The Geek Spotlight

Logarithm - The basics

2024-04-30T23:20:00.001+05:30

In this blog post, let's break down the basics of logarithms. Logarithms come in handy when dealing with big numbers, providing a convenient way to express them. Usually, these big numbers are the result of exponential growth. Logarithms, acting as the inverse of exponentiation, help us shrink these big numbers into smaller and more manageable ones.

Take the number 1000000000 (10⁹) for instance. If we use logarithms on 10⁹, we get 9. So, in this case, 9 is the simpler way to talk about 10⁹. In other words, 9 is the logarithmic representation of 10^9.

In a nutshell, logarithms does the inverse of exponentials. This relationship mirrors other mathematical pairs, such as subtraction being the inverse of addition and division being the inverse of multiplication. Exploring these logarithmic basics helps us make sense of dealing with large numbers in a more straightforward way. Being inverse of exponentials, it tells us how many times a number should be raised to produce the given number. It also reduces multiplication into additions and divisions into subtractions. But more on this later.

Exponential and logarithmic forms

Determining logarithms involves using the logarithmic function on an equation expressed in exponential form. Conversely, exponential functions can be applied to logarithmic equations. Let's start by understanding both exponential and logarithmic forms.

Exponential forms

In exponential form, a base is raised to an exponent. This exponent indicates how many times the base needs to be multiplied to achieve the specified result.

Logarithmic form

In logarithmic form, the log function with a specific base is applied to the result value. This process calculates the exponent, which signifies how many times the base needs to be raised to produce the given result.

Comparison of the forms

Below is a visual depiction illustrating the inverse relationship between exponential and logarithmic forms.

Calculating with logarithm

There are two types of logarithmic calculation that I will be covering.

Solving exponential forms with logarithmic function
Solving logarithmic forms with exponential function

Solving exponential forms with logarithmic function

There are three steps in solving an exponential form using logarithm.

Step 1: Apply log on both sides
Step 2: Apply cancellation rule
Step 3: Using calculator or a log table book, figure out the log value.

Cancellation rule

Before moving to example, let's see what is Cancellation rule.

In logarithm calculation, the log with base and the base can cancel each other given that both the bases are same number.

In above example, b is the base and it cancels out each other. Applying cancellation rule is something that we should remember. Let us proceed to examples.

Example 1

Let us calculate logarithm for 10^x = 100

Step 1 - Apply log on both sides

Step 2 - Apply cancellation rule

By cancellation rule, log₁₀ and 10 cancel out each other.

Step 3 - Using calculator or a log table book, figure out the log value.

Use a calculator or a log table book. The value of log₁₀(100) will be 2. Therefore, x = 2.

Example 2

Now let us take a little more not-so-easy example. Let us calculate x in 6.5^x = 399.32

Step 1 - Apply log on both sides

Step 2 - Apply cancellation rule

Applying cancellation rule, we are left with the below equation.

Step 3 - Using calculator or a log table book, figure out the log value.

Use a calculator or a log table book. The value of log_6.5(399.32) will be 3.2. Therefore, x = 3.2.

Solving logarithmic form using exponential function

Just as logarithm and exponents are inverse of each other, their calculation methods are also inverse. When solving a logarithmic equation, we utilize the same steps employed in solving exponential equations. However, in this case, we use exponentiation instead of logarithms.

Step 1: Exponentiate both sides with the base

Step 2: Apply cancellation rule

Step 3: Compute the exponential

Cancellation rule

The cancellation rule is inversed as well. Now we cancel the base with the based log given that both bases are the same number.

Example

Let us solve exponential form for the equation log₆(x) = 73.71

Step 1: Exponentiate both sides with the base

Step 2: Apply cancellation rule

After applying the cancellation rule, we get the below equation.

Step 3: Compute the exponential

Compute the exponential equation. Here 6^(2.4) is 73.71

With this, I conclude the basics of logarithms. In upcoming post, I will give some real-time application of logarithms. If you know where logarithms is used in real-time, drop it in the comments.

How to create custom run commands

2012-07-16T13:34:00.000+05:30

Hello people... I'm back with a new trick. I'm going to tell how to create your own "Run Commands". So if we want to open an application, we do it by double clicking the shortcut on your desktop or choose it from start menu or directly open it from the installed folder. And now we can do it using run. You can create your own run command so that you can open the application using run.

How to create:

We all know how to use run. Mostly people use it to open MS Paint, Notepad and Command prompt.
To open other applications you need to create a shortcut for that application and paste it in your windows or system32 folder.

Just follow these steps.

1. Create a new shortcut Right clicking -> New -> Shortcut

2. Choose the application path. (I'm creating for Ccleaner)

3. Cut and paste the created shortcut to C:\Windows\ or C:\Windows\System32

4. Open Run, type the name of the shortcut and hit OK.

The application will open.

Note:

You cannot create a new shortcut in the drive where you installed windows. it allows only to create a new folder. So create a shortcut in some other drive, then cut paste it to windows or system32 folder.

How it works:

Applications like paint, notepad, command, default system games and many more applications are stored in C:\Windows\System32 folder. So when you type a application name in run command it looks in windows and system32 to open it. If it cant find, then it throws the error message.
For example lets this using Paint.

Paint is stored in System32 in the name mspaint.exe

So when you type mspaint in run, paint opens. This is similar to other applications also.

Hope it was informative..!! Until next time, see ya

NirCmd - A small system utility program

2012-05-19T22:16:00.001+05:30

The Story:

Hello friends..!! For the past few days I got quite addicted to programming. I planned to write a C program for controlling computer hardware. As I feel lazy to press the button for opening DVD drive, I thought of writing a program that will open/close DVD drive on execution. I browsed the internet for references and couldn't find what I needed exactly. But later I found a program 'nircmd' that can be used control the DVD drive. Nircmd is a small command line program that doesn't use any user interface. All is done by creating shortcut to it. It is also useful for various other purposes.

How to use?

Download the file, copy nircmd.exe to
'C:\Users\<USER-NAME>\bin' for Windows 7 users
'C:\Documents and Settings\ <USER-NAME>\bin' for Windows XP users
If there is no 'bin' folder, create one.

Then create a shortcut for opening DVD drive,

Enter the path C:\Users\<USER-NAME>\bin\nircmd.exe
Add this command line at the end " cdrom open <DVD-drive-letter>:"
So the path is, C:\Users\<USER-NAME>\bin\nircmd.exe cdrom open h:
'h:' is the drive letter for my DVD drive, the command 'open' will open the DVD drive.

