin bursting disk, scored with a cross which bursts at a specific pressure. Once it bursts, the rapid expansion of gas accelerates the projectile up to orbital velocities. This is an example of what a small object can do to a block of aluminum. The projectile in this experiment was made out of polycarbonate and weighed just 7 grams. But when it collided with the aluminum block at 7km/s, it carved out a crater 5 times wider and 5 times deeper than its own diameter. To understand what goes on in orbital impacts, it helps to seem at the impact piecemeal . As the projectile collides with an object it decelerates extremely quickly, which compresses both the projectile and therefore the object.

As the pressure of both objects increases, the temperature gets hot enough to melt the impact area and vaporize the projectile. The compression sends a shock wave through the object with enough strength to completely tear apart the material. All of this happens in a fraction of a second, meaning astronauts on-board the ISS would never see it coming.

But there's a replacement solution under research at the instant that would provide even greater protection to the ISS. While current whipple shields use kevlar or alumina between the walls, it's possible that this might get replaced with a replacement material that performs something called Rapid Puncture-Initiated Healing. This involves replacing the filling of the whipple shield with a liquid. As the debris passes through the shield at high velocity, the warmth and friction will stimulate the liquid to flow into the opening and plug it because it hardens. One test involved the liquid reacting with oxygen, which sealed the opening in but a second. Shields like these will got to be constantly improved as we send humans beyond our field of trackable space debris. Lighter shields that are easier to repair also will be crucial for end of the day trips to Mars and beyond.

Space junk removal around Earth

ISS

ClearSpace-1 are going to be the primary space mission to get rid of an item of debris from orbit, planned for launch in 2025. The mission is being procured as a contract with a startup-led commercial consortium, to assist establish a replacement marketplace for in-orbit servicing, also as debris removal.

Following a competitive process, a consortium led by Swiss startup ClearSpace – a spin-off company established by an experienced team of space debris researchers based at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) research institute – are going to be invited to submit their final proposal, before starting the project next March.

Either way, we will be thankful that we've an environment here on Earth which protects us every single day. So make sure you're subscribed, so you can join in the discussion as we continue to learn more about all things space. Thank you very much for reading and I'll see you in the next article.

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How Gravity Works? | Can it cause Spacetime Distribution.

2020-06-30T04:43:00.000-07:00

How Gravity Works?

Gravity keep the moon where it suppose to be i.e. in orbit

Ever since the apple fell on Isaac Newton's head that fateful day, scientists are working hard to know the mysterious force that's gravity. Lucky for us, they've learned a great deal, and the knowledge is out there for all to see! But like many such concepts, while most of the people have a grasp there on , rather few understand completely how it works.

Let's remedy that. If you would like more Science articles, inspect my previous blog for more scientific & research articles. I will put all links at end of this blog. So, Stay tuned. Now prepare , it’s time to ask the question: How does Gravity Work?

Newton's Gravity Theory

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton discovered gravity in in 1687, when, as legend tells, an apple fell from a tree and struck him in the head. It’s likely that events didn't transpire in quite this way, but the story is a good one. Regardless of the particulars of his epiphany, Newton was instrumental in developing our understanding of gravity, when he published his book The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. the book contain his theory of calculus, his three laws of motion, and of course, his theory of universal gravitation. Since then, scientists have expanded on the theory, and we now have a solid grasp on this seemingly mystical force that keeps things together. In the Newtonian view, gravity is seen as one of the four fundamental forces of nature, the other three being electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force. These forces aren't derived from other things, they simply exist and act of their own accord. However, it should be noted that gravity isn't always seen as a force, as Newton would describe it.

Gravitational Force

Gravitational Force = (G x m1 x m2) / (d^2 )

where

G=Gravitational constant.

m1 & m2= Masses of two objects.

d= Distance between the centers of gravity of two objects.

Value of G= 6.67 x 10E-8 Dyne
In case you were curious, the gravitational constant is 6.754 times 10 to the negative 11. Essentially, what this formula states is that the gravitational force depends on the mass of the objects in question, as well as how far apart they are. The farther apart the objects are, the greater the mass must be in order for gravity to act. When an object begins falling, gravity accelerates it at a rate of roughly 9.8 metres per second, until it reaches terminal velocity. This means that each second, the object will speed up by about 9.8 metres per second.

Einstein's Gravity

Albert Einstein stated that
gravity a consequence of
curvature of spacetime.

According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, gravity is best seen as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime, caused by the uneven distribution of mass. This theory has expanded on Newton's, making it more generally applicable. However, for the sake of brevity, this article will focus on the Newtonian view of gravity, as it remains a fairly accurate description, and provides a nice groundwork for understanding later theories. We may touch on the Theory of Relativity, as well as other gravitational theories, in later articles.

So, back to Newton's gravity. According to the theory of gravity, all objects with mass are drawn to one another. Objects with greater mass have stronger gravitational pulls. This pull was instrumental in the forming of the many planets, stars, and moons in our universe, and continues to act on and within these planets. The gravitational pull of our sun keeps the planets in orbit around it, just as the pull of the Earth keeps our moon in orbit.

Conclusion about Gravity

This is true of all objects, no matter their mass. This is because while an increase in the object’s mass does increase the gravity that will work on it, it also increases the force necessary for gravity to pull it. For this reason, despite the difference in mass, a basketball and a bowling ball will fall at almost exactly the same rate. What can slow an object down, however, is increased air resistance. A flat piece of paper will fall much slower than one crumpled in a ball.

This understanding of gravity is highly useful and predictive in most realms, and is excellent when looking at everyday cases. It allows us to understand that it is the great mass of the Earth that causes us to remain firmly planted on the ground, regardless of what the flat earth may claim. It lets us predict where an object will fall, and how quickly it will do so. Should an apple fall from the sky, we won’t curse the heavens for launching a magical, vitamin-filled attack on us; we understand that it was gravity that caused it to occur. And despite Bill O’Reilley’s insistence to the contrary, we can, in fact, explain why the tides go in and out.

