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(Debra Brown)Blogger2630125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-4352345347056470322Mon, 10 Nov 2025 10:07:00 +00002025-12-22T22:10:56.074-08:00<p>&nbsp;by Toni Mount</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">When you think about the printing press, you might picture Gutenberg, or maybe the rise of books in the Renaissance. But did you know that the story of printing in England has its own legendary figure? Meet William Caxton, the fellow who introduced the printing press to England and helped make books more accessible for everyone.</span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:216.85pt; height:130.7pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" o:title="william caxton"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQhnN283IldOOXGvOOUw9tXtGhUcB9yCb04LCYu0JvMs99IyCrOrHXIA4kDHyzwTFmsQTxYSKD-xSmOMu4f6PmT9IoTw339jOOZZicBqXiQe4yt-YHksBp6HNoUB86JH3yxL_PBmjyoBNvpW5UrJFSkDHGI6DSJcCdvU2gj6UasPlm6U2UYaUksGKGo87-" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="289" /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;">"William Caxton showing specimens of his printing to King Edward IV and his Queen"</div><div style="text-align: center;">Engraving published in The Graphic in 1877</div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who was William Caxton?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">William Caxton was born around 1422 in Kent, England, in an area known as the Weald. The Weald was a vast area of forest, scrub and pasture with few settlements and no towns. The main occupations were iron mining and smelting, the production of charcoal and animal husbandry, especially rearing pigs which could forage in the woods. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">According to Caxton, he and the locals spoke English which was ‘broad and rude’ and hardly understood by outsiders. Although Caxton never tells us about his parents, there must have been money enough to pay for schooling and to afford to buy young William an apprenticeship with a wealthy London mercer, Robert Large, by 1438. For his son to serve an apprenticeship with Large – Lord Mayor of London in 1439-40 – William’s father must have had impressive connections in the city and, although there is no certainty, Stevyn Causton (a variant spelling of Caxton) seems a probable contender. Stevyn was a contemporary of and fellow mercer with Large. It was common practice for mercers to take on the sons of their fellows as apprentices and if Stevyn was prosperous and successful, he would probably have owned a town house in London and possibly a country retreat in Kent. Was that how William came to be born in rustic Kent and maybe spent his early years there, learning his English from a local woman who served as his wet nurse? This would fit the few facts that we know but is unlikely ever to be confirmed beyond doubt.<o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In 1441, Robert Large died, leaving his wife, Joanna, to continue the business and train the apprentices, including Caxton. In his will, Large made numerous sizable bequests which included leaving considerable sums to each of his eight apprentices. Caxton, as one of the two youngest trainees received a very generous 20 marks. Around the time of his master’s death, perhaps under instruction from the widowed Joanna, Caxton appears to have been working in Bruges, in Flanders (modern day Belgium) but quite what he was doing there is unclear. It isn’t certain if he’d completed his apprenticeship or not but he would spend perhaps three decades there, in the Low Countries (now the Netherlands), with occasional visits back to London. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">How did Caxton become a printer? <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mercers did not only trade in cloth and textiles – known as ‘mercery’. They bought and sold other high status goods and, like his master, Robert Large before him, there is evidence that Caxton was building up a market for illuminated manuscripts for which Bruges was a famous centre of production. King Henry VI of England and other noblemen bought many Bruges books, the king’s uncle, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in particular, created a considerable library for the time so there was no shortage of wealthy English customers to buy the exquisite books, each one unique. <o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">But these hand-written and illustrated books took a great many man-hours to create a single volume and, at the time, the printing revolution was already underway in Europe, enabling books to be produced faster than ever before. It was most likely during the eighteen months Caxton spent in Cologne, Germany, from July 1471 to the end of 1472, that he became familiar with the process of printing. Cologne was particularly welcoming to English merchants and was rapidly becoming a major centre of printing whereas England was lagging behind with this new technology.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Why is Caxton important?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">After seeing the power of the press firsthand and studying the methods of using it, Caxton decided to introduce this revolutionary new contraption back home and, in 1476, he set up his own printing press in London at the Sign of the Red Pale at the Almonry in Westminster Abbey. This was handy for the king, Edward IV, the nobility at court and anyone involved in parliamentary procedure or the law courts. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Caxton’s biggest achievement was making books more affordable and more widely available, opening up literacy and learning to more people in England. One of his first printed books was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Canterbury Tales</i> by Geoffrey Chaucer, a classic of English literature but he didn’t only print books –he translated them from Latin, French and Dutch into English, helping to shape the English language as he did so. He printed works in what we now call ‘Middle English’ and the choices he made in spelling and grammar influenced the way English would evolve. As an example, in a preface to one of his printed editions in 1490, Caxton tells the reader a story to demonstrate some of the difficulties he had in trying to create a version of English that was common to all:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In my days </span></i><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">[it]<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> happened that certain merchants were in a ship in Thames, for to have sailed over the sea into Zealand </i>[in the Netherlands]<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> and for lack of wind they tarried at Foreland </i>[in Kent] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and went to land for to refresh them. And one of them named Sheffelde, a mercer, came into an house and asked for meat and especially he asked for </i>eggs <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and the good wife answered that she could speak no French. And the merchant was angry for he also could speak no French but would have had eggs and she understood him not. And then at last another said that he would have </i>eyren, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">then the good wife said that she understood him well.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lo, </span></i><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">asks Caxton, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">what should a man in these days now write, </i>eggs <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">or </i>eyren ? <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Certainly it is hard to please every man by cause of diversity and change of language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Caxton’s Legacy<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Caxton was a true pioneer in the world of publishing. He worked hard to create a system for translating and printing English texts and his work helped standardise the language at a time when there were no set rules for spelling or grammar. That’s a big deal when you think about how our language has evolved into what we use today!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Plus, Caxton didn’t just print literature. He printed books on a wide range of topics – history, religion, philosophy and instructional books. This means that Caxton’s press helped spread knowledge and ideas to a much wider audience than ever before. His first printed book in England was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye</i>, a translation from a French work and Caxton was so proud of it that he wrote a little preface about how he learned the craft of printing. Such personal touches in his books tell us more about everyday life at the time and bring history alive rather than simply being works of literature.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">By introducing the printing press to England, William Caxton helped set the stage for the spread of literacy, education and new ideas. And who can say, without Caxton’s work, maybe our world of books and publishing would look very different – and sparse – today, missing so many great stories.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Colour of Darkness</span></i></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHshU3KNCgVAs976uIG52l2psjkrSEUeswla96MDEe-D1wLtwEokd33SGzqfqHHJlPOzu1K69aTB4b4Rp9DPhQLhhd5btH02Zr5Ifgor5dS9ZadssCuY7vCcgBaF5KSBWkMiOUV-fFidDWlBYpsZbx_hyphenhyphenT4hnJuW7ejx_P8p00L7H4TgitDDbD1QZ0Am4o/s1650/Darkness%20cover.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1650" data-original-width="1063" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHshU3KNCgVAs976uIG52l2psjkrSEUeswla96MDEe-D1wLtwEokd33SGzqfqHHJlPOzu1K69aTB4b4Rp9DPhQLhhd5btH02Zr5Ifgor5dS9ZadssCuY7vCcgBaF5KSBWkMiOUV-fFidDWlBYpsZbx_hyphenhyphenT4hnJuW7ejx_P8p00L7H4TgitDDbD1QZ0Am4o/w170-h241/Darkness%20cover.JPG" width="170" /></a></span></i></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></i></b><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In my new novel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Colour of Darkness, </i>the hero, Seb Foxley encounters William Caxton. Midsummer in medieval London is a joyous festivity but, for some, there is nothing to celebrate when Death stalks the city’s sweltering streets. As livelihoods are brought to ruin and trust withers in the heat, artist-cum-sleuth, Sebastian Foxley, finds trouble has come to his own doorstep. Plague rears its hideous head; fire, theft and murder imperil the citizens. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A beautiful young woman enchants the men of London and the mob shrieks that witchcraft is to blame when waxen dolls, spiked with pins, are discovered. With such horrors in his possession and discovering that guilt lies too close at hand, can Seb unravel the mysteries and save those he loves before it’s too late? <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Join Seb Foxley in this intriguing and danger-riddled new adventure The Colour of Darkness<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Midsummer in medieval London is a joyous festivity but, for some, there is nothing to celebrate when Death stalks the city’s sweltering streets. As livelihoods are brought to ruin and trust withers in the heat, artist-cum-sleuth, Sebastian Foxley, finds trouble has come to his own doorstep. Plague rears its hideous head; fire, theft and murder imperil the citizens. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A beautiful young woman enchants the men of London and the mob shrieks that witchcraft is to blame when waxen dolls, spiked with pins, are discovered. With such horrors in his possession and discovering that guilt lies too close at hand, can Seb unravel the mysteries and save those he loves before it’s too late? <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Join Seb Foxley in this intriguing and danger-riddled new adventure, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Colour of Darkness, </i>published by MadeGlobal and out now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Toni Mount</b> is a best-selling author of both medieval fiction and non-fiction, with over 30 published titles. Her book Everyday Lives in Medieval London was named ‘Best History Book’ by Goodreads and became an Amazon bestseller. Her internationally popular Sebastian Foxley medieval murder mystery series has earned over 15 million page reads on Kindle Unlimited.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">A historian and experienced educator, Toni holds a Master’s degree from the University of Kent, a first-class BA with Honours, and diplomas in European Humanities, English Literature and Creative Writing from the Open University, as well as a PGCE from the University of Greenwich. She is a member of the Richard III Society's Research Committee and contributes regularly to history magazines and blogs.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Toni also teaches history and offers a range of unique online courses at MedievalCourses.com. She lives in Kent with her husband Glenn and has two grown-up sons.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4UQ94xF6aZ8sscEQ1-XhxItm7Q-FEdmWch0WOFuMkdRveGdARkSmUN92dNw_6dLix03i5T2xjGCUzl6J2f5k4F7trwlCi0VNFsc5eNtCq6G99MW5J0ar5WIDNJDh4vf6ZQEukStGoFkCoLdj8CwXACRfR2d0x_GKPk9KT62jw5QgtsvepZ5KdLNKVTkb/s790/Toni%20Mount%20author%20c.Pepsoft.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="790" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4UQ94xF6aZ8sscEQ1-XhxItm7Q-FEdmWch0WOFuMkdRveGdARkSmUN92dNw_6dLix03i5T2xjGCUzl6J2f5k4F7trwlCi0VNFsc5eNtCq6G99MW5J0ar5WIDNJDh4vf6ZQEukStGoFkCoLdj8CwXACRfR2d0x_GKPk9KT62jw5QgtsvepZ5KdLNKVTkb/w245-h233/Toni%20Mount%20author%20c.Pepsoft.jpg" width="245" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; mso-spacerun: yes;">Toni at the launch of The Colour of Darkness as Sandwich Medieval Centre, Kent&nbsp;</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"><i>Photo courtesy of Pepsoft</i></span></span></div></div><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">tonimount.com</span><o:p></o:p></p>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2025/11/william-caxton-man-who-brought-printing.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Toni Mount)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-683245813560246100Sat, 01 Nov 2025 07:00:00 +00002025-12-04T16:30:23.035-08:00Bonnie Prince CharlieDudley Bradstreetgeorgian englandJacobitesspyingThe Blue&nbsp;By Nancy Bilyeau<br /> <br /> <br /><div>The year: 1745. London? In a panic. The long-exiled Stuart family, driven out in 1688, was threatening to retake the English throne.</div><div><br /></div><div>Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart, commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, and his predominantly Scottish army of 6,000 men had made it to Derby, just over 120 miles from the capital.</div><div><br /></div><div>Since landing at Eriskay in the Outer Hebrides on July 23, 1745, with not even a dozen men, the charismatic prince, grandson of the deposed James II, had recruited influential Highlands leaders, easily taken Edinburgh, and defeated an army led by Hanoverian supporters of the present King at the battle of Prestonpans. Then he turned south, crossing into England.</div> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizeV6KIibSu2myQknQXTBEkoFzfLWs6MHFehPQcGKNIlbKOdFc_Scpo54ArEPw8ht5YASi06XiON_246gbYKQmrNc9k3AzUZCHee2whOsMOdei-PJubL73AWkj87o-udxIr-UMkSZpQbhT/s1600/Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1308" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizeV6KIibSu2myQknQXTBEkoFzfLWs6MHFehPQcGKNIlbKOdFc_Scpo54ArEPw8ht5YASi06XiON_246gbYKQmrNc9k3AzUZCHee2whOsMOdei-PJubL73AWkj87o-udxIr-UMkSZpQbhT/s320/Lost_Portrait_of_Charles_Edward_Stuart.jpg" width="261" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portrait of Bonnie Prince Charlie, painted by Allan Ramsey in 1745. Source: Wikipedia</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> A horde of "crazed Highlands thieves" was on the move!&nbsp; There was a run on the Bank of England! George II, who, like his father, had not troubled to hide the fact that he preferred living in Hanover to England, loaded up a ship with personal valuables, in case he needed to flee the vengeful Jacobites and turn the Continent into his permanent home. These were the sorts of wild rumors that swirled around the city.<br /> <br /> Yet in Derby, the temporary headquarters of the invading army, the mood was far from confident. Prince Charles' advisers had noted the lack of English Jacobite support. Few were rallying to their cause. Neither was it at all certain that the French would show up to reinforce the Scottish invasion, a cornerstone of the Stuart strategy.<br /> <br /> Most worryingly, a well-trained army, most likely led by King George II's son, the Duke of Cumberland, must surely be coming to meet them. Who knew how large it would be?<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7woCpDkeLQljU4ArjoLUIw1BSQOvJVshzN5CS3JSETF5OW_QuY8tbx9unM3nlT6VdMCv00ZNxBbY1gek9VM8HHvqNtXF2ZSHSBd-c4vLcjuBz8r89HbUDi4qSD2IUMklfqFnZmd11J8c/s1600/Exeter_house.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1272" data-original-width="1600" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7woCpDkeLQljU4ArjoLUIw1BSQOvJVshzN5CS3JSETF5OW_QuY8tbx9unM3nlT6VdMCv00ZNxBbY1gek9VM8HHvqNtXF2ZSHSBd-c4vLcjuBz8r89HbUDi4qSD2IUMklfqFnZmd11J8c/s320/Exeter_house.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Exeter House in Derby, where the prince and his men plotted strategy. <br /> Picture taken in 1853. Source: Wikipedia.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> As the advisers to the impetuous 25-year-old prince debated their next move, one of Charles's followers spoke up. It was Captain Oliver Williams, a trusted Irish supporter of the cause.<br /> <br /> A Hanoverian force of 9,000 men had been sighted in Northampton, Captain Williams informed the men in the room. This army was not much more than 50 miles away. And other units must be hurrying toward Derby.<br /> <br /> That sealed it. Overruling Prince Charles' outrage and passionate protests that he wanted to march on London, the Jacobite army's military commanders said they must instead return to Scotland and consolidate their position. Four months after this retreat came the crushing defeat at Culloden, followed by Bonnie Prince Charlie's flight from Scotland.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc9W2_I_XkbJtWwvSD53N_dgE4Mi9S1MP2E2yj9jL8GPreoJ6wECPALCgmYZAILWcF2gJEv4JuoJRgjcEm7fvMGbhLogxA3z1jN7_PQmbJDK1IbBwLL2FJx6-REMIPV93gR6DnoaXIpGIn/s1600/Culloden.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="772" data-original-width="1280" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc9W2_I_XkbJtWwvSD53N_dgE4Mi9S1MP2E2yj9jL8GPreoJ6wECPALCgmYZAILWcF2gJEv4JuoJRgjcEm7fvMGbhLogxA3z1jN7_PQmbJDK1IbBwLL2FJx6-REMIPV93gR6DnoaXIpGIn/s400/Culloden.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Artist's rendition of Culloden. Some feel the depiction of the Highlanders relied on stereotypes. Source: wikipedia</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <div> Culloden, the last battle ever fought on the British mainland, has been studied and analyzed ever since those hours of fierce fighting, which killed some 2,000 men. Going beyond historians' domain, Culloden has become a cornerstone of popular culture, such as the center of Diana Gabaldon's <i>Outlander</i> books and TV series. The tragedy and glamour of the lost cause, a royal family in embittered exile, even penetrated the <i>Game of Thrones </i>fantasy series, with the Targaryen family living far from the Seven Kingdoms, believed to be modeled on the Stuarts who fled to France and then Italy.&nbsp; "The people drink secret toasts to your health and cry out for their true king," an adviser whispers to the ambitious young Viserys Targaryen, the "king across the water," in the first episode of the series.<br /> <br /> When proposing various "What if"s on the subject of Bonnie Prince Charlie, people often come back to the decision at Derby.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>Historians believe that the turning point was then and there, that he lost the strategic and psychological advantage by retreating. Many of the Scots who followed the prince's cause did so not so much as to prop up a Catholic Stuart monarch as to force through more independence for Scotland. As for the Irish, those followers did wish for a Catholic king, as it would presumably ease the religious discrimination they suffered. Failure brought agony. The punishment the Hanoverian government meted out to the defeated enemy and their supporters was ghastly. The Duke of Cumberland earned the nickname "Butcher" with the slaughter of the injured and the prisoners, and ordered attacks on the helpless civilian population.<br /> <br /> The defeat meant that Great Britain became more centralized; bolstered by its industrialized feats and banking policies, the British Empire became a force like no other. The fates of not just Scotland and Ireland but also America and India were arguably influenced by the smashing of Bonnie Prince Charlie's rising.<br /> <br /> The impact of Culloden on world history makes it all the more shocking that the information the Stuart army relied on in Derby was a complete lie. There were no 9,000 men in Northampton. In fact, the road to London at that time was clear.<br /> <br /> It turned out that Captain Oliver Williams, true name Dudley Bradstreet, was a spy, employed by the Duke of Cumberland to report on the Jacobites' movements and to spread disinformation. Which he most certainly did.<br /> <br /> The craft of espionage was in a murky stage in the mid-1700s. Not much is written about the policies and practices of spying between the time of Sir Francis Walsingham, the spymaster of Elizabeth I, and the intense spying that took place later in the 18th century, during the American Revolution.<br /> <br /> Those recruited for espionage were a far cry from Ian Fleming's James Bond or any of the Cambridge-educated manipulators from a John Le Carre novel. The Hanoverian government assumed that spying was immoral, so it used immoral men.<br /> <br /> Dudley Bradstreet fit that requirement to a "T," a fact he cheerfully admitted in the book he wrote about his life, <i>The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Captain Dudley Bradstreet</i>. There's rarely been a more gleeful rogue than Bradstreet: fortune hunter, gambler, trickster, and spy.<br /> <br /> He was Irish; that part was genuine. Bradstreet was born in Tipperary in 1711, the youngest son of landowner John Bradstreet, a man who received Cromwellian grants but, by the time Dudley came along, had a fortune that was "continually declining."<br /> <br /> Wrote Dudley in his memoir: "My education was neglected, he removed his whole family from the country to Dublin except for me, whom he left in charge with a Foster-Father. Here I must observe, the injury my being thus abandoned did to my conduct and morals, that it may be a caution to parents whom they trust with the early habits and impressions their children may receive."<br /> <br /> Bradstreet became addicted to card playing, and as a young man, left for London with a mistress but returned to Ireland to join the army. He later married for love, but she died; he had children by various women. He inherited nothing from his father and was arrested for debt, managing to marry a wealthy widow to stay afloat.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxo-eSr2i9U8-NuDS64WWQ19QmeN5wgl7ba27rgsKI5KhtjSxIhLoy6t1yepSO_5ZWpuLAWQb_9TG9pbnprMR9uBTpsplvop3XOxRGNft4G0Om7YIGHdqMTQXI0DcCLP4bX2l31RXtxvi3/s1600/John_Montagu%252C_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%252C_Bt.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1233" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxo-eSr2i9U8-NuDS64WWQ19QmeN5wgl7ba27rgsKI5KhtjSxIhLoy6t1yepSO_5ZWpuLAWQb_9TG9pbnprMR9uBTpsplvop3XOxRGNft4G0Om7YIGHdqMTQXI0DcCLP4bX2l31RXtxvi3/s320/John_Montagu%252C_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%252C_Bt.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Duke of Montagu, Bradstreet's friend, source: wikipedia</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> "A crony" of the Duke of Montagu, a peer notorious for his practical jokes, Bradstreet came to the notice of the British government in 1744 and was encouraged to infiltrate the Jacobites and report back what he learned. It was a shock to many when Bonnie Prince Charlie, defying the enormous odds against him, landed in Scotland in 1745. Unfortunately for the prince, it meant that Dudley Bradstreet was well-positioned to learn much--and make a lot of mischief.<br /> <br /> After "Captain Williams" successfully derailed Bonnie Prince Charlie's quest in Derby, Bradstreet melted away before the Jacobites returned to Scotland. He approached government officials and demanded money and a commission — he got neither. Incredibly, Bradstreet persisted in his haranguing, and eventually George II gave him 150 pounds.<br /> <br /> His career then took a decided turn into the fantastical. Bradstreet became a "bottle conjurer," someone who told the gullible he could talk to the dead and restore lost youth. "Bradstreet knew how to touch the infirmity of man," wrote one chronicler. Bradstreet himself said without apology he owed it all to the "superstition" of his victims and their "credulity and faith in wondrous things."<br /> <br /> Bradstreet made a lot of money from his conjurings, lost nearly all of it, and then returned to Ireland for good, buying a house and writing his memoir.<br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: &quot;georgia&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;times&quot; , serif; font-size: 16.8px;"><br /></span> The book sold well. "In the free narrative of his reckless adventures, some incidents have a breadth rather suspicious and some a warmth rather indelicate," a critic wrote.<br /> <br /> Dudley Bradstreet, the fateful spy in the Jacobite camp, died in Ireland at the age of 52.<br /> <br /> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br /> <b>Nancy Bilyeau</b> is a magazine editor and historical novelist. Her Genevieve Planche series--T<i>he Blue, The Fugitive Colours</i>, and <i>The Versailles Formula</i>--is set in the espionage and art world of the mid-18th century. To learn more, go to <a href="http://www.nancybilyeau.com./">www.nancybilyeau.com.</a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk0vBmr-YeGcmO-TXCJnlzws0pQAlhs38fpcM5y6iZIsoa8zSWjy0XBjMCxdqOtpqZJje2YP9Z_cg8sGYZwKK7dLF5VRJAUVzz6gCjQONV4Z44sEI-w2RBvxNdjOWdKvjcd8rEc9lA_phc7Uo0wDa7E66pHPB8rIiZgj2avsTKQ_vzpQIugR5HPfDe_WxD/s1080/series%20covers%20(42).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk0vBmr-YeGcmO-TXCJnlzws0pQAlhs38fpcM5y6iZIsoa8zSWjy0XBjMCxdqOtpqZJje2YP9Z_cg8sGYZwKK7dLF5VRJAUVzz6gCjQONV4Z44sEI-w2RBvxNdjOWdKvjcd8rEc9lA_phc7Uo0wDa7E66pHPB8rIiZgj2avsTKQ_vzpQIugR5HPfDe_WxD/s320/series%20covers%20(42).png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>&nbsp;</i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /></div> https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2019/11/the-spy-who-changed-course-of-british.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Nancy Bilyeau)2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-5339769550254094377Thu, 12 Jun 2025 10:28:00 +00002025-06-12T04:01:43.708-07:00Battle of BarnetEdward IVHenry VIMargaret BeaufortMargaret of AnjouRichard IIIWar of the Roses<p style="text-align: left;">by Judith Arnopp</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhtk4hPl1-XWkUgc9NihWc4hiTY7YYmvBFpyHs0Z87C_MM2f6UM1mF2WBP7SiO-9n3mhrElKpMA0Y6sLqYkgruIJp-0hJFUAjkqLfhx3Bro25uELsx9N_6c1N7bBxfLRtQbWl1PCb8GoDklU2_Y2o5zGHkvWKPe48oC0_nUyoh4XxtntkxUkIQfQbUuH1-/s752/marguerite%20and%20hen.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="752" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhtk4hPl1-XWkUgc9NihWc4hiTY7YYmvBFpyHs0Z87C_MM2f6UM1mF2WBP7SiO-9n3mhrElKpMA0Y6sLqYkgruIJp-0hJFUAjkqLfhx3Bro25uELsx9N_6c1N7bBxfLRtQbWl1PCb8GoDklU2_Y2o5zGHkvWKPe48oC0_nUyoh4XxtntkxUkIQfQbUuH1-/s320/marguerite%20and%20hen.jpg" width="272" /></a></div><br /><p>I first came across Marguerite while I was at university where I was struck by her unjust legacy. I spent many years researching and writing about Marguerite’s contemporary, Margaret Beaufort, who similarly fought for her son. The similarities only diverge when Margaret Beaufort triumphs and Marguerite’s hopes perish on Tewkesbury field.</p><p>Yorkist propaganda against Marguerite of Anjou begins early in her story and continues to affect our perception of her today. Polydore Vergil’s assessment of her character, taken from widespread Yorkist propaganda, echoes loudly in Shakespeare’s malevolent portrayal of the queen in his play <i>‘The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York and the Good King Henry the Sixth’</i></p><p><i>‘She wolf of France but worse than the wolves of France,</i></p><p><i>whose tongue more poisons than the adder’s tooth!</i></p><p><i>How ill be-seeming is it in thy sex</i></p><p><i>To triumph like an Amazonian trull</i></p><p><i>Upon their woes who Fortune captivates!</i></p><p><i>But that thy face is vizard like, unchanging,</i></p><p><i>Made impudent with use of evil deeds,</i></p><p><i>I would assay, proud queen, to make thee blush.</i></p><p><i>To tell thee whence thy cam’st, of whom derived,</i></p><p><i>Were shame enough to shame thee, wert not shameless.’</i> (Act 1.4.112)</p><p>Sounds like a nice lady but my research revealed no monster but simply a queen determined to maintain her husband’s throne and to secure the inheritance of her son.&nbsp; But Marguerite was a foreigner, unhampered by the political restraint placed upon English women and that fact cast the first shadow over her life in England.</p><p>Marguerite came from a line of determined women; both her paternal grandmother Yolande of Aragon, and her mother, Isabelle of Lorraine were deeply involved in politics and championed the rights of their absent husbands, raised taxes and armies, administered the duchies and laid down policies. Both women impacted on Marguerite’s own experience after she became Queen of England. To Marguerite, on finding her crown at risk, there was only one thing she could do and that was fight.</p><p>During her early years as queen, Marguerite acted as a supporting, conciliatory presence behind the king, mainly confining her activities to matchmaking and obtaining positions at court for friends and servants. She used her influence to secure the surrender of Maine and Anjou and, although the pressure on her to comply is obvious to us now, the act did not endear her to her new subjects.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>Her first real intercession into politics was during the Jack Cade rebellion when at her instigation Henry agreed to show leniency and issue a pardon to the rebels.&nbsp; The king’s preamble to the pardon illustrates Marguerite’s role in the matter.</p><p><i>‘Nevertheless, recalling to the reflection and consideration of our mind that among those virtues fitting and proper to the royal person and dignity, none befits him more than clemency, which is apt to bring about and put the shame of sinning in the minds of his subject people, and considering as well that it is fitting to show himself such a prince to his subjects as he wishes and desires God to be supreme and high Lord him, persuaded and moved by these and many other pious considerations, among others by the most humble and persistent supplications, prayers and requests of our most serene and beloved wife and consort the queen…we have pardoned…’</i></p><p>The lure of a pardon undermined Cade’s force and mention of Marguerite’s intercession allowed Henry to show leniency without appearing weak.&nbsp;</p><p>It is quite possible that had Henry not fallen ill, Marguerite’s supporting role would have continued but as his condition worsened and the threat from the Yorkist faction grew stronger, she had little option but to assume a more prominent position. The fluctuating health of the king meant that increasingly she governed beneath the cloak of Henry’s kingship, continuing to represent herself as subordinate to the king’s authority whilst, in fact, assuming increasing power.</p><p>During a lull in Henry’s illness Marguerite produced the king with an heir Edward, securing Lancaster’s position and dealing a blow to the ambitious Duke of York who was previously Henry’s heir. It is no coincidence that around this time propaganda against the queen increased, and York’s attempts to undermine Margaret’s authority picked up pace.</p><p>Some contemporary reports accuse the queen of sexual misconduct and her son, Edward, is described as a ‘changeling,’ a term which infers he was base born.&nbsp; Two days before York was removed from office on 23 February 1456 a John Helton was executed for distributing bills that alleged the prince was not the queen’s son.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfUP6oZ_DrLs_v_S10iI3JRy4HIl4PGI6EAmGDcMYg9FGPSM3NTHpDMMpfft_G8kqraqgoRxiOATNQkvKafykxE9S3gdC8wHLbX8Mh2Aj7hl1ngsnb6qk_Z9bggChhW_eSSG992gDidwIWv_IQXOL6Sqz6G70-eqH_T6qYLGeqM1bGvmMywGEtRdp4dWiV/s915/640px-Marguerite_d'Anjou_(1430-1482).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="915" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfUP6oZ_DrLs_v_S10iI3JRy4HIl4PGI6EAmGDcMYg9FGPSM3NTHpDMMpfft_G8kqraqgoRxiOATNQkvKafykxE9S3gdC8wHLbX8Mh2Aj7hl1ngsnb6qk_Z9bggChhW_eSSG992gDidwIWv_IQXOL6Sqz6G70-eqH_T6qYLGeqM1bGvmMywGEtRdp4dWiV/s320/640px-Marguerite_d'Anjou_(1430-1482).jpg" width="224" /></a></div><br /><p>As the enmity between York and Lancaster increased, the battle for power descended into military combat obliging Marguerite to step further and further from the expected feminine role. The nobles of England and their adherents were killed in skirmishes and battles, the reins of government passing from York to Henry (or Marguerite)&nbsp; but it was not until the Battle of Towton that the reign of Lancaster was all but ended and the new Yorkist dynasty arose.</p><p>York was dead and Edward IV was firmly on the throne, Marguerite could have faded into gentile retirement. The House of York’s vendetta against the deposed queen could have ceased. But poetry and pamphlets continued to be issued, denigrating both Marguerite and her claim to the throne. She was blamed for the fall of the Lancastrian dynasty and stereotyped as ‘<i>an angry woman driven by malice, spreading sorrow, disorder and confusion in her wake.’&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></p><p>Marguerite, still refusing to admit defeat, spent the next ten years in exile, plotting to reinstate her son Edward. Her determination strong enough that when Warwick fell out with Edward IV, she formed an alliance with her great enemy and consented to a marriage between her son and Warwick’s youngest daughter, Anne.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>It was a short lived alliance that ended for Warwick at Barnet, and for Marguerite at Tewkesbury where her seventeen year old son was killed, along with her ambition for the English throne.</p><p>But Yorkist propaganda continued, using a wide range of devices to defame Marguerite, making it difficult, even now, to obtain a clear view of her. Early historians picked up the Yorkist banner and continued to dehumanise her, subverting her female instinct to nurture into an unnatural lust for murder.</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;By the time Shakespeare wrote his Wars of the Roses plays Marguerite’s had already come to epitomise unrelieved lust for power possessing a ‘<i>tigers heart wrapped in a woman’s hide.</i>’&nbsp; &nbsp;Her strength is undermined by her female flaws and she <i>‘lacks the true qualities of royalty...the queen’s character is also tainted by immorality: she is an adulteress. But it is power rather than lust which dominates her character, and vengefulness which becomes its most terrible flaw.’</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>In <i>Henry VI part III</i> her feminine weaknesses are replaced by the most ignoble of male attributes; she is masculine but akin to the worst of men. Shakespeare’s Marguerite is an arch-villainess whose femininity is inverted to encompass the direst human traits; her assumption of a male role and her lust for blood and revenge reverses the natural order and creates chaos in the realm.&nbsp;</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcTF9W8k-Kpw8ljwmacvFV3G-f1ABYiqgZiqiuRvIBGL_tvRSsaG4RDjI08uLjuKPjDE2j7ZB_lG9rhtoXc8NM1biMvJMq2S3tZrnvG7lP-AZytIWvLQFNb5qyGvJtdhz4Pe6A3d731nlIiOdpGwowulicnHt2mAx2OM2hHxHD12EwO2-6DKq9bbkhEBER/s2048/John_Gilbert_-_Margaret_of_Anjou_Taken_Prisoner_After_the_Battle_of_Tewkesbury_(1875)_levelled%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1526" data-original-width="2048" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcTF9W8k-Kpw8ljwmacvFV3G-f1ABYiqgZiqiuRvIBGL_tvRSsaG4RDjI08uLjuKPjDE2j7ZB_lG9rhtoXc8NM1biMvJMq2S3tZrnvG7lP-AZytIWvLQFNb5qyGvJtdhz4Pe6A3d731nlIiOdpGwowulicnHt2mAx2OM2hHxHD12EwO2-6DKq9bbkhEBER/w421-h313/John_Gilbert_-_Margaret_of_Anjou_Taken_Prisoner_After_the_Battle_of_Tewkesbury_(1875)_levelled%20(1).jpg" width="421" /></a></div><br /><p>In the hands of the bard, Marguerite is a marvellous authorial depiction of twisted humanity and as a playwright Shakespeare remains unchallenged but a historian he was not.&nbsp; Unfortunately, Shakespeare’s history plays came to be utilised not as examples of literary genius but as factual documents of history.</p><p>In the 1840’s Agnes Strickland published her <i>Lives of the Queens of England</i> and viewed Marguerite’s story <i>‘...of more powerful of interest than are to be found in the imaginary career of any heroine of romance; for the creations of fiction, however forcibly they may appeal to our imagination, fade into insignificance before the simple majesty of truth.’</i></p><p>Like other Victorian moralists, Strickland provides a highly romanticised picture of an unfortunate queen who unwisely meddled in the concerns of men. Marguerite becomes pitiful in her defeat but Strickland, by illustrating her utter personal defeat and regret, upholds the medieval opinion of a woman’s proper place.</p><p><i>‘There is something touching in the very simplicity of the Latin sentence with which the deed begins, that was wrung from the broken-hearted heroine who had, through so many storms of adversity, defended the rights of her royal consort and son.