Then create another shortcut for closing the drive,
Enter the path C:\Users\<USER-NAME>\bin\nircmd.exe cdrom close h:
'close' command will close the DVD drive.

So, now there are two shortcuts. One for opening DVD drive and another for closing it. Lets assign a shortcut key so that we don't have to double-click the shortcut every time we need to open or close the drive.

Right click 'Open DVD drive' --> Properties. In shortcut key textbox, assign a key. I assigned F6.

Right click 'Close DVD drive' --> Properties. In shortcut key textbox, assign a key. I have assigned F7.

Thats it.. As simple as that :) Now when you hit F6 your DVD drive will open and when you hit F7 drive will close. No need to stretch your hand all the way to the button...

I din't blog this to talk about creating shortcuts for opening or closing DVD drives. I wanted to spread the word about nircmd to people who don't know about it. Apart form controlling DVD drives, nircmd is also used to do various other stuff like

Changing/Muting system volume,
Writing/deleting keys in registry,
Writing values into INI files,
Dial/connect to VPN,
Restart/Logoff/Shutdown your computer,
Creating a shortcut to a file,
Created/modified date of a file
Turning off the monitor,
and many more...

all by using shortcut keys.. I hope this is useful to you people :)

Check out nirsoft.net for the commands

Download:

From nirsoft.net:

nircmd for 32-bit nircmd for 64-bit

Rapidshare link:

nircmd for 32-bit nircmd for 64-bit

Visit nirsoft.net for more details,

I think this was useful.. Until Next Time, See Ya :)

Windows 7 ALT-Tab trick

2012-05-10T21:32:00.002+05:30

Hello guys… It’s been a long time since the last post. Today I’m here with a cool Windows 7 trick. So if you have used Windows XP, you would know that ALT-Tab switching looks like this,

And in Windows 7 it looks like this,

There is a trick in Windows 7 which makes ALT-Tab switching to look like Windows XP. Here is what you have to do.

Hold left ALT key
Hit (Press once and release) right ALT key while holding down the left one
Press Tab button

This can be done by holding the right ALT key and hitting left one.

Screenshot:

Coloring Command prompt

2012-04-07T22:39:00.001+05:30

Hi friends :) I'm here with another topic to discuss on. This is quiet old one and almost most people know about it... But I'm posting this for those people who don't know :)

I'm going to tell how to change the color of command prompt. From the beginning command prompt will appear in Black-White color. This can be changed by using the command 'COLOR'.

Syntax:

color [background color][foreground color]

Background color - Screen color
Foreground color - Text color

The color is given by Hexadecimal values (From 0 to F)

0 = Black
1 = Blue
2 = Green
3 = Aqua
4 = Red
5 = Purple
6 = Yellow
7 = White
8 = Gray
9 = Light Blue
A = Light Green
B = Light Aqua
C = Light Red
D = Light Purple
E = Light Yellow
F = Bright White

By default, the color is 07 [ 0 - Black, 7 - White]

For example, giving the command "color 47" will turn the background color to red [color for value '4'], foreground color to white [color for value '7']

Hope this was interesting :)
So have a good time coloring your command prompt :) see you guys on next post.

Create 'CON' folder in command prompt

2012-03-28T23:18:00.000+05:30

Previously, I posted about device files. We cannot create a folder named with those device file names.

But there is a way to create such folders using command prompt…

Just follow the steps:

1. Open command prompt Start -> Run -> cmd

2. I planned to create the folder in K: location so I’m going to enter

md \\.\k:\con in command

This will create a folder named ‘con’ successfully.

But, you cannot delete it by normal ways like hitting the delete key or shift + delete.
If the folder contains anything, deleting by shift+delete or delete key will delete all the files in the folder alone. Leaves the folder as it is..

3. To delete the folder, open command prompt and enter

rd \\.\k:\con

This command removes ‘con’ folder.

I hope this was interesting and helpful.. :)

Related posts,

Why cannot we create a folder named CON?

Why cannot we create a folder named CON?

2012-03-28T21:23:00.001+05:30

Hello friends I'm back again with some information about device files.

In windows, we cannot create folders with the following names:

PRN, AUX, CLOCK$, NUL, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, LPT9, etc.

Now let’s see why can't we create such folder in windows.

These are known as Device files. They are reserved keywords used by MS-DOS based systems to allow access to certain ports and devices. MS-DOS uses device files for access to printers and ports. In simple, when you try to create folders with these names, it can cause confusion as they are used by the system. So folders cannot have these names.

1. I created a folder and tried to rename it to 'con'

2. And it showed this error

3. Then it renamed back to 'New Folder' automatically.

Let’s see the functions of these Device files.

Device keyword	As input	As output
CON	Receives typed data until ^Z (Ctrl-Z) (Undo) is pressed.	Prints data to the console.
PRN	N/A	Prints text to the printer.
AUX	Reads data from an auxiliary device, usually a serial port.	Sends data to an auxiliary device, usually a serial port.
NUL	Returns null or no data.	Discards received data.
CLOCK$	Returns system real-time clock.	N/A
LPT1 (also 2–9)	Reads data from the selected parallel port	Sends data to the selected parallel port
COM1 (also 2–9)	Reads data from the selected serial port	Sends data to the selected serial port

I collected all the above information from the internet, mixed and merged them together for you guys…

When I was actually preparing this post, I became curious to find out what happens if I use these device files in command prompt… This is what I got. See for yourselves in upcoming images…

Can you note it??? When I gave the name in command prompt, it showed ' ' instead of 'con'..

Unlike others, 'NUL' was a different case,

I hope this was informative.. :)

Related posts,

Create 'CON' folder in command prompt

Facebook cool smileys..!!