It’s due to, large gravitational pull of the moon. That said, gravity doesn’t work the same way across the Earth. There are certain anomalous regions where gravity acts rather differently. For example, many parts of the Hudson Bay region seem to be “Missing” some of their gravity. This phenomenon was first noticed in the 1960's when the global gravity fields were being charted. There are two main theories that contend to explain this. The first is that convection in the Earth’s mantle is responsible, since it drags the continental plates downwards, thus decreasing the Earth’s mass in the area, which decreases the effects of gravity. The second theory claims that it’s due to the Laurentide Ice Sheet.

Before it melted 10,000 years ago, the sheet was particularly thick in this region, meaning the indentation left after the melt was even more significant in this area. This is believed by some to be the cause of the lower gravity. As of now, we’re not certain which theory is correct, but such is science. This is but one proof that our understanding of gravity is far from complete. But the beautiful thing about science is that it is open to change, and embraces new ideas if they turn out to be correct.

Some scientists continue to study gravity, and there have been some interesting discoveries of late that might change our understanding of it significantly. There are a number of different theories that all claim to provide a more complete explanation than those of Newton and Einstein. However, as of yet none of these claims have been fully supported, so we'll have to wait for further study. Thank you for reading this article, I hope this was interesting and informative, and maybe even inspired you to look into it further on your own. If you liked this article, please subscribe to the page. While you’re subscribing, please comment down if you think it satisfied your curiosity.

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Inside Black Holes || What is Quasar?

2020-06-24T02:07:00.001-07:00

Inside Black Holes

A Black Hole

What's inside Black holes are mysterious and bizarre objects within the universe that haven't any explanation. Do we hardly know anything about what lies inside of a black holes? The hole we know and understand what we see on the outside of a black holes. But we have no way of going inside one to take a look at what is happening. Even if we sent a probe inside a black holes, It would not survive the journey And there would be no way that the probe could transmit a sign outside once it had been sucked inside this is often because a region is that the product of mass being squeezed together so densely and tightly that it creates a gravitational pull. That is so strong that not even light can escape its grasp Supermassive black holes with masses millions to billions of times that of the Sun are thought to lurk at the hearts of all galaxies within the universe you'll notice that once you see a photograph of a spiral nebula like the Milky Way within the center of the galaxy may be a giant mass of light? Which many people would think looks like a massive Sun, but this is not light coming from the black hole itself Remember that life cannot escape the heavy gravitational pull Instead the sunshine we see comes from magnetic fields near a spinning region that propels electrons outward during a jet Along the rotation axis the electrons produce bright radio waves Quasars are believed to supply their energy from massive black holes within the center of the galaxies during which the quasars are located But quasars are so bright they make noise the sunshine from all the opposite stars within the same galaxy.

What is Quasar

Quasar

You're probably asking well What's a quasar? A quasar is the short name for a quasi-stellar object and is a very highly energetic object? Surrounding an actively feeding supermassive region in additional basic terms the supermassive region within the middle of a galaxy feeds intermittently because it feeds gas swirls around it at incredible speeds and Forms an insanely bright hot orbiting disc and if the region is swallowing an outsized amount of fabric this feeding is accomplished by gigantic Jets of gas these are called quasar. They are essentially fueled by the black holes. They orbit some supermassive black hole giants release an extraordinarily Large amount of light when they rip apart stars in devour matter and are likely the driving force behind these quasars. When material gets too close to a black hole it forms that bright hot accretion disk round the region. That accretion disk heats up to many degrees Blasting out a huge amount of radiation. The magnetic environment round the region forms twin Jets of fabric which effuse into space for many light years. This becomes what's called a lively galactic nucleus or a GN the diet of known black holes consists mostly of gas and mud which fill the otherwise empty space throughout the universe. Black holes also can consume material torn from nearby stars actually the most massive black holes can swallow stars whole Black holes also can grow by colliding and merging with other black holes. This growth process is what can and typically does reveal the presence of a black hole? But supermassive black holes aren't always feeding if a black hole runs out of food the Jets run out of power and shut down Right up until something gets too close and the whole system starts up again the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is all out of food or space material to consume. It lies completely dormant for the time being a sleeping giant, so it doesn't have an active galactic nucleus And so there is no quasar emitting light however we are on a collision course with another galaxy and in 10 billion years or so when the Milky Way collides with the Andromeda galaxy Our supermassive black hole may roar back to life as a quasar as it begins to consume part of this new galaxy. Now it might sound like black holes are dangerous and that anything that even remotely comes close to a black hole would get sucked inside and be crushed and while it's true that if you manage to carefully drop an object into a black hole you'd never get that object back, but black holes are actually remarkably bad at pulling material close to them. There are a couple of reasons for this one black holes aren't actually attractive to anything for any reason other than gravity.