&nbsp; While they remained in life, she would have died a thousand deaths rather than relinquish even the most shadowy of their claims; but the dear ones were no more,</i></p><p><i>‘Ambition, pride, the rival names</i></p><p><i>of York and Lancaster,</i></p><p><i>with all their long contested claims</i></p><p><i>what were they then to her</i>?</p><p>Passively and almost with indifference, Margaret subscribed the instrument commencing ‘<i>Ego, Margarita dum in regno Anglia maritata etc. I, Margaret, formerly in England married, renounce all that I could pretend to in England by the conditions of my marriage, with all other things there, to Edward, now king of England.’</i></p><p>J. J. Bagley in his biography of Marguerite written in 1948 provides a less romantic presentation. Bagley admits that Marguerite ‘<i>did not cause the Wars of the Roses, but her intense, bitter feeling, her refusal to compromise, and her disregard of any other factor than the inheritance of her only son were reflected in the brutal, callous nature of the prolonged struggle.&nbsp; For the sake of its own cause and for the welfare of the English people, the house of Lancaster might have wished for a wiser and more understanding leader, but nowhere could it have found a braver and more determined champion.&nbsp;</i><i>Queen Margaret’s life was more than a sad story. It was a true tragedy, for the root cause of her failure lay, not in the fickle fate of battles, but in her own character and philosophy.’</i></p><p>In Bagley’s opinion, the Lancastrian cause could not have wished for a braver leader but perhaps one less swayed by dangerous female characteristics such as loyalty to her son and a determination to maintain a hold on his birthright.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>Richard, Duke of York was equally ambitious for his sons and fought just as fiercely for what he saw as his own rights and, moreover, he fought against an anointed king.&nbsp;</p><p>Marguerite was trying to defend the throne of England against attack, as was her duty.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9aj0q9Qlq5WbzkJ8Ts4bBbpLQcBVF5Fv6ffkSeqTGFYwzHlEV5qIy7YMcBchYbyhZzSdp_9g2YG40qhNZMgubrxX1LwqSPWhvIYeyoKGRXxDfxRlgntN2haSrPx3Eo9XDQhcWhn6LNSz44czTyinpmZo3fSVDx3eGF8kc2iR1qL4682vZwu0_nqvfab7W/s944/Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_(1867).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="944" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9aj0q9Qlq5WbzkJ8Ts4bBbpLQcBVF5Fv6ffkSeqTGFYwzHlEV5qIy7YMcBchYbyhZzSdp_9g2YG40qhNZMgubrxX1LwqSPWhvIYeyoKGRXxDfxRlgntN2haSrPx3Eo9XDQhcWhn6LNSz44czTyinpmZo3fSVDx3eGF8kc2iR1qL4682vZwu0_nqvfab7W/s320/Richard_Burchett_-_Sanctuary_(1867).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p>Historical research in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has focused on the study of women and how women have exercised power; gendered analysis has allowed historians to move away from the traditional perception of queens.&nbsp; Modern scholars look at the restrictions placed upon them and how those limitations impinged upon their political lives.&nbsp; Marguerite pushed the boundaries of her engendered position; faced with the insurmountable problem of an inefficient consort she was forced to take unpopular actions and has since been judged accordingly.&nbsp;</p><p>Other people have campaigned for thrones, overthrown kings and taken power from weak or incompetent rulers and (with the exception of Richard III) have not been recorded historically as unnatural monsters; the only difference is that they were men.&nbsp;</p><p>Marguerite posed a threat to male rule that the medieval world was unprepared to accept.&nbsp; &nbsp;A woman out of her prescribed place was deemed ‘unnatural’ and any divergence from the norm considered suspect and therefore dangerous.&nbsp; Rosaldo clarifies the point in his book <i>Women, Culture and Society</i>,</p><p><i>‘Societies that define woman as lacking legitimate authority have no way of acknowledging the reality of female power.&nbsp; This difference between rule and reality is reflected in our own society when we speak of powerful women as ‘bitches.’’</i></p><p>Marguerite’s determination and indefatigable resolve to win back her son’s throne was only exhausted by his death. In a man such tenacity would be heroic.&nbsp; She has been labelled a violent and vengeful woman but surely she was no more so than her male opponents.&nbsp; The unique circumstances in which she found herself made it impossible to follow prescribed gender boundaries while her opponents remained unfettered.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>Hostile propaganda, perpetuated by male playwrights and Victorian moralists, remains in our consciousness today.&nbsp; Every day on social media I hear derogatory comments against Marguerite and her contemporary, Margaret Beaufort, but medieval history cannot be judged from a modern perspective and it does nobody any favours to perpetuate the misogyny of the past.&nbsp;</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-b2cR7LLVAwfQwBpiTK6UDGvjVkIqdLFacW7MySQU6Ah6QoDFMu829hyphenhyphenTEMB4snttC52jeULUUrFdNBDCAnqOVs12deveffyXkl9uaAmW-HN2HepbCwZ1gbkziOe2xI00fNDpr2XnZNqEe6kSSjcEoXdozUxVUt6IIrEgj5TFqdK1L6W7DpUtvyD98teO/s1080/fb%20ad%20marg%207.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-b2cR7LLVAwfQwBpiTK6UDGvjVkIqdLFacW7MySQU6Ah6QoDFMu829hyphenhyphenTEMB4snttC52jeULUUrFdNBDCAnqOVs12deveffyXkl9uaAmW-HN2HepbCwZ1gbkziOe2xI00fNDpr2XnZNqEe6kSSjcEoXdozUxVUt6IIrEgj5TFqdK1L6W7DpUtvyD98teO/s320/fb%20ad%20marg%207.png" width="320" /></a></div><p>As was my intention in <i>The Beaufort Chronicle which traces the life of Margaret Beaufort,&nbsp;</i>my novel, <i>Marguerite: Hell Hath No Fury </i>is my own poor attempt to rectify the flawed perception of a brave woman.&nbsp;</p><p>~~~~~</p><p>Judith Arnopp – Author Biography</p><p>A lifelong history enthusiast and avid reader, Judith holds a BA in English/Creative writing and a Masters in Medieval Studies. She lives on the coast of West Wales where she writes both fiction and non-fiction. She is best known for her novels set in the Medieval and Tudor period, focussing on the perspective of historical women but recently she has written a trilogy from the perspective of Henry VIII himself.</p><p>&nbsp;Judith is also a founder member of a re-enactment group called <i>The Fyne Companye of Cambria</i> which is when and why she began to experiment with sewing historical garments. She now makes clothes and accessories both for the group and others. She is not a professionally trained sewer but through trial, error and determination has learned how to make authentic looking, if not strictly historically accurate clothing. A non-fiction book about Tudor clothing, <i>How to Dress like a Tudor,</i> was published in 2023 by Pen and Sword.</p><p>&nbsp;She runs a small seaside holiday let in Aberporth and when she has time for fun, likes to garden and restore antique doll’s houses. You can find her on most social media platforms.</p><p>&nbsp;Her novels include:</p><p>A Song of Sixpence: the story of Elizabeth of York</p><p>The Beaufort Chronicle: the life of Lady Margaret Beaufort (three book series)</p><p>The Henrician Chronicle: comprising of:</p><p>A Matter of Conscience: Henry VIII, the Aragon Years (Book One of The Henrician Chronicle)</p><p>A Matter of Faith: Henry VIII, the Days of the Phoenix (Book Two of The Henrician Chronicle)</p><p>A Matter of Time: Henry VIII, the Dying of the Light (Book Three of The Henrician Chronicle)</p><p>The Kiss of the Concubine: a story of Anne Boleyn</p><p>The Winchester Goose: at the court of Henry VIII</p><p>Intractable Heart: the story of Katheryn Parr</p><p>Sisters of Arden: on the Pilgrimage of Grace</p><p>The Heretic Wind: the life of Mary Tudor, Queen of England</p><p>Peaceweaver</p><p>The Forest Dwellers</p><p>The Song of Heledd</p><p>The Book of Thornhold</p><p>A Daughter of Warwick: the story of Anne Neville, Queen of Richard III</p><p>Marguerite: Hell Hath No Fury!&nbsp;</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2bvGodesFyT_YhixkDIYVrBbAM_REUikfOg3_nwGhg2u09S2dS9ZlpCJl7TZGrMKmpBOdUGAnmcE_tnfw3iDT6vPd3luB2qdy7a2-et9Qj6xi1tYKBJZEIQUC9trFTafy6NdeQ2hI5tR707ipTqg4uadYH5s-wOoiSspxEI4fexirzK0kNyXMEbz1nYvg/s1518/women%20wotr.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="1518" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2bvGodesFyT_YhixkDIYVrBbAM_REUikfOg3_nwGhg2u09S2dS9ZlpCJl7TZGrMKmpBOdUGAnmcE_tnfw3iDT6vPd3luB2qdy7a2-et9Qj6xi1tYKBJZEIQUC9trFTafy6NdeQ2hI5tR707ipTqg4uadYH5s-wOoiSspxEI4fexirzK0kNyXMEbz1nYvg/w510-h255/women%20wotr.jpg" width="510" /></a></div><br /><p>Webpage: <a href="http://www.judithmarnopp.com">http://www.judithmarnopp.com</a></p><p>Amazon Author Page: <a href="http://author.to/juditharnoppbooks">author.to/juditharnoppbooks</a></p><p>Blog: <a href="http://www.juditharnoppnovelist.blogspot.co.uk/">www.juditharnoppnovelist.blogspot.co.uk/</a></p><p><br /></p><p>Social media links</p><p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/thetudorworldofjuditharnopp">https://www.facebook.com/thetudorworldofjuditharnopp</a></p><p><a href="https://x.com/JudithArnopp">https://x.com/JudithArnopp</a></p><p><a href="https://www.threads.net/@tudor_juditharnopp">https://www.threads.net/@tudor_juditharnopp</a>&nbsp;</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijm5-sdbpr70j5Rd3uQrz8FwfTqSxdrqlE9SvTEoPR9UG5hko5sP29JCOQeXifYLK-yUPz1PAtmWacrPL9xdbMQUIIDLfMqIO6cA7fVg9-HUU0Q6ut_gHNjnvm9rINiu-7yooyvihIe7aue1LzDu0kjnW25Mjf8VQwHF7PcFPxAJvAzKu3fzSvrduIigWD/s1500/allaward.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1500" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijm5-sdbpr70j5Rd3uQrz8FwfTqSxdrqlE9SvTEoPR9UG5hko5sP29JCOQeXifYLK-yUPz1PAtmWacrPL9xdbMQUIIDLfMqIO6cA7fVg9-HUU0Q6ut_gHNjnvm9rINiu-7yooyvihIe7aue1LzDu0kjnW25Mjf8VQwHF7PcFPxAJvAzKu3fzSvrduIigWD/w496-h166/allaward.jpg" width="496" /></a></div><br /><p>Illustrations via WikimediaCommons</p><p>Fig 1 - John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, presents the Book of Romances to Margaret of Anjou, Queen to Henry VI&nbsp;</p><p>Fig 2 - Portrait of Marguerite of Anjou (1430 -1482) Queen Consort of England</p><p>Fig 3 - John Gilbert - Margaret of Anjou taken prisoner after the battle of Tewkesbury (1875)</p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #202122;">Fig 4 -&nbsp;</span><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #202122;">Richard Burchett (1815-1875) - Sanctuary (Edward IV and Lancastrian Fugitives at Tewkesbury Abbey) - 600 - Guildhall Art Gallery</span></span></p>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2025/06/marguerite-of-anjou-woman-scorned.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Judith Arnopp)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-6879707754448033574Fri, 06 Jun 2025 09:37:00 +00002025-06-23T06:56:31.905-07:00by Samuel Mee&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div>The story of the cursed Hope diamond is a tale about the biggest jewellery robbery of all time - and about the disguise and resale of one of the biggest items in 19th century London. The curse begins in India in the 17th century when French gem merchant Jean-Baptiste Tavernier acquired a large, crudely triangular, 112-carat blue diamond while traveling. It’s said he had stolen the diamond from the forehead of a statue of the Hindu goddess Sita, triggering years of misfortune.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlSDNuaxNhW6gv2WDGUOIo8YPKf7xXZuM_HpssU8r15MRPBCuazwankYuTmmGyRrHZXsPnPbRGJ8RxDrM_0gHaWwziZFaKaPMeBN5W6t0fD46nxAkGLxYaj9-p1FAUQq1CSgvlt_0gDwvFu-Si3co3RaKFpgbkN0toz7QF3_GtFRUvh4nUg2AdZHq9Aat/s640/Jean_Baptiste_Tavernier.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="361" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlSDNuaxNhW6gv2WDGUOIo8YPKf7xXZuM_HpssU8r15MRPBCuazwankYuTmmGyRrHZXsPnPbRGJ8RxDrM_0gHaWwziZFaKaPMeBN5W6t0fD46nxAkGLxYaj9-p1FAUQq1CSgvlt_0gDwvFu-Si3co3RaKFpgbkN0toz7QF3_GtFRUvh4nUg2AdZHq9Aat/s320/Jean_Baptiste_Tavernier.jpeg" width="181" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-bdc01c87-7fff-9fc4-051a-6f1f18d0c5c5"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Portrait of Tavernier in Persian dress, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">given to him in 1665 by the King of Persia</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Pubic domain</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Jean-Baptisete sold the “Tavernier Blue” to King Louis XIV of France in 1668 and was supposedly the first victim, torn apart by wild dogs in Russia - although it’s known that he actually returned to France where he died aged 84.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>&nbsp;Royal jeweller Sieur Pitau recut the gem into a 69-carat stone, and it became part of the French Crown Jewels, renamed as the French Blue, and was reset into the Golden Fleece.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSOpp6xlb5gmgF0K300VW7ksJzMOhpN2OAplXi1MGP1j9e_ud1aCkEOSTf1m4Q9PAixn6eLHlfHpxY84_BYE_m9wZ6BDP0ROoWUAeBFeMvhJ-pjd4gp0AvOwHvM40gFrx97kYyz-dXfK7MxmVq_cfHDvoGPSQxQNJEleEt2P4SGhL__bFWgArJceyhXHgH/s612/Toison2010.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="458" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSOpp6xlb5gmgF0K300VW7ksJzMOhpN2OAplXi1MGP1j9e_ud1aCkEOSTf1m4Q9PAixn6eLHlfHpxY84_BYE_m9wZ6BDP0ROoWUAeBFeMvhJ-pjd4gp0AvOwHvM40gFrx97kYyz-dXfK7MxmVq_cfHDvoGPSQxQNJEleEt2P4SGhL__bFWgArJceyhXHgH/s320/Toison2010.png" width="239" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f3a34cc1-7fff-46c7-8772-640a0e2e0942"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Credit: Link to https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toison2010.png</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A recreation of the Golden Fleece of King Louis XV of France, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">218 years after the original jewellery had been stolen and destroyed.</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>A recreation of the Golden Fleece of King Louis XV of France, 218 years after the original jewellery had been stolen and destroyed. It was passed down to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette; they both died by guillotine in 1793. Louis was killed in January, accused of treason against the French Republic. Marie Antoinette was killed in October, accused of high treason, incest (falsely), and depleting the national treasury. They certainly suffered a grim end, curse or no. Prior to that, during the Reign of Terror in 1791, the royal couple had attempted to flee, taking the crown jewels (including the blue diamond) with them but were prevented from leaving.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>In August 1792, the monarchy was officially abolished, and the royal possessions, including the famed Crown Jewels, became state property. The treasure, more than 10,000 gems, were held in the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne, although it was not a secure building. The details of the theft are disputed. Over several nights in September, thieves repeatedly entered by breaking windows and forcing doors; they broke open cases and systematically removed jewels. It’s unclear how they could not have been spotted or why the locks on the cupboards housing the diamonds were not forced. Whoever was behind it, it was the largest theft of royal or state property in European history, and it involved the greatest concentration of gemstone wealth by volume ever taken in a single event.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>Despite the chaos in France, by October 1792 authorities had recovered about two-thirds of the stolen items. Several thieves were caught and some executed. But the French Blue was not recovered.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>Twenty years passed, and the French statute of limitations on the theft expired. Just two days after that expiry, in 1812, a blue diamond of about 45.5 carats surfaced in London, owned by jeweller Daniel Eliason. Eliason did not exhibit the gem or publicize its sale, but a memorandum of his lists the gem.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgahSm6TNy6sjmxMHHz_dWL0XDOcDg4cdqiKYS-EYl5ynMa2uv8uZtx7ZKdaiy5uzcAJqcK7af-sH17megkjcvR2fK2CJbeuf8NtKiM2WQr1kW9zi2pWOqkQWevoIgVOMcdrA1utgjBPueatttYd4EUyIfBsJtDinJRVJfv73byMBvRf27UbN1VPLx3WQNL/s519/The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="519" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgahSm6TNy6sjmxMHHz_dWL0XDOcDg4cdqiKYS-EYl5ynMa2uv8uZtx7ZKdaiy5uzcAJqcK7af-sH17megkjcvR2fK2CJbeuf8NtKiM2WQr1kW9zi2pWOqkQWevoIgVOMcdrA1utgjBPueatttYd4EUyIfBsJtDinJRVJfv73byMBvRf27UbN1VPLx3WQNL/s320/The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The Hope Diamond <br />Public domain&nbsp;</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Scholars think this was the French Blue, recut to disguise its origins. Whoever had it had deliberately waited two decades until legal repercussions were no longer possible before attempting to sell it. Given its history, it’s not surprising perhaps that its status is unclear over the next 20 years. Most historians believe the diamond passed through private collectors or intermediaries in London during this time, wealthy clients of Eliason unwilling to publicly claim ownership of a stolen royal gem.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>The diamond then reliably surfaced in the early 1830s when it entered the collection of Henry Philip Hope (1774-1839), a wealthy Anglo-Dutch banker based in London, one of Europe’s foremost gemstone collectors of the time. It was listed in an inventory of his extensive gem collection, compiled around the time of his death.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>The stone passed to Hope’s nephew Henry Thomas; he displayed it at The Great Exhibition in London in 1851 - the Hope Diamond’s first public exhibition in the UK. By the 1890s, Lord Francis Hope had inherited it, but he was financially ruined - supposedly another curse victim - and he sold it in 1901 to satisfy his debts. It went to Joseph Frankel of New York in 1902, leaving Britain for ever, after nearly a century, mostly in the hands of private aristocratic collections. An American socialite, Evalyn Walsh McLean, then bought the Hope Diamond, wearing it frequently. Her son was killed in a car crash, her daughter died of an overdose, and her husband then left her and went insane.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyEuQzWFqnNgIxs6q0-PfEqzzjOWzJiT1JifbgyRK6YY6RQ3_wtGXkoDeIm1ER_n6pCywAyNSnITcVKxORfrY0s_ifOGZzyFBiqLy9R9qQOPtPfVDAUyLsADkl3VXxsYFY0hfgLGLInFuwI5N_WFOYnduB6H5f7zy_SOB3KE-LSbV-3bLne3Y9I1OVGD6v/s431/Poster_of_the_movie_The_Hope_Diamond_Mystery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyEuQzWFqnNgIxs6q0-PfEqzzjOWzJiT1JifbgyRK6YY6RQ3_wtGXkoDeIm1ER_n6pCywAyNSnITcVKxORfrY0s_ifOGZzyFBiqLy9R9qQOPtPfVDAUyLsADkl3VXxsYFY0hfgLGLInFuwI5N_WFOYnduB6H5f7zy_SOB3KE-LSbV-3bLne3Y9I1OVGD6v/s320/Poster_of_the_movie_The_Hope_Diamond_Mystery.jpg" width="223" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Public domain Poster for the American film serial <br /><i>The Hope Diamond Mystery</i> (1921) with Grace Darmond.&nbsp;</span><span style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>Finally, Harry Winston, one of the most famous US jewellers of the 20th century, donated the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian Institution in 1958. While it may seem surprising that he gave away one of the most valuable gems in the world, he was a patron of gemological education and had a vision, successfully realised, to create a “National Gem Collection” at the Smithsonian. There was one final strike of the curse, though - he sent the gem by mail and the postman who delivered it supposedly injured his leg, crashed his truck, and saw his wife die shortly after. (These stories are considered false.)&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>The curse narrative is said to have been dreamed up by Pierre Cartier in 1910–11 as a sales tactic to pique Evalyn McLean’s interest in the diamond. US tabloids ran with it. Discounting the superstition, the story of the Hope Diamond is one that epitomises many aspects of European history. There was a violent redistribution of power and wealth by the French mob. London then played a key role in laundering one of the most famous French crown jewels of all time, even at a reduced size. And America ended up with the wealth.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>&nbsp;~~~~~&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>About the author: Samuel Mee is founder of <a href="https://www.antiqueringboutique.com/" target="_blank">The Anique Ring Boutique.</a> He is a member of LAPADA and the Society of Jewellery Historians. </div>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2025/06/from-hope-to-despair-londons-role-in.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Debra Brown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-5689566850138549702Mon, 30 Sep 2024 13:39:00 +00002024-09-30T10:20:42.887-07:00<p>&nbsp;<span>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span>As an author, I’m fascinated by the English language with all its quirky words, strange spellings and vast vocabulary which gives writers such a wealth of words that we can describe a single mood in so many ways without repeating ourselves. For example, from my window, I can see the day is murky, cheerless, dismal, gloomy, drab, sullen, misty, drizzly, damp, grey, etc. But how has this come about?</p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">If we were to travel back in time to, say, sixth century England, we would hear our forebears, the Anglo-Saxon peoples, speaking a language which sounds nothing like modern English. If we understand German, there may be a few more similarities in the sound of the language but, even so, it’s quite different. They are speaking Old English, a West Germanic language used in England between the fifth and twelfth centuries. The people call their language <i>Aenglisc,</i> [pronounced: Enn-glish] and their home is <em>Aengelcynn</em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>Englaland</em>.<o:p></o:p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">Some interesting words change over time to become quite unrecognisable and <i>hlaf </i>has a fascinating story to tell. The word<i> </i>originally meant ‘loaf’, the ‘h’ sounded softly [and eventually dropped], followed by ‘laaff’, and this is how the Anglo-Saxons referred to bread and also to food in general. Surprisingly, <i>hlaf</i> had other uses too. The head of the household was the <i>hlaf-weard</i> or loaf-warden and anyone who ate the food was a <i>hlaf-aeta. </i>The woman of the house was the <i>hlaefdige </i>or loaf-kneader, using the feminine form and where <i>dige </i>became our modern ‘dough’. <i>Hlaf-weard </i>evolved, losing ‘h’ and ‘f’, running the words together so it sounded like ‘lahrd, then the Scots ‘laird’ and, ultimately, ‘lord’. So that grand title originally meant the guy in charge of the food. <i>Hlaefdige </i>went through similar changes, dropping letters and with ‘g’ pronounced as ‘y’, to become ‘lady’.&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 4.95pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjphStGHio_ZQgoEhGLbitfML9V1rC_t1FlfMcW2wEKvtx6ctD_zigWJoPikt12FxSYnsKsHtzJ3XfPidqXUn3mR9jV0GALVsQIHixGn8SvdHcNlOrAAyXUqJwUmbm9KVPnSK6Rl2ZAnM5uX_00kdI-gT6OmfVUw4rwuBCB2chscJcN_PAXSqr6yY2sOi3w/s2048/Breedon%20on%20the%20hill%20church.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjphStGHio_ZQgoEhGLbitfML9V1rC_t1FlfMcW2wEKvtx6ctD_zigWJoPikt12FxSYnsKsHtzJ3XfPidqXUn3mR9jV0GALVsQIHixGn8SvdHcNlOrAAyXUqJwUmbm9KVPnSK6Rl2ZAnM5uX_00kdI-gT6OmfVUw4rwuBCB2chscJcN_PAXSqr6yY2sOi3w/w240-h320/Breedon%20on%20the%20hill%20church.jpg" title="Carving from Breedon on the Hill Church" width="240" /></a></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;"><br />But across the land, the language may have sounded quite different because there were not only the Angles and the Saxons, but Jutes, Frisians, Swedes and maybe other groups from Europe. Also, there were the Roman Britons who had remnants of the Celtic language, spoken before the Romans arrived in 43AD, to which Latin had been added. So people were speaking different languages and using various dialects with many different words for the same thing. And then the Vikings arrived to add to the mix yet they all need to communicate with each other and this aspect led to English evolving in a unique way. <o:p></o:p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">Like its original tongue, Anglo-Saxon, and other Germanic languages, Old English had male, female and neuter genders in words and was an inflected language, so words changed according to their position, whether a noun was the subject or the object of a sentence, for example. Latin has six singular and six plural versions of a noun, depending on whether it’s the subject or object, if it’s being spoken to directly, or if it possesses something, is over, under or on something else or moving, etc. But in modern English, a table is a table, whatever position it has in a sentence and it has no gender so that’s irrelevant to any adjective used to describe it. If you’ve studied most other European languages based on Latin, such as French, Spanish or Italian, you’ll know how complicated they can be. Likewise, the Germanic languages are equally tricky. Of course, modern English suffers from quirky, awkward spelling and a few irregular verbs, like ‘to be’ which is a nasty one, but the genders and declensions of nouns are gone. Why did Old English lose most of its inflections?<o:p></o:p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">A lot of unpleasantness is often blamed on the Vikings but it’s because of them that English dropped many of its complications. There came a time when half of England was known as the Danelaw when most of the eastern side of England, north of London and the River Thames – both Celtic words, in case you were wondering – was occupied by the Danes with their own language, laws and customs. They were no longer marauding Vikings but – mostly – peaceful, having settled down to farm the land and trade with their neighbours. <o:p></o:p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">But it’s difficult to do business with people you can’t understand and so a new language began to evolve, incorporating both English and Danish words. The grammar of the two didn’t have a lot in common and genders clashed so frequently – whether a cartwheel was masculine, feminine or neuter, did it really matter when you needed yours mended, urgently? – that they were set aside.<o:p></o:p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwlhGCWc4UpS9A3CmYycJnfRlW_3AIYW0vkR9ZayJy5L_p4p5uOMzZ2HvOgVLW-uFeJ8RSbtFaP6P2RQ_DMUtnKWoJNVuj_WHnMTB0v5J_bPkTdMVlcS3WU2i_2FrxTus_BbT4RLYFRlnek_tHXPETrF_CapDcJ_s6yeAgC6iA5flH6BOP8h1DbpMbSGeG/s590/wirksworth_saxoncarving_mee.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="590" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwlhGCWc4UpS9A3CmYycJnfRlW_3AIYW0vkR9ZayJy5L_p4p5uOMzZ2HvOgVLW-uFeJ8RSbtFaP6P2RQ_DMUtnKWoJNVuj_WHnMTB0v5J_bPkTdMVlcS3WU2i_2FrxTus_BbT4RLYFRlnek_tHXPETrF_CapDcJ_s6yeAgC6iA5flH6BOP8h1DbpMbSGeG/w320-h170/wirksworth_saxoncarving_mee.jpg" title="Wirksworth Anglo-Saxon meeting" width="320" /></a></div><br />Did you know that whether you’re <u>angry</u> with your <u>husband</u> or <u>give</u> him a <u>hug</u>, whether there is a <u>gale</u> blowing or <u>fog</u> outside, if you <u>give</u> a <u>guest</u> you don’t <u>trust</u> a <u>kick</u> on the <u>leg</u> or <u>toss</u> him out the <u>window</u>, you can’t do any of these things without using Old Danish words adopted into English. (Words of Danish origin are underlined.) <o:p></o:p><p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">The language we call English today is actually a hybrid with thousands of Danish words, along with Latin from the Church, Norman French from William the Conqueror’s gang, Hindi from the time Britain was big in India and a whole assortment of vocabulary from all over the world.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">Sometimes, both the English and Danish words remain in use but take on slightly different meanings, for example, the Old English <i>scyrte </i>is a short, loose garment worn by men and women or as we say ‘shirt’. But Old Danish has <i>skirt </i>to describe the same item of clothing which we now use for the longer lower half of a garment.&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">With modern English having evolved from so many other languages and with Hallowe’en coming up</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBnaAZHHVpQcQnXGdwju_M4weiPzBVhf3d-WyW2gP7qeXjAUCLSPvhUOB3fj4meMsQxqOcncgcpp6rf9_63Vm7pBKQMvy8NzPAGRcLYq9XuKWpQ18BG9KEpWiMqjyhhNNzkL6vkrrlcZ_MGVpk6z1gxQxNa4opVRy2p5pgSYlbo9AdDh9O4V0RgXjb00A/s1200/Breedon%20on%20the%20hill%20church%202.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBnaAZHHVpQcQnXGdwju_M4weiPzBVhf3d-WyW2gP7qeXjAUCLSPvhUOB3fj4meMsQxqOcncgcpp6rf9_63Vm7pBKQMvy8NzPAGRcLYq9XuKWpQ18BG9KEpWiMqjyhhNNzkL6vkrrlcZ_MGVpk6z1gxQxNa4opVRy2p5pgSYlbo9AdDh9O4V0RgXjb00A/w320-h240/Breedon%20on%20the%20hill%20church%202.jpg" title="Breedon on the Hill Church" width="320" /></a></div><br /> we mustn’t forget ‘ghastly ghosts’ – the ‘gh’ at the beginning of a word coming from Dutch – no wonder our spelling is so weird – OE ‘wyrd’ meaning ‘destiny’, so that’s odd in itself – and sometimes seems plain silly. One of our strangest quirks is ‘gh’ at the end of a word, as in cough [coff], dough [doh], plough [plow], rough [ruff], daughter [dawter], caught [cawt], etc. Originally, this ‘gh’ was a sound like clearing your throat, as in the Scottish loch but what’s a little variety between friends? <o:p></o:p><p></p> <p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;">So now you’ve heard something about how our language English has come to be, perhaps you can forgive us our illogical spellings and pronunciation because they all made sense once upon a time.<o:p></o:p></p><p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;"><br /></p><p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br /><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjV0dW4oTl8MoB0fcfAWumdCjcRuOYCV5RAxjzPse87lDwYnoQxGNqEzCBDt-dPfUBrP7oEBcrc2B-ZhwTuYMfaXDStjBJIr_L8vw6G2SbVU8PA012zu7kQC891dtC6_Jhd_WPYgt-cMrCqPeC2oiaZJeWvT93_SQqpzgXlvlFynUO08AUXzCffoVTbZE6/s601/Cover%20crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="414" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjV0dW4oTl8MoB0fcfAWumdCjcRuOYCV5RAxjzPse87lDwYnoQxGNqEzCBDt-dPfUBrP7oEBcrc2B-ZhwTuYMfaXDStjBJIr_L8vw6G2SbVU8PA012zu7kQC891dtC6_Jhd_WPYgt-cMrCqPeC2oiaZJeWvT93_SQqpzgXlvlFynUO08AUXzCffoVTbZE6/s320/Cover%20crop.jpg" width="220" /></a></div><br />Toni Mount</b> is the best-selling author of several non-fiction history books which concentrate on the ordinary lives of people from history. Her latest book is <a href="http://mybook.to/A-SEngland">How To Survive in Anglo-Saxon England</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">This edition looks at the place that would be called England, after the Romans left and before the Normans arrived. For convenience she has called this Anglo-Saxon England but it was much more complicate than that. It was a turbulent time, with the arrival of invaders from Europe and a new religion to cope with, yet a time of art and music too - a fascinating place to visit if you are given the chance.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">This new book on Anglo-Saxons in the third in her series for Pen &amp; Sword Books, the previous two were on the medieval and Tudor periods and a fourth is in the pipeline for next year. Imagine you’ve been transported back in time and you have to start a new life there. How will you fit in? Where will you live? What will you eat? Where will you shop? Who do go to if you get ill, or if you’re mugged in the<br />street?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUWRTxvjpw-6jPgmVlLwrXOvYYU0_fFavhdBRA7WjFiYOVKBymc_A8uYq92-yXJaZmsQQkd4Kyiy67CUpASWnNtsMJnlDnOKNGdCFo7Hy4MSJgJO-eb1TEjIgZr5hgBfmm8-6p9rzf62z4pzPX1m-8kghSnkkc6awpO-IJxvW-aFlcBH0KfVXgLFbJvY64/s1252/How%20to%20survive.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="882" data-original-width="1252" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUWRTxvjpw-6jPgmVlLwrXOvYYU0_fFavhdBRA7WjFiYOVKBymc_A8uYq92-yXJaZmsQQkd4Kyiy67CUpASWnNtsMJnlDnOKNGdCFo7Hy4MSJgJO-eb1TEjIgZr5hgBfmm8-6p9rzf62z4pzPX1m-8kghSnkkc6awpO-IJxvW-aFlcBH0KfVXgLFbJvY64/s320/How%20to%20survive.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">All these questions, and many, many more, will be answered in this series of how-to guides for time travellers. Part self-help guide, part survival guide, these books will be written in a lively, engaging and humorous style, helping the reader to deal with the many problems and new experiences that they will face, and also help them to thrive in their new environment</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /> <br /><br /></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 4.95pt 10pt 0cm;"><br /></p>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2024/09/the-influence-of-anglo-saxon-language.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Toni Mount)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-7518797051602734550Thu, 11 Jul 2024 19:17:00 +00002024-07-16T06:53:58.363-07:00<p>by&nbsp;C.F. Dunn&nbsp;</p><p><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">What do recent politics, a cost of living crisis, and a pandemic have in common with a mid-fifteenth century civil war?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">&nbsp;</span></b></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">A failed war in Europe, economic hardship, and a dynastic conflict threw England into political instability contributing to the outbreak of what we now refer to as the Wars of the Roses. Dominating the political landscape of the latter half of the fifteenth century, the struggle for control between the royal houses of York and Lancaster might seem irrelevant to the ordinary man and woman of the period, but there was much more at stake than who wore the crown. In an era of interdependency, no one was immune from the effects of war.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1DHqVPgtYyZKeUDLDVZI0-E1lpUA6uB7zNye5G37gu-f-j9Dk4KocAf4HIUHf81Gx5-OmhOQTTK5hhnZqLPYKcozH2jDDkV7pcdJtaI6V64r4zAYZUlS6PPXDEFcTLF5_Mb24SPonaImN0-zjxDmQ-zPgdSey8QkcnhW03pyERPKe_XClNoxMltcu3vWi/s1291/Fortune_wheel_(15c.,_French).jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1291" data-original-width="914" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1DHqVPgtYyZKeUDLDVZI0-E1lpUA6uB7zNye5G37gu-f-j9Dk4KocAf4HIUHf81Gx5-OmhOQTTK5hhnZqLPYKcozH2jDDkV7pcdJtaI6V64r4zAYZUlS6PPXDEFcTLF5_Mb24SPonaImN0-zjxDmQ-zPgdSey8QkcnhW03pyERPKe_XClNoxMltcu3vWi/s320/Fortune_wheel_(15c.,_French).jpg" width="227" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">I have long held an interest in the nature of relationships in medieval society, so much so that my university dissertation had the snazzy title typical of a nascent historian:&nbsp;<i>The Power of Patronage in the 1483 Rebellion</i>. That was a long time ago, but my interest persists and is a major theme in my current historical novels. Understanding the complex connections that bind one person to another - and the forces that can drive seemingly iron-clad relationships apart - are at the heart of what makes society tick.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Much has been made of the development of feudalism to maintain a semblance of order in the upper echelons of society, but it is perhaps more accurate to say that feudalism was less the cause and more the result of something that was already recognised. The duty of a man to his overlord, or a lord to his king, was a formalised relationship - a contract - that reflected bonds that had long existed throughout society. Whether these were written or merely an understanding, they affected all people in all communities in the form of social and religious ties. This understanding was based upon a common language, faith, and cultural norms that bound communities from birth to death. Changes to those bonds in the shape of&nbsp;<i>aliens</i>&nbsp;(people from other regions, towns or countries) or challenges to the religious conventions from alternative heresies, such as that posed by the Lollards, might rock the accepted foundations, but rarely destabilised them enough to change them.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">While feudalism in its original form evolved over the centuries to reflect a changing society, the fundamental aspect of relationships altered little.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">It has long been recognised that relationships are tested when put under pressure. Increase that stress and what might have been cracks become fissures out of which monsters - long dormant - emerge. We need look no further than the recent COVID pandemic to witness its lasting effects in the current Ukrainian conflict, economic distress, and political instability. These echo the crises of a previous era: the twentieth century Spanish ’flu outbreak, economic crashes, rise of extremism in Europe and, of course, wars. Turn the clock back 600 years and similar trends become clear: global pandemics (murrain and plague) leading to social and economic turmoil, armed conflicts and political uncertainty. No part of any society exists alone or without feeling the fall-out from natural and man-made disasters.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk-OrauBy3kwWpbnFlREfEufHWOkUGBot1yG2v2me7wncBv-khDN0BCMiTdNxNbbocBTaoUDKxcdP_BuT1XIvXIiDIDwscQSMOz8EqEil1ou5Ivq_ZXQTxYKhDUY0ijc94JFuM9urwybXMk8goyGG1lJITMLKaqVwdAMT1__3A6YZc_YW2zEQx5JIvJiH_/s794/Henry_VI_of_England,_Shrewsbury_book.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="552" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk-OrauBy3kwWpbnFlREfEufHWOkUGBot1yG2v2me7wncBv-khDN0BCMiTdNxNbbocBTaoUDKxcdP_BuT1XIvXIiDIDwscQSMOz8EqEil1ou5Ivq_ZXQTxYKhDUY0ijc94JFuM9urwybXMk8goyGG1lJITMLKaqVwdAMT1__3A6YZc_YW2zEQx5JIvJiH_/s320/Henry_VI_of_England,_Shrewsbury_book.jpg" width="222" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Relationships based on mutual benefit are at the heart of society and never more so than during the Wars of the Roses when the contract between king and noble broke down. It was already on shaky ground. Henry of Derby (as he was referred to by later ‘chroniclers’) usurped the throne of his cousin - Richard II - becoming Henry IV, the first of what we refer to as the Lancastrian line of Plantagenets. Breaking the bond between king and lord, it sowed the seeds for future discord. Like any family quarrel, grievances festered until Henry IV’s grandson -</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">&nbsp;Henry VI&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">- no longer ruled with authority and rival claims made by his cousins Richard, Duke of York - head of the House of York - and Edmund, Duke of Somerset - representing the ruling House of Lancaster - manifested themselves in open conflict.