2012-03-28T21:00:00.003+05:30

Here are the codes for some cool smiley like pictures that can be used in Facebook chat..
Its based on our previous discussions about user ID tricks in Facebook (I mentioned those topics below in related posts)

Anonymous

[[255006724575192]] [[255006727908525]] [[255006737908524]] [[255006734575191]] [[255006731241858]]

[[255006827908515]] [[255006831241848]] [[255006824575182]] [[255006817908516]] [[255006821241849]]

[[255006874575177]] [[255006871241844]] [[255006884575176]] [[255006877908510]] [[255006881241843]]

[[255006934575171]] [[255006931241838]] [[255006941241837]] [[255006944575170]] [[255006937908504]]

[[255007004575164]] [[255007001241831]] [[255006994575165]] [[255006997908498]] [[255006991241832]]

[[255007084575156]] [[255007101241821]] [[255007077908490]] [[255007091241822]] [[255007081241823]]

Jack Sparrow

[[298356520217565]] [[298356516884232]] [[298356506884233]] [[298356510217566]]

[[298356513550899]] [[298356620217555]] [[298356606884223]] [[298356616884222]]

[[298356610217556]] [[298356613550889]] [[298356673550883]] [[298356676884216]]

[[298356666884217]] [[298356680217549]] [[298356670217550]] [[298356740217543]]

[[298356733550877]] [[298356743550876]] [[298356730217544]] [[298356736884210]]

[[298356823550868]] [[298356810217536]] [[298356820217535]] [[298356826884201]]

[[298356813550869]] [[298356906884193]] [[298356896884194]] [[298356900217527]]

[[298356903550860]] [[298356893550861]] [[298356950217522]] [[298356946884189]]

Superman

[[299528860107644]] [[299528863440977]] [[299528866774310]] [[299528856774311]]

[[299528870107643]] [[299528950107635]] [[299528943440969]] [[299528946774302]]

[[299528953440968]] [[299528956774301]] [[299529013440962]] [[299529016774295]]

[[299529010107629]] [[299529003440963]] [[299529006774296]] [[299529060107624]]

[[299529063440957]] [[299529066774290]] [[299529070107623]] [[299529073440956]]

[[299529173440946]] [[299529183440945]] [[299529180107612]] [[299529176774279]]

[[299529186774278]] [[299529243440939]] [[299529236774273]] [[299529240107606]]

Elmo

[[302117289844540]] [[302117283177874]] [[302117276511208]] [[302117279844541]] [[302117286511207]] [[302117366511199]]

[[302117369844532]] [[302117373177865]] [[302117383177864]] [[302117379844531]] [[302117426511193]] [[302117436511192]]

[[302117429844526]] [[302117423177860]] [[302117433177859]] [[302117523177850]] [[302117529844516]] [[302117526511183]]

[[302117536511182]] [[302117533177849]] [[302117606511175]] [[302117596511176]] [[302117599844509]] [[302117593177843]]

[[302117603177842]] [[302117646511171]] [[302117649844504]] [[302117659844503]] [[302117656511170]] [[302117653177837]]

[[302117706511165]] [[302117703177832]] [[302117699844499]] [[302117709844498]] [[302117696511166]] [[302117749844494]]

Troll face

[[242538225822042]] [[242538222488709]] [[242538232488708]] [[242538219155376]] [[242538229155375]] [[242538339155364]]

[[242538335822031]] [[242538342488697]] [[242538345822030]] [[242538349155363]] [[242538392488692]] [[242538395822025]]

[[242538399155358]] [[242538402488691]] [[242538405822024]] [[242538475822017]] [[242538472488684]] [[242538489155349]]

[[242538492488682]] [[242538485822016]] [[242538562488675]] [[242538565822008]] [[242538569155341]] [[242538575822007]]

[[242538572488674]] [[242538612488670]] [[242538625822002]] [[242538619155336]] [[242538622488669]] [[242538615822003]]

[[242538675821997]] [[242538682488663]] [[242538672488664]] [[242538679155330]] [[242538685821996]] [[242538742488657]]

Mr. Bean

[[255016264574238]] [[255016271240904]] [[255016277907570]]

[[255016267907571]] [[255016274574237]] [[255016384574226]]

[[255016387907559]] [[255016394574225]] [[255016401240891]]

[[255016391240892]] [[255016464574218]] [[255016454574219]]

[[255016457907552]] [[255016461240885]] [[255016451240886]]

[[255016537907544]] [[255016531240878]] [[255016534574211]]

[[255016541240877]] [[255016527907545]] [[255016634574201]]

Lips

[[385157151508392]] [[385157148175059]] [[385157161508391]] [[385157154841725]] [[385157158175058]] [[385157294841711]] [[385157298175044]]
[[385157291508378]] [[385157301508377]] [[385157304841710]] [[385157361508371]] [[385157368175037]] [[385157371508370]] [[385157374841703]]
[[385157364841704]] [[385157444841696]] [[385157441508363]] [[385157448175029]] [[385157451508362]] [[385157454841695]] [[385157574841683]]
[[385157564841684]] [[385157571508350]] [[385157561508351]] [[385157568175017]] [[385157654841675]] [[385157641508343]] [[385157644841676]]
[[385157651508342]] [[385157648175009]] [[385157728175001]] [[385157718175002]] [[385157721508335]] [[385157731508334]] [[385157724841668]]

Angry bird

[[390039001020676]] [[390039007687342]] [[390039014354008]] [[390039011020675]] [[390039004354009]] [[390039111020665]]
[[390039114353998]] [[390039117687331]] [[390039124353997]] [[390039121020664]] [[390039181020658]] [[390039184353991]]
[[390039187687324]] [[390039194353990]] [[390039191020657]] [[390039264353983]] [[390039257687317]] [[390039261020650]]
[[390039267687316]] [[390039271020649]] [[390039407687302]] [[390039394353970]] [[390039397687303]] [[390039404353969]]
[[390039401020636]] [[390039481020628]] [[390039487687294]] [[390039484353961]] [[390039477687295]] [[390039494353960]]

Pink panther

[[322450847786845]] [[322450881120175]] [[322450897786840]]
[[322450911120172]] [[322450941120169]] [[322450981120165]]
[[322451004453496]] [[322451014453495]] [[322451041120159]]

[[171108522930776]] Trollface

[[116616581692281]] Trollface 2

[[164413893600463]] Me Gusta

[[189637151067601]] LOL

[[168456309878025]] LoL 2

[[129627277060203]] Poker face

[[227644903931785]] ForeverAlone

[[100002752520227]] Okay

[[100002727365206]] Challenge Accepted

[[224812970902314]] F*ck

[[164413893600463]] Megusta

[[105387672833401]] Fk Yeah

[[125038607580286]] Forever alone navidad

[[143220739082110]] Fk kidding me

[[168040846586189]] Feel like a Sir

[[169919399735055]] Not bad

[[142670085793927]] M O G

[[170815706323196]] Cereal Guy

[[106043532814443]] Y U NO

[[192644604154319]] derpina

[[145768898802324]] fuuu

[[149333368464171]] yao

[[160723207280093]] Are you f*cking kidding me?