Black Holes Explained

Black Hole

Much like our solar system is in a stable orbits around the Sun the vast majority of a galaxy is during a stable orbit round the region with no real reason to go plunging towards the very center of the galaxy the second reason that black holes are bad at being astronomical vacuum cleaners is that they're Really inefficient at getting material close enough to them to cross the event horizon and increase the mass of the region. Even small black holes which exist in great numbers in the galaxy are much better at tearing a companion star apart than they aren't actually growing their own size by consuming the star hole. So, despite their reputation Black holes won't actually suck in objects from large distances a region can only capture objects that come very on the brink of it. They're more like venus flytraps than cosmic vacuum cleaners for instance imagine replacing the Sun by a region of an equivalent mass permanent darkness would fall on Earth but the planets would continue to revolve round the region at an equivalent distance and speed as they are doing now. None of the planets would be sucked into the region our earth would be in danger only if it came within some 10 miles of the black hole much less than the actual distance of the Earth from the Sun which is a comforting 93 million miles away So after knowing all of this do we have any idea, what is inside of a black hole? Current theories predict that all the matter in a Black Holes is piled up in a single point at the center but we do not understand how this central singularity works properly to understand the region center requires a fusion of the idea of gravity with the idea that describes the behavior of matter on the littlest scales called quantum physics. This unifying theory has already been given a reputation quantum gravity, but how it works remains unknown this is often one among the foremost important unsolved problems in physics Studies of black holes may at some point provide the key to unlock this mystery Einstein's theory of general theory of relativity allows unusual characteristics for black holes, for instance , the central singularity might form a bridge to a different universe. This is similar to a so-called wormhole which is a mysterious solution of Einstein's equations that has no event horizon? Bridges and wormholes might allow visit other universes or maybe time travel, but without observational and experimental data this is often mostly speculation We don't know whether bridges or wormholes exist in the universe or could even have formed in principle by contrast black holes have been observed to exist and we understand how they form What is inside of a black hole remains a mystery?

Conclusion

So, does a region live forever if there's nothing for a region to consume then no, in fact, a really surprising thing happens you would possibly have heard of Stephen Hawking. He is a theoretical physicist in cosmologists, and is at the forefront on the study of black holes. He came up with a theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation. This, of course, is now known as Hawking radiation reduces the mass and energy of black holes and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation because of this region is that don't gain mass through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish What it means is that if the black hole has nothing to eat it? Eventually evaporates the energy and mass that the black hole pulled inside of itself Evaporates back out into space in the form of radiation. It is almost as if a black Hole is a universe recycling machine. Stephen Hawking proved this in 1974 by using the laws of quantum mechanics to study the region on the brink of a region horizon. The scientific theory describes the behavior of matter on the littlest scales, it predicts that tiny particles and lightweight are continuously created and destroyed on subatomic scales some of the light thus, created actually has a very small chance of escaping before it is destroyed to an outsider It is as though the event horizon glows the energy carried away by the glow decreases the black hole's mass until it is completely gone. This surprising new insight show that there is still much to learn about black holes. However, Hawking's glow is totally irrelevant for any of the black holes known to exist within the universe. For them the temperature of the glow is almost zero and therefore the energy loss is negligible. The time needed for the black holes to lose much of their mass is unimaginably long however if much smaller black holes ever existed within the universe Then Hawking's findings would are catastrophic a region as massive as a cruise ship would disappear in a bright flash in less than a second as you can see black holes are incredible and mysterious things perhaps one day. We will know exactly what lies inside of a black Hole, maybe we will find out that they are gates to another dimension such as wormholes Or maybe we will never know and just come to simply accept their existence as they are.

11 dimensions explained simply

2020-06-14T08:48:00.001-07:00

11 dimensions explained simply

Tesseract

This is what a cube would appear as if within the 4th dimension. It also has its name, a Tesseract. However, by seeing this image you can't claim that you simply experienced the 4th dimension because it's represented in our 3-dimensional universe(11 dimensions explained simply), on a 2-dimensional screen, in your 1-dimensional brain. But what if I told you, our Universe is formed from not 3, but 11, or maybe 26 dimensions? We’ll speak about that in a second. First of all, a minimum of to imagine, how a 4th-dimensional object would appear as if , we've to form an analogy using our 3-dimensions.

Suppose that somewhere there's a 2-dimensional universe, with 2- dimensional beings living there on . They can only move on two axes. Now imagine that you simply take your hand, and pass it through their world. As their line of sight is merely a 1-dimensional line, as your hand progresses through their world, they're going to see the tip of your fingers appearing, then the remainder of your hand slowly coming in. They would constantly see only an infinitely small division of your hand, like their 1-dimensional line of sight. Those beings would consider your hand as a shape-changing 2-dimensional object. Just as an MRI scan views your brain. Now imagine that somebody from the 4th dimension involves our 3-dimensional space, and puts his hand through. Let’s say it’s not a hand, but a tesseract. As it would pass through our 3D space, we would see it shape-changing, just like our hand did, but differently.

Simple Explanation of 4th Dimension

It gets even more awesome if we consider that point is that the 4th dimension. Then, the 4D object would be able to control his time. If he were a living being, he could change his age at will, even as we could move our hand through the 2-dimensional world at will. Okay, but let’s get back into our universe. Remember I said that it has more than 3 dimensions? And probably a lot more. The m-theory which unifies all the superstring(11 dimensions explained simply) theories, says that our universe is formed from 3 spatial dimensions that we are all conversant in , one-time dimension, and 6 more small spatial dimensions. According to the string theory, these 6 additional dimensions would have very interesting properties. If we count the 4th dimension being the time than the 5th dimension would allow us to travel through all the parallel universes that had an equivalent initial coordinates as ours. The 6th one would allow us to travel in time in any of these universes. In the seventh dimension, you'll visit any possible world, regardless of of their initial coordinates. On the 8th we could travel in time in all those universes. In the ninth dimension, we will compare all the possible universe histories, starting with all the various possible laws of physics and initial conditions. In the tenth and final dimension, we reach the purpose during which everything possible and imaginable is roofed . Beyond this, nothing are often imagined by you, mortals, which makes it the natural limitation of what we will conceive in terms of dimensions. I swear, I didn’t make this up. But, where are they and why can’t we observe any of these dimensions?