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">How would this affect the wider community? In some ways it didn’t, the Church continued to prevail over matters of faith, merchants to trade, yeomen to husband the land. From the most elevated in society to the lowliest, marriages continued to be made to the benefit of the families, and contracts agreed for apprenticeships. It helps, however, to take a step back to look at the wider picture. While daily life was much as it had always been, the balance of power shifted, and he who held the reins controlled the granting of offices and positions of authority. The beneficiaries in turn selected men who would offer their service in return for patronage. To a greater or lesser degree, this trickle-down effect affected all regions of the country and all areas of society from church benefices to peat diggers, noblemen to merchants.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">A relationship had to offer mutual benefit to be valid and maintainable. This is the basis of contractual law even today. A contract lays down clear boundaries and affords stability and security. If a contract is broken the relationship fails - whether between two people, a community, a business, or a country - leading to uncertainty, mistrust, and a jostling for position and control.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW4110NKU_astjAndOSKHiRIEg3wzvN4rVCOHFmfBQJcZonhmZC-HIQMMAY8beFo4_x_mh1bj-AJhxjpO6fLO8Wz4ryXTVUt00uETuAizozY2m9ZBOZPJ2X8WNxWcJBpV_KSSozssoWakJXv0o_RAEgLmucgSFMM2zG_0Ccuzu86ANJjTgHDicNd9MTTs2/s873/Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="873" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW4110NKU_astjAndOSKHiRIEg3wzvN4rVCOHFmfBQJcZonhmZC-HIQMMAY8beFo4_x_mh1bj-AJhxjpO6fLO8Wz4ryXTVUt00uETuAizozY2m9ZBOZPJ2X8WNxWcJBpV_KSSozssoWakJXv0o_RAEgLmucgSFMM2zG_0Ccuzu86ANJjTgHDicNd9MTTs2/s320/Hommage_au_Moyen_Age_-_miniature.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">A lord might have the service of a man, but it was a two-way benefit. The man gained not only the protection of his&nbsp;<i>good lord</i>, but also the reflected honour of association. In a period when status and precedence were keenly observed, the ties that bind were not necessarily those of servitude, but of mutuality.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju3DG5y9H36Yzo-DeENewfvSBylxYHdzvzAX87Y7oFpoIPbOAQ01EDQLrr59bvLFLj6EMdTIS0INTtTpfAlD-cdBlZMlW2h-Zd2rpUsXeZBbEPuzxxtzgxQkzwCvOWjpgLnn1hceou7U2st5IGTFzoyC0pw1i88tk-LLor2R0WxqoBHuVtBfRfmZHGRk7U/s1738/MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1738" data-original-width="1496" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju3DG5y9H36Yzo-DeENewfvSBylxYHdzvzAX87Y7oFpoIPbOAQ01EDQLrr59bvLFLj6EMdTIS0INTtTpfAlD-cdBlZMlW2h-Zd2rpUsXeZBbEPuzxxtzgxQkzwCvOWjpgLnn1hceou7U2st5IGTFzoyC0pw1i88tk-LLor2R0WxqoBHuVtBfRfmZHGRk7U/s320/MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg" width="275" /></a>Not surprisingly, there was a degree of overlap. A contract between one person and another might very well be the formalisation of a pre-existing friendship or acquaintance. The importance of seeing eye-to-eye, of&nbsp;<i>liking</i>&nbsp;someone, was no less valid, and is what drove some to stick with their choice of master no matter the personal consequences. However, self-interest and the desire to protect and promote the interests of the family were powerful drivers in seeking patronage, especially when the stakes were high and backing the wrong political horse might mean the difference between life and death. People were acutely aware of the vicissitudes of life, reflected in the common medieval reference to the Wheel of Fortune - the seemingly random outcome of fate as Fortuna turns her wheel, raising the lowly while casting the greatest down, only for it to turn again and fortunes be reversed. Self-interest, as a result, might lead to serving more than one master, an acceptable practice as long as there was no conflict of interest, although this was a line that could all too easily be crossed.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Relationships formed the web that held society together, but they were ever-changing, relying upon patronage, goodwill, and bonds of kinship and marriage to afford some stability in a fluid situation.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="border: medium; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 13pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">To view the Wars of the Roses as a few self-interested members of the aristocracy jostling for power is to over simplify the importance of personal relationships in maintaining a grounded society. Stability meant a greater degree of certainty in an uncertain world where there was no guarantee of employment, shelter, or food. Individuals were seen in terms of their connections and their actions were often the result of these relationships and the determining factor for decisions they made. Common to humanity, people had desires, fears, and ambition that drove their decisions, but their decisions were as much shaped by their relationships as shaping them.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqr3-M5_Jlgy9oCbbKPDMHfSs5LbsRHzE7mlUreyIuxgXfEMyt_DWEiqvwLpsNnhge8zM4L1Dt0dLSFiz4LIUZLw2XWZsBeUQrmYPyEEqX0EJKguTwb1gEMjuAvTr0w-NPnA6BFscJPmE4CVktf3w_SvhhxnBd8CxkpienHsqZvNZNxcjIXCKsZMeTFa4O/s1141/Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1141" data-original-width="703" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqr3-M5_Jlgy9oCbbKPDMHfSs5LbsRHzE7mlUreyIuxgXfEMyt_DWEiqvwLpsNnhge8zM4L1Dt0dLSFiz4LIUZLw2XWZsBeUQrmYPyEEqX0EJKguTwb1gEMjuAvTr0w-NPnA6BFscJPmE4CVktf3w_SvhhxnBd8CxkpienHsqZvNZNxcjIXCKsZMeTFa4O/s320/Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg" width="197" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">~~~~~</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-family: arial;">Author Bio:</span></u></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Author:</b> C.F Dunn</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Website:</b>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cfdunn.co.uk/">https://www.cfdunn.co.uk/</a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Publisher:</b> Resolute Books</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-family: arial;">Book 1 - Wheel of Fortune</span></u></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYBW8wx266pycN7eE_nWokzg1eajtZdj9FWCSYHB5QnD1eMn5WdzJKC4L2JKih8Zr2pq2dM5W3aZ4vx5igPkm22gf4ZQM03sakZo0bR001rfiI1S33maKU3Es8ayuBW7YuWRqlEjyu9909tT0hl5cjK0DVkaleGK7cC129rRn0keZR9GK5_fexFZd0Mng/s1024/Wheel%20of%20Fortune%20Front%20Cover.png" style="clear: left; color: #1e1e1e; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYBW8wx266pycN7eE_nWokzg1eajtZdj9FWCSYHB5QnD1eMn5WdzJKC4L2JKih8Zr2pq2dM5W3aZ4vx5igPkm22gf4ZQM03sakZo0bR001rfiI1S33maKU3Es8ayuBW7YuWRqlEjyu9909tT0hl5cjK0DVkaleGK7cC129rRn0keZR9GK5_fexFZd0Mng/s320/Wheel%20of%20Fortune%20Front%20Cover.png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYBW8wx266pycN7eE_nWokzg1eajtZdj9FWCSYHB5QnD1eMn5WdzJKC4L2JKih8Zr2pq2dM5W3aZ4vx5igPkm22gf4ZQM03sakZo0bR001rfiI1S33maKU3Es8ayuBW7YuWRqlEjyu9909tT0hl5cjK0DVkaleGK7cC129rRn0keZR9GK5_fexFZd0Mng/s1024/Wheel%20of%20Fortune%20Front%20Cover.png" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;">Book Synopsis:</span></a></b><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Earl looked dispassionately at the boy still kneeling by his uncle’s body. “He bears his family’s shame; he is nothing.” He turned&nbsp;his back and stood for a moment, contemplating the blank face of the sky.&nbsp;Then he breathed out, a long breath it seemed, held for an eternity. “It&nbsp;is done,” he said. “Justice is served.”</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Purchase Link: </b></span><a data-v-3e83d1b0="" href="https://mybook.to/WheelofFortune_CFDunn" style="color: black; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">ttps://mybook.to/WheelofFortune_CFDunn</a><span style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-family: arial;">Book 2 - Sun Ascendants</span></u></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></u></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSHhykZapZzKW2nZGQbMMoqXrnh8Zr1FUiDnNb0kVpDYSS71zEejtmQm4h7dkGQhTryo7Ru8ejSTVa7HcNJWa-tqOUlRHiP-y_H0Qdwy-GdoqDJRheBI-EGR_V_wb3f2FS2aLM2QOERnGd5x5oM763CTN0jJazkn2b_Redqxr8CReD2HMC5kf2MumjBcc/s2560/Sun%20Ascendant%20ebook%20cover%20final.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSHhykZapZzKW2nZGQbMMoqXrnh8Zr1FUiDnNb0kVpDYSS71zEejtmQm4h7dkGQhTryo7Ru8ejSTVa7HcNJWa-tqOUlRHiP-y_H0Qdwy-GdoqDJRheBI-EGR_V_wb3f2FS2aLM2QOERnGd5x5oM763CTN0jJazkn2b_Redqxr8CReD2HMC5kf2MumjBcc/s320/Sun%20Ascendant%20ebook%20cover%20final.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Book Synopsis:&nbsp;</b></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this heart-stopping sequel to&nbsp;</span><em style=" caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wheel of Fortune,&nbsp;</em><strong style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>Sun Ascendant&nbsp;</em></strong><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">is the gripping</span><strong style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;</strong><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">and immersive second book in a&nbsp;</span><strong style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">major new historical fiction series</strong><span style=" caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;</span><strong style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>The Tarnished Crown</em></strong><em style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">.&nbsp;</em><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">Set</span><em style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;</em><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">during the fifteenth-century</span><strong style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;Wars of the Roses, award-winning novelist CF Dunn continues the story of&nbsp;</strong><span style="caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">strong-willed and resolute Isobel Fenton who, pitched into a turbulent world of love, loyalty and treachery, finds herself at the heart of power.&nbsp;</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></u></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Arial, sans-serif, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>Purchase Link</b>:&nbsp;<a href="https://mybook.to/SunAscendant" style="color: black; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Arial, sans-serif, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;; font-size: 13px; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://mybook.to/SunAscendant</a><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Arial, sans-serif, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;" style="font-size: 13px;">&nbsp;</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><br /></div>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2024/07/relationships-and-affinity-during-wars.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (CF Dunn)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-8840205115645230671Wed, 01 May 2024 03:10:00 +00002024-04-30T23:23:12.626-07:00<p>by Jack Heerema&nbsp;</p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">I suffer from a heroic mindset, aggravated by the romance of historical fiction.</p></blockquote><p>There is no twelve-step program. There is no cure. My thought processes have become irrelevant. Is the miller telling his tale in Procol Harum’s <i>Whiter Shade of Pale</i> the same miller who is telling his tale in Chaucer’s <i>Canterbury Tales</i>? How can this be! I have clung to the desperate hope that the person who borrowed the Venerable Bede’s <i>Ecclesiastical History </i>will return it. I have never admitted to anyone ever that I have a hard bound copy of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> and only I know where to locate Einhard’s <i>Life of Carolus Magnus</i>. I went into complete denial.</p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">I had an extreme violent reaction to this denial by writing a historical fiction novel.</p></blockquote><p>The primary pitfall we heroic sufferers face is superimposing our cultural values, beliefs and sensibilities onto the time frame used as the backdrop for our narratives. Author’s such as Patrick O’Brien have avoided this trap. Chaucer’s <i>Canterbury Tales</i> is a welcoming beacon for navigating the culture, sensibilities, beliefs and values of 14th century England. Those writing about the period are offered a Canterbury Tales Intervention by Geoffrey Chaucer.</p><p>~~~~~~~~~~~</p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19.32px;">&nbsp;Jack Heerema is the author of <i>Marigold, Our Lady of Thieves’.</i>It follows the life and fortunes of a foundling named Marion, who is rescued from a skip by Sir Kai ap Gruffydd who becomes her guardian and mentor. This story reveals how the sword Excalibur was found and how it came into her possession. On the way she is introduced to Robin Hood and the Valkyrie who would become her closest friends. The synopsis and reviews for the novel can be found at <a href="http://www.jackheerema.ca">www.jackheerema.ca</a>&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy1wsjVFnwU3WHzXbqgdqxP0SFS608WqXN8SR03CAqEbbW75nSQmHabLTSe0UXXjLbkqwKa7JYtB7BjyWv43eLNdHhIm28u3TNXX8bM2ShLGaoi11zhJzVhFpw3RusAYBKdaxut_AsI1-WRtvV284t-xUW41Tusv1S3XWYrLSxU1tR6LjtL4dD05z3-oCq/s320/Marigold.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="219" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy1wsjVFnwU3WHzXbqgdqxP0SFS608WqXN8SR03CAqEbbW75nSQmHabLTSe0UXXjLbkqwKa7JYtB7BjyWv43eLNdHhIm28u3TNXX8bM2ShLGaoi11zhJzVhFpw3RusAYBKdaxut_AsI1-WRtvV284t-xUW41Tusv1S3XWYrLSxU1tR6LjtL4dD05z3-oCq/s1600/Marigold.JPG" width="219" /></a></div><br />https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2024/04/canterbury-tales-intervention-jack.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (nolan)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-1022759444038476380Thu, 28 Mar 2024 07:47:00 +00002024-03-28T00:47:20.520-07:00Abbot of BoxleyBoxley AbbeyBoxley Abbey BarnhospitiumJohn WormsellRood of Grace<p></p> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">by Toni Mount</span></span></h1> <p>The fully restored Boxley Abbey Barn is clearly visible as you drive by on the M20 and, originally, this wasn’t a barn but the <i>hospitium</i>, not a hospital but the building in which visitors were given hospitality, so more like a hotel.</p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5rXbVxQwsprAHhCT6arRQqTituqjT3SkpMAeC7MliBKjJWAetLDzqeF1nTU09Ld-gUZKl3gqZcdM8wD3sJGFp3iBE3f9P7_lOpEQ-zuWhzUfBMOGBAq9Z5utQrpoIkc7MXx5SyT3IdNlre9xaklqgLDuvPsx75sKffOWYEPWLGn3Ib8qlyKrkXCcw6hRC/s600/boxley_abbey_1_toni_mount.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="A photo of Boxley Abbey by Toni Mount" border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5rXbVxQwsprAHhCT6arRQqTituqjT3SkpMAeC7MliBKjJWAetLDzqeF1nTU09Ld-gUZKl3gqZcdM8wD3sJGFp3iBE3f9P7_lOpEQ-zuWhzUfBMOGBAq9Z5utQrpoIkc7MXx5SyT3IdNlre9xaklqgLDuvPsx75sKffOWYEPWLGn3Ib8qlyKrkXCcw6hRC/s320/boxley_abbey_1_toni_mount.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">Photo Credit: Toni Mount</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div> <p>The abbey was founded in the mid-twelfth century but a few decades on, after Archbishop Thomas Becket was martyred in 1170, Boxley became a popular stopping point for pilgrims on their way from London to Canterbury to visit the saint’s shrine. The Abbot of Boxley had played a part in organising Becket’s funeral. In 1480, the time of Seb’s visit, the abbot was John Wormsell.</p> <p>The abbot and his monks knew there was money to be made from the pilgrims and Boxley exploited the possibilities to the full. Pilgrims could stay overnight and receive food and drink and, in theory, this was free because giving hospitality to those making a journey in the name of God was a Christian virtue. However, donations were strenuously encouraged and for those without money, a day’s manual labour at the abbey would do instead. But Boxley’s monks were ingenious at inventing ways of generating extra income. They sold lead pilgrim badges as souvenirs of Boxley, depicting what long been known as the Rood of Grace.</p> <p>Every medieval church had a Rood. This was a carved figure of Christ on the cross with the Virgin Mary and St John on either side of the dying Saviour. The Rood was placed high up on the Rood Screen which divided the nave of a church – where the ordinary congregation would be – from the chancel – where the priests conducted the service. The Rood was there to visibly remind everyone why they attended church. But Boxley’s Rood of Grace was no ordinary carving: it was miraculous.</p> <p>The twelfth-century figure of Christ could turn and nod its head, move its eyes, shed tears, move its lips and speak which, of course, encouraged pilgrims to be even more generous with their donations. Legend said that the wondrous figure had been carved by a poor English carpenter taken prisoner by the French in order to pay his ransom. And how did it get to Boxley? Apparently, a stray horse brought it to the abbey though how the horse crossed the Channel nobody said – it was just an extra piece of the miracle.</p> <p>And that wasn’t all. The pilgrims were also given the opportunity to demonstrate their personal piety by lifting the little swaddled figure of the infant St Rumbold from his plinth – only the truly pious would succeed.</p> <p>Later, during the Reformation of the sixteenth century, Protestants denounced the Rood as fraudulent Roman Catholic superstitious nonsense. And it was a fraud as Geoffrey Chamber, Thomas Cromwell’s commissioner, who oversaw the dissolution of Boxley Abbey in 1538, discovered. When the Rood was taken down, its mechanism of levers, rods and wires was revealed: a marvel cleverly constructed by man but not a miracle of God. But when Geoffrey asked the abbot, John Dobbes, and the monks about it, they claimed ignorance, saying they knew nothing of these workings.</p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNMbNgbp7xlvUv3iqDs2AMEjLACaUaMOQ-N_xFu8PgVYsA2kYmEff4IIivMh9WF8bwuYBxjpPjuZF7zJaZ213ZHJqKiajptYKfPu593Gho0_PlK-veZs54hAnvjaeAMwUxOmQG3BGy-3TUt5s2RHd01yqWTj036sVcep0am1p_tnEwQMhcrO7qdKJRyv1c/s600/boxley_abbey_2_toni_mount.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNMbNgbp7xlvUv3iqDs2AMEjLACaUaMOQ-N_xFu8PgVYsA2kYmEff4IIivMh9WF8bwuYBxjpPjuZF7zJaZ213ZHJqKiajptYKfPu593Gho0_PlK-veZs54hAnvjaeAMwUxOmQG3BGy-3TUt5s2RHd01yqWTj036sVcep0am1p_tnEwQMhcrO7qdKJRyv1c/s320/boxley_abbey_2_toni_mount.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">Photo Credit: Toni Mount</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div> <p>Ruins of Boxley Abbey’s gateway The Rood was exhibited in Maidstone’s market place the same day, so everyone could know it was a fake, before being taken to London. There, outside St Paul’s Cathedral, the Bishop of Rochester – in whose diocese Boxley Abbey stood – publicly denounced the Rood as a piece of Roman Catholic fakery, designed to deceive the people and persuade them to give money to the monastery and, by extension, to the pope. The Rood was then chopped to pieces before being thrown on a bonfire along with other saintly and so-called ‘miraculous’ relics.</p> <p>As for little St Rumbold, that was also a scam. Before attempting to lift the statue, a pilgrim had to make a donation. Only if the pilgrim was deemed to have been as generous as his purse allowed did the supervising monk release the bolt holding the statue in place. So the lifting of the saint wasn’t proof of righteousness, only of the monk’s decision that you’d given as much money as you could afford and no less.</p> <hr /> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Colour of Sin by Toni Mount</span></h1> <p>In today's article,&nbsp;<b>Toni Mount</b>&nbsp;continues her online book tour with an article about&nbsp;<b>Boxley Abbey in Kent</b>.&nbsp;</p><p>In Toni Mount's latest Sebastian Foxley medieval murder mystery,&nbsp;<a href="https://mybook.to/colour_of_series" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Colour of Sin</a>, her hero goes on a pilgrimage to Canterbury. The pilgrim band spend a night at the Cistercian monastery at Boxley, just north of Maidstone in Kent, where a few ruins can still be seen today.&nbsp;</p><p><b>Toni Mount is the author of the award winning <i>"Sebastian Foxley Medieval Murder Mystery Series"</i></b>. You can find out more about Toni on her website <a href="http://tonimount.com" target="_blank">http://tonimount.co.uk</a></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHmiu3cgrnDoduUxdsdvB_ggV6EGlWlw2nKhcmy3YrUvsrhH-HmfJOPOx7v-D0_VDM-vzdPiKOMECCJxD_bmzqCgOzsdNQDHHQ8-sbRUeN2EqAA7WOKKnngWxGD-oj0OVdUGfUeTVl0QaKe3s03m_dX7KeEMWYGKjhqe6Ta86jMQ3GWUEZhXyb4mMqyk66/s1405/the_colour_of_sin_3d.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1405" data-original-width="1000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHmiu3cgrnDoduUxdsdvB_ggV6EGlWlw2nKhcmy3YrUvsrhH-HmfJOPOx7v-D0_VDM-vzdPiKOMECCJxD_bmzqCgOzsdNQDHHQ8-sbRUeN2EqAA7WOKKnngWxGD-oj0OVdUGfUeTVl0QaKe3s03m_dX7KeEMWYGKjhqe6Ta86jMQ3GWUEZhXyb4mMqyk66/s400/the_colour_of_sin_3d.jpg" /></a></div>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2024/03/toni-mount-boxley-abbey.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)0Boxley Abbey, Sandling, Maidstone ME14 3BT, UK51.3009852 0.52312522.990751363821154 -34.633125 79.611219036178852 35.679375tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-2791053317532993021Mon, 06 Nov 2023 21:35:00 +00002023-11-06T22:43:27.017-08:001866 Oaks Mine Christmascoal miningDavid A. JacintominingOaks Mine Christmas DisasterOut of The Darkness<p style="text-align: left;">by David A. Jacinto</p><span id="docs-internal-guid-5dbbaf85-7fff-4902-fbda-f13c5d561eed"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">December 12th, 1866,&nbsp; began not unlike most winter days in the village of Hoyle Mill. Two weeks before Christmas, a foggy mist drifted through the valley and gripped the bitterly cold and wet morning. Enthusiasm for Christmas&nbsp; was running high.&nbsp; Most men and boys in the village had been putting in overtime at the Oaks Coal Mine south of Barnsley to make a little extra Christmas money.&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">That morning, well before dawn,&nbsp; the coal miners shared a final word over tea and crumpets, bangers and mash, or blood sausage, kissed their wives and mothers goodbye, gave each of the little ones a warm hug, and began the short walk from Hoyle Mill to the Oaks Colliery.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">&nbsp;On the darkened path, they were joined by the other collies, chatting, laughing, and sharing jokes in casual conversation. Passing through the gates and into the Oaks yard, they headed toward the cage to go down the shaft into the mine, just as they did every morning.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">One by one, each cage lowered down the telescoping shaft, stopping periodically to deposit miners at various levels. Each disembarking level led into a vast web of interconnecting tunnels, smaller shafts and mining chambers. The last of the miners reached the bottom at a thousand feet below ground, where the cage door was pulled open for the final time. They stepped onto the rough-hewn floor of the landing in the faint light. This brotherhood of miners shared their final morning pleasantries, smiling, laughing, and even singing Christmas songs as they each lit their oil lamps and headed off into the various corners of the mine to dig their own graves where they would spend eternity.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">***</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The first trembling upheaval arrived late that clear blue morning. The cruel whip of nature bringing a sudden crack of doom to the quiet tenor of innocence as the blast&nbsp; fought its way to the surface.&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In his office, Thomas Diamond, the mine superintendent, jerked to attention with the thunderous roar of the explosion. He ran to the window to see a monstrous skyrocket of flames and smoke shoot up in every direction from the main entrance to the mine. Bricks disintegrated into powder. Great ascending clouds of chalk, coal, rock, earth, and debris spouted up into the sky and began to fall back in a “black bloody snow”. The hundred-year-old cage support beams went up like matchsticks in the blaze. It seemed the entire surface of the earth had been torn off, burying four hundred miners in the pit.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The massive tree in the yard had been uprooted, fat tendrils of roots rose up from the ground looking like an upside down tree. The fires pooled and strutted, flowing from structure to tree as smoke chased ash into the sky. The appetite for oxygen was such that leaves and branches were sucked into the flames and flashed their disappearance in an instant.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Mr. Diamond rushed out of his office into the wings of the hot breeze cutting through the cold morning. There was the sound of pandemonium. The smell of smoke and burning flesh. The taste of coal dust. Men yelling. The crackle of burning timbers. Moans of pain and screams of agony. Adrenaline pumping, Diamond leaped into the chaos, ignoring the smoke and flames, seemingly contemptuous of the danger. The main entrance to the mine that was supposed to lay before him was no more. The entire yard was unrecognizable. He had been through mining explosions before, but nothing like this. It looked like a war zone after a daylong cannon raid.&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Driven to a rush of heightened awareness, Diamond seemed to have a clear vision of just what needed to be done. He knew it was important not to lose his head—to take immediate but thoughtful, deliberate action, carefully planning the dangerous rescue of the men still down in the pit.&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">With his right hand cupped over his eyes to see through the heavy smoke and debris drifting back to earth, he held a kerchief to his nose. He searched through the smoky haze to commandeer rescuers from the miners who were scurrying in all directions in terror. He called out and the men jumped at his orders, seemingly thankful to have someone take charge and tell them where to go and what to do.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Miners boiled up from the bowels of the mine and toward him, away from the blazing fires of burning colliery timbers. They reeled in shock and confusion, some calling out in agony, some held up by other men, some saying nothing at all. Wherever Diamond looked, torn and broken bodies and injured animals were shaking in the grip of death, while the uninjured tried in vain to comfort the dying. One miner walked toward Diamond, staring dull-eyed at him without a word. It took a moment to register, the man was near naked, his skin burnt grey.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Over two days the rescue would continue in an attempt to save as many as possible from the firedamp explosions, and following afterdamp asphyxiation. Almost every man and boy from the surrounding villages over the age of ten had been down in that mine. There was not a single family in Hoyle Mill who had not lost someone. Three-hundred and eighty-four men and boys would die, including twenty-six rescuers in a blast on the second day of the rescue attempt. That blast would close down the mine forever, leaving most of the dead buried for eternity. For these miners' families, there would be no more caresses from a husband, kisses from a father, no more “I love you, Mam” from a son, no more childhood memories of a brother.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Oak's irresponsible operators and massively wealthy landowners who had not provided proper ventilation or other safety measures recommended by inspectors would not be held liable in any way. They would not even provide enough money to bury the dead, let alone provide for food, rent, or even survival of these destitute families. Thousands of&nbsp; family members would&nbsp; be left with no way to even keep warm during their cold winter nights of despair after the disaster.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The 1866 Oaks Mine Christmas disaster that killed 384 men and boys was not the first on this seam of coal. In the previous twenty years there had been over five-hundred other minors who had lost their lives. In 1845, six men and boys lost their lives from a firedamp explosion and afterdamp asphyxiation at the Oaks; in 1847, seventy-three men and boys were killed, again firedamp and afterdamp at the Oaks; in 1849 seventy-five at Darley Main on the same seam; in 1851, twelve more were killed at the Oaks, again for the same reason; in 1851, fifty-two were killed at Warnervale. In 1852, twelve more were killed at the Elsecar colliery, firedamp and afterdamp. In 1857, firedamp and afterdamp killed 189 men and boys on the adjacent Lundhill Colliery, and fifty-nine at Edmonds in 1862.&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">These avoidable disasters all along this same seam of coal occurred mostly because of poor ventilation and deplorable safety deficiencies. And yet the operators and fabulously wealthy Landlord were not held liable in any way for these deaths, inciting the miners' families to demand an inquest into the Oaks Christmas disaster. That inquest was held in 1867 and would stir interest all across the United Kingdom, rousing Queen Victoria to push for change in&nbsp; laws governing coal mining and other industrial revolution operations. The Oaks Christmas Disaster and the fascinating historical events that followed are all covered in a well documented, historical fiction recently released by Simon &amp; Schuster. “Out of the Darkness”, is based on the true story of a nineteenth century child coal miner rising out of the ashes of poverty and tragedy to change the world. It’s a story of poverty, sacrifice, greed, love, faith and the courage to push aside fear and jump into the refiner’s fire where the finest qualities of character are forged. It’s a story of the great sweep of human desire for freedom, liberty, and the pursuit of justice.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVtTGgQbrq_wSsyAPTN9rahq2pCvbZVEHpsd6YgRIw4zcIudCi_ZXd9UGwednZxsYJQwuq5NOKrndsixTe7A60tr9xDdggQClf48EUhPS3bpTJen8yh3tUM8qvfD9hVRunpBEIG_v_D0VSMv-C-_lOBhcTD-P7RBAt-2q4FVuyCniY79JMdRlmJGvOxWU/s1200/Black_White_Modern_Minimal_December_6_National_Miners_Day_Instagram_Post_(1200_x_628_px)_(1200_x_628_px).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="1200" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVtTGgQbrq_wSsyAPTN9rahq2pCvbZVEHpsd6YgRIw4zcIudCi_ZXd9UGwednZxsYJQwuq5NOKrndsixTe7A60tr9xDdggQClf48EUhPS3bpTJen8yh3tUM8qvfD9hVRunpBEIG_v_D0VSMv-C-_lOBhcTD-P7RBAt-2q4FVuyCniY79JMdRlmJGvOxWU/w495-h258/Black_White_Modern_Minimal_December_6_National_Miners_Day_Instagram_Post_(1200_x_628_px)_(1200_x_628_px).png" width="495" /></a></div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">&nbsp;</span><p></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">David A. Jacinto</span></p><br /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Author of: </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Out-Darkness-Courageous-David-Jacinto-ebook/dp/B0C7RLY8TK" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Out of The Darkness</span></a></span><br />https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-oaks-mine-christmas-disaster.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Anonymous)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-4185575596652560246Sat, 19 Aug 2023 08:44:00 +00002023-08-19T01:44:08.671-07:00ATABritish Women at WarSecond World WarWomen pilotsWorld War 2World War II<p style="text-align: center;"><b>&nbsp;<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">The Second World War was the first in which women played a role in aviation. Russian women flew combat missions as bomber and fighter pilots, but in Great Britain and the United States the role of women pilots was supportive rather than direct. Below is a short description of the important role of British women pilots in WWII.</span></b><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: &quot;Righteous&quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYmGdRPgaeXXISTLdrJlfgIMt4kSamb33cFitFlun5Tpx6tEge7HY2AQm4z8EYEVwz3LJHbonRyLveJBGt-n-f-xCn8c3kytYaKpwGSx5HYDw2ZBf2wc9F_hv6s6sPk3TMPxz41J119u3EPzzDboHNvllDMOyeDYMTI2aEKND2GnBLaxdueHzfk2CYQ6g/s259/ATA%20Spitfire%20Girls.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYmGdRPgaeXXISTLdrJlfgIMt4kSamb33cFitFlun5Tpx6tEge7HY2AQm4z8EYEVwz3LJHbonRyLveJBGt-n-f-xCn8c3kytYaKpwGSx5HYDw2ZBf2wc9F_hv6s6sPk3TMPxz41J119u3EPzzDboHNvllDMOyeDYMTI2aEKND2GnBLaxdueHzfk2CYQ6g/s1600/ATA%20Spitfire%20Girls.jpeg" width="259" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">In the U.K. women flew with the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA), which was founded almost immediately after the start of WWII by senior executives of British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) to employ pilots not fit for military service in supporting roles for the RAF and Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Although it became the sole ferrying organization of the British armed forces, it responded flexibly to other requests and also provided air ambulance, VIP transport and cargo service on an ad hoc basis. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">From the start, the ATA was an organization dedicated to providing services, not proving a point, and it was open to both men and women. Indeed, throughout its existence, men pilots out-numbered women pilots by a significant margin. For example, the first pilots of the organization were 30 men and 8 women. At its peak in 1944, the ATA employed nearly 700 pilots of which only a little over 100 were women. (Source: T<i>he Forgotten Pilots</i>. Lettice Curtis (who was herself an ATA pilot). Appendix 1.) Below the founder Gerard d'Erlanger.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid-tnvX8aDUD3sAuIrWtWV3kD54qzqGzDVOazJ4IYv65wVN9-J2abd7n1pF4MgrT6U8jd3ULzsOQTY7CdRMA-4RaPVIJq6pi0F0QRSxHtT7mXytq-VtuYhs1VX2YqxkcB1wKt9gGEmtQqtTK3mO7tjIZym7gT13ngHauOX0ymDpOrXGhUwo1DhSNYrfOw/s194/D'Erlanger2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="150" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid-tnvX8aDUD3sAuIrWtWV3kD54qzqGzDVOazJ4IYv65wVN9-J2abd7n1pF4MgrT6U8jd3ULzsOQTY7CdRMA-4RaPVIJq6pi0F0QRSxHtT7mXytq-VtuYhs1VX2YqxkcB1wKt9gGEmtQqtTK3mO7tjIZym7gT13ngHauOX0ymDpOrXGhUwo1DhSNYrfOw/s1600/D'Erlanger2.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">The ATA was established by aviation professionals, and initially only accepted pilots with 500 hours of solo time. By the end of 1940, the needs of the organization were so great that the recruiting requirements were reduced to just 50 hours solo, and by 1942 the first candidates without any flying experience were accepted into the organization’s training program. The latter had started in 1941, when the reduction in flying hours required for application had been instituted. Pilots with just 50 hours solo needed additional training to fulfill the tasks assigned.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Rather than duplicating RAF or airline training, however, the ATA inventively developed a pilot training program designed to train pilots precisely for the tasks required by the ATA in a minimum amount of time. Pilots were first trained only on light, training aircraft and then put to work ferrying these aircraft to RAF training establishments. In doing the work, the pilots were already earning their keep, contributing directly to the war effort (relieving RAF pilots from ferrying), and also gaining flying time, experience and confidence. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB5DdFXf7MWkY3NS1J192H3lqOxy0p_b9lWviLIAQsUeCiJ8J62_ik-GIMuy47OCihPPM9aVHUsT3IuvLijENmqwj62qQABpiG_-0jybWXXiJDjj6qh5eR-RbckcfZ102z2t0sBc_c2vBDj70hJNX_dwiYdCMo0mUAM6bUJSj0iWb35bUChXO0DVF8q7g/s719/ATA%20Women%206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="719" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB5DdFXf7MWkY3NS1J192H3lqOxy0p_b9lWviLIAQsUeCiJ8J62_ik-GIMuy47OCihPPM9aVHUsT3IuvLijENmqwj62qQABpiG_-0jybWXXiJDjj6qh5eR-RbckcfZ102z2t0sBc_c2vBDj70hJNX_dwiYdCMo0mUAM6bUJSj0iWb35bUChXO0DVF8q7g/s320/ATA%20Women%206.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An ATA pilot in a training aircraft. (Photo courtesy of Michael Fahie) </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Once they had fully mastered these aircraft, the ATA pilots (whether men or women) advanced to more powerful single-engine aircraft including fighters, and step-by-step at their own pace to twin-engine aircraft and eventually heavy bombers. At no time were ATA pilots trained on aerobatics, air gunnery, formation flying or other military training irrelevant to ferrying and transport service. Indeed, they were given only minimal training on instrument flying, as ATA pilots were expected to fly “visual.” By keeping the topics of training to the minimum, training time was significantly reduced.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Furthermore, by allowing the pilots to progress at their own pace, no pilots were forced beyond their capabilities. There was no need for all pilots to qualify on all classes of aircraft, a policy that ensured all pilots contributed according to their abilities, reducing accidents and losses. Notably this training scheme was evolved and initially managed by some of the world's finest flying instructors -- instructors that had previously been with the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC).</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnMYaveVJHKYBxb-nZWh39H4PeJ4ToI4CI7cnrqFDz1imStft9S94mQcgyAMybBSO4W06ZQxSrYWLisBo9aVCgFZ-38QykM2fkI4wIBc7i4pRdXIFsNr__y5H0yYItq-3BNw8IQ2D4EO1IvARe7_r7_NysBZ4aq_TXZ3FGIodobd1dFbUWkYP4-wvfORA/s541/ATA%20in%20Sterling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="541" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnMYaveVJHKYBxb-nZWh39H4PeJ4ToI4CI7cnrqFDz1imStft9S94mQcgyAMybBSO4W06ZQxSrYWLisBo9aVCgFZ-38QykM2fkI4wIBc7i4pRdXIFsNr__y5H0yYItq-3BNw8IQ2D4EO1IvARe7_r7_NysBZ4aq_TXZ3FGIodobd1dFbUWkYP4-wvfORA/s320/ATA%20in%20Sterling.