[[ChallengeAceptado]] challenge Accepted

[[FapFapFapFap.B]] Fap Fap Fap Fap

[[MegustaMeMe]] Me Gusta

[[100002752520227]] Okay Guy

[[208551699231052]] d

[[100003281387902]] smirk

[[211804458902220]] cd

[[4]] Mark Zuckerberg

[[166456416741199]] Angry Bird

[[196431117116365]] Shin Chan

[[155393057897143]] Doraemon

[[334954663181745]] Spongebob

[[250128751720149]] Domo

[[120219704713360]] Sonic

[[123363421035031]] Pooh

[[132045620187428]] Piglet

[[147290738648754]] Ultraman

[[40134995667]] Bleach

Pedo Bear Seal Of Approval

[[276362842440265]] [[276362865773596]] [[276362879106928]] [[276362905773592]] [[276362935773589]]
[[276362952440254]] [[276362972440252]] [[276362999106916]] [[276363015773581]] [[276363042440245]]
[[276363062440243]] [[276363085773574]] [[276363109106905]] [[276363122440237]] [[276363155773567]]
[[276363179106898]] [[276363195773563]] [[276363215773561]] [[276363229106893]] [[276363249106891]]
[[276363275773555]] [[276363299106886]] [[276363322440217]] [[276363339106882]] [[276363352440214]]

Spongebob 2

[[10150732702166142]] [[10150732702221142]] [[10150732702276142]] [[10150732702321142]] [[10150732702361142]]
[[10150732702416142]] [[10150732702471142]] [[10150732702506142]] [[10150732702566142]] [[10150732702611142]]
[[10150732702666142]] [[10150732702721142]] [[10150732702776142]] [[10150732702811142]] [[10150732702851142]]
[[10150732702926142]] [[10150732702971142]] [[10150732703036142]] [[10150732703071142]] [[10150732703111142]]
[[10150732703161142]] [[10150732703191142]] [[10150732703231142]] [[10150732703266142]] [[10150732703311142]]

Pokemon

[[10150732793106142]] [[10150732793166142]] [[10150732793231142]] [[10150732793291142]] [[10150732793331142]]
[[10150732793396142]] [[10150732793441142]] [[10150732793471142]] [[10150732793531142]] [[10150732793596142]]
[[10150732793651142]] [[10150732793731142]] [[10150732793816142]] [[10150732793881142]] [[10150732793941142]]
[[10150732794051142]] [[10150732794126142]] [[10150732794176142]] [[10150732794236142]] [[10150732794301142]]
[[10150732794361142]] [[10150732794416142]] [[10150732794476142]] [[10150732794526142]] [[10150732794586142]]

Pikachu

[[276377039105512]] [[276377069105509]] [[276377099105506]] [[276377119105504]] [[276377135772169]]
[[276377165772166]] [[276377195772163]] [[276377219105494]] [[276377272438822]] [[276377299105486]]
[[276377332438816]] [[276377349105481]] [[276377382438811]] [[276377412438808]] [[276377432438806]]
[[276377452438804]] [[276377489105467]] [[276377509105465]] [[276377559105460]] [[276377582438791]]
[[276377609105455]] [[276377629105453]] [[276377659105450]] [[276377675772115]] [[276377705772112]]

Angry bird 2

[[276379832438566]] [[276379869105229]] [[276379895771893]] [[276379912438558]] [[276379935771889]]
[[276379959105220]] [[276379975771885]] [[276379999105216]] [[276380015771881]] [[276380042438545]]
[[276380062438543]] [[276380085771874]] [[276380105771872]] [[276380125771870]] [[276380142438535]]
[[276380172438532]] [[276380189105197]] [[276380209105195]] [[276380229105193]] [[276380252438524]]
[[276380275771855]] [[276380305771852]] [[276380325771850]] [[276380342438515]] [[276380372438512]]

Superman Logo

[[276381565771726]] [[276381595771723]] [[276381615771721]] [[276381642438385]] [[276381659105050]]
[[276381672438382]] [[276381709105045]] [[276381749105041]] [[276381772438372]] [[276381792438370]]
[[276381819105034]] [[276381842438365]] [[276381872438362]] [[276381895771693]] [[276381912438358]]
[[276381939105022]] [[276381959105020]] [[276381982438351]] [[276382005771682]] [[276382025771680]]
[[276382052438344]] [[276382119105004]] [[276382145771668]] [[276382162438333]] [[276382185771664]]

Batman Logo

[[276382595771623]] [[276382622438287]] [[276382662438283]] [[276382692438280]] [[276382725771610]]
[[276382755771607]] [[276382769104939]] [[276382812438268]] [[276382839104932]] [[276382865771596]]
[[276382892438260]] [[276382912438258]] [[276382942438255]] [[276382965771586]] [[276382992438250]]
[[276383015771581]] [[276383042438245]] [[276383065771576]] [[276383095771573]] [[276383115771571]]
[[276383139104902]] [[276383165771566]] [[276383185771564]] [[276383209104895]] [[276383242438225]]

Spiderman Logo

[[10150732817576142]] [[10150732817661142]] [[10150732817761142]] [[10150732817836142]] [[10150732817911142]]
[[10150732817981142]] [[10150732818066142]] [[10150732818156142]] [[10150732818241142]] [[10150732818316142]]
[[10150732818376142]] [[10150732818451142]] [[10150732818546142]] [[10150732818641142]] [[10150732818741142]]
[[10150732818816142]] [[10150732818921142]] [[10150732819031142]] [[10150732819141142]] [[10150732819241142]]
[[10150732819336142]] [[10150732819376142]] [[10150732819451142]] [[10150732819546142]] [[10150732819631142]]

Betty boop

[[276388355771047]] [[276388382437711]] [[276388409104375]] [[276388429104373]] [[276388459104370]]
[[276388482437701]] [[276388499104366]] [[276388525771030]] [[276388565771026]] [[276388595771023]]
[[276388629104353]] [[276388655771017]] [[276388682437681]] [[276388705771012]] [[276388729104343]]
[[276388755771007]] [[276388789104337]] [[276388809104335]] [[276388825771000]] [[276388842437665]]
[[276388875770995]] [[276388902437659]] [[276388925770990]] [[276388942437655]] [[276388969104319]]