Imagine there's a really long rope stretched between 2 mountains. You sit 1 kilometer away from it, and you know an ant walking on the rope. Because of the very long distance, the rope seems to be a one-dimensional line, with the only length, as its width would be unnoticeable. If you were asked to offer the ant’s coordinates on the rope, you'd be ready to say just one piece of knowledge , the space between the ant and the end of the rope. But in reality, we know that the rope does have a thickness, even though it is hard to see from one kilometer away. Take a pair of binoculars and you'll observe the second and third dimensions of the rope. The same thing goes for the other 6 spatial dimensions in our universe. They are on such alittle scale, that they're indistinguishable from the traditional 3 dimensions.

Calabi-Yau Manifold

These extra dimensions can be represented in the form of a Calabi-Yau manifold, I don’t know wtf is this, don’t ask me to explain it. But again, why don’t we simply take a microscope and observe them? As I said, they seem on a really small scale, called the Planck scale, and that we aren't ready to look so deep within the fabric of the space. Check out this other video explaining the Planck distance. So yeah, if the existence of the 11 dimensions(11 dimensions explained simply) seems to be true we might be ready to build wormholes, black holes and meet god. Well, not really, but it would still be pretty awesome! So yeah, that’s it for this article,don’t forget to share and like.

This Is The Only Place Antimatter Can Survive In The Universe

2020-06-08T03:21:00.000-07:00

This Is The Only Place Antimatter Can Survive In The Universe

The whole world, nay the whole universe(This Is The Only Place Antimatter Can Survive In The Universe) is made of matter. Everything. You, me, pizza, black holes, puppies, dark matter. Everything. But there’s also this little thing called antimatter. Around the turn of the last century, Einstein was working on the theory of relativity and other physicists were trying to figure out how the tiniest parts of our universe worked -- this is called quantum theory. This was all done with math. Lots of maths.

Science Behind Antimatter

Paul Dirac

The Science Behind Antimatter, at one point a physicist named Paul Dirac realized… X2(square) = 4 has two answers. Two. AND Negative two. This means, if matter is the two, there must be some kind of opposite to fit with the negative two. Physicists called this opposite antimatter. The reason you don’t see antimatter around, is because if it were to pop into existence and hit regular matter -- the twos would cancel each other out and disappear in a burst of energy called an annihilation. You probably know that all matter is made of protons and electrons. Their antimatter opposites are called antiprotons and positrons. A proton is a positive heavy particle an antiproton is a negative heavy particle. Electrons are light and negative, positrons are light and positive. Again, because of their opposite-ness, if they touch, BOOM. Gone. But we’ll come back to that.

Antimatter Annilation Galor

Even though they have these opposite charges. In theory, antimatter should be the same as matter. After The Big Bang, the universe should have created equal amounts of matter and antimatter. But there’s not really any antimatter around. Because, in the first second after the Big Bang, all the matter and antimatter in the newborn universe found each other and BAM! ANNIHILATIONS GALORE. All the antimatter disappeared in bursts of energy, leaving behind just… matter. No one knows why the Big Bang made more matter than antimatter.

CERN( LHC(Large Hadron Collider))

Large Hadron Collider

But these scientists are making antimatter to find out more about it… this facility creates antimatter using the particle beams at CERN we convert protons into antiprotons CERN is the Center for European Nuclear Research, we went there last year, and it’s where the Large Hadron Collider lives. This Antimatter Factory takes protons shooting along the LHC and converts them to antihydrogen -- the antimatter version of hydrogen. Then Dr. Bertsche and his team trap the antihydrogen to study it. We know a lot about hydrogen, so we want to see how antihydrogen might be different. But remember, you can’t let antimatter touch matter, ever. (This Is The Only Place Antimatter Can Survive In The Universe)No air, no fancy containers… nothing that’s made of matter. So, the scientists use magnetic fields to hold the antihydrogen inside this trap. They behave like little tiny refrigerator magnets and consequently we basically have to arrange a magnetic field geometry that looks kind of like a bathtub. So, the antihydrogen atoms basically sit in a magnetic bathtub or magnetic bottle. But it's really actually physically shaped like a bathtub. it's about the size of sort of a two liter coke bottle. The magnetic bathtub is called a Penning-Malmberg trap. The magnetic field keeps the antihydrogen from hitting the walls of the trap and annihilating -- because remember, no touch matter. Powerful magnets and lasers force the antihydrogen to get stuck inside the magnetic field like a piece of candy in a bowl. Once they’ve trapped the antimatter, the scientists at the Factory can learn things about this mysterious mirror of our universe’s matter. For example, what color it is… it’s pink. We have reason to believe that there's some difference that we don't understand yet between matter and antimatter If I had a glass bowl full of hydrogen gas, I could make like a neon lamp. If you had a antihydrogen lamp it would be a sort of pinkish purplish color. Disappointingly, antimatter isn’t some kind of miracle form of matter. It doesn’t have antigravity, it doesn’t do… well, anything different.

Is Antimatter Dangerious

If you could build an antimatter table, it would just… be a table. That is weird, right? What if -- in those few hot moments after the Big Bang -- the universe was completely made of antimatter? Would it feel exactly the same? I mean, think about it. If antimatter and matter are exactly the same. Then what is the difference? If the whole universe was made of antimatter we’d just call that matter. And what we think of as matter would be called antimatter. All the things we call positive are just relative! All the charges are relative to our experience with our universe which arbitrarily is made of matter. Physics get’s really weird when you get right down to it. In the end, an antimatter universe -- based on everything we know, would look and feel exactly the same as our own. But more research is needed. Scientists trapped antimatter for the first time in 2010. Now, just a few short years later, they’ve learned to trap more than a dozen antiatoms at a time over and over again! WoooooooooooOOoOOoo Antimatter has been held by experiments here for many many months and indeed one of the experiments has a collection of antiprotons that they grabbed onto some time early last year and they've actually still have the same antiprotons that they've had the whole time