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"> <br /></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">An British woman pilot in cockpit of a Sterling four-engine bomber (Photo courtesy of Maidenhead Heritage Centre)</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">In the course of the war, the women with the ATA steadily won the same privileges and status as their male counterparts. They wore the same uniforms, underwent the same training at the same centralized flying school, and performed the same duties as their male colleagues as they qualified successively on the classes of aircraft from training bi-planes to four-engine bombers. From 1943 onwards, they broke ground by being awarded equal pay for equal work at a time when other women's auxiliaries (such as the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF)) were not. Last but not least, women in the ATA were promoted on merit and could exercise command authority over male colleagues. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDptvt2jCvxi47hHIyW1oowo4GGTq1JwhuNtQBvCz4tG1wklhgpvaaUo0sxGn8FYSifVvTLV52GTofBtsOUmm03P_BSNlMHAVxfJwxBwlSx2B_MgxC5qcPPzgNqwUAJWFire4n9L0essFY7IXSacrP9YMqT80yxyZxgxV-BW2jNUrZ1q2o6o4xAke0KWM/s278/Pauline%20Gower2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="278" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDptvt2jCvxi47hHIyW1oowo4GGTq1JwhuNtQBvCz4tG1wklhgpvaaUo0sxGn8FYSifVvTLV52GTofBtsOUmm03P_BSNlMHAVxfJwxBwlSx2B_MgxC5qcPPzgNqwUAJWFire4n9L0essFY7IXSacrP9YMqT80yxyZxgxV-BW2jNUrZ1q2o6o4xAke0KWM/s1600/Pauline%20Gower2.jpeg" width="278" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Pauline Gower, the Commander of Women in ATA, whose gentle persistence and diplomatic handling of politicians and generals brought about these successes.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Furthermore, throughout the war, the women in the ATA were recognized and praised both officially and publicly for their contribution to the war effort. Five women and 31 male ATA pilots won the MBE. Four women ATA pilots and two male colleagues earned the BEM. One woman Flight Captain received a Commendation alongside five male ATA officers, and two women ATA pilots along with 16 male ATA pilots received the King’s Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAmKiJEXbtEOc9LgvU3Q-7mc43LeWSxH2KPm3GCc3DBEn3F4vaAaN37Y4eTgtd9mA-i6ilhRDO1VDETyG8hJqKzAtGW61DA6AaHOrIx9wT7hn5mrX545IlU2DvoteYPRfpnWyfHPkgf88MT9cgdVTzZEq4zio_AJXRl79Lejbi4CU0IQ13fVha47d9H2M/s833/Pauline%20Gower%20with%20King%20and%20Queen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="833" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAmKiJEXbtEOc9LgvU3Q-7mc43LeWSxH2KPm3GCc3DBEn3F4vaAaN37Y4eTgtd9mA-i6ilhRDO1VDETyG8hJqKzAtGW61DA6AaHOrIx9wT7hn5mrX545IlU2DvoteYPRfpnWyfHPkgf88MT9cgdVTzZEq4zio_AJXRl79Lejbi4CU0IQ13fVha47d9H2M/s320/Pauline%20Gower%20with%20King%20and%20Queen.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Dr. Helena P. Schader is the author of a comparative study of women pilots in the US and UK published by Pen &amp; Sword, <i>Sisters in Arms: The Women who Flew in WWII.&nbsp; </i>A former ATA pilot is the leading female protagonist in her series of novels on the Berlin Airlift, <i>Bridge to Tomorrow</i>. Find out more about Book I in the series, </span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"><i>Cold Peace</i></span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">, <a href="https://crossseaspress.com/cold-peace" target="_blank">here</a>.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">&nbsp;</span></p> https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-british-women-who-flew-in-world-war.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Helena P. Schrader)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-6484731777425135822Tue, 01 Aug 2023 05:30:00 +00002023-08-04T07:32:11.260-07:00<p>by Jack Heerema</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;The 19th century historian’s work was not complete unless infused with a touch of misogyny. This is particularly prevalent during the period of the Angevin kings. This was not done in a grand scheme as Lord Macaulay’s desire to have everyone in India speak English. Historians have characterized Queen Eleanor as being headstrong, contrary and willful, of course, these terms could never be applied to King Henry II, who standardized laws uniformly across England. There is always a reason behind the reason. He needed money and quickly to finance his continental wars.</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;The contributions of women during this period have been very marginalized. Countess Ella founded both Salisbury Cathedral and Lacock Abbey. The results can still be seen today. Lady Isabel was kind, sympathetic and formable in administrating her Irish holdings. Was she not the daughter of Red Eva who led an army in Ireland? William the Marshall would never have a stronger ally than Lady Isabel. William Longsword, Duke of Salisbury would find a similar companion in Countess Ella. Longsword and King John were half-brothers, yet when Prince Louis of France invaded England, Longsword threw his support behind the prince. There is debate whether King John’s improper advances on Countess Ella contributed Longsword defection.</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;History is interpreted through the cultural bias of succeeding generations. A jigsaw dropped to the floor and the search begins for the missing pieces. Slowly they are put back together, but we discover that the color is missing, and every generation picks one they feel fits best. Not many of us have experienced a marriage of convenience or as a source of wealth and power. This piece comes in a multitude of colors. We have not experienced the intense struggle between church and state, leading to the death of Thomas Becket. It is important for a historian to understand the culture in the period he studies to determine why decisions were made.</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;King Henry II knew the cultural believes and superstitions held within the commonweal. He understood how to use populism and propaganda to further his ambitions. This insight wasn’t not missing in the church’s world view. In the year 1184 Glastonbury Abbey was almost burned down to the ground. A massive amount of funds was required for the rebuilding and what better source of income than from pilgrims making a journey to a holy site. Through his tribulations with the Welsh, King Harry discovered that Arthur’s last resting place was at Glastonbury Abbey. What better way to rally his people around himself than becoming heir of Excalibur. He died before this scheme came to fruition. The abbot of the abbey, on the other hand, still saw this as an opportunity to collect pledges for the building fund. A massive search began by digging up the entire grounds until the grave was found, behold it was. Pilgrims journeyed to the abbey and turned it into a cathedral.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;Through the reigns of the Angevin kings the tax burdens on the commonweal were onerous and devastating. The continual wars in France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales extorted every penny by succeeding kings. King Richard’s ransom from Austria after fighting in the crusades left a huge swath of destitution and penury in England.&nbsp; Is where the legend of Robin Hood originated. In our own day we have a superman or batman who rises from this devastation like a phoenix and rights the wrongs and injustices done to ordinary people who are powerless and have not the resources to fight for their own rights. We attribute the rise of Robin Hood to the Angevin period. Is this a coincidence? Every myth is rooted in fact which seems to be too heavy to bear.</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;When Prince Louis invaded England in 1216, numerous of the commonweal believed the yoke placed on their necks by King John would be removed. This turned brother against brother and many villages, towns and cities were looted and burned by their own people. There was indiscriminate raping and murders constantly. After a year Prince Louis was driven back to France after the Battle of Dover in 1217. This was done through the combined effort of the barons who stayed true to the English throne and rallied around William the Marshall, Duke of Pembroke.</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;This is the backdrop for ‘Marigold, Our Lady of Thieves’. It follows the life and fortunes of a foundling named Marion, who is rescued from a skip by Sir Kai ap Gruffydd who becomes her guardian and mentor. This story reveals how the sword Excalibur was found and how it came into her possession. On the way she is introduced to Robin Hood and the Valkyrie who would become her closest friends. The synopsis and reviews for the novel can be found at www.jackheerema.ca&nbsp;</p><p><br /></p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO4LFWG7D2YtxNp1vsQJUrNsb9YUfqECWM0VfPHU2DEfjIYIHQ72ZcNjk8eeujkX7gEykNm8hMEeKX5uPvYvLmJzBayCziL0AASoGlsUfyQqQ_HAU-l7KIdxeU5uZ1okpsbepDL_g2Wv534CDl_oOZary1rjohvUHzEebW0B55YWdUxDTdxklHyhPqoDU/s756/dad%20book.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="517" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO4LFWG7D2YtxNp1vsQJUrNsb9YUfqECWM0VfPHU2DEfjIYIHQ72ZcNjk8eeujkX7gEykNm8hMEeKX5uPvYvLmJzBayCziL0AASoGlsUfyQqQ_HAU-l7KIdxeU5uZ1okpsbepDL_g2Wv534CDl_oOZary1rjohvUHzEebW0B55YWdUxDTdxklHyhPqoDU/s320/dad%20book.JPG" width="219" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/07/angevin-history.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (nolan)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-2703151542778876282Sat, 29 Jul 2023 10:48:00 +00002023-07-29T03:48:59.371-07:00<p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">The youngest and arguably the most dynamic and egalitarian of the womens' services was the WAAF. While the other women's services were grafted on to institutions with hundreds of years of traditions without women, the WAAF was founded at exactly the same time as the RAF itself. That proved to be a significant advantage, reflected mostly in the attitudes of the men with whom they served. As the recruiting poster suggests, WAAF didn't "free a man" to go elsewhere -- they served alongside them except in the air itself.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: &quot;Righteous&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKqRX6XluLuRF3TOjMhZhLBWlEb_-WjrZQ9Vlt75v1eH6jNUohJl8BIHixrys6kFHiUH5oC8ppo6CBI6HmOGpeE5FP0x0-P89en9XaBIZoe6c0vyJF5ysJFG2uhIEfa_pxTgm6rZ8Gf8ro1DBedj_DfqAE9ZFXSyL5uK9b-tDX9KY47ALOm7kmTftZRsQ/s269/WAAF%20Recruiting%20Poster1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="187" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKqRX6XluLuRF3TOjMhZhLBWlEb_-WjrZQ9Vlt75v1eH6jNUohJl8BIHixrys6kFHiUH5oC8ppo6CBI6HmOGpeE5FP0x0-P89en9XaBIZoe6c0vyJF5ysJFG2uhIEfa_pxTgm6rZ8Gf8ro1DBedj_DfqAE9ZFXSyL5uK9b-tDX9KY47ALOm7kmTftZRsQ/s1600/WAAF%20Recruiting%20Poster1.jpeg" width="187" /></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Despite being founded at the same time as the RAF, the original women's service associated with the fledgling air force (the Women's Royal Airforce or WRAF) was short-lived. Founded on 1 April 1918, it was already disbanded by June 1919. Yet in that short space of time, 556 officers and 31,000 other ranks not only saw service, they convinced the "powers that be" in the RAF that women could be useful -- at least in wartime.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Thus, despite being disbanded, the WRAF was not forgotten. On the one hand, many of the women who had served stayed in touch and in the late 1930s helped form a voluntary organization known as "The Emergency Service." On the other hand, senior RAF officers declaimed that the WRAF was to the RAF like a wife, a sister and a sweetheart. Even the founder of the RAF, Lord Trenchard, considered the "W" in front of RAF as "an unnecessary initial" and insisted the WRAF was "part of the RAF" and -- significantly -- "would be again."&nbsp; [Quoted in: Katherine Bentley Beauman, <i>Partners in Blue: The Story of the Women's Service with the Royal Air Force</i>, 55-56] By 1938, women were receiving lectures and drill from active service RAF on an informal basis. Among the women who availed themselves of these opportunities were the wives of some of the most senior officers in the RAF including the Chief of Air Staff.&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Officially, however, the WRAF was not resurrected as the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) until June 1939. With war obviously approaching, the RAF leadership decided that women were to be recruited for service in 1) motor transport, 2) clerical duties, 3) cooking and catering, 4) other "general duties" that might include messengers, telephone and teleprinter operators. At its inception, 2,000 women who had signed up for the ATS transferred immediately to the WAAF. The WAAF proved popular throughout the war and fully 84% of all WAAF were volunteers. Indeed, early on, there were more volunteers than could be accommodated and many women were turned away or sent home to await a letter calling them to the service.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Contemporary expectations had been that the Germans would launch massive air raids on the United Kingdom at the outbreak of the war. Fortunately, conventional wisdom was wrong and Britain was granted nine months of grace before Britain's air war started in earnest in June 1940. During the period of this "phony war," while most people weren't looking, the RAF was recruiting selected women "special duties" clerks. These WAAF for destined for some of the most important jobs of the war.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">On the one hand, more mature women deemed particularly discreet and reliable were selected and trained for work in codes and cypher. (The Royal Navy did the same, incidentally.) More exceptional was that the forward-thinking C-in-C of Fighter Command, had requested in 1936 -- three years before the WAAF was officially formed! -- that women to be trained to perform new, technologically-advanced jobs that had never existed before. Even more astonishing, the jobs he wanted them for were positions absolutely vital to the success of Britain's entire air defense. They were also high-pressure jobs that would have to be performed when under fire: wireless and radar operators, filterers and plotters. Air Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding not only insisted WAAF could do the work, he insisted that they receive commissions as appropriate, scuppering RAF policy about commissions only for women in administrative positions.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <br /></span></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjySdMGe3JVhSlhPUkEWSDCupRpr5rVvbOeaaGksUFPd8ErE0BfEYqqv1Dph86vr5PxFo8KQQpv8O6C8y0nVYtUBiDdTehtiNRIuGgs_hpQOLugeOybKxZF9jeujL84gRod9e6wMBjiPizTdRfAT-ggfllW10dONQt30VhynOp4WzoBxKNHliHzIm7H2tQ/s235/WAAF%20Radar%20Controller.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="214" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjySdMGe3JVhSlhPUkEWSDCupRpr5rVvbOeaaGksUFPd8ErE0BfEYqqv1Dph86vr5PxFo8KQQpv8O6C8y0nVYtUBiDdTehtiNRIuGgs_hpQOLugeOybKxZF9jeujL84gRod9e6wMBjiPizTdRfAT-ggfllW10dONQt30VhynOp4WzoBxKNHliHzIm7H2tQ/s1600/WAAF%20Radar%20Controller.jpeg" width="214" /></a></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">When the Battle of Britain brought terror to Britain's skies, WAAF were at the front lines and rapidly demonstrated by sheer competence their worth. They worked at radar stations and plotting tables while the radar towers or their airfields were bombed. Time and again, they got up and dusted themselves off to continue working as the raid receded. Six WAAF received the Military Medal for bravery during the Battle of Britain. Unsurprisingly after this record, women not only dominated these trades, later in the war they moved from these jobs into the more senior and more responsible position of controller.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQNWFnTTtnIeoZqA7ltkmPtMwntqkDGgTxhWUR5cXOPul_4yKzZwVknNkttxrOFJyjZa5BgP9jHrApj1lbua8PswFCu-4Lo7WvjJPVOtHhIOdNIZCGoHPDNZDOK4PRG4ZrM0HrePloQE87mHVJhpNJt1VCO3pB_84-93CgH2eF2Lbzfle20yCvQlVYBqY/s250/WAAF%20in%20Sector%20Control%20Room.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="250" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQNWFnTTtnIeoZqA7ltkmPtMwntqkDGgTxhWUR5cXOPul_4yKzZwVknNkttxrOFJyjZa5BgP9jHrApj1lbua8PswFCu-4Lo7WvjJPVOtHhIOdNIZCGoHPDNZDOK4PRG4ZrM0HrePloQE87mHVJhpNJt1VCO3pB_84-93CgH2eF2Lbzfle20yCvQlVYBqY/s1600/WAAF%20in%20Sector%20Control%20Room.jpeg" width="250" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br />In addition, in 1941 WAAF were tasked -- initially only experimentally -- with manning Britain's barrage balloons. This was a task requiring physical strength and skill. Balloons were filled with hydrogen and were 63 feet long and 31 feet high when inflated. They weighed 550 lbs and were controlled (as best as possible) by steal cables. The hydrogen was inflammable, of course, and handling of the winches and cables was dangerous. The balloons had to face "bow" to wind, which meant they had to be re-oriented whenever the wind direction changed. The work was 24/7. Yet the WAAF did so well handling the balloons, that women began replacing men in the balloon squadrons. Eventually 15,700 WAAF became balloon operators and made up roughly 60% of Balloon Command.</span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWg-AK-8N2u0BneTBQ06ypaCn2sf6F_ndktZnd4gDkW5nXBN19csAxH97RfP0ZMnwjIl15IDeJrDOrHTaUlKG1An_95E316C3S-TOXbEnGjkf3SD7GlLV5Pa4GVPAO2FwJ1APjXHwx7xpe9WYh10_VngMirfNlIP8m9JsOE2cUa8NEDglz1BXduv3nWA/s269/WAAF%20and%20Baloon.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="269" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWg-AK-8N2u0BneTBQ06ypaCn2sf6F_ndktZnd4gDkW5nXBN19csAxH97RfP0ZMnwjIl15IDeJrDOrHTaUlKG1An_95E316C3S-TOXbEnGjkf3SD7GlLV5Pa4GVPAO2FwJ1APjXHwx7xpe9WYh10_VngMirfNlIP8m9JsOE2cUa8NEDglz1BXduv3nWA/s1600/WAAF%20and%20Baloon.jpeg" width="269" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The WAAF expanded to other trades as well. In addition to taking on the maintenance of radar and wireless equipment (a natural extension in some ways of operating those systems) they were also soon serving as military police, meteorologists, intelligence officers, doing photographic interpretation, acting as interpreters, working as laboratory assistants, air traffic controllers, as draughtsmen and cartographers, stores clerks, parachute packers, and accountants. (The recruiting poster below shows a WAAF Air Traffic Controller.)<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjta5SJgvgi1E9MLSjB6RMIIIH4jaZm4-TQh1JDVDbzZWorhVY8lH5FOhrCWYZg_2VK7FYWnrLFiIj6_g5gSGq7elqJyeWnUwvFvxvVdTquHk48H9Y54OMpjzr-ozz_oJQoMGwkPrbSH7Woo20hmUpa7ZwVT4fI4Pko65T-LCG3Lqv3DLQ6ouCOtL29Mzw/s247/WAAF%20Recruiting%20-%20Control%20Tower.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="166" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjta5SJgvgi1E9MLSjB6RMIIIH4jaZm4-TQh1JDVDbzZWorhVY8lH5FOhrCWYZg_2VK7FYWnrLFiIj6_g5gSGq7elqJyeWnUwvFvxvVdTquHk48H9Y54OMpjzr-ozz_oJQoMGwkPrbSH7Woo20hmUpa7ZwVT4fI4Pko65T-LCG3Lqv3DLQ6ouCOtL29Mzw/s1600/WAAF%20Recruiting%20-%20Control%20Tower.jpeg" width="166" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br />More astonishing, perhaps, was that the RAF also trained WAAF as electricians, airframe and engine mechanics (riggers and fitters), and as instrument repairers, highly technical trades traditionally done by men. Altogether, the WAAF worked in 110 different trades, and twenty-two officer branches were open to WAAF officers. The WAAF, meanwhile, had already in 1941 come under the Air Force Act making WAAF officially members of the Armed Forces.&nbsp;</span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisByvI5NRvhiNFjnfL_Et7jH0q-3n0gjO_R6PWJm6wQeNm8IYX4ZR6ESQArt8U7vw27F3b2nV6fA8-I6T-IX1PLYTzbpzC3o-xsEj2Avt8XxOzZT8SigbMq1KLoEEkYHyBNMHx0msZBATGCwfj4IwdWEDY7_QsDIfA1DgfowXyArAtEBiw0Qg2u1_0ClA/s200/WAAF%20Aircrew.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="200" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisByvI5NRvhiNFjnfL_Et7jH0q-3n0gjO_R6PWJm6wQeNm8IYX4ZR6ESQArt8U7vw27F3b2nV6fA8-I6T-IX1PLYTzbpzC3o-xsEj2Avt8XxOzZT8SigbMq1KLoEEkYHyBNMHx0msZBATGCwfj4IwdWEDY7_QsDIfA1DgfowXyArAtEBiw0Qg2u1_0ClA/w320-h293/WAAF%20Aircrew.jpeg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">WAAF officers played a particularly important role in the latter years of the war as controllers and wireless operators at bomber stations, and also as intelligence officers debriefing returning bomber crews. </span></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMdOR7A0c6GzjgcId0Fk0du1ORv4VPE0eRAtaaUbaoyw1Z5yV6zUE6abs-cmDbUjoNgPyz9Xv95BxVPomGzwNAOyo-IPWxLSSiVp1-jJ0e1une8hsK9oTewaDhU2X-AlG8p2rGbaHuufe0i2Tn_PY1Dn1qhcQlZBdv9t1HMS6XxQ2R6ddaxKkj7-xBLOQ/s299/WAAF%20Intelligence%20Officer%20at%20Bomber%20Debrief.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="299" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMdOR7A0c6GzjgcId0Fk0du1ORv4VPE0eRAtaaUbaoyw1Z5yV6zUE6abs-cmDbUjoNgPyz9Xv95BxVPomGzwNAOyo-IPWxLSSiVp1-jJ0e1une8hsK9oTewaDhU2X-AlG8p2rGbaHuufe0i2Tn_PY1Dn1qhcQlZBdv9t1HMS6XxQ2R6ddaxKkj7-xBLOQ/s1600/WAAF%20Intelligence%20Officer%20at%20Bomber%20Debrief.jpeg" width="299" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">In addition, fifteen WAAF officers were recruited for the Special Operations Executive (SOE), fourteen of which were sent to France while one parachuted into Yugoslavia. Of these, one WAAF was executed by the Nazis and another tortured but survived, while the rest returned unharmed.&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The WAAF did not serve in the UK alone. Women code and ciphers officers were in high demand across the globe, including in the U.S., Canada and the Middle and Far East. Women photo interpreters were likewise coveted. Airwomen were also sent overseas to serve in domestic and clerical trades. Finally, WAAF followed the RAF as it advanced across continental Europe in the closing months of the war. Altogether, 7,556 WAAF served overseas in the USA, Canada, the Bahamas, India, Ceylon, Singapore, the Middle East and Mediterranean, and across Western Europe.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Of all the women's services, the WAAF was the most integrated and this was reflected in the uniform which followed RAF uniform in design and colour with only marginal or necessary modifications, such a skirts rather than trousers for dress uniforms. WAAF working in jobs such as balloon handling or aircraft and radio mechanics wore RAF overalls. WAAF were also entitled to wear "battle dress" with trousers and short tunics.&nbsp; (Below a WAAF aircraft mechanic in overalls.) <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWN46USZl66tN9QRKuAxlQQ5TqZC1zApC3YVFpG-jH_m2FZ5mr9h2ZfHZFsHoBuPazSOZmnZvBNHXC4ir-fuEHZ4zKMAk5SvMg6ZuoFFBwEGeEQx3TiksManpNur5C9oaRMTXrgcwV_cM6Nih6wBlWmo3_bblh3hwzK21bHs5WASJ5ZX0sN82TrDwWdpU/s1315/Photo_2023-07-28_144116.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1315" data-original-width="1002" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWN46USZl66tN9QRKuAxlQQ5TqZC1zApC3YVFpG-jH_m2FZ5mr9h2ZfHZFsHoBuPazSOZmnZvBNHXC4ir-fuEHZ4zKMAk5SvMg6ZuoFFBwEGeEQx3TiksManpNur5C9oaRMTXrgcwV_cM6Nih6wBlWmo3_bblh3hwzK21bHs5WASJ5ZX0sN82TrDwWdpU/s320/Photo_2023-07-28_144116.jpg" width="244" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">&nbsp;</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">At their peak, the WAAF numbered more than 181,000 including roughly 6,000 officers, which made it only marginally smaller than the ATS (190,000), but more than twice the size of the WRNS, who maximum force was 75,000.&nbsp; The vast majority of the 217,000 women who served in the WAAF in the course of the war were volunteers, although&nbsp; 34,000 were conscripts. At the end of the war, WAAF accounted for 22% of the RAF's overall strength in the UK, and 16% of RAF strength worldwide. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">WAAF are leading characters Helena P. Schrader's latest release: <i>Cold Peace</i>. This is the first novel&nbsp; in a three-part series, <i>Bridge to Tomorrow</i>, which describes the causes, events and aftermath of the Berlin Airlift (1948-1949). Schrader is a multiple award-winning novelist, who has published three books set in Britain during WWII: <i>Where Eagles Never Flew, Grounded Eagles</i> and <i>Moral Fibre</i>.&nbsp; You can find out more about her, her books, reviews and awards at: </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://CrossSeasPress.com"><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">https://CrossSeasPress.com</span></a><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="color: #0b5394; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">.<br /></span></span></p> <p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/07/british-women-at-war-womens-auxiliary.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Helena P. Schrader)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-6230942335353782420Sat, 08 Jul 2023 08:30:00 +00002023-07-08T01:30:32.331-07:00Royal NavyWomen in military serviceWorld War IIWRNS<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #073763;">&nbsp;<span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The smallest and most elite of the women's services in the U.K. was undoubtedly the Women's Royal Naval Service or WRNS. Because its numbers never exceeded 75,000, the WRNS was never dependent upon conscription; volunteers were sufficient to fill its needs. It also cultivated and maintained a reputation as being exclusive and having higher standards.</span></span></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA0SdXNCRI7HjqR8eovXwImJPgzljX7VphyZvoncHsRxycsWA66zdgV_bV5rToCZ7XsjL77fD2Q8HInVAaWQa9THj2p1zRE4eGJnURPrNfxk40gR7UTIZjFOeo97_d5Fnily_I0VnNsjiEsTDgGBzIqdvVIUVHtPT6Y8bwOM6IBfe-uiyB8cL2p6QmE34/s277/WRNS%20Recruiting%20Poster.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="182" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA0SdXNCRI7HjqR8eovXwImJPgzljX7VphyZvoncHsRxycsWA66zdgV_bV5rToCZ7XsjL77fD2Q8HInVAaWQa9THj2p1zRE4eGJnURPrNfxk40gR7UTIZjFOeo97_d5Fnily_I0VnNsjiEsTDgGBzIqdvVIUVHtPT6Y8bwOM6IBfe-uiyB8cL2p6QmE34/s1600/WRNS%20Recruiting%20Poster.jpeg" width="182" /></a></div><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">L</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">ike</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> the other women's services, the Women's Royal Naval Service had its roots in the First World War when it was created in late 1917 to help meet manpower shortages. The women were used to free up male ratings from shore-based duties primarily cooking, cleaning and clerical work, and in both world wars the Admiralty insisted that women would not serve at sea. The first WRNS was both small and short-lived. Roughly 7,000 women served in it during the less than two years of its existence; it was disbanded in 1919. Twenty years later,&nbsp; in August 1939 the WRNS was reformed. Again, its mandate was to "free men for the fleet" by putting women in shore-based jobs, such as cleaning, cooking and clerical work.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Yet from the very start, the WRNS was different. For a start, it was technically part of the the Royal Navy <i>services </i>but not part of the Royal Navy. Legally, this meant it was a <i>civilian </i>support service and the WRNS did not technically come under the Naval Discipline Act until 1977!&nbsp; Second, during the early years applicants needed "recommendations" -- preferably from RN personnel -- to be considered at all. Many of the first WRNS were the wives, sisters and daughters of naval officers. Furthermore, recruiting was at first confined to residents of the major naval ports of Portsmouth, Plymouth, Chatham and Rosyth, and the WRNS were expected to live at home!</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Furthermore, from its inception in WWI (which followed the scandals that had plagued the WAAC), the WRNS were jealous of their reputation. The leadership was explicit in dictating that "WRNS must ... avoid any behavior which, though not incriminating in itself, may be undesirable...." The catalogue of such undesirable behavior included smoking in public, drinking alcohol in public, and&nbsp; loitering around with men. Already in WWI, the WRNS were known as the "prigs and prudes" -- and were proud of it. When the service was resurrected in WWII, this tradition was continued.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLwKxM910UuqoAmT2UyypftGsomwJ4r9Bjbk_db7HYMNb-vMz0we4bxXwHOxQm1M0e9EWTHBfF8AnRWJFRgg8TujsBSc_UmzVO1_b_yNP7abHvQMGofnHugGkDNbHYzCbJD6u0j0cxJaAh-XOA9KyfLQxLAIAsQxMWwLHjH8jjCBWyDOdyKdOTVR-nNu8/s256/WRNS%20Officers.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="256" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLwKxM910UuqoAmT2UyypftGsomwJ4r9Bjbk_db7HYMNb-vMz0we4bxXwHOxQm1M0e9EWTHBfF8AnRWJFRgg8TujsBSc_UmzVO1_b_yNP7abHvQMGofnHugGkDNbHYzCbJD6u0j0cxJaAh-XOA9KyfLQxLAIAsQxMWwLHjH8jjCBWyDOdyKdOTVR-nNu8/s1600/WRNS%20Officers.jpeg" width="256" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br />On the other hand, the WWII leadership came from a younger generation -- a generation of professional women who sought to fill the ranks with not just "the right sort" of woman, but women capable of doing the job. Unlike the leadership of the ATS, the WRNS leadership was composed of women with a more egalitarian outlook than the service to which they were attached. The WRNS leadership adopted a policy of strict meritocracy. A key component of this policy was that no woman could become an officer without first being a rating and proving herself. This policy did much to improve morale -- and was notably lacking from the ATS where most officers were appointed directly, often without qualifications, on the basis of their accent or social status.</span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Although the WRNS started the war with seven limited categories of work which can be summarized as clerical, cleaning and cooking, the war rapidly forced changes. Soon the duties assigned WRNS expanded to motor transport, storekeepers, messengers, mechanics, telegraphists and R/T operators, signalers and small-boat handlers.&nbsp; Eventually there were 129 trades including plotters, radar operators. meteorologists, codes and cipher specialists, intelligence officers and anti-aircraft crew. Fundamentally, from 1941 onwards, the WRNS took on all shore-based jobs that did not require physical strength or sea experience, including training RN personnel for their duties at sea.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVv7Y21u5OVTari5DGKrtoiYiN7fGKccJmELEzfglxYZEa4UvrCJC2S9uKvD4zArBJmL2d9bDCsp4lcc1qpqrbhQ2oDFUIZRcs1L-hvo2qGCa_1Se6CBxytYSrrEvggnc9QTRc14-7EK3p7yUMrV_G-ir7TWxgttlDtOGsPApiTiN8leFbSG5LHg57vZI/s232/WRNS%20ploters.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="131" data-original-width="232" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVv7Y21u5OVTari5DGKrtoiYiN7fGKccJmELEzfglxYZEa4UvrCJC2S9uKvD4zArBJmL2d9bDCsp4lcc1qpqrbhQ2oDFUIZRcs1L-hvo2qGCa_1Se6CBxytYSrrEvggnc9QTRc14-7EK3p7yUMrV_G-ir7TWxgttlDtOGsPApiTiN8leFbSG5LHg57vZI/w320-h181/WRNS%20ploters.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span>Particularly striking was the degree to which the extremely conservative and hidebound "senior service" eventually handed over significant responsibility to WRNS. For example, WRNS were largely responsible for the dispatch of RN vessels. WRNS issued sailing orders and allocated berths. They also sent, received and decoded messages. Meanwhile, WRNS were required to be mobile and go where needed rather than live at home. The chic, feminine uniform distinctly different from the RN uniform and designed especially for women, was soon supplemented by overalls, bell bottom trousers, and other forms of practical clothing depending on the job performed.&nbsp; Silently, the requirement for recommendations in order to apply also went by the board.&nbsp;</span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs24kbQUxy8Sr-xbg7jZp4o7tYdo-xxhrPVgW_lVmcxoGBAu3txHDxcEQta66kF_WjMtfeymlkDgCi1FqMMJWmB09_a04LFS-Uz54loJGEoG0LTgT796GQGp88lxWJTII3jtxWHaR4bYBxuz9ELFSYcIqB2Jsd7bEXDapO4oFMYe7c5nELCRuf6yL_Dzc/s200/WRNS2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="115" data-original-width="200" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs24kbQUxy8Sr-xbg7jZp4o7tYdo-xxhrPVgW_lVmcxoGBAu3txHDxcEQta66kF_WjMtfeymlkDgCi1FqMMJWmB09_a04LFS-Uz54loJGEoG0LTgT796GQGp88lxWJTII3jtxWHaR4bYBxuz9ELFSYcIqB2Jsd7bEXDapO4oFMYe7c5nELCRuf6yL_Dzc/w320-h184/WRNS2.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">&nbsp;</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Meanwhile, the WRNS particularly distinguished themselves as linguists and in the field of code-breaking and cypher work. It is noteworthy that the Admiralty had unofficially identified these areas as potential fields for women before the outbreak of the war. Dispatch riders was another category of work in which WRNS earned praise and recognition. The work entailed riding powerful (and very heavy) motorbikes at speed, often over long distances, on unmarked roads with inadequate headlights (due to wartime blackout requirements). Inevitably, a number of women had serious motor accidents, and recruitment for the trade was discontinued, but those who had already qualified were allowed to continue, several earning mentions in dispatches or medals for their work. <br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWdPnpjqwqcI_foXBkfnk94l3McnGoYCFqrnDyV9QZjuqkePy9UjICw6WajGRWdgx-nUpfuYt11FM9UGNcQ6F8LAQldBYoxk1-X1mIhz-fhQBP5LRdTXiYUvdIHa6xKsNRrXRV1-zbLj8GtxlCgWt2ypTR414AnQ_PM4N8mELrkdH8_oPXQJ3PGA65tGg/s251/WRNS%20Dispatchrider.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="200" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWdPnpjqwqcI_foXBkfnk94l3McnGoYCFqrnDyV9QZjuqkePy9UjICw6WajGRWdgx-nUpfuYt11FM9UGNcQ6F8LAQldBYoxk1-X1mIhz-fhQBP5LRdTXiYUvdIHa6xKsNRrXRV1-zbLj8GtxlCgWt2ypTR414AnQ_PM4N8mELrkdH8_oPXQJ3PGA65tGg/s1600/WRNS%20Dispatchrider.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Although the Admiralty never allowed women to serve "with the fleet," starting in 1941, small harbor craft were "manned" by WRNS.&nbsp; Although the boat crews never numbered more than 573 altogether, it was the most popular of all categories and some WRNS preferred to give up their petty officer status for the sake of being an ordinary deck hand on a boat.&nbsp; There was also one small but notable exception to the otherwise rigid rule about women not serving "with the fleet." WRNS cipher officers were sent aboard the large troop transports such as the <i>Queen Mary</i> and <i>Queen Elizabeth</i>.&nbsp;</span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmr8hGMQYm2hnc7uSdMHkgp4HqwWRqwqd92nLQEdU-f7JGpqZ6gP7Z-jv3RMaczX-WyO4_PduiqY58pwoEb9AjDpP5qGQD3T7x9NxtLEiF3qfL8wSQqKfd-DMM8ruGYwmK3m1PZGJkqunBxoJzYjr_oHOizGQLKtIq98JNvXs80NJ_m_r_oF50JzJ1ENQ/s253/WRNS4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="199" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmr8hGMQYm2hnc7uSdMHkgp4HqwWRqwqd92nLQEdU-f7JGpqZ6gP7Z-jv3RMaczX-WyO4_PduiqY58pwoEb9AjDpP5qGQD3T7x9NxtLEiF3qfL8wSQqKfd-DMM8ruGYwmK3m1PZGJkqunBxoJzYjr_oHOizGQLKtIq98JNvXs80NJ_m_r_oF50JzJ1ENQ/s1600/WRNS4.jpeg" width="199" /></a></div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Finally, WRNS were deployed overseas, which required them traveling for the most part by RN vessel to their new overseas assignments. WRNS were sent overseas starting in 1942 and by the end of the war 6,000 WRNS were serving in 37 overseas locations. In the course of the war, WRNS served in Alexandria, Port Said, Cairo and Suez, Durban, Kilindini (Kenya), Colombo (Cylon) and Singapore.&nbsp; </span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">At its peak in late 1944, the WRNS numbered 74,620 who served in all theaters of the war. In the course of the war, they had made themselves so useful and demonstrated the capabilities of women so effectively that the WRNS was not disbanded after WWII but continued until it was fully integrated into the RN in 1993.</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="color: #0b5394; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">Award-winning novelist Helena P. Schrader is the author of three books set in Britain during WWII: <i>Where Eagles Never Flew, Grounded Eagles</i> and <i>Moral Fibre</i>.&nbsp; You can find out more about them, their awards and read excerpts at: </span><a href="https://CrossSeasPress.com"><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">https://CrossSeasPress.com</span></a><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="color: #0b5394; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">. </span><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p></p>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/07/british-women-at-war-womens-royal-navy.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Helena P. Schrader)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-3556838470647560912Sun, 25 Jun 2023 09:39:00 +00002023-07-08T01:11:30.990-07:00Second World WarWomen in the Armed ServicesWorld War 2<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span>&nbsp;<b> <span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">From the start of the war, British women were encouraged to volunteer for one of the three women's auxiliary military services: Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS), the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) and Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF). The oldest, largest and least glamorous, of the three was the ATS. </span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sBcjsPgmOS2dsKz94M6QfA4LgMEQuyKb852hxKzB44gg03-yDkcHzeE7JLxjaWmAW74Gzpinj9mtt9Ba6NPZUtuBsd-krmWNOtzG-xnCvc-SLoDt2vvaenbIGV9FPTKtAmKyvRrjx0A5rKAAIy97woeOamIaZdTq4nwd-dUQdxYNGBMWcf8rGwp_I-Y/s274/ATS-Recruiting%20Poster%202.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="184" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sBcjsPgmOS2dsKz94M6QfA4LgMEQuyKb852hxKzB44gg03-yDkcHzeE7JLxjaWmAW74Gzpinj9mtt9Ba6NPZUtuBsd-krmWNOtzG-xnCvc-SLoDt2vvaenbIGV9FPTKtAmKyvRrjx0A5rKAAIy97woeOamIaZdTq4nwd-dUQdxYNGBMWcf8rGwp_I-Y/s1600/ATS-Recruiting%20Poster%202.jpeg" width="184" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">The ATS was officially authorized by Royal Warrant in September 1938 and was intended to bring together under a single structure a variety of voluntary organizations which sought to recruit women volunteers to support the military in time of war. Some of these groups had roots going back to the First World War or even beyond in the case of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), which had been formed as early as 1908. However, except for the FANY, the various women’s auxiliaries which had sprung up during WWI had been disbanded and so it was necessary to start anew.