The Simpsons

[[10150732832741142]] [[10150732832776142]] [[10150732832801142]] [[10150732832826142]] [[10150732832906142]]
[[10150732832966142]] [[10150732833031142]] [[10150732833081142]] [[10150732833121142]] [[10150732833151142]]
[[10150732833206142]] [[10150732833266142]] [[10150732833301142]] [[10150732833341142]] [[10150732833386142]]
[[10150732833436142]] [[10150732833476142]] [[10150732833506142]] [[10150732833561142]] [[10150732833611142]]
[[10150732833646142]] [[10150732833696142]] [[10150732833756142]] [[10150732833791142]] [[10150732833811142]]

Heaven doors

[[10150732802266142]] [[10150732802381142]] [[10150732802471142]] [[10150732802531142]] [[10150732802631142]]
[[10150732802676142]] [[10150732802726142]] [[10150732802796142]] [[10150732802866142]] [[10150732802936142]]
[[10150732803006142]] [[10150732803076142]] [[10150732803191142]] [[10150732803256142]] [[10150732803316142]]
[[10150732803401142]] [[10150732803446142]] [[10150732803511142]] [[10150732803601142]] [[10150732803731142]]
[[10150732803791142]] [[10150732803886142]] [[10150732803941142]] [[10150732803991142]] [[10150732804066142]]

Related posts,

Facebook trick or treat - User ID Bug

Facebook trick or treat - Finding user ID

Facebook trick or treat - Picture on chat

CCD (Charge Coupled Devices)

2012-02-12T14:50:00.002+05:30

Welcome back friends... Previously we discussed about working of a webcam and I will be discussing the working of a CCD now...

We all love to take pictures of things happening around us. When we take a picture, all we can see is pretty colors and eye catching light effects. So the question is what makes the camera to capture stuff like these? There is very interesting concept behind all these. Every camera has a tiny light sensitive chip called a CCD chip.

The history:

The CCD was invented in 1969 by Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith, two colleagues working at Bell Laboratories. They were trying to develop a new kind of computer memory, originally called “charge bubble device” in their notes but what they invented was far more useful for capturing and storing images in digital form. The science behind CCD is the Photoelectric effect discovered by Albert Einstein.

What is a CCD?

A CCD chip is a tiny grid light detector used in cameras to capture images. This CCD chip converts the stuff which the lens sees into digital information (a binary string of 0s and 1s) which the computer can store and

manipulate.

A CCD chip is considered as the “electronic eye” of a digital camera. It is a semiconductor chip made of millions of tiny, light sensitive squares in a grid pattern. These tiny squares are called as pixels. A megapixel is millions of pixels. This is why we compare cameras by megapixels.

So this is how a CCD looks like,

The megapixel concept:

A good camera has a CCD with many megapixels. The more the megapixel the better the photo is. Let’s understand this concept with an example.

If a camera has 6 megapixels (6 million pixels) then it means, pixels are arranged in grid such that there are 3000 rows of pixel and 2000 columns of pixels (3000x2000=6 million).

If a camera has 12 megapixels then it means that the pixels are arranged such that there are 4000 rows and 3000 columns (4000x3000=12 million)

So if you compare the photos taken by these two cameras you can see that the 12 megapixel camera gave extra 1000 dots both in rows and columns.

For those who didn't understand the calculation:

6 megapixel : 3000 rows x 2000 columns

12 megapixel : 4000 rows x 3000 columns

So, there are extra 1000 dots in rows and 1000 dots in columns in a 12 megapixel camera when compared with 6 megapixel camera.

The more the dots the more the details and higher resolution. A single pixel in CCD is 10 micrometers which is 5 to 10 times smaller than human hair.

How do they work?

Let’s imagine… You are pointing your camera towards a bicycle to take a picture of it.

This is how it works:

When you point your camera lens towards the light from the cycle falls on the CCD chip through the camera lens.
The CCD breaks the picture into individual pixels.
The CCD measures the amount of light arriving at each pixel and turns the information into digital data (a binary string of 0s and 1s) and stores it in the memory.

In simple “A CCD converts a picture into binary data”

Each number describes one pixel in image. It describes the brightness, colors and stuff like that.

Hope this was informative..!! :)

Relative posts,

How a webcam works?

How a webcam works?

2012-02-12T14:49:00.002+05:30

Welcome back friends... I'm here with another cool topic about working of a webcam.

A webcam is a compact camera which can be used with computer to capture, broadcast real time videos and images. Just like every camera it has a small lens at the front through which it captures light using light-detectors known as charge-coupled device (CCD). This CCD will convert the picture into digital format (a binary string of 0s and 1s) which is handled by the computer.

What is inside a webcam?

So I dismantled a broken webcam for you guys to see what is there inside a webcam.

It has a focus lens and a CCD chip mounted on a circuit board with a USB wire connected to it.

Focus lens:

The focus lens is mounted on to the circuit board. The CCD chip is placed beneath the lens. The lens can be screwed in and out to control the focus.

CCD chip:

On removing the lens, you can see the CCD chip. The small square thingy at the center is the CCD chip. To know more about CCD chips click here.

There is no battery or inbuilt memory for a webcam as it captures and transmits them to the computer immediately. The USB cable of a webcam supplies power and takes the information captured by the webcam to the computer.

Hope this was interesting..! :)

Related posts,

CCD (Charge Coupled Devices)

Facebook trick or treat - User ID Bug

2012-01-19T20:09:00.001+05:30

Hi friend, welcome back…

So one fine day I was sitting in front of Facebook browsing... A page updated their status to the post below:

‎~FUNNY GAME~

Just Imagine,

you broke up with your lover. After 10years you see him/her. If u say

"HEY, I LOVE YOU"

what would be his/her reply?

To know,

Copy ANY ONE of the lines below.

@+[227988461157:0]

@+[207496440029:0]

@+[250786013666:0]

@+[109640345768180:0]

@+[105641799525521:0]

@+[192333250788571:0]

@+[113119318702609:0]

@+[164867980269754:0]

@+[174723254561:0]

>paste it as your comment,

delete '+' symbol & then post it.

>You can see what her reply....is!

*friends, please select only one set of

number.

So I tried this game and it turned out to be an interesting one… The answers were

@[227988461157:0] - Oh my God look how much you've grown!....Who the hell are you?
@[207496440029:0] - WHO ARE YOU?!

@[250786013666:0] - No matter what happen's between us, i would never want to see you hurt♥

@[109640345768180:0] - Please Leave Me Alone
@[105641799525521:0] - I Love Ü Too.