They want to hold onto it so they can keep testing it. But even still, after a bit they have to let the antimatter go. Then it annihilates and disappears. But even though annihilation sounds like a big, violent, terrible, thing… it’s actually kind of like a … The scientists see some gamma radiation, and that’s all she wrote. Practically speaking, CERN has only made 10 nanograms of antimatter. Ever. All the energy from annihilating it, could only power one light bulb for, 4 hours. And to make that antimatter takes a billion times more energy than what we get back from annihilating it. There’s not a lot of practical applications for this antimatter research yet… but… Antimatter is actually commonly used in a lot of medical techniques such as a positron emission tomography. Also called a PET scan, it’s used for cancer diagnoses. Look, Star Trek famously traveled the universe using engines that ran on matter-antimatter reactions. But, based on what we know of antihydrogen, whether we could do that is a big old shrug. At the moment, almost a century after it was first theorized, antimatter research is still in its infancy, but thanks to Dr. Bertsche and dozens of grad students and scientists around the world, maybe someday we’ll know more. The antimatter factory make their antiprotons using the Large Hadron Collider. But do you even know what the Large Hadron Collider is? We went there. Check it out here, it's going to blow your mind. How do you guys feel about physics with no practical application? Boring or incredible? Tell us in the comments, please subscribe for more Seeker and thank you so much for watching.

God's particle Higgs Boson

2020-05-31T04:24:00.000-07:00

God's particle Higgs Boson

The story behind the God's particle Higgs Boson is related to mass. But first we have to understand. what is mass?

In technical terms mass is the measurement a body's inertia. In easy word we can describe it as,if a body is at rest or in motion ,when you try to change its state you certainly feels a resistive force from the body that resistive force is called mass. For example, when you try to push a train forward you experience its mass. If still you haven't understood the concept of mass then let's make it more easy to understand. as we know any particle which has no mass can achieve the speed of light in vacuum like photons. In easy words we can conclude that anything which cannot achieve the speed of light have some mass.

Mass and Weight difference

Before moving further, please remember do not compare mass and weight(Mass and Weight difference)because they are two different things . In weight gravity plays a major role but in mass doesn't have any relation with gravity. In further detail, if same particle is situated in different planets the weight of that particle will be different in every single planets it means it depends upon where you are but mass remains as it is made up with its constituent particle. God's particle Higgs Boson is very much depended on mass. To understand this, first we have to understand.

What is Quarks & what are quarks made up of?

A quark is a type of elementary particle and fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particle called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons(what are quarks made up of), the component of atomic nuclei. God's particle Higgs Boson theory is very much explained using quarks.

why is the higgs boson called the god particle

The question here is, why is the higgs boson called the god particle and how all the particle in this universe get mass. Another question arises that when quarks and electrons have mass then why photons doesn't have that. In 1960's, physicist studied the elementary particle and gave a conclusion in the form of mathematical expression by which they can study the particle more accurately but this equation bothered then even more as when they assume that all the elementary particles like electron & quarks are mass less, then the equation gets solved easily and the prediction based upon this solve equation will also be true and many a times they are experimentally verified but physicist knows that electron and quarks have mass that's why when they try to solve the equation by putting value to it, the equation become more complex and inconsistent to solve. Physics did not getting how it is happening and what is the remedy to it. God's particle Higgs Boson is associated with Peter Higgs

By sensing the gravity of the situation a scientist name Peter Higgs a physicist and gave his new theory in which he tells about the Higgs field or higgs Boson

Theory

Peter Higgs

Let's understand this theory(God's particle Higgs Boson). In this universe or anywhere or in any timeline have fields not particles which we can't able to see. For example electron field ,quark field ,electric field & gravitational field etc. By giving energy to the field we get particles or if we extract energy from this field the particles gets distoryed. If we give energy to electron fiel we get electrons and same with the case of quarks. These fields are interconnected and interact with each other. Peter Higgs(The man who discovered God's particle Higgs Boson) thinks that like these fields there is another field called Higgs field. which like all the other field it also exist into this universe. By giving energy to this field we get Higgs Boson. By his thinking all the elementary particles like electrons & quarks are mass less. When they interact with this field they get mass.

You may probably wonder that how it's happening. Before entering into the Higgs field all the elementary particle are mass less which means electron, quarks and protons are going to be mass less. But when they enters into this field some of the particle interact more to this field and get more mass and some interact less with this field so they get less mass. Electrons interact less with this field but at the same time quarks interact little more so they get more mass.

If you still not able to understand this concept understand this(God's particle Higgs Boson) by a simple example.

Let's assume that, there is a party going on anywhere and all the persons present in that party are physicist and they are discussing on some serious physics topics. Now let's consider suddenly an accountant enters into the room, all the people in the surrounding doesn't bother about this person & he easily approach to the bar counter. But if Albert Einstein enters into the same room then all the physicist gather around him like a cloud due to this, to approach the same bar counter he takes little more time. Consider all the physicist as Higgs field and the accountant as photon and Einstein as quarks.

In 1964, Peter Higgs(God's particle Higgs Boson) published this theory through a journal. But this theory did not get any emphasis because the people doesn't digested any invisible field can give mass to any particle

But Peter didn't let his guard down and published his theory through several journals. Some physicist get convinced by his theory due to which his theory gets support by more & more physicist.

Lambroghini The Futuristic Car

2020-05-17T00:58:00.000-07:00

Lambroghini The Futuristic Car

THE ORIGINS

The origin of ‘Lamborghini Automobili’ officially starts in 1963. Nevertheless, we must examine the outlying roots of this event, and they are the roots of Ferruccio Lamborghini. Born in 1916, this capable, impulsive, strong-willed Taurus was the leading personality in the substructure of the corporation and the early phases of its extraordinary history.
By the time he cleared to build a factory of luxury sports cars, Ferruccio was already a very rich man. In the phase of following World War II, he layed the piller of his tractor factory, which he inaugurate with good vibes and determination, building a major point of reference in this industry.
By the early Sixties, Lamborghini was a well built and successful man who knew exactly what he desired, but when he said he would create the best super sports car ever, many people thought he was a mad man. Manufacturing that kind of car was viewed as an unexplainable overspending, a hazardous jump in the dark, and something that would dissipate his destiny without ever turning a profit.