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">At its inception, the duties envisaged for the ATS were defined as driving, cooking, cleaning (orderlies), clerical work and managing stores. The idea was that women would take over these functions on the home front inside the army so that men would be freed to fight, particularly overseas. Although uniformed from the start and divided into "officers" and "other ranks," it was not until the ATS was recognized as a component part of the military by act of parliament in April 1941 that women officers received commissions and enjoyed an equal status (though not pay!) to men. As a rule, women in the ATS were paid two-thirds of what the men they were replacing had received. They also received just four-fifths of the rations of men. Only with respect to leave was there no discrimination; the women received the same amount as their male counterparts. Women between the ages of 18 and 43 were eligible, and women between 44 and 50 could enlist if they had served in the last war.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRGKKApOXqqHZhAmHl6tMMjUfi0tQMuRKm5ZhW2ISqkdLuZEbfJlNxuiHsrswR1q7YBfIIviKN5qjbv6AXPGZp5WBdWoInJWnkQyufSXO7w7nVC2igock7yV1O4AjlvbyRKBYRXinO3cGAN-vNnKiBTssXsQ0HJL8Bd6DjHOOpETX6yuw12ZZNAO6enAQ/s258/ATS%20Marching.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="258" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRGKKApOXqqHZhAmHl6tMMjUfi0tQMuRKm5ZhW2ISqkdLuZEbfJlNxuiHsrswR1q7YBfIIviKN5qjbv6AXPGZp5WBdWoInJWnkQyufSXO7w7nVC2igock7yV1O4AjlvbyRKBYRXinO3cGAN-vNnKiBTssXsQ0HJL8Bd6DjHOOpETX6yuw12ZZNAO6enAQ/s1600/ATS%20Marching.jpeg" width="258" /></a></div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Promotion was far less egalitarian. Practically all officers were upper class, many were titled, although they often lacked any other qualification. The right accent and an aura of "authority" were considered the most important requirements -- at least in the early years.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">The poor quality of the leadership probably accounts for the troubles the ATS initially experienced in obtaining adequate uniforms, billets and respect. Rumors of widespread immorality and unmarried pregnancy soon spread. Morale plummeted and by the start of 1941, more women were leaving the ATS than joining. Since it was then still a voluntary organization, this was possible without negative repercussions. It took a parliamentary inquiry to expose the allegations as fraudulent and malicious. Meanwhile, the leadership was rigorously overhauled and a new director installed. </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Meanwhile, the women of the ATS were demonstrating their capabilities, and they were taking over an increasing number of jobs. One of the most important of these was manning anti-aircraft batteries. The employment of women on "ack-ack" batteries was proposed and advocated by General Sir Frederick Pile, the CO of the command early in the war. The driving force behind the acceptance of the idea was numbers: Britain's anti-aircraft batteries were short 1,114 officers and nearly 18,000 men at the start of 1940.&nbsp; General Pile devised a plan to recruit 15,000 women by the end of 1941 -- and he was willing to pay the women at the same rate as men. Indeed, he wanted the women fully integrated into the Royal Artillery with the same ranks, rights, rates of pay and discipline. However, opposition by the ATS leadership prevented the implementation of his proposal.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Then in May 1941 the Army Act ended the ATS' voluntary status, and the way was opened for the deployment of women in anti-aircraft and searchlight batteries. In March 1942, the conscription of women was legalized and thereafter the ATS was no longer an exclusively a volunteer force and its members became subject to the full weight of military discipline.&nbsp; Public opinion, nevertheless, still opposed the idea of women "bearing" arms -- or shooting artillery. Instead, the army opted to create mixed anti-aircraft batteries with both ATS and Royal Artillery personnel working together.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0qdmU-gtHmgE0Dagz-oqtcgmv28dfzdnZbh9GXDdZ5Fp-AfqpU6yJkszb65AB7ViEqNdXFfyWUYQU3IGLXfge2tSXKOaf6yQKTN6lghXf2pYJi9_djUA_yKJPKZles7ejjdJMMl979-CNpCjPLnOFP7jzSBo0VnHFgE9SP6MKVrsV4Jiv-eQ5eLn7o4E/s275/ATS%20-%20Ack-Ack.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0qdmU-gtHmgE0Dagz-oqtcgmv28dfzdnZbh9GXDdZ5Fp-AfqpU6yJkszb65AB7ViEqNdXFfyWUYQU3IGLXfge2tSXKOaf6yQKTN6lghXf2pYJi9_djUA_yKJPKZles7ejjdJMMl979-CNpCjPLnOFP7jzSBo0VnHFgE9SP6MKVrsV4Jiv-eQ5eLn7o4E/s1600/ATS%20-%20Ack-Ack.jpeg" width="275" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica;">&nbsp;Although not allowed to fire the guns, the women attached to an anti-aircraft battery&nbsp; were responsible for operating and maintaining advanced equipment such as predictors, height-finders, plotters, and spotters. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>ATS women also manned the searchlight batteries, a role some viewed as the "elite." Searchlights were radar directed and so they worked as plotters as well as operators, the latter had to maintain both the beams (not an easy task) and the generator for the lights, as well as be able to switch it on and off and swing it manually if necessary. ATS attached to anti-aircraft batteries also did driving, manned R/T and teleprinter machines, serviced vehicles, did sentry duty and carried dispatches. </span></div><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgegDSdaK1flUCcuoAvSjz1SE72zOMEaef793EgfezT5eU7mTsYDQgMLKZK2KazJvcb7IztklBkEfVMq-D7RBNNn9M-YkxSyCwVLzL9CHOGoMrDddnIwm3nrIQM1wDI45rtC8L6dlXpQOonFnLeDICcSzZWyYHiZURbi1stBSNpZOeCTUSdrb78U6Rd_Ek/s318/ATS-%20Shipping%20out.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="318" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgegDSdaK1flUCcuoAvSjz1SE72zOMEaef793EgfezT5eU7mTsYDQgMLKZK2KazJvcb7IztklBkEfVMq-D7RBNNn9M-YkxSyCwVLzL9CHOGoMrDddnIwm3nrIQM1wDI45rtC8L6dlXpQOonFnLeDICcSzZWyYHiZURbi1stBSNpZOeCTUSdrb78U6Rd_Ek/s1600/ATS-%20Shipping%20out.jpeg" width="318" /></a></div><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">The first mixed gun battery was deployed in August 1941 and the first mixed battery credited with downing an enemy aircraft was in Newcastle in December 1941. The commanding officer of this successful unit went on record saying:</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><i><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 12pt;">As an old soldier, if I were offered the choice of commanding a mixed battery or a male battery, I would say without hesitation I would take the mixed battery. The girls cannot be beaten in action and, in my opinion, they are better than the men on the instruments they are manning. Beyond a little natural excitement...they are quite as steady if not steadier than the men. They are amazingly keen to go into action....</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">By the end of 1942, 170,000 women were manning Britain's "ack-ack" guns, which made up 77% of all ATS strength. Meanwhile, the number of other trades in which women were employed had grown from the original five trades to a total of 77 including postal workers, ammunition inspectors, translators and librarians. Furthermore, women were being sent overseas. From just 57 women in the Middle East in August 1941, the number of ATS stationed overseas grew to roughly 14,000 by the end of the war.&nbsp; At its height, the ATS numbered 210,308 women.&nbsp;Casualties were modest. A total of 67 ATS women, most serving on the ack-ack guns, were killed due to enemy action in the course of the war.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Although the reputation of the ATS had improved after it's disastrous low at the start of 1941, it never managed to match the prestige of the other women's services and a higher proportion of ATS personnel were conscripts than in either the WAAF or WRNS, the latter of which was all volunteer. Nevertheless, Prime Minister Winston Churchill's daughter Mary joined the ATS in 1941, and in early 1945, Princess Elizabeth also chose to join the ATS, serving as an ambulance and lorry driver.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgASy3sjmGs-UwRbNc_yni6FCx1yLU4Ot8vzg2YZzMBIxwZYPpdtqdtPAokkp8EUbkxM6bkiV9VC92xR4CUwcVO-z6v06YZW0T-6sUN5tlQv5nlK-isKNDukY9zNVSqHX3fyB02cDIUjTDlXBlfsWVEwioDAbwZqUPbbwXJfoVNPHEEOcljUBc0xcAtiwA/s265/Princess%20Elizabeth%20as%20Driver.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="190" data-original-width="265" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgASy3sjmGs-UwRbNc_yni6FCx1yLU4Ot8vzg2YZzMBIxwZYPpdtqdtPAokkp8EUbkxM6bkiV9VC92xR4CUwcVO-z6v06YZW0T-6sUN5tlQv5nlK-isKNDukY9zNVSqHX3fyB02cDIUjTDlXBlfsWVEwioDAbwZqUPbbwXJfoVNPHEEOcljUBc0xcAtiwA/s1600/Princess%20Elizabeth%20as%20Driver.jpeg" width="265" /></a></div><br /><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="color: #0b5394; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">Award-winning novelist Helena P. Schrader is the author of three books set in Britain during WWII: <i>Where Eagles Never Flew, Grounded Eagles</i> and <i>Moral Fibre</i>.&nbsp; You can find out more about them, their awards and read excerpts at: </span><a href="https://CrossSeasPress.com"><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">https://CrossSeasPress.com</span></a><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="color: #0b5394; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">. </span><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p></p>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/06/british-women-at-war-role-of-auxiliary.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Helena P. Schrader)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-1359298468353374504Sat, 24 Jun 2023 08:00:00 +00002023-06-24T01:13:39.801-07:00LiverpoolUS Civil War<p></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><h1 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Liverpool in the 1860s</span></h1><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;<br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Unlike the rest of Britain, Liverpool’s population and economic status plummeted after World War Two. Go back 80 years further, though, and you have Britain’s second great metropolis, thriving off King Cotton and still benefitting hand-over-fist from the transatlantic slave trade. In modern terms, it would be a city of four million people, or nearly twice the size of Paris. A confident, arrogant world player grasping at city statehood. </span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Liverpool sucked money into its Cotton Exchange and banks directly from the trade winds and favourable currents from the new world. Traders got rich quick, but by 1863 something had stuck in the craw… those Damn Yankees. As a savage ground war ignited across the Eastern States of a still fledgling nation, the superior Union Navy blockaded all merchant traffic coming in and out of the South. Many leagues away in North-West England, a cotton drought set tempers boiling and the nouveau riche Illuminati of Liverpool rolled their stall out to scatter this blockade, by fair means and foul. </span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Britain’s official neutrality – Lincoln had explicitly warned the British Government against meddling – was flouted as the Confederate Navy was built, launched and crewed out of the city. Huge and notorious ironclad leviathans slipped out of the shipyard at Cammell Laird, steaming out into the Mersey bound for engagement. No expense was spared, and the South had been gifted the best technology of the day, with blockade runners like CSS Alabama and CSS Banshee becoming the scourge of the North. The Rebs suddenly had stock on water, and it came expressly from Liverpool.</span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Via deep-rooted trade connections, the city was deemed strategically essential to both sides in the war. The United States had long established a Consulate on Paradise Street, before the Confederacy – floated by local support – established its own base at Rumford Place and then Abercromby Square. A Cold War of espionage, legal challenges and sabotage began as agents (including a number of commissioned female agents) on both sides roamed the city and infiltrated the docks and ships.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thomas Haines Dudley and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">James Dunwoody Bulloch</span></h1><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Two men infamously stood out in a growing ensemble American cast: Union Consul Thomas Haines Dudley, an erstwhile close aide of Lincoln who had a role in his election, and the formidable James Dunwoody Bulloch, Confederate Commander and Dudley’s counterpart at Rumford Place. Bulloch was the direct link in building the clandestine Navy, while Dudley challenged him in British courts and via his own network of agents who acted on the edge of local laws.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span> </p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During the summer of 1863, in the run-up to Gettysburg, the pivotal battle stateside, Bulloch was succeeding in his charm offensive on the rich denizens of the city, via gentlemen’s clubs like the Athenaeum, which had a long association with slave traders. While anti-slavery campaigns were robust, former slavers had received vast sums in compensation and had reinvested their monies in the same dirty business, only at the import end of the supply chain. The CSS Alabama wreaked havoc on the blockade, and destroyed dozens of enemy vessels before finally succumbing at Cherbourg, more evidence that this war was fought on both sides of the ocean.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span>&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0cm;">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The actions were not confined to the two senior rivals either. Key Lincoln assassination conspirator John Surratt hid out in the city for several months after the dirty deed, evading capture and extradition. Liverpool’s addiction to the vast wealth created by cotton drove the city’s fervent support of the Rebel Yell, and this included harbouring fugitives and spies like Surratt. Westminster did little to nothing in terms of disrupting this tryst, with rumours of collaborations between some senior politicians with investments tied up in Liverpool’s trading interests and the movement to back Richmond.</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Irish Diaspora <br /></span></h1><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An important backdrop to these events is that Liverpool’s dense population was swelled by the diaspora after the Great Irish Hunger in the 1840s, which meant that many of the commissioned agents and paid gangs originated from this generation of immigrants. Both sides in the war recruited vigorously in the city for their armies and navies. Irish fought on both sides and continued to build American cities as much as their labour built Liverpool. Ireland formed a bridge across the ocean, and Liverpool Irish were another essential link, taking up the lucrative but dirty work offered by Dudley and Bulloch at a time when any work was sought after.&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This nefarious cooperation of Liverpool and the Confederacy can be boiled down to an unerring truth; the American Civil War began with a shot fired from a giant gun built by a Duke Street ironmonger and ended in 1865 with the surrender of Liverpool-built CSS Shenandoah on the Mersey, with the last act of defiance coming with their acquiescing to the British rather than Union Navy.</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;</span></p><h1 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After the War <br /></span></h1><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dunwoody Bulloch settled in the city after the war and is interred at Smithdown Road cemetery. Today, Liverpool redefines itself as a city of tolerance and as a proud, ancient melting pot with a strong urge towards social justice. City historians like Lawrence Westgaph and Malik Al Nasir have opened up long-closed archives that detail what happened before and after the war, particularly in terms of slavery, by following the money and proffering reparations for the middle passage Holocaust. Myths hang tight, and while the ideas behind the Confederacy maintain an allure to the alt-right in the US, the frequent appearance of a Confederate saltire on Bulloch’s resting place reminds us that maybe a few in Liverpool still wished that war had ended differently. The fundamental difference is that now they’re in a tiny minority.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;</span></p> <h2 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">About the Author</span></b></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</span></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">John Maxwell is the author of the Civil War thriller “Water Street”.&nbsp;</span></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</span></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">Set in Liverpool in 1863, the American Civil War comes to the British Empire’s second city and the world’s richest port. Confederate Commander Banastre X. Dunwoody has a plan to turn the conflict by securing advanced warships, but the U.S. Government is one step ahead of him. It seeks to sabotage his efforts through its covert agent – Harriet Dunwoody – Banastre’s pregnant wife. </span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;</span></b></h2><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" 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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ligatures:standardcontextual; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">As in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and, indeed, the United States, by far the largest number of women mobilized in support of the war effort went into the civilian labor force to replace men called to arms. Yet whereas women in U.S. factories were all volunteers and the Germans relied heavily on slave labor from the Concentration Camps, POWs and occupied Europe, Britain conscripted women into the munitions and aircraft factories from 1942 onwards. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: &quot;Righteous&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2PFolIhHqXqJenPDkB6uOu2jl8iqM5SKrF6SJGK8P0Y4XecgIJhdV61dWOn0cSJCT6fvIAY9FL_2_jzBSHL09rmDql0RcidugOHmEOszs8rtfs1yUtMY7grTJV2VmFUnHwLyuTEemWlPM0da82TPiFoRJw79T1sNM3NzjVWNiIavbKdXf-ZHntOiD/s800/Recruiting%20Poster%20-%20Industry.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="533" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2PFolIhHqXqJenPDkB6uOu2jl8iqM5SKrF6SJGK8P0Y4XecgIJhdV61dWOn0cSJCT6fvIAY9FL_2_jzBSHL09rmDql0RcidugOHmEOszs8rtfs1yUtMY7grTJV2VmFUnHwLyuTEemWlPM0da82TPiFoRJw79T1sNM3NzjVWNiIavbKdXf-ZHntOiD/s320/Recruiting%20Poster%20-%20Industry.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Already by 1941, it was obvious to the British government that there was a serious shortage of manpower both to fight the war and to produce the instruments of war, particularly munitions, ships and aircraft. The British government recognized that the only solution was to bring women into the work-force both by enabling them to fulfill a wider range of support roles in the armed forces, thereby reducing the number of men that would have to be conscripted, and on an even larger scale employing them in factories producing essential war materiel.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">In the spring of 1941, all women between the ages of 18 and 60 were required to register. By December, a shortage of 1.5 million factory workers in essential war industries was identified and the decision was taken to conscript women to fill this gap. Although women were given the option of joining one of the women's auxiliary services, doing civil defense work or working in industry, fully half of the 1.5 million women called to national service, 750,000, would be directed into the munitions factories. The legal basis for female conscription was included in the National Service Act passed 18 December 1941, which made all widows without children and single women between the ages of twenty and thirty subject to conscription.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">By the end of the war, women up to the age of fifty were liable for national service and already in 1943, 90% of single women and 80% of married women were in one way or another contributing to the war effort. The bulk of these women worked in factory jobs, and three-quarters of them full-time. Yet even though many of these women were called up to fill the place of men going into the armed services, most were paid a lower wage then the men they had replaced. The exceptions such as the Air Transport Auxiliary and the railways were the rare exceptions that granted women equal pay for equal work, the later due to a national union agreement. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Furthermore, wartime demands meant that working conditions deteriorated dramatically. In 1940, after Lord Beaverbrook took charge of the specially created Ministry of Aircraft Production, factories assembling aircraft or producing the component parts for them started to work around the clock. The shifts were extended to twelve-hours and weekends and holidays were cancelled. In the crisis atmosphere created by the Battle of Britain and Blitz, workers began sleeping in the factories and soon accidents went up and productivity declined. Such a pace was not sustainable, and inevitably things settled into a wartime "normal." This was on average a 58 - 60 hour workweek for men and a 45 to 55 hour workweek for women. (Below, women workers assembling an aircraft fuselage)</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidBzzN1KeOtntD2rG9f5bz0WoGevenUz2RTNn1qc45Bc8hdDHCz0u-84r4QvmONFpCBzssqERUlnJD6s2C7W8YzYHH8GJ3WkPbVURWsVNZSjA8eiQCIwgGgF0Dvnn3FhFDfmjE7zs-JU6nOZw75KUaaM93l1FHXlifTyxS61Z26DVtwClV_gRMC8Wl/s314/Female%20Aircraft%20Factory%20workers.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="161" data-original-width="314" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidBzzN1KeOtntD2rG9f5bz0WoGevenUz2RTNn1qc45Bc8hdDHCz0u-84r4QvmONFpCBzssqERUlnJD6s2C7W8YzYHH8GJ3WkPbVURWsVNZSjA8eiQCIwgGgF0Dvnn3FhFDfmjE7zs-JU6nOZw75KUaaM93l1FHXlifTyxS61Z26DVtwClV_gRMC8Wl/s1600/Female%20Aircraft%20Factory%20workers.jpeg" width="314" /></a></div><br /><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><br /></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">In addition to the shorter workweek, other concessions were made to the female workforce. Where men had stood, women were often provided with stools to sit. Tea breaks became regularized, and canteen food improved. Yet the work still had to get done and while women were shielded from combat, there was no comparative effort to protect them from dangerous jobs.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Most notably, nearly a million (950,000) British women worked in munitions factories, then known as the Royal Ordnance Factories or ROF. These jobs were better paid and required fewer hours than in other sectors such as transport, but the risks were enormous. The women worked filling fuses, detonators, bullets, shells, mines and bombs with explosive materials, particularly TNT. Health and safety practices were minimal. The women often suffered from side effects such as skin discoloration and stomach illnesses from handling toxic chemicals, often with their naked hands. The risk of explosion was always present, and in addition to 134 fatalities, many more workers lost limbs in accidents. (Below women working in a munitions factory.)</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6fBu-s_p8xTA0Ur2EmkC-f43V0J70oV2J80JHNALlf-axP3ou8Xt5gyr1B4DFICZcPWetEP5-Ce-COoqtc9kGyhPYL5AijCmWpQeqmCMApul3L7Nbbw21VLaHSrghTmxmzCqk0IsHXyY2p0k0gSWsUP45utxTrDiJM007gmFhLmvj3FLl27SK8A6X/s300/Munitions%20factories.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="300" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6fBu-s_p8xTA0Ur2EmkC-f43V0J70oV2J80JHNALlf-axP3ou8Xt5gyr1B4DFICZcPWetEP5-Ce-COoqtc9kGyhPYL5AijCmWpQeqmCMApul3L7Nbbw21VLaHSrghTmxmzCqk0IsHXyY2p0k0gSWsUP45utxTrDiJM007gmFhLmvj3FLl27SK8A6X/s1600/Munitions%20factories.jpeg" width="300" /></a></div><br /><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Other vital industries that relied heavily on women were the railways where 105,000 women were employed doing all tasks necessary to keep the trains running. Women also built tanks and other vehicles and produced and packed parachutes. The latter job had the perk of being able to keep the scraps of silk for personal use. Substantial numbers of women were employed by the Post Office as "engineers" laying and repairing telephone lines. Women served in the merchant navy as stewardesses aboard troop transports, and worked as conductors or ticket collectors on public transport buses and trams.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span><p></p> <p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Their contribution to the war effort is all to often ignored, forgotten or simply dismissed.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;">Award-winning novelist Helena P. Schrader is the author of three books set in Britain during WWII: <i>Where Eagles Never Flew, Grounded Eagles</i> and <i>Moral Fibre</i>.&nbsp; You can find out more about them, their awards and read excerpts at: </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://CrossSeasPress.com"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">https://CrossSeasPress.com</span></a><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></span><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p></p>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/06/woman-at-war-british-factory-girls-in.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Helena P. Schrader)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-6020836532005853818Tue, 06 Jun 2023 13:16:00 +00002023-06-06T06:16:44.729-07:00Britain during WWIILand GirlsWomen in WWII<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">&nbsp;<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">by Helena P. Schrader</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Throughout history, when men went to war, the burden of maintaining agricultural production — often the mainstay of the economy — fell to the family members left behind. That meant old people and children – and women. Yet in WWII, something new happened. Rather than relying on whatever family members happened to remain behind, the British government organized an external labor force to help farmers cope; it called on women to help out on the land and created the “Women’s Land Army.”</span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: &quot;Righteous&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIT5GiEUD-pk1EAGSBH-5nbOm6g5m1NfLCqZ5L06-8qcXwIkKeX2uxIA0yI-TshnwUXG0QYr-C4-30ruekOj6vt4UAF0uIaRJsaDvLlttfvzb5_0_oolft1CHTyc4ttB18fsjmMWRE0Rxoq9s4CLHKNAwYJlW0q6Rbzl7gGUWk_RV3_uXdzNMm-8U6/s275/Recruiting%20Poster%20-%20Land%20Army3.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="184" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIT5GiEUD-pk1EAGSBH-5nbOm6g5m1NfLCqZ5L06-8qcXwIkKeX2uxIA0yI-TshnwUXG0QYr-C4-30ruekOj6vt4UAF0uIaRJsaDvLlttfvzb5_0_oolft1CHTyc4ttB18fsjmMWRE0Rxoq9s4CLHKNAwYJlW0q6Rbzl7gGUWk_RV3_uXdzNMm-8U6/s1600/Recruiting%20Poster%20-%20Land%20Army3.jpeg" width="184" /></a></div><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Women's Land Army (WLA) had its origins in WWI. Established in 1917, the Women's Land Army employed some 23,000 women before the end of the First World War. This precedent encouraged early planning for a similar deployment of women in agricultural work as Europe slid slowly but inexorably towards war in the late 1930s.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Logically for an agricultural employment scheme, the Women's Land Army (WLA) was organized geographically and divided into fifty-two regions each with a "county office." This office employed a permanent and paid staff which administered recruitment, placement, and complaints. The "local representative," most commonly an older woman with standing in the community and an appreciation for agricultural issues (e.g. a woman who owned a country estate), was responsible for visiting each Land Girl in her district at least once a month. She noted and reported on billeting, food, pay, time-off and recreation facilities available. She handled complaints and tried to mediate between the Land Girls and their employers, but if differences could not be resolved, the Land Girls were free to change employers.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Young women interested in the WLA applied at a county office and were interviewed by at least two people. Applicants came from across the country with widely different educational backgrounds and training. An astonishing third of all so-called "Land Girls" came from urban backgrounds. Many conscientious objectors were found among the ranks of the Land Girls.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p> <p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamIS8Hw71Aex-HYSefakUnjT5OXaY6iuw1bPV8ZXlsQ2eZKr_wISHmkmaGuM-8ltdUIaHvhYNbM_GdG5qLLTL8ETi8icziQtfcNpXyp4yz2o0qF8yDPypiUesj9OG2Yen1glGWq1ZmekTCmYjYq89zK_KP4EttVcJJfSpEeiAayuLyvbXJssgTT66/s259/Women's%20Land%20Army2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamIS8Hw71Aex-HYSefakUnjT5OXaY6iuw1bPV8ZXlsQ2eZKr_wISHmkmaGuM-8ltdUIaHvhYNbM_GdG5qLLTL8ETi8icziQtfcNpXyp4yz2o0qF8yDPypiUesj9OG2Yen1glGWq1ZmekTCmYjYq89zK_KP4EttVcJJfSpEeiAayuLyvbXJssgTT66/s1600/Women's%20Land%20Army2.jpeg" width="259" /></a></div><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The work week was set at 48 hours in winter and 50 hours in summer, although during harvest and other periods of particular need the Land Girls like farmers and agricultural workers around the globe worked dawn to dusk. Most of the year, however, Land Girls got off work at noon on Saturday and did not need to report back until Monday morning. The majority spent their weekend at home with their families.&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Land Girls were hired and paid directly by farmers, receiving the same wages as female agricultural workers -- i.e. the minimum wage of one pound, two shillings and sixpence a week. However, their room and board were deducted from this wage, leaving only ten shillings a week for personal expenses. Girls working more than 20 miles from home were also entitled to a "railway warrant," which was free train transportation to their home once every six months. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The work was extremely varied. It included, for example, driving tractors and ploughs, feeding and herding livestock, milking cows, mucking out barns, weeding kitchen gardens, harvesting grains, vegetables, and fruits, threshing, thatching and rat-catching/killing. Land Girls were expected not only to know how to use all usual farm equipment but also to be able to repair it. The only kind of work they were exempted from was domestic work -- something not all farmers appreciated in the early years. Furthermore, except for some correspondence courses, most of the Land Girls had to learn about farming on the job.&nbsp;</span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb9GV-oeF3yVhVVL04RSks_nEdO9eMeU8bkAXx-xA6RJKl8J2cJpTl4Ia2YxSWzBa4J3p4jrDou8neWben5HF28xYpPPyue0LQYP4j0-jmbrYIrPalJcBLSYC3-l5QncpQZ1X7r2J2aoBApkkPL6QGC_5Wn_pCG-JSmYAQuAfAT5L-jnei7-h4xdEv/s1106/Womens%20Land%20Army%20Recruiting%20Poster%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1106" data-original-width="739" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb9GV-oeF3yVhVVL04RSks_nEdO9eMeU8bkAXx-xA6RJKl8J2cJpTl4Ia2YxSWzBa4J3p4jrDou8neWben5HF28xYpPPyue0LQYP4j0-jmbrYIrPalJcBLSYC3-l5QncpQZ1X7r2J2aoBApkkPL6QGC_5Wn_pCG-JSmYAQuAfAT5L-jnei7-h4xdEv/s320/Womens%20Land%20Army%20Recruiting%20Poster%202.jpg" width="214" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Although Land Girls had a "uniform" and badges that declared their seniority in the service, the WLA was never a military or paramilitary organization. There were no ranks, no drill, and no regimentation. Girls could both give notice and be fired. Many Land Girls lived on the farms where they worked -- sometimes treated like members of the family, although some had the misfortune to be treated like cheap labor instead. Others lived in hostels together with other Land Girls. The biggest problem with individual billeting was loneliness and boredom. Girls in hostels had each other for company both when “at home” and for forays to local towns and events.&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">In 1942, the "Timber Corps" was formed as a component of the WLA. The women who joined this corps were engaged in forest management including felling trees and transporting lumber. They lived in communal huts, usually 20 to a hut, and engaged in particularly heavy labor.&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The major appeal of the WLA was the opportunity to work in the sunshine, fresh air and away from the bombing. A secondary appeal was the "extras" like fresh eggs, milk, vegetables and fruits that the girls were able both to enjoy and to share with families. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Altogether, roughly 90,000 women served in the WLA during the Second World War. Their contribution is best measured by the fact that the organization was not disbanded until 1950. From the middle of the war until that time, Britain's dependence on homegrown foods had become acute, and the extra labor in the agricultural sector was essential to meet even minimal demands.</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <br /></span></p> <p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA9j-90d-uEJ0TPQyQ7G_-3_oAVOWknYZ44jUYahn776p0de_VwZslwmWGSKpIr5s5KIr8M2tAvckkL0sJOjxEJYIgxHiyD3ez3PCXREf7rBz7ZSsgYHk6mp2s3dW7c00AKbI42UNwiIVHnlWxI4HcJDeQU7GQ6896_cZtRLI7YX1Zhl2r-txdOUUV/s275/Women's%20Land%20Army.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA9j-90d-uEJ0TPQyQ7G_-3_oAVOWknYZ44jUYahn776p0de_VwZslwmWGSKpIr5s5KIr8M2tAvckkL0sJOjxEJYIgxHiyD3ez3PCXREf7rBz7ZSsgYHk6mp2s3dW7c00AKbI42UNwiIVHnlWxI4HcJDeQU7GQ6896_cZtRLI7YX1Zhl2r-txdOUUV/s1600/Women's%20Land%20Army.jpeg" width="275" /></a></div><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">Award-winning novelist Helena P. Schrader is the author of three books set in Britain during WWII: <i>Where Eagles Never Flew, Grounded Eagles</i> and <i>Moral Fibre</i>.&nbsp; You can find out more about them, their awards and read reviews and excerpts at:&nbsp;</span><a href="https://helenapschrader.com" target="_blank">https://helenapschrader.com</a></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p></p>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/06/british-women-at-war-land-girls.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Helena P. Schrader)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-6957802840794653252Wed, 19 Apr 2023 11:08:00 +00002023-04-19T04:08:22.083-07:00<p><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">Part of a blog series about 'I am Henry,' the new novel and award-winning short film of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, by Jan Hendrik Verstaten &amp; Massimo Barbato</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-5c4addbd-7fff-a0c5-e92f-1f0cedac93d1"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the period we were writing ‘I am Henry,’ we stumbled upon some interesting facts. Some of them made it into the book as part of a conversation or a scene, while others were just interesting to us. Here, we want to share some of those facts.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Henry VIII was a loyal friend to his horses</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It did not surprise us that as a king, Henry VIII would have an interest in horses, but what we did not know was that despite his reputation of being quite a selfish and at times brutal man, he was actually quite attached to his horses. For him they were like real friends. He visited them long after their retirement, and made sure they were well taken care of. Not an obvious soft side to the man.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Henry single handedly brought classical dressage to England. He himself trained the horses for many hours and showed a lot of patience with the horses.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the celebrations after the birth of his son, Henry, the Duke of Cornwall in January 1521, he showed off his dressage skills to Catherine during one of the most lavish jousting tournaments of his reign. In the novel, we re-imagine a terrifying joust Henry must take part in.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><img height="284" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/2ZBNLQDBAan49lgNPzZi5Q_ku1zLurleyT2MdWcwHgIJbFXtK76KkzBs2Gr0Y88mFem-5cO8Gxp0WwRkhLDXKWVdgNSuMub-LPoyX1HYeimW7weXGsLHHIMbF5pQDfO65R2R1aJpABPgESMqiyE3tQ=w640-h284" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="640" /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Liberation Serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. To wear a beard or not to wear a beard?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Henry VIII was not only vain, insecure and vulnerable to flattery, he was also extremely competitive. He would always look how he would measure up to others and would demand foreign visitors to describe the physical appearance of their kings and masters. It turns out that in 1519 he had no beard but his planned meeting with Francis I the Field of the Cloth of Gold changed all that. The set date was not suitable for Henry and he wanted to delay it.