@[192333250788571:0] - The UglyTruth

@[113119318702609:0] - Drunken Monkey

@[164867980269754:0] - My angel_Iam yours Forever

@[174723254561:0] - I want you ...

Well that was really interesting… Then I started to wonder how this works..

Finally I figured out that those numbers are actually Facebook user ID of pages...

Let us take the first user ID in the above post “227988461157”.

Go to Facebook and in comment or in your status enter @[227988461157:0] and post it..

It automatically turns into the page name.

To verify just copy the name, paste it in search and search it in Facebook..

Enter the code in status

The ID changes to the corresponding page name

Search the page in Facebook

Notice that in address bar, the ID number is displayed at the end of URL

This is applicable for users too. Users should use their user ID... Every users in Facebook will have a unique user ID... User IDs are not visible if they have a user name... This topic will be discussed in next post...
And this is harmless Technique...

Hope this was interesting... :)

Related posts:


Facebook hack - Finding user ID


Facebook hack - Picture on chat

The ALT codes

2012-01-18T20:58:00.001+05:30

Hello friends... Previously I discussed Empty/blank post in Facebook, Smileys and emoticons for Facebook and Symbols that you can use in Facebook... These topics and the topic which I'm going to discuss now have a relationship.. Most of the symbols that I have used in those topics are ALT codes…

ALT codes are nothing but a set of numbers which are typed holding the ALT key in keyboard. These codes offer the best way to insert a non-ascii character i.e., symbols.

The important thing is the set of numbers should be typed from the NUMPAD which is in the right side of the keyboard.

For example,

Hold ALT and press 1 in numpad to get ☺ symbol, ALT+1 = ☺

Just open notepad and enter the numbers holding down the ALT key

The following are the alt code combination,

Smileys and emoticons for Facebook

2011-11-09T10:47:00.005+05:30

I found these smileys, emoticons while I was browsing the internet and thought of sharing it to you all.. Some of these symbols are created using 'ALT codes'. If you want to use these just copy-paste them.

Happy
≧◔◡◔≦ ≧✯◡✯≦ ≧^◡^≦ ≧°◡°≦ ≧◡≦ ᵔ.ᵔ :◅) ≕) ≔) ≠) |:-) =) :) :-) ;) ;=) ;-) ж) ^o^ ^.^ ^.^) =^.^= :*) :-> :*) ٩(●̮̮̃•)۶ ٩(̃-̮̮̃-)۶ (-̮̮̃•)۶ ٩(×̯×)۶ ٩(•̮̮̃-̃)۶ <(^,^)> (≧◡≦) (◡‿◡✿) (✿◠‿◠) 乂⍲‿⍲乂〷◠‿◠〷 '☋' :=◑ ☋ Σ=) Ж-þ ^^. =D ЖD ЖB=D XD X=D

Sad and crying

:( =( =(( :-( :[ :-C ๏̯͡๏ ̃๏̯̃๏ ๏̯̃๏ 'Ω'

:'( :'< :"< :=◐ ◄.► <:( <:-( <:'-( <:"( ╯.╰ ಥ_ಥ (╥﹏╥) ͼ(ݓ_ݓ)ͽ

Showing tongue

:P =P =-P :-P :=P :Þ :-Þ B-Þ B=Þ X-p Ж-p ≧ω≦

Cute faces

✿◕ ‿ ◕✿ ❀◕ ‿ ◕❀ ❁◕ ‿ ◕❁ ✾◕ ‿ ◕✾ -=#:-)

Cool

B) BD Ж) Ж-D XD B-| B┨ B-/

Neutral emoticons

ύ.ὺ :| =| :=| (►.◄) :┨

Unsure, confused, contempt

=U =Ш ⊙_☉ ⊙.☉ ૅ.ે (~_^) =➚ =✖ ό,ὸ =I :-I :-1 =Ї _*.*_ =$ :-# :/ :\ =/ =\ :=/ :=\ (◐.̃◐) ಠ_ಠ *-* (◑.◑) ◭,◭ <(' .' )> ^( '-' )^ v( ‘.’ )v }:=/ =Ґ =ґ =Г =г =l =L

Mad emoticons

ὺ.ύ ὸ.ό m(><)m >:( >:-( >:=( >:) >:-) >:=) >:=◑ >:=@ >BD >XD >B-<> >B┨ »,« >:[P] >.< (>‘o’)>

Surprised faces, worry

❁_❁ ☢.☢ ⊙.☉ ○.◎ ▧.▨ ❂.❂ @.@ ≥⁰,⁰≤ ≧⁰,⁰≦ Oo O.o O_o ̃o.O (O.O) (̃⊙.o ⊙.◎) :-O :O :-o :o :-X :-Σ •ิ.• <('o'<) =U

Innocent, etc.

O:) O:-) O:=) 3:) 3:-) 3:=) 3:( 3:=( 3:-( 3:< 3:-< 3:=<

Love

=♥ (♥♥,) ❣ ➳♥ <3 </3 :-* @>--;-- =Ø

Funny chat emoticons with symbols

..^.^..zZzzZZ @(ᵕ.ᵕ)@ >:[P] :|] >[:] ◜☋◝ ツ ♱ ♰ ⇨◎ ☞

№ :[:=:]: ⇝ ⇪ εїз ε> ξ=} ~:0 =^.^= <('o'<) ^( '-' )^ (>‘o’)> v( ‘.’ )v <(' .' )> <('.'<)

=(_8^(1) (Homer Simpson)

(_8(|) (another version)

|_P (coffee)

//_^ (a_)) (emo)

<:3 )~ (mouse)

~,~ (sleeping)

O-\-<]: (skater)

}-(((*>

(_T_) (butt)

$_$

(*≗*) (clown)

@};--- (rose)

웃❤유

:▶ (Bandit)

v(*.*)^ (grooving)

%￭.￭% (with curly hair)

☜☆☞ (superstar)

☜♡☞ (Love it!)

εїз Ƹ̴Ӂ̴Ʒ (Butterflies)

[̲̅$̲̅(̲̅ιοο̲̅)̲̅$̲̅] (hundred bucks)

║█║▌║█║▌│║▌║▌█║ (bar code)

o==[]::::::::::::::::> (sword)

I hope this was helpful.. ^◡^

Related posts,

Some symbols that you can use in Facebook

2011-11-09T09:58:00.004+05:30

These are Unicode-encoded special text characters. Just copy-paste symbols that you like into your status, comments, messages. Facebook won't let you put them into your user name.