About Ferruccio Lamborghini

Ferruccio Lamborghini

Ferruccio Lamborghini was an Italian industrialist. In 1963, he set up a foundation of Automobili Lamborgini. Born to grape farmers in Renazzo, from the comune of Cento in the Emilia-Romagna region, his mechanical hand led him to enter the business of tractor manufacturing in 1948, when he founded Lamborghini Trattori, which quickly became an important manufacturer of agricultural equipment in the midst of Italy's post-WWII economic boom. In 1959, he opened an oil burner factory, Lamborghini Bruciatori, which later entered the business of creating air conditioning equipment

Little History

Just after World War II, Lamborghini started a garage in Pieve di Cento. Lamborghini alter an old Fiat Topolino he had purchased in his extra time.He made use of his mechanical abilities to change the homely city car into a roaring 750-cc open-top two-seater and entered the car in the 1948 Mille Miglia. His participation concluded after 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) when he ran the car into the side of a restaurant in the town of Fiano, in Turin. As a result, Lamborghini lost his passion for motor racing, a attitude that would last for many years to come.

Early Phase

As a young man, Lamborghini was drawn more emphasis to farming machinery rather than the farming lifestyle itself. Following his heed in mechanics, Lamborghini studied at the Fratelli Taddia technical institute near Bologna. In 1940 he was drafted into the Italian Royal Air Force , where he worked as a mechanic at the Italian garrison on the island of Rhodes , becoming the supervisor of the vehicle maintenance unit. Lamborghini was taken in convict when the island fell to the British at the end of the war in 1945, and was not able to go back home until the next year. He married, but his wife died in 1947 while giving birth to his first child, a boy named Tonino.

Entrepreneurship

Lamborghini 22PS 1951

In 1947 Ferruccio Lamborghini recognized an pop-up market in post-War. Italy devoted to agricultural and industrial revitalization. Using parts from military vehicle engines and differentials from ARAR centres (Azienda Recupero Alienazione Residuati), Lamborghini built the first of his "Carioca" tractors, themselves based on the six-cylinder petrol engines of Morris trucks.

As petrol in Italy was prohibitively-priced, Lamborghini supplemented the Morris engines with a fuel atomiser of his own disign, which granted the tractors to be started with petrol, then shift to the cheaper diesel fuel. Based on the initial success of the Carioca, Lamborghini founded Lamborghini Trattori and began manufacturing tractors.

Problem Faced By The Company

During the 1970s, Ferruccio Lamborghini's companies starts to run into financial difficulties. Lamborghini Trattori, which transported around half of its fabrication of tractors, get into trouble when its South African importer cancelled all its orders. In Bolivia, the new military government, which had recently put on a successful coup d'état, cancelled a large order of tractors that was being prepared for shipment in Genoa. Trattori's unionised employees could not be laid off, putting huge strain on the company. In 1972, Lamborghini sold his all of his holding in the company to rival tractor builder SAME. Soon, the all Lamborghini group found itself in financial trouble. Development at the automaker slowed as costs were cut. Ferruccio Lamborghini start courting buyers for Automobili and Trattori, entering parleying with Georges-Henri Rossetti, a wealthy Swiss businessman and friend. Ferruccio sold Rossetti 51% of the company for US$600,000, thereby renouncing control of the automaker he had founded. He continued to work at the Sant'Agata factory; Rossetti rarely involved himself in Automobili's affairs.

Ferruccio Lamborghini with his Tractor & Car

The condition did not improve. The 1973 oil crisis influxed sales of high performance cars of manufacturers from around the world. Consumers gathered to smaller, more practical modes of transportation with better fuel economy. By 1974, Ferruccio had become diappointed with his car business. He severed all connections with the cars that bore his name, selling his remaining 49% stake in the automaker. The shares were acquired by René Leimer, a friend of Georges-Henri Rossetti.

After leaving the automobile manufacturing business, Lamborghini carry on his business activities in other areas, including his heating and air conditioning company, Lamborghini Calor. In 1969, he founded Lamborghini Oleodinamica S.p.A., a manufacturer of hydraulic valves and equipment.

Modern Age Lamborghini

All of Ferruccio Lamborghini's companies continue to work today in one form or another. His son, Tonino, crafts a collection of clothing and accessories under the Tonino Lamborghini brand, as well as designing the Town Life, an electric microcar which was revealed at the Bologna Motor Show in 1999. Ferruccio's daughter, Patrizia Lamborghini, runs the Lamborghini winery on his Umbria estate. In 1995 Ferruccio's son Tonino opened a museum that honors Lamborghini's legacy, the Centro studie Ricerche Ferruccio Lamborghini in Dosso (Ferrara), which was locationed to Argelato (Bologna) in 2014 with the new name Ferruccio Lamborghini Museum.

Some Of Lamborghini’s Famous Cars

Lamborghini Gallardo

Lamborghini Gallardo is a sports car created by an Italian Automotive company Lamborghini from 2003 to 2013. It is its best selling model with 14022 built throughout its production run

Lamborghini Avantador

Lamborghini Aventador is a mid-engine sports car manufactured by the Italian automotive manufacturer Lamborghini. In keeping with Lamborghini tradition, the Aventador is named after a fighting bull.

Lamborghini Huracan

The Huracán maintains the 5.2-litre naturally aspirated Lamborghini V10 engine from the Gallardo, tuned to generate a highest power output of 449 kW (602 hp; 610 PS). It includes the benefits of both of these systems; it is the first time this combination is used in a V10 engine.