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As a token gesture of goodwill, Henry VIII promised not to shave until they would actually meet. Francis I was pleased with the arrangement. It created a kinship between the two kings. The only person unhappy with the change, was Catherine of Aragon. She hated the beard, and it is claimed she gave him a hard time about it. In 1520, Henry VIII and Francis I met at the summit where Henry personally wrestled Francis - and lost. After that encounter, Henry's beard became one of his defining features, and he keeps it in the novel.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Liberation Serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 268px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="A picture containing graphical user interface Description automatically generated" height="268" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/oJSzKoUDKXdkJ-WTY9-w2w3spSqUcG9jIiluRL7KodZcIxvCFtEDvdbub-qEA7_1mdIwCspEyy7Cg9I7pOTWENnV80AEqKiGDCYSokz9J_MePUmc_1zfOy5YuhxZmBbJfK9JK_iILyNVLKccsbDrEA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Henry VIII authored one book only. It was an attack on Martin Luther, the German Reformist</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Despite being seriously talented and accomplished in many areas, Henry VIII is not known for his writing skills. As a result there is not much written material left of his. He wrote only one book and, ironically, it was an attack on the German Reformist Martin Luther. 'Defence of the Seven Sacraments against Martin Luther’. It was published in the summer of 1521, years before the dissolution of the monasteries, which features dramatically in the novel.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the book he called Luther ‘this one little Monk weak in Strength, but in Temper more harmful than all Turks, all Saracens, all Infidels anywhere.’ It has been debated if these words were actually written by Henry himself but they certainly seem to mirror his temperament. The book provided the reason for Pope Leo X to award Henry the title </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'Fidei Defensor' </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Defender of the Faith).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Liberation Serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 268px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="Text Description automatically generated" height="268" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/S2dXF5yqMeOzWeAi5V4NmJoEGxKwLd9ebj2mi-08m3Q_Y_Osnx-aMH5RoRooH-KUCtVUgFed3Ku_MBxQ4Y6dtdOdVfkGTIMFFoEN-E0DdBOzr9_FH9i4a78KFyeVEjfJtEbu00WtjNZ15qGMuUpLuw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Henry gave away Anne Boleyn's ancestral home, Hever Castle, to Anne of Cleves as part of the divorce settlement.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We all know in what a terrible way Henry VIII treated Anne Boleyn and how George Boleyn, Anne’s brother, was also beheaded as a result of the accusations of incest and treason against them. After the death of their father, Thomas Boleyn, in 1539, Hever Castle became Henry VIII’s property and he bestowed it upon his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves in 1540, as part of the settlement following the annulment of their marriage. Whilst Hever Castle appears in the novel, Anne of Cleves, although she is briefly mentioned, is the only wife of Henry's who does not make an appearance.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Were it not for Elizabeth I, Anne Boleyn and her family would have been almost entirely erased from history. There were Mary Boleyn’s children of course - Catherine and Henry Carey. They were Elizabeth's cousins, although Catherine was rumoured to have been Henry VIII’s daughter. This was never acknowledged, but Elizabeth I was certainly fond of her cousin and elevated her as one of the most senior ladies-in-waiting.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Catherine’s daughter, Lettice Knollys, also served Elizabeth as a Maid of the Privy Chamber, but upset Elizabeth by marrying Lord Dudley, the queen’s favourite, in secret. Elizabeth 1 has a very special role to play in the novel.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Liberation Serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 268px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="A picture containing text Description automatically generated" height="268" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/pSZsJSDHRD8ET7AbTeg99sLOfMWhoG7lee7In7yaKzd9sn86PxWaudvg692lVswrbJuvbjU9HSw4OB2dpGJdk12ipdHGlxlhaj-DnHwN3_RL2uq5yz_9PA2Z7WQsB59y1VMEVG4gI5CgRYdsM7IL-A" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I am Henry' is an innovative retelling of the story of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Due for release in paperback and e-book format by MadeGlobal Publishing, in April 2023.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Libre Baskerville&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For more information about the novel and the short film go to linktr.ee/iamhenryfilmandnovel</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Liberation Serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 288px; overflow: hidden; width: 607px;"><img alt="Text, letter Description automatically generated" height="354.3263511657715" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/jUnQcPiYntKBKGL6hyl-sfZQECIE5axOth_gEAwbhP9ooU13lNCDtrjl2JSmLPmwX5k5r7kZMTKkrR71fnSXvM4uEYAIPb2raM7CbOuq5ZaaOml4I9SFz-aeVhs-MKrM6tVfGrOH51S6sKUfuO2-Kw" style="margin-left: -104.58999598026276px; margin-top: -36.764901638031006px;" width="797.362257361412" /></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: &quot;Liberation Serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 288px; overflow: hidden; width: 607px;"><br /></span></span></div></span>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/04/four-interesting-facts-about-henry-viii.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Debra Brown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-5203672571776152138Thu, 23 Mar 2023 15:19:00 +00002023-03-23T08:26:21.954-07:00Air Raid Protection Act of 1938Blitz of LondonBritain during WWIIHelena SchraderHistory of WomenMoral FibreMunich CrisisWomen in WWIIWomen's Voluntary ServicesWVS<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">by Helena Schrader</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">Britain was slow to wake up to the danger of war and pacifist sentiment was strong right up until the Munich Crisis. Yet as early as January 1937, the government charged local authorities with organizing air raid protection. This was formalized in the Air Raid Protection Act of 1938 and from the start, women formed a vital part of plans and execution.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-af472328-7fff-b173-7767-aa93f918c3a2"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 277px; overflow: hidden; width: 182px;"><img height="277" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/q-dFNcsbXXTQW3ewyWjIr1jUaNNFWZ3MO4dRTAJYOaE6aazYVrVhoe3_b6M7FbFEv3J2o5mFUUaLVdM3n_4quARg16EUMi5N-qY31YLxnvtb4a564DbbpkDpsTemHvkZdrroZorXvQCQ4HjSJEQqYQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="182" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The main tasks envisaged for civil defence organizations were air raid wardens to ensure compliance with air raid precautions, first aid and ambulance services, and anti-gas units. In addition, a demand for nurses was anticipated, but nurses were organized as before in existing organizations such as the British Red Cross Society, the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry and Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs). The various organizations took responsibility for both recruitment and training. Other aspects of civil defence, however, were handled separately as voluntary war work. In these tasks, the pay was only for the actual hours worked, uniforms were initially only an armband and a tin hat. Members had no ranks or command structure, but they did receive training. From the very beginning, women volunteered in greater numbers than men.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In addition to the above, volunteers were sought to augment the capacity of the fire brigade and the police. They were organized in the Auxiliary Fire Brigade and Women's Auxiliary Police Corps respectively. Some ten thousand women were employed as auxiliary police, while 70,000 women served in the Fire Brigade. Women were not, however, employed fighting fires directly, certainly not in the midst of bombing raids. Primarily, they worked in control centres and fire stations handling switchboards and clerical work. They did fire watching in shifts and sometimes drove fire trucks.&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yet some visionary women recognized that much more was going to be needed than the government had planned and so the Women's Voluntary Services (WVS) was born. The WVS did not have a clear mandate. Instead, it was designed to respond to needs as they came up, but organized regionally to be available anywhere in the country.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It started by offering training courses such as driving in the black-out, first aid, fire-fighting etc. During the war scare associated with the Munich Crisis and at the start of the war a year later, the WVS organized the evacuation of over a million children, pregnant women and young mothers out of urban areas. That is it organized both the registration and mustering of those seeking evacuation and the billeting of evacuees on arrival at the other end. Not all went well in either September 1938 or 1939, but each time "lessons learned" led to improvements that facilitated things the next time evacuation became necessary.&nbsp;</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 287px; overflow: hidden; width: 175px;"><img height="287" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/CkKOMbSaHynxmtbTeW6k8x7aIhqmx32J15aiwAx8WLDZYUSLzoPCd8Zy-s7KMUnM0uiF-GSLbeOhm-m74r0sipdZ3VQ6SS9d2XYbR9o6h6uQLWz27UY-dPGu8x3JESfFcT9mHqgTPuzKh-HgBdka7A" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="175" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While the evacuation of Dunkirk took nine days, the Blitz of London lasted nine months. At the start, London endured 57 straight nights of bombing.&nbsp; At the end, 43.500 civilians had been killed, 159,000 injured and 2.25 million made homeless. And through it all the WVS was in action. It established and ran rest centers where those bombed out could get food and a bed until new housing was organized. It provided clothing and blankets to those who had lost everything. It created and manned Incident Inquiry Points in areas near the destruction to help relatives find one another. It operated mobile canteens to bring tea and sandwiches to firemen, first-aid workers and to the air raid shelters. In some cases, where local supplies could not cope after a massive raid, it organized convoys of food, blankets and clothing from areas of the country not affected by the bombing. These convoys often brought food and clothing donated by the United States or the Commonwealth. On arrival, a in the bombed out area, a distribution point would be set up, which remained sometimes for several days feeding and clothing thousands.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meanwhile, the WVS had been tasked with carrying out a billeting survey, something soon put to use when Hitler's armies rolled over Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and France, sending tens of thousands of refugees to England. The "refugee crisis" came to a crescendo with the emergency evacuation of 340,000 troops off the beaches at Dunkirk. Much has been written about the "little boats" that contributed to the astonishing success of Operation "Dynamo," but less has been written about the women who met those troops with tea and sandwiches, warm, dry clothing, baths and clean socks, and help in contacting families. Across southern England, troop trains were taking the evacuated soldiers out of the landing ports to military bases across the country. At the height of the evacuation, trains arrived at some of the stations every twenty minutes for an eight-minute "food stop." It was the WVS that made and served thousands of sandwiches each day, working 24/7.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 276px; overflow: hidden; width: 183px;"><img height="276" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/4jmVyKRqWgXm0HX3z1liqBKzf_0-tZQFMQ49NuB-TDmf7EOFFH7k-3YQXP4ckFI9G8OWNOA6dA1l9pXC-Iu02pYbAxdPV1usl1BV87mlrhpu-WOlUyCuHKbmLlI_VRn6x-j0HAaZG5C5EtQSzG2iKg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="183" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When the Blitz tapered off, the WVS took over less dramatic but nevertheless vital tasks such as organizing collection drives for scrap metal, waste paper, wool, books for service libraries, and even garbage for pig swill. They organized the distribution of ration books and conducted fundraising. Throughout the war, they provided mobile canteens to help harvest workers and when the Americans joined the war, they established "welcome clubs" for American servicemen. During the Allied landings in Normandy, the WVS returned to the train stations of southern England to again provide tea and sandwiches for troops -- now going on the offensive rather than withdrawing from a defeat. And of course, when the V1s and V2s struck, they again set up rest and information facilities for those who had lost their homes or relatives.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Roughly one million British women served in the WVS. Most of them were older women. Women whose children were already out of the house -- often in the armed services or at sea. The founder of the WVS, Lady Reading, claimed: "We know we look shabby and we know our members are not young but we are proud of the fact that we are trusted by ordinary people." [Quoted in Carol Harris.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Women at War 1939-1945</span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Sutton Publishing, 2000. 47]&nbsp;</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the wartime film&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Heart of Britain</span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, the following sentiments were put in the mouth of a character representing a member of the WVS. "You know, you feel such fools, standing there in the crater, holding up mugs of tea while the men bring up bodies. You feel so useless until you know that there is someone in that bombed house who you can actually give the tea to." The evidence of hundreds of memoirs suggests that many hundreds of thousands sincerely welcomed that cup of tea, the sandwich and the warm clothes too.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 190px; overflow: hidden; width: 266px;"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/WnnTQpKrUznm8JYNW3uSCY5G0ivYqL4-t1VYUZW5z3v-LU-GZPdwLpg1eElqV2q3zD-WGmOSsU09Ap5BIIp3wpI_yBTj2MgulfZn2HTCKZoMvGvFwIFnqy0NV1x_d0LopE-O3ulGOWeT7C6mnPiA6w=s16000" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">~~~~~</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Award-winning novelist Helena P. Schrader is the author of three books set in Britain during WWII: </span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Where Eagles Never Flew, Grounded Eagles</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Moral Fibre</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.&nbsp; You can find out more about them, their awards and read excerpts at: </span><a href="https://crossseaspress.com" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://CrossSeasPress.com</span></a><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.&nbsp;</span></p><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/03/by-helena-schrader-britain-was-slow-to.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Debra Brown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-4621775872902125409Thu, 16 Feb 2023 00:01:00 +00002023-02-15T16:01:00.231-08:0015th centuryFictionlondonMedieval<p><b style="font-size: large;">by Toni Mount</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">In 1466,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">wealthy city grocer&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Sir John Crosby took a 99 year lease on a buildings adjacent to the Priory Church of St Helen in Bishopsgate, London, paying the prioress, Dame Alice Ashfield [or Ashfed] £11 6s 8d per year in rent. However, he demolished the old buildings and began to build his beautiful new house. Contemporaries noted that it took years before the place was finished and habitable and the unfortunate Sir John had little time to enjoy its luxuries before he died. Indeed from around 1475&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Crosby Place became the London town house of Richard, Duke of Gloucester’s (later King Richard III).</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">In my new Sebastian Foxley medieval murder mystery novel,&nbsp;</span><i style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">The Colour of Bone,</i><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">&nbsp;much is going on at Crosby Place. This grand mansion – scene of feasting, entertainment and dark deeds in my novel, was centuries later, moved stone by stone across London to Chelsea.</span></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYYRRhoN77jtY7Z-Nke63Rf6mEsJXv6t8GhJZX1u6IUmVBsZG4UBWjQR87A_cYHOGCo_-Ng_qOxeFKMLGFrc1INGVNnwhWyfFdx-GL-wRKw4sLh1KbUeYf1oYyURydAtLMOTAt5_67s6xBc09_cj4yiGEmbu9WhOmKYHBwtKuWcy0_2njTqrtWZ9N9WA/s440/Crosby%20place%20side%20view.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="440" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYYRRhoN77jtY7Z-Nke63Rf6mEsJXv6t8GhJZX1u6IUmVBsZG4UBWjQR87A_cYHOGCo_-Ng_qOxeFKMLGFrc1INGVNnwhWyfFdx-GL-wRKw4sLh1KbUeYf1oYyURydAtLMOTAt5_67s6xBc09_cj4yiGEmbu9WhOmKYHBwtKuWcy0_2njTqrtWZ9N9WA/w320-h181/Crosby%20place%20side%20view.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Great Hall of white stone is the only remaining part of Sir John’s Crosby Place&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[the rest is 20^th century] </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The church of St Helen's Bishopsgate still stands in what is now the heart of the financial centre of the modern day city of London. Inside St Helen’s Church, there is a superb monument tomb of Sir John Crosby and his first wife, Agnes. He is in armour with a Yorkist Suns-and-Roses collar and she wears a fashionable late fifteenth-century headdress with her lap-dogs at her feet. Agnes predeceased Sir John in 1460 and he designed their joint tomb. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sir John was knighted by Edward IV in 1471 for taking a leading role in the defence of London against Thomas Neville, known as the Bastard of Fauconburg, who attempted to take the city on behalf of the Lancastrians while Edward was away fighting in the South-West of England. Sir John openly supported the Yorkist cause during the Wars of the Roses yet he wasn’t primarily a soldier but a wealthy merchant and member of the Grocers’ Company. He died in January or February 1476, leaving his second wife, Anne, a widow and owner of their luxurious mansion, Crosby Place, but it was far too large for her and she rented it out to the Duke of Gloucester as his town house. Most noblemen, archbishops and bishops had their own private residences in London but Gloucester didn’t, perhaps because he spent little time in the city before he became king. Once he was king, he had the Tower of London and Westminster Palace to live in but it’s thought he continued to rent Crosby Place, maybe using it as first class guest accommodation. <o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGFJ8PMQZSmBXq9B8lkDOY7LazvKNSToqVZ5NqAsIssm6EByIaeaZSJkIvat8oWYgU7WEs7oEaenbTkvhioy8p72S-X7RUIZwRGUbQct3Bu99y1iZU94Dhn2-5M88ilIb2Iuo3f_S6MYO1THPef6ttLytrf-pDNP4xmQdJssG3WUiKuVKc96r8LWJ8gg/s749/The%20tomb%20of%20Sir%20John%20and%20Agnes%20Crosby%20in%20St%20Helen%E2%80%99s%20Church.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="749" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGFJ8PMQZSmBXq9B8lkDOY7LazvKNSToqVZ5NqAsIssm6EByIaeaZSJkIvat8oWYgU7WEs7oEaenbTkvhioy8p72S-X7RUIZwRGUbQct3Bu99y1iZU94Dhn2-5M88ilIb2Iuo3f_S6MYO1THPef6ttLytrf-pDNP4xmQdJssG3WUiKuVKc96r8LWJ8gg/s320/The%20tomb%20of%20Sir%20John%20and%20Agnes%20Crosby%20in%20St%20Helen%E2%80%99s%20Church.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The tomb of Sir John and Agnes Crosby in St Helen’s Church [GRM 2022]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sir John also bequeathed 500 marks to St Helen’s Church, money which was used to redesign the interior of the nave. A row of arches and a screen shielded the nuns from the common folk but Sir John’s bequest was used to build taller, more elegant arches and a new screen in 1480. [This rebuild is the first crime scene in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Colour of Bone.</i>]<o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcaMtvUAjoeRakizjGBEUifCsVIOZK7qhTu0ECNNwNjnKAEdQ2pYEwo-Wjefup1Tl2SHCOiD4LFJYBvA2DACQDFwPK8kQsGBF2ufuq3fS6KH-8xAUyRPFjU_OquKZUZ9qeAkrtG8f5dtcGGI_kwuIpDiDTPdrSGM-ca1tCZ7VXgicVYiGYhcqkm_bUsw/s2000/Sir%20John%E2%80%99s%20four%20new%20arches%20viewed%20from%20the%20Nuns%E2%80%99%20Choir,.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcaMtvUAjoeRakizjGBEUifCsVIOZK7qhTu0ECNNwNjnKAEdQ2pYEwo-Wjefup1Tl2SHCOiD4LFJYBvA2DACQDFwPK8kQsGBF2ufuq3fS6KH-8xAUyRPFjU_OquKZUZ9qeAkrtG8f5dtcGGI_kwuIpDiDTPdrSGM-ca1tCZ7VXgicVYiGYhcqkm_bUsw/s320/Sir%20John%E2%80%99s%20four%20new%20arches%20viewed%20from%20the%20Nuns%E2%80%99%20Choir,.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sir John’s four new arches viewed from the Nuns’ Choir [GRM 2022]</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Meanwhile, Crosby Place was at the centre of the action when the Duke of Gloucester became King Richard III in 1483. In his play on the subject, Shakespeare has the mansion as the setting where Gloucester is offered the crown, although this more probably occurred at Baynards Castle, the Duchess of York’s London property down on the riverside. Shakespeare certainly knew Crosby Place as he lived in St Helen’s parish for some time, appearing on a list of rate-payers. Some sources suggest that Gloucester had bought the property outright, rather than leasing it, but this seems unlikely because after his defeat at Bosworth in 1485, Henry Tudor seized all his possessions but not Crosby Place. Such a desirable residence wouldn’t have been overlooked, so it must have reverted to Crosby’s relatives after King Richard was killed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The mansion again became the focus for royalty in 1501 when Katherine of Aragon arrived in London in November to marry her first bridegroom, Prince Arthur. Crosby Place was then the home of a wealthy goldsmith, Alderman Bartholomew Rede, who would serve as London’s Lord Mayor the following year. Katherine spent two nights in the luxurious mansion before the wedding in St Paul’s Cathedral on Sunday 14^th November. <o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRtpe5PuVVNslwlbIeOGw4DDIUgAJqx61M3la2sCChXfgDG7tdOn3j8np0NRXJ-wb7A1iZVJmPSZCY3Em6hSMlrHXkLGliC02GPGGxf1SpkwdNn1RM_u6X1qQMcGsSqa2abRIjS6F3Tkl2mmZc2hbrH0ad7FyrExL1pl3r2UXaR04Onkw-_l4pWle_1g/s500/The%20Great%20Hall%20of%20Crosby%20Place.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="334" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRtpe5PuVVNslwlbIeOGw4DDIUgAJqx61M3la2sCChXfgDG7tdOn3j8np0NRXJ-wb7A1iZVJmPSZCY3Em6hSMlrHXkLGliC02GPGGxf1SpkwdNn1RM_u6X1qQMcGsSqa2abRIjS6F3Tkl2mmZc2hbrH0ad7FyrExL1pl3r2UXaR04Onkw-_l4pWle_1g/s320/The%20Great%20Hall%20of%20Crosby%20Place.jpg" width="214" /></a></div><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Great Hall of Crosby Place much as Katherine of Aragon and Sir Thomas More would have seen it.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/USER/Documents/MadeGlobal/Foxley%20Novels/Colour%20of%20Bone/Bone%20Blog%20tour/Blog%204%20Sir%20John%20Crosby%20and%20Crosby%20Place.doc#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 10pt;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span></span></a></p>A later famous occupant was Sir Thomas More although documentary evidence suggests he held the lease for a few months only and it’s uncertain whether or not he ever actually lived there. John Stow described Crosby Place in 1598, in his Survey of London as ‘of stone and timber, very large and beautiful and the highest in London’, so it was still impressive more than a century later.<br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;">If you want to know what’s going on at Crosby Place, in the Duke of Gloucester’s household in 1480, you can follow Sebastian Foxley’s new adventures in the my medieval murder mystery, <a href="http://mybook.to/Col_Bone" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Colour of Bone.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://mybook.to/Col_Bone" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="537" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifVbNCFP9KOihlM9UYLN3th3sk3G_MiqwlkZZ5-tq8ufaqD9FVh3wBuh2-0-uCGjbROyDnyuPg5jc4SPFbpxaQkMItC76bZEHlFNSnUGU2FcKtXTyDb7MxPomchBDjhcqZJuNNQIIhTz4Pv3t4JF2mj0Xh9Uf3duwP6Bslct7_9M6FvT0TGCaL1T7r7A/s320/colour_of_bone_early_transparent.png" width="159" /></a></div>[Some parts of this article and photographs first appeared in Tudor Life magazine]<p></p> <div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span face="AGaramondPro-Bold, serif">Toni Mount </span></b><span face="AGaramondPro-Regular, serif">earned her Master’s Degree by completing original research into a unique 15th-century medical manuscript at the Wellcome Library&nbsp;in London. She is the author of several successful non-fiction books including the number one bestseller, Everyday Life in Medieval England, which reflects her detailed knowledge in the lives of ordinary people in the Middle Ages. Toni’s enthusiastic understanding of the period allows her to create accurate, atmospheric settings and realistic characters for her Sebastian Foxley medieval murder mysteries. Toni’s first career was as a scientist and this brings an extra dimension to her novels. It also led to her new biography of Sir Isaac Newton. She writes regularly for </span><i><span face="AGaramondPro-Italic, serif">The Richard III Society Bulletin </span></i><span face="AGaramondPro-Regular, serif">and </span><span face="AGaramondPro-Italic, serif">other magazines<i> </i></span><span face="AGaramondPro-Regular, serif">and is a major contributor of online courses to MedievalCourses.com.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE3lHG9hN2D0j1854PODq9RUubKoXEYUjFcdHA84KfYEW39QZRHX0dWFjKkoOr461rhz_JbkyMm-o7-6gm8GqX2-prk0lCmgD8qoNMe_U3yRnyO5T0QRQxH_N0K2KlN3OB9i2MhWPV4lCV5ew6pD1NjnC-HeOREg9Fh3MLMkD9_RJlkN-KhzbmQsaqTg/s1080/the_colour_of_bone_book_tour_2023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE3lHG9hN2D0j1854PODq9RUubKoXEYUjFcdHA84KfYEW39QZRHX0dWFjKkoOr461rhz_JbkyMm-o7-6gm8GqX2-prk0lCmgD8qoNMe_U3yRnyO5T0QRQxH_N0K2KlN3OB9i2MhWPV4lCV5ew6pD1NjnC-HeOREg9Fh3MLMkD9_RJlkN-KhzbmQsaqTg/s320/the_colour_of_bone_book_tour_2023.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span face="AGaramondPro-Regular, serif"><br /></span><p></p><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <!--[endif]--> <div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="file:///C:/Users/USER/Documents/MadeGlobal/Foxley%20Novels/Colour%20of%20Bone/Bone%20Blog%20tour/Blog%204%20Sir%20John%20Crosby%20and%20Crosby%20Place.doc#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face="&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Crosby Place is known today as Crosby Moran Hall and stands on Chelsea Embankment, by coincidence just a stone’s throw from More’s Garden, once the site of Sir Thomas More’s fine house in Chelsea. The medieval hall was all that remained of Crosby Place when, in 1910, it was moved, stone by stone, from Bishopsgate in the city of London to its new site on the north bank of the River Thames. It has been sympathetically restored and greatly extended since 1988. It’s in private ownership. <o:p style="font-size: 10pt;"></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </div> </div>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2023/02/sir-john-crosby-and-crosby-place.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Toni Mount)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-3561325718950433755Tue, 07 Feb 2023 06:26:00 +00002023-02-06T22:26:09.778-08:0016th century16th century EnglandElizabeth I<h4> by Sandra Byrd</h4> <br /> "Queen Elizabeth was so fond of her clothes that she would never part with any of them, and it is said that at her death there were three thousand dresses and 'head attires' in her wardrobe." So claims Herbert Norris in his tome, <i>Tudor Costume and Fashion</i>. <br /> <br /> Elizabeth actually was known to give away some of her clothing—to her ladies, to maids of honor, and to other less well-off nobles. But there is no doubt that the woman, like her mother and father before her, was a clothes horse. <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD0QX4TJMfB7lkCAOPNk8zVCFc5XuUOWu7mv8zS89hOkEZN8WXCPc7r0vpWGvlc8FSr8AsSy9WvSkSzCc79Tfu_lWAsMFnJf3cjEN3QPkaZWZhNMPEAx74JjFrrHKExx_492ki3szBAI0L/s1600/queen-elizabeth-i-in-coronation-robes-circa-1559_i-G-13-1352-18YS000Z.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD0QX4TJMfB7lkCAOPNk8zVCFc5XuUOWu7mv8zS89hOkEZN8WXCPc7r0vpWGvlc8FSr8AsSy9WvSkSzCc79Tfu_lWAsMFnJf3cjEN3QPkaZWZhNMPEAx74JjFrrHKExx_492ki3szBAI0L/s320/queen-elizabeth-i-in-coronation-robes-circa-1559_i-G-13-1352-18YS000Z.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Queen Elizabeth I Coronation Robes</td></tr> </tbody></table> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Her coronation robes, according to Norris, "consisted of a dress with a long train of gold tissue lined with white sarcenet and bordered with ermine, and worn over the Spanish farthingale." Of interest is the fact that, of course, ermine, the winter white fur of the English stoat, is common among the robes of state, sometimes being powdered (as was the queen's visage) to make it even whiter.<br /> <br /> Although both Queen Anne Boleyn and her daughter were particular to French fashion, the queen retained a fondness for the Spanish hoop and &nbsp;underskirt fashion nearly all of her reign. But how did the queen, and others of the age, know what was fashionable in France, or anywhere else?<br /> <br /> Portraits of ladies and nobles in other lands were available through diplomatic channels, and they provided insight into continental fashion. Queen Elizabeth tried, in vain, to bring over a French seamstress at least once during her reign.<br /> <br /> More interesting, though, were the fashion dolls that were sent from land to land. Helena von Snakenborg, Marchioness of Northampton, sent such a doll to her Swedish sister, Karin Bonde, in 1604. Helena's letter to her sister says, "As regards the doll, which, dearest sister, you have mention in your letter, we have sent our servant up to London, to have it dressed in the best and latest fashion of the season. When it is ready it shall be sent to you as you desire." According to Janet Arnold's <i>Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd</i>, there is just such a little doll preserved at a museum in Stockholm, dating from the late 16th century.<a href="http://smg.photobucket.com/user/Isis33/media/Bevarat/16th/003prins.jpg.html" target="_blank"> <span style="color: yellow;">Click here to see the doll.</span></a><br /> <span style="color: yellow;"><br /></span> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMHjt4Js8ZAN5z_9N6HKLfOZeQ-UHDEzeLQXxAGZ6DVjnkT-R6aBP5NaVuZ6VWlEYMRNllU78aM0tv0hMT1Ca7a1Huhqz3VMxB4gxXgaKe2NqNw7rxSz8uFEpjKXwLlWXsdRqkoTS2jQt6/s1600/Helena+von+Snakenborg.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMHjt4Js8ZAN5z_9N6HKLfOZeQ-UHDEzeLQXxAGZ6DVjnkT-R6aBP5NaVuZ6VWlEYMRNllU78aM0tv0hMT1Ca7a1Huhqz3VMxB4gxXgaKe2NqNw7rxSz8uFEpjKXwLlWXsdRqkoTS2jQt6/s320/Helena+von+Snakenborg.jpg" width="243" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Helena &nbsp;(Elin) von Snakenborg, <br /> Marchioness of Northampton</td></tr> </tbody></table> </span><br /> There are two fashion accessories for both men and women that are particularly noted to the Elizabethan era: the ruff and gloves. Norris teaches that the ruff started out as "a cutwork or lace edging on the neckbands of gentlemen's shirts" before the reign of Elizabeth's brother, Edward VI. But they continued to grow until, as John Davis writes in <i>Life in Elizabethan Days,</i> "ruffs a foot deep are very usual and a gallant's head sticking out of them looks (as a courtier remarked) 'like John the Baptist's head upon a platter.'"<br /> <br /> The ruffs were often lace or linen, and were formed and curled on hot irons. Norris states that, "Starch, called by the Puritans as 'the Devil's liquor'" was brought over from the Netherlands, and that a Dutch woman whose husband was Elizabeth's coachman "monopolized in England the knowledge of clear starching."<br /> <br /> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The queen was famously vain of her long white fingers, and rightly so. To protect them, and to show them to their best advantage, she often wore gloves. Gloves were most often made of soft kid, and were embroidered and embossed, or had delicate ruffs of their own sewn on. Norris says that perfumed gloves were not common until later in Elizabeth's reign, when they became very popular indeed. The queen received a dozen pair of them as gifts for the New Year, 1599.<br /> <br /> The queen was famous, like her father, for an abhorrence to "evil smells." &nbsp;This made perfumed gloves very popular, &nbsp;but also an easy vehicle for those who would like to poison her through inhalants. In 2012, the London department store Selfridges sponsored an exhibition of gloves to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. The centerpiece of the exhibit? The gloves worn by Queen Elizabeth I at her 1559 coronation. &nbsp;You can view the entire collection here: <a href="http://www.bornrich.com/selfridges-showcase-queen-elizabeths-royal-gloves-collection.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: yellow;">Selfridge's Diamond Jubilee Glove Exhibit.</span></a><br /> <br /> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD4bxvt4rT_VyeOB51OBzelF8Lfojrcut1glN36hnsEXhdbIeiQY5u8BQH2j_qC7zXAT_LjdylV1ExC7Pe-ZXQE1JqJPqDJ7D2qgBI7irxVoY7A58Gki68uO5ltuaK5NRsiqzUcq6PF5xE/s1600/James+I.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD4bxvt4rT_VyeOB51OBzelF8Lfojrcut1glN36hnsEXhdbIeiQY5u8BQH2j_qC7zXAT_LjdylV1ExC7Pe-ZXQE1JqJPqDJ7D2qgBI7irxVoY7A58Gki68uO5ltuaK5NRsiqzUcq6PF5xE/s320/James+I.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">James I</td></tr> </tbody></table> </span>According to <i>Lace: A History</i>, by Santina Levey, in today's money, Queen Elizabeth I averaged £9535 4 wardrobe each of the last four years of her reign; James I (That's King James of the King James Bible) averaged £36,377 per year during the first five years of his. &nbsp;In today's money, that's roughly £1,191,875 ($1,883,163) per year for Elizabeth or £4,547,125 ($7,184,458) for James. So perhaps the Stuarts were the biggest clothes horses of all!<br /> <br /> ~~~~~~~~~~~~<br /> <br /> <br /> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><p style="color: #222222; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19.32px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-kerning: none;">The author of more than fifty books, Sandra’s work has received&nbsp;many awards, nominations, and accolades, including a starred review from&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Publisher’s Weekly</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">&nbsp;and multiple starred reviews and Best Book selections from&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Library Journal</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">. Other awards include the&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Historical Novel Society</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">’s Editor’s Choice award, two Christy Awards finalists, a&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Bookpage&nbsp;</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">Top Pick for Romance, and inclusion on&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Booklist’s</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">&nbsp;Top Ten Inspirational Books of the Year list.</span></span></p><p style="color: #222222; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19.32px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">As an editor and an in-demand writing coach, Sandra is passionate about helping writers develop their talents and has mentored hundreds of writers at all stages of their writing careers.&nbsp;</span></p><p style="color: #222222; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19.32px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">A dedicated foodie, Sandra cooks through the topic and location of every book she writes. In addition, she collects vintage glass and serve ware in her free time, loves long walks with her husband, and Sunday Suppers with her growing family.&nbsp;</span></p><p style="color: #222222; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19.32px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="color: #222222; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 19.32px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">Find the <i>Tudor Ladies in Waiting </i>series <a href="https://tinyurl.com/TudorLadiesinWaiting" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p></div> </div> https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2013/05/sleeve-puffs-lace-ruffs-and-queens.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-1375274969537479385Fri, 03 Feb 2023 04:57:00 +00002023-02-06T22:27:46.403-08:00Elizabeth IHenry VIIIRobert DudleyTudor banquetsTudor diningTudor England<b>&nbsp;by Sandra Byrd</b><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIBMSZ2qhCbnTh80w4rwQfamPiqZ4m0Fy9ByOzsZPpDhJkUPwVPDLGs3BE5kazebXMjGCVhmyXafTbMfJoLoa-PckLSMQPCuirg3SYLwYC0-V_E0t0g1uA1SIoNT4K-T4UpItSdcN7xihu/s1600/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIBMSZ2qhCbnTh80w4rwQfamPiqZ4m0Fy9ByOzsZPpDhJkUPwVPDLGs3BE5kazebXMjGCVhmyXafTbMfJoLoa-PckLSMQPCuirg3SYLwYC0-V_E0t0g1uA1SIoNT4K-T4UpItSdcN7xihu/s320/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" width="238" /></a></div><i>"Queen Elizabeth was an intellectual,"</i> Colin Spencer tells us in his book <b>British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History</b>, <i>"highly civilised, and greatly disdained soporific indulgence in huge banquets and orgies of drinking. The menu for her dinner on 17 November 1576, a date that marked the eighteenth anniversary of her succession, was not a special one... A first course of choice of beef, mutton, veal, swan or goose, capon, conies, fruit, custard and fritters, manchet (the best white bread made up in small loaves) ale and wine. &nbsp;Second course provided lamb or kid, herons or pheasants, cocks or godwits, chickens, pigeons, larks, tart butter and fritters." </i><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJRJpSj9DLh-7_2sJaMMjDlhdr0Ml2KKxEFaGCYyHd2EWGZLGF9zHd9hkmjAB0Hwo-w22H-36Nut_A7I-6NKH1nJye8FIRVzocu-NoBTa9LCFchqCg-N1m_y1kQZch5EGsfqZH7m1afTG/s1600/British+Foods.