Symbols

☮ ✈ ♋ 웃 유 ☠ ☯ ♥ ✌ ✖ ☢ ☣ ☤ ⚜

❖ Σ ⊗ ♒ ♠ Ω ♤ ♣ ♧ ♡ ♦♢♔ ♕ ♚ ♛ ★ ☆ ✮ ✯ ☄ ☾ ☽ ☼ ☀ ☁ ☂ ☃ ☻ ☺ ۞ ۩ ♬ ✄ ✂ ✆ ✉ ✦ ✧ ∞ ♂ ♀ ☿ ❤ ❥ ❦ ❧ ™ ® © ✗ ✘ ⊗ ♒ ▢ ▲ △ ▼ ▽ ◆ ◇ ○ ◎ ● ◯ Δ ◕ ◔ ʊ ϟ ღ 回 ₪ ✓ ✔ ✕ ☥ ☦ ☧ ☨ ☩ ☪ ☫ ☬ ☭ ™©® ¿¡½⅓⅔¼¾ ⅛⅜⅝⅞ ℅№⇨ ❝❞ ∃∧∠ ∨∩⊂ ⊃∪⊥∀ ΞΓɐəɘεβ ɟɥɯɔи ɹʁ яʌʍλ ч ∞ Σ Π
⌥ ⌘ 文 ⑂
ஜ ๏

Smileys

☹ ☺ ☻ ت ヅツッシ Ü ϡ ﭢ

Copyright, registered, trademark

™ ℠ © ® ℗

Currency symbols

€ £ ¥ ¢ ƒ ₩

Double-struck letters

ℂ ℍ ℕ ℙ ℚ ℝ ℤ

Antique letter characters

ℬ ℰ ℯ ℱ ℊ ℋ ℎ ℐ ℒ ℓ ℳ ℴ ℘ ℛ
ℭ ℮ ℌ ℑ ℜ ℨ

Triangles

▲◣◢ ◥▼△▽ ⊿◤◥ △ ▴ ▵ ▶ ▷ ▸ ▹ ► ▻ ▼ ▽ ▾ ▿ ◀ ◁ ◂ ◃ ◄ ◅

Maths, Numbers

⅟½⅓¾⅔⅕⅖⅗⅘⅙⅚⅛⅜⅝⅞

Comparison signs

≂ ≃ ≄ ≅ ≆ ≇ ≈ ≉ ≊ ≋ ≌ ≍ ≎ ≏ ≐ ≑ ≒ ≓ ≔ ≕ ≖ ≗ ≘ ≙ ≚ ≛ ≜ ≝ ≞ ≟ ≠ ≡ ≢ ≣ ≤ ≥ ≦ ≧ ≨ ≩ ⊰ ⊱ ⋛ ⋚

Integrals

∫ ∬ ∭ ∮ ∯ ∰ ∱ ∲ ∳

Index / power numbers and letters

⁰ ⁱ ⁲ ⁳ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ⁺ ⁻ ⁼ ⁽ ⁾ ⁿ ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ ₅ ₆ ₇ ₈ ₉ ₊ ₋ ₌ ₍ ₎ ₏
ᵀᴴᴱ'ᴼᴿᴵᴳᴵᴻᴬᴸ
ᴬ ᴭ ᴮ ᴯ ᴰ ᴱ ᴲ ᴳ ᴴ ᴵ ᴶ ᴷ ᴸ ᴹ ᴺ ᴻ ᴼ ᴽ ᴾ ᴿ ᵀ ᵁ ᵂ ᵃ ᵄ ᵅ ᵆ ᵇ ᵈ ᵉ ᵊ ᵋ ᵌ ᵍ ᵎ ᵏ ᵐ ᵑ ᵒ ᵓ ᵔ ᵕ ᵖ ᵗ ᵘ ᵙ ᵚ ᵛ ᵜ ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵠ ᵡ ᶛ ᶜ ᶝ ᶞ ᶟ ᶠ ᶡ ᶢ ᶣ ᶤ ᶥ ᶦ ᶧ ᶨ ᶩ ᶪ ᶫ ᶬ ᶭ ᶮ ᶯ ᶰ ᶱ ᶲ ᶳ ᶴ ᶵ ᶶ ᶷ ᶸ ᶹ ᶺ ᶻ ᶼ ᶽ ᶾ ᶿ
ₐ ₑ ₒ ₓ ₔ ᵢ ᵣ ᵤ ᵥ

Roman numerals

Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ Ⅺ Ⅻ Ⅼ Ⅽ Ⅾ Ⅿ ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ ⅳ ⅴ ⅵ ⅶ ⅷ
ⅸ ⅹ ⅺ ⅻ ⅼ ⅽ ⅾ ⅿ

Circled (bubble) Numbers

➀➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➈ ➉
➊➋➌➍➎➏➐➑➒➓

Circled (bubble) letters

ⒶⒷⒸⒹⒺⒻ ⒼⒽ ⒾⒿⓀ ⓁⓂⓃ ⓄⓅⓆ ⓇⓈⓉ ⓊⓋⓌⓍⓎⓏ
ⓐⓑⓒⓓⓔⓕⓖⓗ ⓘⓙⓚⓛⓜⓝ ⓞⓟⓠⓡⓢⓣ ⓤⓥⓦⓧⓨⓩ

Foreign characters

ಐ ಓ ಔ ಕ ಖ ಗ ಘ ಙ ಝ ಞ ಲ ಶ ಹ ೀ ಾ ಿ ಧಿ ೈ ೋ ೌ ೬ ೂ ೄ ભ મ ય ર લ ળ વ શ ષ સ હ ઼ ઽ ા િ ી ુ ૂ ૃ ૄ ૅ ે ૈ ૉ ો ૌ ્ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন প ফ ব ভ ম য র ল শ ষ স ঁ ং ঃ অ আ ই ঈ উ ঊ ঋ ঌ এ ঐ ও ঔ ক খ গহ

Chinese/Asian signs

㌹ - ㍭ - 頹 - 衙 - 浳 - 浤 - 搰 - 煤 - 洳 - 橱 - 橱 - 煪 - ㍱ - 煱 - 둻 - 睤 - 楤 - ぱ - - 椹 - ぱ - ㍵ - 畱 - 煵 - 田 - つ - 煵 - 엌 - 嫠 - 쯦 - 案 - 迎 - 是 - 從 - 事 - 網 - 頁 - 設 - 計 - 簡 - 大