Lamborghini Urus

The Lamborghini Urus SUV is powered by a 4.0-litre Twin Turbo V8 engine that produces 641 bhp of highest power and 850 Nm of peak torque. The SUV is capable of hitting the 0-100 kmph in 3.6 seconds and 200 kmph in 12.8 seconds. The Urus is the fastest SUV in the world with a top speed of 305 kmph.

AEROGEL | THE MAGICAL SUBSTANCE

2020-05-09T01:32:00.000-07:00

Aerogels

Definatin :- Gel consists a microporous solid in which the diffuse phase is a gas.

Aerogel is a artificial porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid element for the gel has been replaced with a gas. The result is a solid with extremely low density and extremely low thermal conductivity. Sobriquet involves frozen smoke, solid smoke, solid air, solid cloud, blue smoke owing to its pellucid nature and the way light breaks up in the material

DISCOVERY

Aerogel was first built by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931, as a outcome of a bet with Charles Learned over who could put back the liquid in "jellies" with gas without creating shrinkage.

Manufacturer

Even though manufacturing more Aerogel at a time would escort its price down, the operation and materials solo come with a elevated price tag of about $1.00 per cubic centimeter. At about $23,000 per pound, Aerogel is currently more costly than gold.
Aerogel arrangement results from a sol-gel polymerization, which is when monomers react with other monomers to form a sol or a substance that comprise of bonded, cross-linked macromolecules with accumulate of liquid solution among them. When the material is critically heated, the liquid vaporize and the bonded, cross-linked macromolecule fixture is left behind. The result of the polymerization and critical heating is the construction of a material that has a porous tough structure classified as Aerogel.

Property

Aerogel is a material that is 99.8% air. Aerogels have a porous solid network that holds air pockets, with the air pockets taking up the most of space inside the material. The scarcity of solid material permits aerogel to be almost weightless.

Aerogels are good thermal insulators because they almost invalidate two of the three technique of heat transfer – conduction and convection . They are good conductive insulators because they are composed almost completely of gases, which are very poor heat conductors. They are good convective inhibitors because air cannot flows through the lattice. Aerogels are poor radiative insulators because infrared radiation transferred through them.

Uses

Soundproofing:- Aerogels provide the highest extent of sound attenuation of any material.

Thermal insulation:- Aerogels provide insulation that is often better than standard insulation materials in a little space, while also manifest better resistance to moisture breakdown.

Energy storage and supercapacitors:- Aerogels can feature added conductive, ion-transporting, or otherwise specialized-functionality particles. These added particles can mix with the continuously attach, yet porous structures of aerogels to create batteries and supercapacitors with simultaneously high energy density .

Waterproofing:- Aerogel accommodate particles that are 2–5 nm in diameter. After the process of generate aerogel, it will contain a large amount of hydroxyl groups on the surface. The hydroxyl groups can cause a strong reaction when the aerogel is placed in water, causing it to catastrophically dissolve in the water. One way to waterproof the hydrophilic aerogel is by soaking the aerogel with some chemical base that will replace the surface hydroxyl groups (–OH) with non-polar groups (–OR), a process which is most effective when R is an aliphatic group.

Commercial use:- Commercial manufacture of aerogel 'blankets' starts around the year 2000, mixing silica aerogel and fibrous reinforcement that turns the brittle aerogel into a long-lasting, flexible material. The mechanical and thermal properties of the product may be varied based upon the choice of reinforcing fibers, the aerogel matrix and opacification extra included in the composite.

GRAPHENE THE WONDER MATERIAL

2020-05-03T10:44:00.000-07:00

WHAT IS GRAPHENE, AND WHY IT IS SO AMAZING

One of the thing that makes graphene cool is that it is the thinnest material that you can imagine. it's just one atom thick. It means this material is mathematical 2-dimensional and you can still holds its single atom in your hand.

Doesn't that blow your mind!

it has the same carbon structure is the graphite you use everyday when you draw or write with your pencil. But at the same time 0.3 inches of graphite= 3 million of graphene layer.

DISCOVERY

DR. KONSTANTIN NOVOSELOV & PROFESSOR ANDRE GEIM DISCOVER THE WONDER MATERIAL IN 2004 IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER.

They were examining how efficient graphene is as transistor. The story goes that graphene appear thanks to sticky tape! They stuck this tape to a piece of graphite and pulled free a single layer of material this left them graphene

Manufacturing

Graphene used to be very expensive in manufacturing. It cost a huge $1100 to produce enough graphene to cover a head of a pin.

However, you can buy 0.35 Oz of graphene for $1000 due to the optimised method of production specialist expect the price of the substance to reduce even more. It may eventually became as low as the cost of raw material graphite.

Property

Graphene is very stretchy. it can stretch as much as 25% of its length. This material is also very stiff eventually it's the hardest material people know about it even harder than diamonds, and that say a lot!

In fact, nothing less than an elephant balancing on sharp pencil will be able to pierce graphene.

Despite being two dimensional , bracing can steel be seen! The single layer of atom is perfectly visible to the naked eye.

One more great thing about graphene is its relationship with electricity. This material carries electricity more quickly, more precisely and more efficient efficiently than any other material. The reason is the current density of graphene is many million times better than of copper.

one more quality that scientist find very interesting is that it expand when it cools and shrinks when it warms. There is no other material behave like this. All other material to actually do opposite to this.

Uses of Graphene

Graphene can function as ideal gas detector. At the same time while atoms have difficulty is getting through graphene, there is nothing simpler for electron. According to PROFESSOR GEIM, that make this material perfect for conducting experiment in higher aspect of quantum physics.

This research is intended to find out how graphene can alter the very principles of the in electronics, health, construction and energy sectors.

-->Drinkable ocean water.