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJRJpSj9DLh-7_2sJaMMjDlhdr0Ml2KKxEFaGCYyHd2EWGZLGF9zHd9hkmjAB0Hwo-w22H-36Nut_A7I-6NKH1nJye8FIRVzocu-NoBTa9LCFchqCg-N1m_y1kQZch5EGsfqZH7m1afTG/s1600/British+Foods.jpg" /></a></div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br /> Although this may seem like quite a bit of food to us, historian Eric Ives tells us in <b>The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn t</b>hat at a feast held at the 1532 Field of the Cloth of Gold celebrated by Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII, there were 170 dishes. &nbsp;As can be seen by the regularly increasing size of Henry's armor (his waist measured 52" at the end of his reign!) these dishes were not only presented to display his wealth but were regularly indulged in. Elizabeth, on the other hand, wore her small rings clear through to the end of her reign. <br /> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br /> She cared, too, that her friends ate well for their health. Toward the end of his life, the queen teased her favorite Robert Dudley about his girth. Author Anne Somerset, in her biography, <b>Elizabeth I</b>, says the queen <i>"chaffed him that he should cut his daily meat consumption to 'two ounces of flesh ... and for his drink the twentieth part of a pint of wine.'"</i><br /> <div style="text-align: right;"></div><br /> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdKEMd0g7uCKAO6RF95GCUXUW1Us936sazJFGOSjFomLqL5rt5UL9mhUeZCwbtYij64283e-nQVrba4WbHcloYlm1g8ayx4dqfhaoMQlFMVMnqNVd7_aumcoJaVhulH4Gt_CtCDYFI1dy7/s1600/Syllabub.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdKEMd0g7uCKAO6RF95GCUXUW1Us936sazJFGOSjFomLqL5rt5UL9mhUeZCwbtYij64283e-nQVrba4WbHcloYlm1g8ayx4dqfhaoMQlFMVMnqNVd7_aumcoJaVhulH4Gt_CtCDYFI1dy7/s200/Syllabub.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Syllabub</td></tr> </tbody></table></span>If the Queen herself indulged immoderately in any course it was sweets. &nbsp;She was known to prefer syllabubs: sweetened wine or cider blended with milk and sugar and whipped into a light, sweet foam, as well as marchpane, an almond paste candy most often known to us as marzipan. Tradition tells us that Elizabeth had bad teeth and that for a while, women attempted to blacken their teeth cosmetically to fit in with her royal appearance.<br /> <br /> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Elizabeth's sparse eating habits likely contributed to her long life, but her sweet tooth may have brought about her end. &nbsp;Biographer Alison Plowden says,<i> "The immediate physical cause of the queen's last illness seems to have been a streptococcal throat infection, possibly connected with dental sepsis."</i><br /> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br /> Spencer says, <i>"Elizabeth was keen to bolster the fishing industry by making sure that people consumed fish in Lent and on fast days, because her fleet partly depended on the availability of the fisherman and their craft." </i>&nbsp;According to author Richard Balkwill in <b>Food and Feasts in Tudor Times,</b> the fish the queen ate so often of would have been kept fresh by being wrapped in cool seaweed and stored in a wet larder at Hampton Court Palace. &nbsp;England's first sushi?<br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAxroEP6y79C3LDIFKe9WbUoCxhI6xOhfEZd9U1GiumB3lyN7DMyAqVzoAwSPkJFFMNA1SYHuan2Rtz1dAqku-JQGt-ecLUPoquo25qcCKSmAh6PSo13-Kiiz-PUH3Sy8D3urPT16jd-a6/s1600/Hampton+Court+Kitchen.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAxroEP6y79C3LDIFKe9WbUoCxhI6xOhfEZd9U1GiumB3lyN7DMyAqVzoAwSPkJFFMNA1SYHuan2Rtz1dAqku-JQGt-ecLUPoquo25qcCKSmAh6PSo13-Kiiz-PUH3Sy8D3urPT16jd-a6/s320/Hampton+Court+Kitchen.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hampton Court Kitchens</td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> By the end of the Tudor era, food choices for all were not so much predicated by religious calendars and royal decree as by the wealth of the individual. Author Spencer writes, <i>"It was now becoming possible for individuals to rise in the world, and if you had money, you flaunted it." </i>Sumptuary laws were flouted, and <i>"nothing could stop the gentry from flaunting their riches in food and clothing."</i> &nbsp;Which meant, of course, black teeth properly earned for the well-to-do of any rank. <br /> <br /> ~~~~~~~~~~~~<br /> <br /><div><p style="color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-kerning: none;">The author of more than fifty books, Sandra’s work has received&nbsp;many awards, nominations, and accolades, including a starred review from&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Publisher’s Weekly</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">&nbsp;and multiple starred reviews and Best Book selections from&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Library Journal</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">. Other awards include the&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Historical Novel Society</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">’s Editor’s Choice award, two Christy Awards finalists, a&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Bookpage&nbsp;</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">Top Pick for Romance, and inclusion on&nbsp;</span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" style="font-kerning: none; font-style: italic;">Booklist’s</span><span style="font-kerning: none;">&nbsp;Top Ten Inspirational Books of the Year list.</span></span></p><p style="color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">As an editor and an in-demand writing coach, Sandra is passionate about helping writers develop their talents and has mentored hundreds of writers at all stages of their writing careers.&nbsp;</span></p><p style="color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">A dedicated foodie, Sandra cooks through the topic and location of every book she writes. In addition, she collects vintage glass and serve ware in her free time, loves long walks with her husband, and Sunday Suppers with her growing family.&nbsp;</span></p><p style="color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10.7px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Find the&nbsp;</span><i style="font-family: Cambria;">Tudor Ladies in Waiting&nbsp;</i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">series&nbsp;</span><a href="https://tinyurl.com/TudorLadiesinWaiting" style="font-family: Cambria;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="font-family: Cambria;">.</span></span></p> </div>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2013/10/elizabeth-i-at-table.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Unknown)3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-5106493737547435956Tue, 20 Dec 2022 16:08:00 +00002023-03-21T07:35:23.959-07:00Aedan mac GabrainArthur of DalrdiadaChronicles of AlbionDalriadadark agesMarco MazziMyrrdin WylltRhydderch HaelScotlandStrathclydeUrien of Rheged<p><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">by Marco Mazzi</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-099d2815-7fff-309d-aa7f-603b2ca2e731"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When we speak of "Dark Ages", we refer to those centuries (5th - 9th) of which we have scarce and often unreliable historical sources. But the lack of information doesn't necessarily mean they were uncivilized times or that important events didn't take place. On the contrary, recent archeological and historiographic research tells us that those were times "of dynamic development, cultural creativity, and long-distance networking", as Professor Peter S. Wells points out.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 305px; overflow: hidden; width: 463px;"><img alt="https://scarf.scot/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2022/04/Detail-from-the-sarcophagus-at-Govan-Old-Parish-Church-perhaps-representing-St-Constantine-c-CSG-CIC-Glasgow-Museums-and-Libraries-Collections.jpg" height="305" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/bONg3BWnModxnS5GP_juN3lEF8KbnrIszhtAnIM6IuU-VS_1C3Ovkp1AkgbLE73lciTAaR2ZgU6hwq88FIvLcxwVaqim4fokjlAf2qx4r7oWxLaVeqTBy5UFMGkB-TAl92ygvGUKRkcOsmsZqCjwQSzu62qMGKXaIENesVdKHJdQInHb7wcX-sRR6AEn0UwpqO3V9HBSPw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="463" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #44546a; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Detail from the Sarcophagus, Govan Old Parish Church. Public domain</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The land we today call Scotland experienced in the 6th century a most unique period in its history: the events of the following three hundred years would have unfolded from what happened in the 6th century.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At that time, southern Scotland was inhabited by the Celtic Britons, while in northern Scotland lived the mysterious ancient Picts. On the southeastern shores, the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples coming from the European continent, were slowly settling into those which for them were relatively new lands. On the northwestern coastal region lived the so-called Scots (but that is not what they used to call themselves) whose kingdom, Dál Riata, had linguistic and social connections to the Irish Gaels of Ireland, while it is still debated whether or not the Dalradians (or Scots) had Irish origin.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All of these very different peoples lived in a semi-tribal society, where many clans joined to form petty kingdoms led by a high chieftain or king. The relations between neighboring populations (Britons, Dalradians/Scots, Picts, even Angles) ranged from war, to competition, to mixed marriages in order to forge political alliances. Some of these petty kingdoms, in particular Dál Riata, held commercial relations not only in the region, but also with distant countries on the European continent, through seafaring networking. Recent discoveries have shown that Dál Riata was a kingdom based on the trade of luxury goods, including gold and silver, worked by the Dalradian smiths.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this scenario, during the 6th century Christianity appeared as a major game changer. Celtic Britons in the south of Scotland had previously known the Christian religion, but the definitive withdrawal of the Roman legions from Britain, in the 5th century, had caused the abandonment of Christian beliefs and a revival of the ancestral religion and society of the druids. Now, in the 6th century, Christian missionaries from Ireland brought back Christianity to Scotland, this time for good. A main actor in this missionary work was Saint Columba, whose abbey on the island of Iona, in Dál Riata, became a hub of evangelization for all of northern Britain.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 436px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="A representation of what the Spike Island monastery may have included. The Wooden Church, Devenish, Co Fermanagh. An example of a waterside 6th century Irish monastery. Stone buildings and churches were very rare in 7th century Ireland." height="436" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/8WVQOupne851uRhO9KZEktvA2SUOjIlcL33VtyY9u0Xlne92crqDJEDlp26TRA44JoJScWO8iwctTeuKBMaEqHE1vLqI7enfEsp1PxPDK2L4H6RC-RPLkpSecYDYAu0Fm7w0j3jIz-qIxYjnkCMYFjS6I3MFX2H-4p6W6YxUknzQwVxawFcaOe3LVKeXl0gRHznGbRcRNg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="828.4707975387573" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #44546a; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An example of a 6th century Gaelic monastery, as it may have been the Abbey of Iona in its early years.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #44546a; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Artistic drawing by Philip Armstrong</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the last quarter of the 6th century, the most powerful ruler in this region was King Áedán mac Gabráin of Dál Riata.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">None of the sources for his life are contemporary: the earliest,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Life of Columba&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vita Columbae</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)&nbsp;was written at the end of the 7th century by an abbot of Iona, Adomnán, who, according to some scholars such as James E. Fraser, draw extensively from an existing body of accounts, all subsequent King Áedán's death by some decades, anyways. All the other sources were written centuries later.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Furthermore, none of these sources are historically reliable. Some of them are hagiographies, some are poems and literary tales, or inconsistent lists of kings compiled hundreds of years later, based mostly on oral accounts. Modern historians had to compare all the different sources and select the more credible information, discarding the implausible details.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Needless to say, the paucity of the historical record makes treating the biographies of Áedán mac Gabráin and his contemporaries extremely difficult.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nonetheless, historians can identify some facts amongst the many gaps in the records.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proceeding with selective research, for example, we came to know the existence of a very peculiar character who lived in Scotland in the second half of the 6th century. His name was Artúr mac Áedáin, son of the above-mentioned King Áedán of Dál Riata.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Artúr of Dál Riata is mentioned in three sources: the already mentioned&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Life of Columba&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(7th century); the genealogical section of&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The History of the Men of Scotland&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Senchus fer n-Alban</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">), which is believed to have been originally compiled between the 7th and the 10th century; and the&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Annals of Tigernach&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Annála Tiarnaigh</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">), chronicles dating between the 11th and the 12th centuries.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Senchus fer n-Alban&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">his name is actually recorded apparently as Áedán's grandson (but as already mentioned, the list shows some inconsistencies). In the&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Life of Columba</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, anyways, which dates only a few decades after Áedán's death, Artúr is part of a story which clearly describes him as Áedán's oldest son, and how he predeceased his father.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The bardic poem&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y Gododdin</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, believed to have been transmitted from oral poetry dating from the 7th century (but the oldest manuscript is dated from the 13th century, most probably copied from earlier versions), honoured the memory of a great and famous warrior named Artúr, though there isn't any evidence which links that name to Artúr mac Áedáin, besides the fact that the events celebrated in&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y Gododdin</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;are set in the same region where Artúr lived and only a few years after his death: the poem consists of a series of elegies to the men of the Brittonic Kingdom of Gododdin and its allies who, according to the conventional interpretation, died fighting the Angles at a place named Catraeth around the year 600.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cross checking the references found in all the different sources, we can draw a possible picture of the historical Artúr of Dál Riata. And it turns out that through the mist of the "Dark Ages", we can glimpse a very unique character.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As is often the case when it comes to the sources on the "Dark Ages", we don't have any date related to Artúr of Dál Riata. We can infer the range of his lifetime indirectly, from references contained in some sources. So, presumably he was born around the 550s and died in battle around the 580s or 590s.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">His name is Brittonic, even if he was born into a Gaelic clan of Dál Riata. The reason for that is that his mother, Áedán's first wife, is indirectly recorded as a Briton woman. In the hagiography&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acta Sancti Laisriani</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, written in Latin centuries later, it's mentioned as Áedán's daughter, Gemma or Maithgemma (also a Brittonic name), niece of a Briton king: meaning that Áedán's wife was sister to that Briton king. It's not possible to be sure if this hagiography contains some seeds of historical truth, but Maithgemma and Artur are both Brittonic names. Additionally, several Welsh works in the following centuries claim a Brittonic pedigree for Áedán. His own mother is recorded as a Briton high-ranking woman, daughter of Dumnagual Hen ("Dyfnwal the Old"), a 6th century king of the neighbouring Brittonic Kingdom of Alt Clut (later known as Strathclyde, in the area of the modern Glasgow). Though these pedigrees are inconsistent and likely dubious, they are notable in highlighting Áedán's close association with the Britons.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thus, it appears that Artúr was probably three-quarters Briton, closely related by blood to the Briton rulers of the neighbouring Kingdom of Alt Clut, which stretched in the territory between Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall, in southern Scotland. The Briton king mentioned in the&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acta Sancti Laisriani&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">could have been the famous Riderch Hael ("Rhydderch the Generous") of Alt Clut, contemporary of Áedán and Artúr, who reigned between the last quarter of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century. Riderch Hael joined an alliance with another important Briton king, Urbgen of Rheged, whose figure later merged into the Welsh legends as Urien Pendragon.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The meaning of the word "king" when referring to that society is somewhat different than what we would usually expect. It indicates a figure who ruled a confederation of clans as their high chieftain. The Brittonic word was&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">guletic</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which means "land-holder". The kingdoms ruled by those petty kings were not organised states, but rather territories under their influence, without defined borders. When a so-called-king became powerful enough, he usually tried to submit the neighbouring territories to his influence, and that led to bloody wars which often led to a shift in the powers of the region. One more aspect to take into consideration is that the armies were much smaller than what they would become many centuries later. Usually they consisted of just a few dozen men, so the correct term would be "warbands", rather than "armies". Only in rare circumstances, a confederation of different warbands from allied kingdoms would reach maybe a (very) few hundred men.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Artúr of Dál Riata was in his teenage years when the battle of Arfderydd was fought in southern Scotland (almost 200 miles away to the south from Dál Riata), which supposedly happened in the year 573 according to the 10th century chronicles&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Annales Cambriae</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; an alliance of Christian Briton leaders defeated a pagan Briton ruler, Gwenddoleu, and his retinue. It was possibly a defeat of the ancient druids' supporters, which set off the definitive predominance of Christianity in the region, at least in the Brittonic territories. Some sources, though not all of them, report that Artúr's uncle (if we want to consider believable the kinship reference in the&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acta Sancti Laisriani</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) Rhydderch Hael was among the leaders fighting on the winning side. According to Old Welsh sources (hundreds of years subsequent to the event), Gwenddoleu's bard, named Lailoken, escaped from the battle and went insane wandering in the forests of the territories of Alt Clut. These semi-unhistorical sources tell how Lailoken became a madman with prophetic abilities and became known as Myrddin Wyllt ("Myrddin the Wild"), eventually getting in contact with Rhydderch Hael, to whom he predicted the future. The figure of Myrddin Wyllt will develop much later, through several versions, into the character of Merlin the wizard belonging to the Arthurian legends.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One year after the battle of Arfderydd, Artúr's father was ordained as King of Dál Riata by the hands of Saint Columba himself. It's the first known example in all Britain and Ireland of a king anointed by a Christian priest, and that is another sign of the spread of Christianity not only among the Britons, but among the Scots too.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the oldest son of the Dalradian king, and at the same time as a nephew of the ruler of one of the most important Celtic Brittonic kingdoms, Artúr of Dál Riata was in a position of power from a young age.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Historian Michael D. Wood and others take into consideration some references in semi-historical sources, whose reliability cannot be confirmed: according to those sources, at some point Áedán mac Gabráin, more and more involved in the Christian transformation of his kingdom under the influence of Columba of Iona, provisionally retreated to a religious life and gave his son Artúr the supreme command of the Dalradian forces, making him the&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">de facto</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;leader of Dál Riata.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It would be Artúr, then, who led the Scots in several battles mainly against the Picts. Under this hypothesis, in his position as leader and considering that he was three-quarters Briton, Artúr would have probably had to deal with the Briton rulers active at that time at the southern borders of Dál Riata, especially with his uncle Rhydderch Hael and his allies, including Urien Pendragon. That epithet, Pendragon, with the meaning of "Highest Commander", was traditionally linked to Urien of Rheged probably because around the year 590 he was at the head of a Brittonic coalition in their first recorded war against the Angles of Bernicia, as is recounted in the&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Historia Brittonum</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a semi-historical account dated from the 10th century. In that war Urien died, betrayed by a conspiracy of a Briton leader jealous of his power, and his figure was consigned to legend.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Artúr was not involved in that coalition, mainly because he was a leader of a Gaelic kingdom, adversary of the Brittonic kingdoms, but also because in the same period he was busy with his own battles at the Pictish borders.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">According to some pedigrees, Áedán of Dál Riata claimed as his own territory an area between the Brittonic Kingdom of Gododdin (centered maybe around the modern city of Edinburgh) and the region called Manau, in the southern Pictish territories. His claims derived from matrilineal line, since his mother was a daughter of a Briton king of Alt Clut (Strathclyde). That's the reason why his son Artúr was active as military leader in that region.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Miathi, as they are mentioned in&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vita Columbae</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, were a population living in that area. Probably they are to be identified with the Southern Picts, but their identity might be traced back from the ancient Maeatae, a confederation of tribes that rebelled against the occupying Roman legions in the 3rd century.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It was against the Miathi that Artúr fought his last battle. It's not clear when, but around the 580s or the 590s. According to&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vita Columbae</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, in that terrible battle two of Áedán's sons, Artúr and Eochaid Find, lost their lives, though at the end the Dalradian forces defeated the Miathi.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the tragic "battle of the Miathi", Áedán mac Gabráin came back to the throne of Dál Riata, even though he was already in his fifties or even in his sixties, and he led the Scots maybe until around the time of his death in 609. Or he may have been deposed or have abdicated following his defeat around the year 603 at the battle of Degsastan, recorded also by Bede in his&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. The victor of that battle was the Angle king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, the first unifier of the territories which will come to form the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As for Artúr, we don't know if he was buried after the battle of the Miathi or what was his body's fate. But most probably his fame as a great warrior and leader outlived him. We have cited already the Old/Middle Welsh poem&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y Gododdin&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and in particular the stanza in which is mentioned a warrior named Artur in passing, as a paragon of incomparable bravery. There's no evidence about who it could be that mentioned Artur, but considering that the stanza might date back to a few decades after the battle and that the poem is set in the same region as the battle of the Miathi, it could plausibly be a reference to Artúr mac Áedáin of Dál Riata.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is a common view among historians that the earliest bardic poetry in the Old Welsh language of which we are in possession originated in the Brittonic lands of southern Scotland in the 6th and the 7th centuries and recounts the deeds of heroes belonging to that region's folklore.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If that is so, could it be possible that some of the feats of the commander Artúr became part of the Welsh legends? It is very possible, even if most of it was lost and what survives to our days was just a part of it. Actually, some of Artúr's contemporaries are an important part of those legends: figures such as Urien Pendragon and Myrddin/Merlin are legendary characters whose identities are rooted in real people who lived in the 6th century.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's not the purpose of this article to prove anything, just to suggest with how much interest our popular imagination plunges into historical events that have been embellished and dramatically changed in the legendary accounts.</span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sources include:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Clarkson, Tim. THE MEN OF THE NORTH. The Britons of Southern Scotland. 2010, Birlinn Ltd.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Wells, Peter S. BARBARIAN TO ANGELS. The Dark Ages Reconsidered. 2008, W. W. Norton.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Wood, Michael D. IN SEARCH OF MYTHS AND HEROES. 2007, University of California Press.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Adomnán of Iona. THE LIFE OF SAINT COLUMBA. As Told by Saint Adomnán (edited with an introduction by Phillip Campbell). 2021, Cruachan Hill Press.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Bede. AN ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE (edited by B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors). 1992, Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span></p><br />~~~~~<br /><br /><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An avid reader, Marco Mazzi has cultivated his passion for writing articles on different subjects for years, from history to modern society to sport. Marco has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mass Communication, besides a Musical Arts degree in Viola, which led him to the profession of classical musician. He has always been a history buff, and he has written several historical articles. He currently lives in South Africa, and he is a Lecturer at UKZN University. CHRONICLES OF ALBION is available <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Chronicles-Albion-Winds-Marco-Mazzi-ebook/dp/B0BYWDG81J/ref=sr_1_2?crid=56WDLTIALCTP&amp;keywords=chronicles+of+albion&amp;qid=1679253983&amp;sprefix=%2Caps%2C1090&amp;sr=8-2" target="_blank">HERE.</a></span></span>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2022/12/artur-mac-aedain-of-dal-riata-and-his.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Debra Brown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-1510472128543856011Sat, 22 Oct 2022 05:41:00 +00002022-10-24T01:58:41.219-07:00Philippa Jane KeyworthSir William ChambersSummer ExhibitionThe Royal Academy of Artsby Philippa Jane Keyworth&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div>When one thinks of an art exhibition these days, one might imagine an enormous white space, interspersed here and there with paintings. Carefully crafted. Minimalist.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>Not so in the 18th century.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div><b>The Royal Academy of Arts annual exhibition</b></div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>For my recent novel, I decided to set a scene at the Royal Academy of Art’s annual exhibition. The Royal Academy of Arts (often known in the present day as the RA), was founded in 1768. Sir William Chambers, an architect, brought a petition signed by 36 artists before King George III to seek permission to ‘establish a society for promoting the Arts of Design’. When the sovereign granted it, the RA and its annual exhibition was born, the latter known today as the Summer Exhibition.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM5UedUhsrc88WbjwHCs2QS_jmng_0VphYXyDzfKyyWrz_eM_NBpOyVxkry_xRwiUu3EOM5SQGGy0qYvwj8v5jmHAfhHRtCqncjyn7JbPKoe-hEEY_8VciN26V3yBJVO_bM4sYGPOA6P3RVvqdsoM9Hh13rYmb42FdNstVF9ds9IvnurcTwhI1Ik6vyQ/s800/William_Hunter's_life_class_for_the_Royal_Academy_of_Art_at_Wellcome_V0006843.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="800" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM5UedUhsrc88WbjwHCs2QS_jmng_0VphYXyDzfKyyWrz_eM_NBpOyVxkry_xRwiUu3EOM5SQGGy0qYvwj8v5jmHAfhHRtCqncjyn7JbPKoe-hEEY_8VciN26V3yBJVO_bM4sYGPOA6P3RVvqdsoM9Hh13rYmb42FdNstVF9ds9IvnurcTwhI1Ik6vyQ/s320/William_Hunter's_life_class_for_the_Royal_Academy_of_Art_at_Wellcome_V0006843.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William Hunter's Life Class <br />for the Royal Academy of Art</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><b>Who could submit work?&nbsp;</b></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">"[an] Annual Exhibition of Paintings, Sculptures and Designs, which shall be open to all Artists of distinguished merit."&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: center;">From <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/250-years-of-the-summer-exhibition/ngLSPH_wH-DtJQ" target="_blank">the Royal Academy’s foundation document</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>The Summer Exhibition remains one of the oldest open submission exhibitions in the world. This means you need no artistic pedigree in order to submit a piece for exhibit. It was a great egalitarian experiment in the vein of 18th century Enlightenment thinking that carries on to this day.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">‘...it’s a democracy of a sort, a very arbitrary one, I’m in charge!’ - Grayson Perry jokes in a <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/250-years-of-the-summer-exhibition/ngLSPH_wH-DtJQ" target="_blank">Google culture and arts article&nbsp;</a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Who could attend?&nbsp;</b></div><div><br /></div><div>And the visitors to the annual exhibition in the late 18th century were not all aristocracy either. Anyone could pay the shilling admission fee and admire the latest creations from the leading artists of the day.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>The academicians had to charge something, or—according to them—they might have to suffer the,&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">‘noxious effluvia of the vulgar herd’&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>Perhaps now you can see why I might think this a fascinating setting? One in which I could base a scene filled with drama and intrigue in 1776? Just imagine it, the plethora of paintings staring down at the great swathes of artists, nobility and the middling orders gazing up. The sound and the buzz…&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div><b>What did it look like?</b>&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>So, back to the task at hand, I had decided to set a scene at the exhibition. Now I had to find out where it was held, what it looked like, which paintings were there in 1776. As any modern-dayer worth their salt would do, I began searching for contemporary images of the exhibition. Visual sources can be one of the most accessible ways to explore the past. I’m such a fan of it that I based my undergraduate dissertation on such sources, pouring over prints, paintings and etchings for many hours. And now I needed to find images of the exhibition.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>You read that right—by the way—I wanted to find ‘artwork of artwork’. And when I did, well, that was when I realised that the RA’s exhibition in 1776 was the furthest thing from a minimalist affair.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisLUx_HuS78f-l7xjQoEeDZGvw15QVhVZ4_7stYWQT7cK6jrkoeP1kwk4Re2itJMh1D7iJoiELGwfTqulyA16t6R6VsgXkFBDxCL4OjH5VdNEEmel6rEK3aoOjs4TsHsjWr-EV5_KZ8wRTTO2hcM4g3ucOm5V1e4HFFKGmyKWOi9vuYno_l6r3cH65Gg/s712/Richard_Earlom_-_The_Exhibition_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Painting_1771_-_B1978.43.798_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="712" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisLUx_HuS78f-l7xjQoEeDZGvw15QVhVZ4_7stYWQT7cK6jrkoeP1kwk4Re2itJMh1D7iJoiELGwfTqulyA16t6R6VsgXkFBDxCL4OjH5VdNEEmel6rEK3aoOjs4TsHsjWr-EV5_KZ8wRTTO2hcM4g3ucOm5V1e4HFFKGmyKWOi9vuYno_l6r3cH65Gg/s320/Richard_Earlom_-_The_Exhibition_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Painting_1771_-_B1978.43.798_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;Richard Earlom<br />The Exhibition at the Royal Academy <br />in Pall Mall in 1771, 20 May 1772. Mezzotint.&nbsp;</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Check out <a href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/article/how-to-read-it-richard-earlom-great-spectacle-summer-exhibition-1771" target="_blank">the RA’s reading of this print</a> as each figure/painting/decoration has meaning.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>Paintings at the exhibition were hung cheek-by-jowl from dado rail to ceiling. It would have been an overwhelming sight upon first entry, and one which would have taken visitors some time to absorb.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>To save wall space, pictures were hung frame-by-frame from chair rail to ceiling. The higher canvases, sometimes more than five tiers overhead, were tilted forward to enhance visibility and reduce glare. The huge, sky-lit galleries reverberated with the noise of the thronging crowds who, as usual at social occasions in Georgian England, brought their hunting hounds and lap dogs</i>. - ‘Britain's Royal Academy of Art in the Late 1700s and Early 1800s’</div><div style="text-align: center;">&nbsp; <a href="https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/britains-royal-academy-of-art-in-the-late-1700s-and-early-1800s.html" target="_blank">National Gallery ofArt&nbsp;</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;If you were an artist whose work was accepted for display, it would then have been arranged by the academicians (members who ran the RA), meaning you could be a new artist displayed alongside established names. That’s still the case today.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Artists coveted the ‘on-the-line’ spots, where you would have your work seen to advantage at around or just above eye level. Anything higher than that was… not great.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">I mean, it’s just a case of logistics.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Who would be able to see it? So undesirable was the happenstance, that a term was coined especially for it: ‘skied’. No artist wished to be ‘skied’. That was not only an insult, it was bad for business. For the exhibition could make an artist, as it wasn’t just to display work, it was to sell it!