Graphene may be the answer to the water crisis as many countries are facing. If we make membranes from graphene would be able to let through while filtering out salt at the same time, this will be a revolution in de-saltification technology. In 2018 ,scientists made sea water drinkable after just a single use of a particular form of refrain called "Graphaire" .

One of the scientist said this technology can make any water Drinkable no matter how dirty it is.

--> Super Strong Body Armour

1 layer of graphene is enough ,can you imagine what you could achieve with 2- layers of this super material. Nothing short of Incredibly Strong Body Armour. Researches from Georgia tech have recently demonstrated how 2-atoms layer of graphene manage to remain intact.

--> Healthcare

Scientist of the university of Illinois have determined that graphene can assist in detecting cancerous cell in the body.

Resources from university of Texas have invented a temporary tattoos which are based on graphene. They can keep track of a person's vitals, including thin layer of hydration and skin temperature.

--> Recharging gadgets

New battery is based on graphene will be able to recharge incredibly quickly. It will be possibly for them to go from empty to full in just 15 minutes.

They can be charged more than 3500 times! That's pretty impressive in comparison with regular battery.

--> Flexible Smartphone Display

Introduce its States to use graphene in gadget manufacturing, we might end up with flexible smartphone. One of graphene's main property is its flexibility. Electronics based on graphene technology will inherit this trait.

--> Glowing Wallpapers

Graphene maybe the reason why light bulb become a thing of the past.

Thin glowing wallpaper with graphene-based technology will provide pleasant and adjustable light. In adding such lightning will also be much energy efficient than modern light bulbs.

--> A No-Rust World

Graphene is practically impressive. Just one coating of graphene based paint will be able to prevent corrosion.

Copper plates covered with small paints may even be used as contain to hold extreme acids.

--> Safe- Hair dying

Graphene can be used in beauty industry as well. It will be the perfect alternative to permanent hair dyes, most of which are still toxic and damaging to hair.

In, 2018, scientist from Northwestern university found out that graphene can be as efficient as permanent hair dyes . Without the need for toxic molecular ingredients. Unlike other hair dyer, graphene has anti- bacterial , thermal- dissipation and antistatic quality. The expert sprayed a gel based on graphene oxide onto blonde hair. It was left for 10 minutes. The hair ended up being covered with a graphene thin film that was only 2 microne thick.

MONITOR | REFERESH RATE

2020-04-23T09:24:00.000-07:00

ABOUT MONITOR

Monitor is an output device that shows information in photographical form. Monitor usually involves the visual display, circuit, casing, and power supply. Monitor were used for data processing while television sets were used for entertainment purposes.The common aspect ratio of televisions, and monitors, has changed from 4:3 to 16:10, to 16:9. Now a days new types of aspect ratio has introduced into the market like 18:9, 21:9 etc. varies from spes of the panels.

However modern monitors are simply interchangeable with ordinary television sets but monitors do not necessarily include integrated speakers.

HISTORY

Early electric computer were fitted with a panel of light bulb where the state of each distinct bulb would specify the on/off condition of a certain register bit inside the computer. As technology developed engineers perceive that the output of a CRT display was more workable than a panel of light bulbs and finally, by giving control of what was displayed in the program itself, the monitor itself became a well built output device in its own right..

MONITOR PANELS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET

There are mainly three categories of monitor panels:-

1. TN

2. VA

3. Ips-type

But TN panel was the most widespread, offering fair image performance and high responsiveness at a adequate price.

WHAT IS REFRESH RATE?

Refresh rate is a estimate of how many times per second the Monitor redraws the image on the screen. It is Scaled in Hertz, which is often abbreviated as "Hz." The refresh rate is routinely bewildered with the frame rate.

Now the question arises into the mind that what is FPS?

FPS stands for frams per second is the frequency(rate) at which back-to-back image called frames emerge on a display. The term applies to film cameras , computer graphics, and motion capture systems.
Actually camera does not records a video but it actually clicks the pic of the scene in every second and then combine it to form a video..

DIFFERENT TYPES OF REFRESH RATES AVAILABLE

* 60 HZ
* 90 HZ
* 120 HZ
* 144 HZ
* 240 HZ

USE OF REFERESH RATES IN MONITOR

Basically it is used in high gaming purposes where a graphics card produces fps more than 60. In ordinary monitors refresh is 60 Hz but now suppose if you have a graphics card which is power to creates fps beyond 60 then your ordinary monitor is not capable to display that fps as it is only 60 Hz. For this purpose we use 120 Hz, 144 Hz, 240 Hz panel to see the fps change. All Modern Game supports these refresh rates.

Random access memory(RAM)

2020-04-21T00:38:00.000-07:00

Little History about RAM

The very first RAM came into existence in the year 1947 with the use of williams tube. It make use of CRT( Cathode Ray tube), that are used as the faces of electrically charged spots. The another type of RAM is magnetic-core RAM which was also developed in the year 1947. RAM is the main component into the computer system which play very important role.

Types of RAM

There are mainly five types of ram;-

Static RAM (SRAM)
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM)
Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4)

Use of RAM

Its a type of volatile memory which is used by a system temporarily. If computer shuts down abruptly then the data stored in it is erased.

What is DDR?

It stands for Double Data Rate.

Its an advancement in SDRAM( Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory).

Its a type of computer memory.

The DDR memory can send and receive signals twice per clock cycle.

Types of DDR's available in the market

DDR - 1998

DDR2 - 2003

DDR3 - 2007

DDR4 - 2014

DDR5 - 2020(Estimated)

Advancement

As the generations of ddr increased the rate of data transfer increases and the usage of voltage decreased. THE rate of frequency is increased as well.

voltage usage

DDR - 2.5V to 2.6 V

DDR2 - 1.8V

DDR3 - 1.5V to 1.35V

DDR4 - 1.2V to 1.05V

DDR5 - not introduced yet into the market.