&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">So here we are, standing in a room with walls mounted to the ceiling with paintings, and it wasn’t just the one room. The first location of the Royal Academy’s annual exhibition was a set of auctioneer’s rooms in Pall Mall. The visitor would have progressed through them, within a great swell of people, pouring into the main chamber where the principle works were hung.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcInTSkEkNeMbCrLrcVNzDJ3dcbueAN8YL8z0wLCZs9PhZpR8hRrWsmS1p2_zsqTEVT2iMHrO-TX3zUzAxb2k48k9Raw2iQajBactgzp8DPJtVdVekh4ZgX0aKADJCwHmB5qitu6lZQbqSR-mBng8Nb6BwNQvYCGolVcVsD6ME0ajxgvcAnAIGjZeS2A/s759/John_Boultbee_(1753-1812)_-_Two_Hunters,_'Prophet'_and_'Surprise'_-_138302_-_National_Trust.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="759" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcInTSkEkNeMbCrLrcVNzDJ3dcbueAN8YL8z0wLCZs9PhZpR8hRrWsmS1p2_zsqTEVT2iMHrO-TX3zUzAxb2k48k9Raw2iQajBactgzp8DPJtVdVekh4ZgX0aKADJCwHmB5qitu6lZQbqSR-mBng8Nb6BwNQvYCGolVcVsD6ME0ajxgvcAnAIGjZeS2A/s320/John_Boultbee_(1753-1812)_-_Two_Hunters,_'Prophet'_and_'Surprise'_-_138302_-_National_Trust.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Two Hunters, 'Prophet' and 'Surprise'<br />John Boultbee<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><b>How would you know who had created what?&nbsp;</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Visitors would have been given a catalogue of the works on display—gratis—to carry around with them. I was delighted to find the original catalogue of the 1776 exhibition digitised <a href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/exhibition-catalogue/ra-sec-vol8-1776" target="_blank">here</a>.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEwrgWUja5-aDbcUy2jUIqOfIGY_CnZVKidMMX-ONUQqCajcZ4B9n6XpJ39zsRvkFYHIXBP5NdslLwfy6JWFR7YZyMoEG55XRMqD9n79MqEuLL2PSEXKvQPykqDpR3-3OpTgLGY85Njojhggwp56hFgp3fiKv98zd4KnlCIxIJQ53WfEXJB5iVa5VY3g/s717/Queen_Eleanor_sucking_the_poison_from_King_Edward's_arm._Col_Wellcome_V0015276%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="717" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEwrgWUja5-aDbcUy2jUIqOfIGY_CnZVKidMMX-ONUQqCajcZ4B9n6XpJ39zsRvkFYHIXBP5NdslLwfy6JWFR7YZyMoEG55XRMqD9n79MqEuLL2PSEXKvQPykqDpR3-3OpTgLGY85Njojhggwp56hFgp3fiKv98zd4KnlCIxIJQ53WfEXJB5iVa5VY3g/s320/Queen_Eleanor_sucking_the_poison_from_King_Edward's_arm._Col_Wellcome_V0015276%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Queen Eleanor Sucking the Blood&nbsp;<br />from King Edward's Arm<br />Coloured stipple etching by Wynne Ryland, 1780 <br />after A. Kauffman<br /><br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">It was a glorious find for a historian like me. I was able to read about the pieces of art on display, and then look them up on Google. This led me to featuring several in my book including works by Boultbee, Cosway and Kauffman. The latter is a particular favourite of mine. Angelica Kauffman was one of the founding members of the Royal Academy and a celebrated painter of the day. It’s always pleasing to read about an independently successful woman from the past.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAM44Y1gd9X9rhAPLqjLEMso5cm-8NafmD9R_RVVMFPc9cYhAVSpivDxK7-Oswgxj6Vy0fdnu0YxQ7i9MWKOQkXyAVcq8CMzHivbgZIoChQ8Hg4TpY48k5P5Q4tajW5OCl7YiG6VyttbMv0ik2-vnoTbLZ79-kcYAa8hXKQlYoWCdiUYDftyslsUl1IA/s600/484px-Richard_Cosway_-_Madonna_and_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="484" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAM44Y1gd9X9rhAPLqjLEMso5cm-8NafmD9R_RVVMFPc9cYhAVSpivDxK7-Oswgxj6Vy0fdnu0YxQ7i9MWKOQkXyAVcq8CMzHivbgZIoChQ8Hg4TpY48k5P5Q4tajW5OCl7YiG6VyttbMv0ik2-vnoTbLZ79-kcYAa8hXKQlYoWCdiUYDftyslsUl1IA/s320/484px-Richard_Cosway_-_Madonna_and_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpeg" width="258" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Madonna and Child<br />Richard Cosway<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><b>What does it have to do with my novel?</b>&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">So there it is, a wonderful historical backdrop in which to set a scene. The great cross-section of Society, oozing through the rooms, jostling one another, speaking, pointing, exclaiming. Oh yes, a very good backdrop, one in which the heroine of a Georgian romance might set about uncovering Societal secrets. And a backdrop where the hero might just wish to find out what she’s up to…&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>&nbsp;References:</b>&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ol><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Hunter%2527s_life_class_for_the_Royal_Academy_of_Art_at_Wellcome_V0006843.jpg&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3hsFUHeNybeZjx5rTpawwH" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Hunter%27s_life_class_for_the_Royal_Academy_of_Art_at_Wellcome_V0006843.jpg" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">William Hunter's life class for the Royal Academy of Art at old Somerset House. Mezzotint, 1783, after J. Zoffany</a></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration-line: underline;">250 Years of the Summer Exhibition, Arts and Culture, Google</span></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Earlom_-_The_Exhibition_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Painting_1771_-_B1978.43.798_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3Kd-hFVlSqBRoCGwem4LjM" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Earlom_-_The_Exhibition_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Painting_1771_-_B1978.43.798_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Richard Earlom,&nbsp;The Exhibition at the Royal Academy&nbsp;in Pall Mall in 1771, 20 May 1772. Mezzotint</a></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/article/how-to-read-it-richard-earlom-great-spectacle-summer-exhibition-1771&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3nePHLDtmhXKH1cg1fU18V" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/article/how-to-read-it-richard-earlom-great-spectacle-summer-exhibition-1771" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.02em;" target="_blank">How to read it: The Exhibition of the Royal Academy in Pall Mall, 1771</a></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/britains-royal-academy-of-art-in-the-late-1700s-and-early-1800s.html&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3c22z3mMKSPs8uoRujXoAo" href="https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/britains-royal-academy-of-art-in-the-late-1700s-and-early-1800s.html" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">Britain's Royal Academy of Art in the Late 1700s and Early 1800s</a></span></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Boultbee_(1753-1812)_-_Two_Hunters,_%2527Prophet%2527_and_%2527Surprise%2527_-_138302_-_National_Trust.jpg&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fgA66oq-KzvMURNv12oS2" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Boultbee_(1753-1812)_-_Two_Hunters,_%27Prophet%27_and_%27Surprise%27_-_138302_-_National_Trust.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 13.3px;">Two Hunters: 'Prophet' and 'Surprise',&nbsp;</span><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">John Boultbee&nbsp;</span><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">(1753–1812)</span></a></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/exhibition-catalogue/ra-sec-vol8-1776&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2g9wPY6Sq4stbF3O_3Ahew" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/exhibition-catalogue/ra-sec-vol8-1776" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: -0.16px;" target="_blank">The exhibition of the Royal Academy, MDCCLXXVI. (1776). The eighth.,&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1776</span></a></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Eleanor_sucking_the_poison_from_King_Edward%2527s_arm._Col_Wellcome_V0015276.jpg&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2j3-cDUjigU7fkneL2EQJg" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Eleanor_sucking_the_poison_from_King_Edward%27s_arm._Col_Wellcome_V0015276.jpg" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">Queen Eleanor sucking the poison from King Edward's arm. Coloured stipple etching by Wynne Ryland, 1780, after A. Kauffman.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 13.3px;"><span style="color: black;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Cosway_-_Madonna_and_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1QurySfH7ICnbG9EZM5XRc" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Cosway_-_Madonna_and_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">Madonna and Child, Richard Cosway (1742-1821)</a></span></span></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00917808/document&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0Jt3M8a_1xN5xCIqgmAfJX" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00917808/document" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">Difficult Beginning ? The Early Years of the RoyalAcademy of Arts in London, Isabelle Baudino</a></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.02em;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://wellcomecollection.org/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0hygLH-lGLi7x5gCoAVkiJ" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">Wellcome Collection</a></span></li><li style="margin-left: 15px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/summer-exhibition&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1666629375266000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3whQILwbdhxxr27FCt9cL0" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/summer-exhibition" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">About the Exhibition, Royal Academy</a></li></ol><div><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">~~~~~</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi80xXWSc1jFpdd1JdLoEKWCrZlKU3GbrWB8gyMchAGMQpc1_wuoORitC6FIj1sqX2eLawaWZXdA55xmSqKmHMJOzaBlf9B_8RAyRU5wU8C8SOZX9V7lxs9AL9oKN6puhef_ClApXqcmDvkiSTlvIZbPhSNKigbTRY1-zk4WGMgyvkMNY--DPK9XggfNQ/s720/Author%20headshot.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="720" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi80xXWSc1jFpdd1JdLoEKWCrZlKU3GbrWB8gyMchAGMQpc1_wuoORitC6FIj1sqX2eLawaWZXdA55xmSqKmHMJOzaBlf9B_8RAyRU5wU8C8SOZX9V7lxs9AL9oKN6puhef_ClApXqcmDvkiSTlvIZbPhSNKigbTRY1-zk4WGMgyvkMNY--DPK9XggfNQ/s320/Author%20headshot.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Philippa Jane Keyworth</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: left;">Philippa Jane Keyworth, also known as P. J. Keyworth, writes historical romance and fantasy novels you'll want to escape into. Keyworth's historical romance novels include Regency and Georgian romances that trace the steps of indomitable heroes and heroines through historic British streets. From London's glittering ballrooms to its dark gaming hells, characters experience the hopes and joys of love while avoiding a coil or too! Travel with them through London, Bath, Cornwall and beyond and you'll find yourself falling in love.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRDm3pLY3aaB2bPuQECeHc5QJTXLQGhDY4azkKNz2cwpGgji1jsbxjymNSnR_30VBcMXzI7x6l2yG8mr88pBsOsrXxmuhhP922AcxMZFNZBHt5RQdy7vtAh9y6aYgrG06Hgl1D-FysBNlb0UOAbLRlNT1jh498Svyy8kx0m7oaCRSZCW6DShg_nZ39w/s499/Lord%20of%20Worth.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="313" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRDm3pLY3aaB2bPuQECeHc5QJTXLQGhDY4azkKNz2cwpGgji1jsbxjymNSnR_30VBcMXzI7x6l2yG8mr88pBsOsrXxmuhhP922AcxMZFNZBHt5RQdy7vtAh9y6aYgrG06Hgl1D-FysBNlb0UOAbLRlNT1jh498Svyy8kx0m7oaCRSZCW6DShg_nZ39w/s320/Lord%20of%20Worth.jpg" width="201" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><a href="https://dl.bookfunnel.com/od5rzcl3at" target="_blank">Get your free sample of Lord of Worth</a></div><div><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09WXNRNC4?geniuslink=true" target="_blank">Purchase Lord of Worth</a></div></div>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2022/10/cheek-by-jowlthe-royal-academys.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Debra Brown)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-5847534134523315739Wed, 28 Sep 2022 23:19:00 +00002022-09-28T16:24:39.326-07:00AuroraChronicles of FranceGuildhall LibraryIsabelle ChevallotlibraryLondon Bills of MortalityLondon HistoryLondon libraryPetrus de RigaRichard WhittingtonRobert Fabyan<p>&nbsp;by Isabelle Chevallot</p><p>In the six hundred years since it was first established there have been several incarnations of Guildhall Library. The first library at Guildhall was founded around 1425, under the terms of the will of Richard Whittington ‘a rich and pious merchant’ who served as Lord Mayor of London. In English folklore, Richard or ‘Dick’ Whittington became a legend, reportedly rising from poverty by making his fortune through the sale of his cat to a rat-infested country and for centuries he has been immortalised in pantomime. However, Whittington did not come from a poor background. He made his fortune as a mercer and then from making loans, including to the king, which provided financial profits, together with access to the royal ear and a position of influence.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="554" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/3qw5t3A7En6EHJFhbzYEewN4b45-uEoh-yAGVB3sDBvzTFc1mVUh-7BCkb8B72M8AEKMrH_L6EjAwDc2PRMD9ODaPS_HVY5-0n0x1IFFffGZ8J89ekB4cUkigC-IJzo25pkRBbzGRuTMOSqPYuVCt4MoayLDFOcCbBrd_bJysL3da2Z1kIr__9jx0NCSyQfV2SoFGw" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px;" width="427" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-325094c3-7fff-7c55-5157-6f6fce437ec1"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Richard Whittington pictured with a skull</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7c6abee7-7fff-12b5-6ed4-e4b3726ef1b8"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When Richard Whittington died in March 1423, he left his entire fortune to charity and the City. Some of this money was used to found a library to serve the college of priests at Guildhall. There is no surviving catalogue of the contents of this collection, but it is logical to conclude that it was a library of theological books. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-2e81503b-7fff-e6de-8952-171862abb9aa"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 304px; overflow: hidden; width: 457px;"><img alt="A picture containing text, alcohol, beverage Description automatically generated" height="304" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/hMy4beZpRsIwg5fIq_XnOmFLpTd4hRwEDavXSAezUEAi9FaQXgJdQzfyYc2BX8WAOyeILB3ODweBkEuE9U6Hewqcmya9jEu8tdD005naGANu_ee3E_7RS1PWiIAlqw8gUFB2_hGntZtkLHrLcRogQI3Ns4kVdoGeJ_z4ujDjU2QTL5zPk_FWt9dBQ_76O_kPqnQPhA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="457" /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-5293a74a-7fff-a2c4-7f0c-c833bcba6e66"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In his ‘</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Survey of London Written in the Year 1598’ </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pictured above,</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">John Stow describes a "fair and large library, furnished with books, pertaining to the Guildhall and college". He tells us that during the reign of Edward VI (around 1549) the whole collection was 'sent for' by the Lord Protector, the Duke of Somerset. The books were loaded on to carts and taken away but were not returned. It is probable that the Duke 'borrowed' the books to furnish Somerset House, his new palace on the Strand. </span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="218" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/71d2V87qeGx-r9XH0d0gl_XqZZBIciM6yuTFwYr8Ag-PbB7liio4ZmDyujvgsAUIptI4xEkOCftdPgBMDtxm5WHVTmKkDwYZO7oUJxH7pNz7wlZR27BKU-Mn0yFCpFnIA3S1XJCI11Zl5IT7ssOKN_VCk7HwL8kfhbDBAlJ-4CY2KeTtZ7jlNf8OuDimoWxUYOib0w" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px;" width="187" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-db09a77c-7fff-360c-8af1-e535bdeb4fa9"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Duke of Somerset</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span id="docs-internal-guid-3f38c5c7-7fff-d67c-635c-622c2a1c7124"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Only one book from the original collection has found its way back to Guildhall Library, a 13th century copy of Petrus de Riga's Aurora, a metrical Latin version of the Bible pictured below.</span></span><div><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1ddb6d45-7fff-fd9f-7bf2-d505091f7bb1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 275px; overflow: hidden; width: 516px;"><img alt="Text, letter Description automatically generated" height="275" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/2mFr-VJCHq1zyN6p0Hxd1WbYzNhbuXwGCaWfriVRPsW5umohEJQltI5eIvCyrjiJcuTuE2msDoXI6yeBCtsPUJoZwoKkLC6GHyHzW9rNySidMjKvmUnyvqjwqQgC1NHkMaWnyuokf64gFSwS5AFzXbSKfmbkGu1f6M5vtE3wNnmiYwIYMScjsm-1buTtiP6HoEmoSg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="516" /></span></span></span></div><span id="docs-internal-guid-4f2fb417-7fff-e7bf-f179-64f00e7a2a3a"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />The Corporation does not appear to have attempted to recover the library from the acquisitive Duke and there was a gap of around 300 years until another library was formed.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here is one other work which may be a survivor of the original library, a fourteenth century copy of the Chronicles of France pictured below.</span></p></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-73496700-7fff-9ecd-9a41-aeb32f73392b"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-11ada366-7fff-e157-4051-dd491d387969"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 752px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="Image" height="640" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/81dE1MbnRMYIhn_WeVqAhDQu9ud-wfnU1jBpVBGFPqUWjRqvzw868IaNOI0tmXlSjnjs2urVPuKKfBROFHi88wGvntrRCk_IgARVhuEo0SEhSCQ6ebOVy1fUt9uM0buW26LsI04U5IC4vSISfb35ZIj0gziHv4CEzzTZQVb0SMmRc_JJxbmuifOgV357YO_C7AAVnA=w512-h640" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="512" /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">We think this may have been held in the original collection because there is a record in the City Archives of a manuscript copy of the Chronicles having been returned to Guildhall in 1516 after having been a ‘long tyme in the keping of’ Robert Fabyan.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">There is no record of Guildhall Library acquiring a copy of the Chronicles, so it is fair to assume that this copy is one and the same. It also seems likely that some marginalia in this volume is in the hand of Robert Fabyan.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-3193204f-7fff-f8d2-9122-a58d06e0f674"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 422px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="A picture containing text, window, picture frame Description automatically generated" height="280" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/wFShHAObcRmY5haI1-wB8jHELL6yJduciq8HRavQxp61SrdP5Mn98Z1eSiYZwRJqio0qD9C6AIyxeqmDezedNATCrDOXsWmXDN8w0ZR7wltv3JNA9inuAe2Etr3ffbg47gol8MRNiaf3YOlL5vi7gGLSgFs3WEDn0LuV3nZOP41oKXU0vS8EHZe2WKVvhPtLT8Q0qg=w400-h280" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 422px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-5c827bac-7fff-3b91-dc58-37a077e43c66"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1828 a small library was opened for use initially only by members of the Corporation.&nbsp; There were only 1700 volumes in the library at this time but as the library grew so did its membership, with tickets being granted to literary men as well as Members.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-6e13636d-7fff-9f85-9ac9-710f37ecf2c4"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 312px; overflow: hidden; width: 416px;"><img alt="A picture containing building, outdoor, old, stone Description automatically generated" height="312" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/muFyGMG5jRDHuUdwXwYUrKcoR1qT7pY2dUGrUfrnqRHspk7UKPRfUYMkciwcVMC--FIKBK28gsIMVHCAk4f-Ie7xBekp-mDk2mVf_13dCfKcZbBO7KdojJ2Tl4hL2tfU4bwwwGhTFqZbW7Y6dqfj54j5D7z5xMWFuQp6MU1ZUESJc9LbDwnLAM32iIujmi9_micQMQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="416" /></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This small library increased in size and importance and eventually outgrew its accommodation, and a new building was planned to the East of Guildhall and into Basinghall Street.&nbsp; The Corporation and Common Council decided that from now on access to its books should be made available to the public free of charge.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The new library building was designed by Horace Jones (the City architect) and opened to the general public in 1873</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By then the library contained about 60,000 volumes of works covering the history of London, its architecture, topography, its suburbs and a large collection of early printed plays connected with the city.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is this building which is now called ‘The Old Library’ and the office of the Guildhall Librarian is now the Chief Commoner’s parlour.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Around 25 000 volumes were lost in the Second World War, on 29th-30th December 1940, through the destruction of some of the library’s storerooms, but the damage to the library building itself was not extensive. However, the area around Guildhall was devastated by the bombing and for the second time in its 600-year history the hall itself had lost its roof - the first time had been during the Great Fire of 1666.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the war, the library continued to grow and flourish, expanding into the Guildhall crypt for some much-needed extra stack space.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-e63659bc-7fff-8156-1eeb-de225a42a9ef"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 351px; overflow: hidden; width: 445px;"><img height="351" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/5P8_fwYryRFcOsoNkW1GtDz7aa_Kwuf8vQrC7HcEe1w6UBP9MW-4l9_Mj0rk0eOO-0akLUetPEIzvGBS81DRE0rLCdvzaLjQS7l-7rR6gXDKsu5OwLLP07UKKbkpflicqTa2oFosgFvzP7D9ULU5oa7gx--PE2dsBeVq0mINDvi84Dx6MIE-ol5pjbAcNDvoJNTsHw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="445" /></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The image above shows the ‘Old Library’, as it is now called, depicted shortly before its closure and the layout had changed little in the 100 years of its existence.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c3be0e40-7fff-0d44-45a1-0c0f984c7b89"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As part of the post-war Guildhall reconstruction scheme, the Corporation decided to develop the West Wing and incorporate a new modern library.&nbsp; The present Guildhall Library, in the West Wing of Guildhall, opened on 21 October 1974. It was designed by the architects Sir Giles Scott, Son and Partners, it ranged over five floors, two of which were purpose built for the storage of the now vast printed books and manuscript collections.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="267" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/goH69IiqT4J8t2HodtJ2y_kXH-BRFL9m6oSt2ZqBEXKq_G2DlLA3lsZwCDlM8u-10Ig2l56Jm74fq-20tLaoF_kuN_Azwgf6KPXl1ryXdjkl0AMXrx85tjzW4WQYhvdoVAXqvAVb3kFPmJokdeAjMWMVn8snlvW3B8HvoSRuocUfTQnmDH52NWp6twkbMg24Gl_50g=w400-h267" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-0866bc89-7fff-f814-ad2f-9482f4c773f2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guildhall Library today</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span id="docs-internal-guid-09518b74-7fff-903f-2f04-d3a35290222d"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guildhall Library is the Library of London History.&nbsp; Our core collection covers London and its history and is the largest collection in the world devoted to the history of a single city. We hold over 200,000 titles dating from the 15th to the 21st centuries including books, pamphlets, periodicals, trade directories and poll books. The collection covers all aspects of life in London, past and present, its trade, people and buildings and the whole of London, in addition to the City.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The library holds internationally renowned collections of books on family and local history, wine and food, Samuel Pepys, John Wilkes and Thomas More, business and parliamentary history, poll books plus the libraries of the Clock Makers', Gardeners' and Fletchers' Companies, the Antiquarian Horological Society, Gresham College and the Charles Lamb Society.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Archive collections include the archives of 80 City livery companies, the Lloyd's Marine Collection and the London Stock Exchange.</span></p><div></div></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ddc34c0e-7fff-8951-ee47-0fa1b4f4dcb4"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While it is impossible to do justice to Guildhall Library’s collections in a single blog post, I shall highlight some of our more iconic treasures. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7d83a661-7fff-314f-54aa-1b3d6d8fccd7"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 490px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="Text, letter Description automatically generated" height="326" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/QajKPU9s7CoftRsw5HBe97p45DYSmPDP-7rmNMtqFYz2GHzfqUQi2OWEZRobAEVP_JDxJYTVkE2AQHY1XTioEMDLw7skai-iVT85Y12ejK36whYbBo8Cqq_GWZ6XG-PqVbWYCRy1HYgKm3nySRTJOnmF4VReiFHZo023Tdp8oC4Bxi27IYLJ1Zok75GEJ_ijf0V8nA=w400-h326" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d8eff2aa-7fff-0c1a-84b5-2382b9d8bdab"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The jewel in our crown pictured above is our copy of Shakespeare’s 1</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: super;">st</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> folio: </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, &amp; Tragedies</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which was published in November 1623 around seven years after his death. It is the first collected edition of Shakespeare's plays – containing 36 plays. By the year of his death, only 18 of his 37 plays had been published.&nbsp; Eighteen plays appeared for the first time in the First Folio, and these included - </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As You Like It, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, The Tempest </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Twelfth Night</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Without the First Folio these would likely have been lost. No substantial manuscripts of Shakespeare’s work survive. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-9e6d30e1-7fff-3a22-d092-bd250e432df2"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Many copies lack this iconic title page, which would have been removed due to its value, to be sold or displayed.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7a885b4a-7fff-19eb-a4b9-6b1263bd26c7"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 674px; overflow: hidden; width: 503px;"><img alt="Text Description automatically generated" height="674" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/wfC8gTTNUHQq9x3njj99aSF7nsX5l2wV12zyeeDMCm8UTlKHukKw2Ypp7sqzjbFeJdk_WkFgZ0CB--TN8k1IVxOmXNgxVTaS3smPSQlNofc7pSmQeVcEMxOnjjqYkUTl3hLUycZEdECWAzmXQh0fv1a9W3VW--rMIQaPW-eKQp9DklcQHQFEinffjfBZAsqfuviHFA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="503" /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-9f990430-7fff-b08f-51e4-ed633e1507a1"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1891 the Parish Clerks deposited the London Bills of Mortality at Guildhall Library. The earliest printed bills in the collection date from the late 16</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> century, with a virtually complete run from 1664&nbsp; to the middle of the 19</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Century.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Bills of Mortality record the number of deaths each week and provide a statistical record of disease in London. They began to be produced after an outbreak of plague in 1592 (although there are a few earlier instances). From 1603, after another outbreak, they were made on a weekly basis, with the view to giving authorities and inhabitants full information as to the increases or decreases in the number of deaths.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Parish Clerks collected and published the information every week. The printed bills were distributed on Thursdays at a subscription charge of a penny a sheet or 4 shillings per annum. They were delivered to the King and the Lord Mayor first by 8 am and then went on sale at 10am.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;The Bills of Mortality allow historians to trace the relentless march of the Great Plague, week by week and parish by parish as it progressed across the City. They show that September 1665 was the worst month for deaths from plague which reached 7165 for the week 12th – 19th September.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ee124962-7fff-e34d-ec1d-441889c682df"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At this time the bills were edged with a border adorned with skull and crossbones, skeletons and implements of burial. At the top the inscription Memento Mori meaning ‘remember you will die’ sits beneath a winged hourglass representing the flight of time.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 630px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="Text Description automatically generated" height="400" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/M13GhLyTTWm2yCuVplJZQJJArICJ5YTj2wfo_4xFs96HPgpP2mbLwQuAvq5HxlPGdOirNrNRzz6ccY8zKIu4B7QD69IBB_scj5Nahs6G3oplQcx4LElT-u2M0Zp8zYJdZZl8mt3fZOUnyf4mrjzepCdEHTQnnyr9hNulB5AYnygwqHiT6E5wV1M2U5OuBcobYbLI6A=w382-h400" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="382" /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-6b3bb212-7fff-d4f3-c6a2-74bea4e4bf47"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From 1629 The Bills of Mortality included information about the cause of death with a summary count of those killed by named ‘diseases and casualties’. These covered a wide range of illnesses some of which are readily identifiable to us today some which are not.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For the week shown here in addition to the 4237 individuals who died of plague, other diseases we would recognise include consumption and jaundice.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For sudden violent deaths more details about the circumstances are often provided - as seen here: Broke her skull by a fall in the street at St Mary Woolchurch.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-6f18fb41-7fff-1e37-75d5-ad9703ded906"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are some diseases you may not recognise such as Tissick, which caused nine deaths and probably refers to tuberculosis or consumption and Rising of the Lights, which caused 18 deaths. The lights are likely to be lungs and Rising of the Lights would have referred to croup or pleurisy. Those who died as a result of fright, grief and ‘suddenly’ are also recorded.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d3836497-7fff-615b-5512-710eaad002de"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 556px; overflow: hidden; width: 347px;"><img alt="A picture containing text Description automatically generated" height="556" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/iY3jKDbREwTJGVW2P2Je_UclnDIgmObd3L1uFLVvurj4YAsQVoyk7hYOYh038tRQKz8KtL6GczRrECVrbn6S51E_ITf92mUCprxRldmBnkto8pyTLpSSAFB203fvabYlRwtfyLdgmnYiLQEAN9Yj_0rMaW1OAeT4ZT1W1wpz8spLJffWJBGB9P51VP88Tear6jHzEg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="347" /></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another important item in our London collection is this first edition copy of '</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The city &amp; country purchaser &amp; builder' </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">by Stephen Primatt, printed in 1667, a year after the Fire of London had devastated some 430 acres, destroying over 13,000 houses, 87 churches, and 52 livery company halls in the City.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-213705e6-7fff-e904-3a22-10b9facfdf42"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While the rebuilding programme led by Wren and Hooke would re-establish the public face of London, there was also a massive need for private redevelopment and Primatt’s was the first treatise issued in response to these private efforts. It is the first and also the most important book about the rebuilding of the houses and shops of London. It is also ‘the first work in English on building valuation, measurements and prices’.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-494b3f1a-7fff-1180-9815-5d40e3579b27"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 490px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="Calendar Description automatically generated with low confidence" height="326" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/pf2Ink34wdE-nlvJRGIN79wIEZZBmaC7xOuYEKLp_b0ufwqP0z7gQL6tmo1Rh971rAqbpxpQkd8_mlfdoPKOHvkjztckPlEJMFQOmnQeE9ecxu6dmHD7S6OfpR_m-Q_7x6b9yStA8HPbP_whmbOWxsuQo7TQH6bae1hKb_50E0iukDAL9ULDe2-x2JiRLJOSIm27Bw=w400-h326" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1cf23e59-7fff-9351-bfaa-600fdcb2baf5"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Guildhall Library holds first edition copies of </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">'Microcosm of London'</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> commissioned by Rudolph Ackermann and published 1808-10. It contains aquatint plates covering all the well-known public buildings of London at the time. From the elegant ladies of Sadler’s Wells to the brawling fish wives at Billingsgate Market, shown in this image, all of London life is captured. Thomas Rowlandson – a caricaturist, watercolourist, draughtsman and engraver – supplied the figures, while Augustus Pugin drew the architect.</span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 518px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img alt="A picture containing text, different, various Description automatically generated" height="344" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Pztstuds0CcIFwsiCHC_1cj-eflLfjvZls-jd7B9hYkdSTrGB9JHWSHmfieqEB7eAAqnRADT9x-BuILPVps2YKCnAYgr_odss6a999f1wwuwbFLLRHiP1jDlWkSwRNt9XopGOjVEg83jWliKL3P8ktDEXr2-836RucNzQ2uObXCs9WNYvy6Nioq-p1RH_wCcBx42rg=w400-h344" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-cb6827c0-7fff-4188-7055-7be070939141"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pictured above, is from a book of hand-coloured engravings depicting the costume worn by the children of each charity school in London taking part in the anniversary service at St Paul’s Cathedral, to draw attention to the plight of the children and raise money. Dating from around 1805, it consists of 5 plates of hand-coloured engravings by John Page. There are 124 children each depicted in the distinctive uniforms which were a feature of the charity schools.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-13238f5b-7fff-0845-0033-32837c702d07" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guildhall Library is a public library and open to all. For more information about visiting:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/libraries/guildhall-library" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0563c1; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/libraries/guildhall-library</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">The library has a varied programme of </span><a href="https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/guildhall-library/guildhall-library-events-and-exhibitions/guildhall-library-events" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline;">events</span></a><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> the majority of which are free and can also be accessed online. </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Images Copyright of </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Guildhall Library, City of London.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">~~~~~</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For the past twelve years Isabelle Chevallot has worked as a librarian at Guildhall Library where she presents talks, runs workshops, leads discussion groups and even organises Regency Balls to engage people in history. Her debut historical fiction medieval adventure novel </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Song and the Sword</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is due to be published on 29</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> September 2022 in ebook, paperback and audiobook format. For more information:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-eeb25c2e-7fff-78ed-ea5a-9654d3e9d881"></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BBWG6RQS?ref_=pe_3052080_276849420" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0563c1; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Song and the Sword - Kindle edition by Chevallot, Isabelle . Literature &amp; Fiction Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-30e56b34-7fff-2c39-dc94-facacefff164"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 644px; overflow: hidden; width: 417px;"><img alt="Calendar Description automatically generated with low confidence" height="644" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/AKQcRCvNuBmkpc488JKHfeuSUCtPkQDZGbeEv-202qNSSKav5S0GJHw9G6UywbIN3y8z2ZMAJYqsLzxsS7gVF6VQ1jVLPdDX8J4-WvesV1xqdnahhypm4qCOl1sEgjXHYVOQoc8KPFj0OC1ZUWnV1136CoyGlphArD4948-MYHPOgVIYdgxdgM69M1jayK8PJDnsYg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="417" /></span></span></span></p></span></div></span></div></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d6424424-7fff-cb65-6689-d70035a259b2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p></div>https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2022/09/treasures-of-guildhall-library-library.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Debra Brown)0