Chess symbols

♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
♔ ♕ ♖ ♗ ♘ ♙

Hand pointers

☚ ☛ ☜ ☝ ☞ ☟ ✌

Cross

☩ ☨ ☦ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✝ ✞ ✠

Stars and snowflakes

⋆ ✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ ✧ ✩ ✪ ✫ ✬ ✭ ✮ ✯ ✰ ★ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ❄ ❅ ❆ ❇ ❈ ❉ ❊ ❋ ╰☆╮ ✡ ❂ -‘๑’-

Flower

✽ ✾ ✿ ❀ ❁ ❃ ❋

Music symbols

♪ ♫ ♩ ♬ ♭ ♮ ♯ ° ø

Sun, rain, snow, temperature

☼ ☀ ☁ ☂ ☃ ☄ ☾ ☽ ❄ ☇ ☈ ⊙ ☉ ℃ ℉ ° ❅ ✺ ϟ

Beliefs

☪ ✌ ☮ ♆ 卐

Religious

✡ † ☨ ✞ ✝ ☥ ☦ ☓ ♁ ☩

Political

Ⓐ ☭ ✯

Gender, love, heart

♥ ❤ ❥ ❣ ❦ ❧ ♡ ♋ ♂ ♀ ☿ 웃 유 ღ ۵

Message, pen, pencil, keyboard

✉ ✍ ✎ ✏ ✐✑✒ ⌨

Check box

☑ ✓ ✔ √

X, No/Unchecked, band aid

☐ ☒ ☓ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✇

Percent

% ℅ ‰ ‱

Push pin

☌

Escape, delete, sub, country shortcuts

␛ ␡ ␚
␟ ␘ ␠ ␤ ␋ ␌ ␍ ␎ ␏ ␐ ␑ ␒ ␓ ␔ ␕ ␖ ␗ ␙ ␜ ␝ ␞

Corners

┌ ┍ ┎ ┏ ┐ ┑ ┒ ┓ └ ┕ ┖ ┗ ┘ ┙ ┚ ┛ ├ ┝ ┞ ┟ ┠ ┡ ┢ ┣ ┤ ┥ ┦ ┧ ┨ ┩ ┪ ┫ ┬ ┭ ┮ ┯ ┰ ┱ ┲ ┳ ┴ ┵ ┶ ┷ ┸ ┹ ┺ ┻ ┼ ┽ ┾ ┿ ╀ ╁ ╂ ╃ ╄ ╅ ╆ ╇ ╈ ╉ ╊ ╋ ╌ ╍ ╎ ╏ ═ ║ ╒ ╓ ╔ ╕ ╖ ╗ ╘ ╙ ╚ ╛ ╜ ╝ ╞ ╟ ╠ ╡ ╢ ╣ ╤ ╥ ╦ ╧ ╨ ╩ ╪ ╫ ╬

Blocks

❏ ❐ ❑ ❒ ▀ ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ ▉ ▊ ▋ █ ▌ ▍ ▎ ▏ ▐ ░ ▒ ▓ ▔ ▕ ▖ ▗ ▝▝ ▘ ▞ ▚ ▙ ▟ ▛ ▜
■ □ ▢ ▣ ▤ ▥ ▦ ▧ ▨ ▩ ▪ ▫ ▬ ▭ ▮ ▯ ☰ ☲ ☱ ☴ ☵ ☶ ☳ ☷   

Chinese symbols

頹 - 衙 - 浳 - 浤 - 搰 - ㍭ - 煤 - 洳 - 橱 - 橱 - 煪 - ㍱ - 煱 - 둻 - 睤 - ㌹ - 楤 - ぱ - - 椹 - ぱ - ㍵ - 畱 - 煵 - 田 - つ - 煵 - 엌 - 嫠 - 쯦 - 案 - 迎 - 是 - 從 - 事 - 網 - 頁 - 設 - 計 - 簡 - 大

Scissors

✁ ✂ ✃ ✄

Telephone

✆ ☎ ☏

Quotes

❝❞ «» ‶ ‷‴ ‹ › 〈〉 ‸^ ′ ″ ‵ ‘ ’ ‚ ‛ “ ” „ ‟

Time

⌚ ⌛

Round objects, circles

❂ ○ ◎ ● ◯ ◕ ◔ ◐ ◑ ☢ ⊗ ⊙ ◘ ◙ ◍

Question, exclamation marks

❢ ❣ ⁇ ⁈ ⁉ ‼ ‽ ！ !

♥℘.s. Æ ℓ٥ﻻ ﻉ√٥υ♥

Ties

͝combining double breve ͡combining double inverted breve ͜combining double breve below
‿undertie ⁀char tie ⌢frown ⌣smile

These codes work and I have tried them.

I hope this was useful.. :)

Related posts,

Empty/blank post in facebook

2011-11-08T23:23:00.002+05:30

Post blank status in Facebook

In this post I'm going to tell you how to post blank status in facebook.

Follow these steps.

Login to facebook
In status, type “@[0:0: ]” or “alt+0173″ (Type numbers from numpad of keyboard)
Post the status
And there it is... An empty status...

Using @[0:0: ]

Using alt+0173

Results a blank status

There are many "alt codes" which I will be discussing later on.
Hope this was helpful.. :)

To know about inserting cool symbols in your Facebook messages, comments, status, read about "Some symbols that you can use in facebook"

What is a Virus Signature?

2011-11-08T20:37:00.005+05:30

Virus Definitions

What are Virus Definitions?
A virus definition (also known as a virus signature) is a unique string of bits, or the binary pattern, of the machine code of a virus. The term "virus definitions" typically refers to the database of all current virus signature files used by particular antivirus software for virus detection. Virus definitions are the primary method of detection for most antivirus software programs. Each virus has a virus signature written in it. In simple, virus signatures are ID number for a virus.

How are they used?
When you scan your computer for viruses, antivirus software compares the data on a computer with its virus definition database. Virus definition database is the collection of virus signatures. While comparing, if the signature in database matches it is identified as a virus.

In simple, an antivirus is like a security guard and signatures are the ID numbers. The definition database is the blacklist. It contains the ID numbers of files which are blacklisted (not allowed). While scanning, the security (antivirus) compares the ID numbers (signatures) of the files with the blacklist (database). On comparison if both are same it is identified as a virus.

For example consider a file with signature 10101010. On scan the antivirus will compare it with dictionary. If it matches ‘10101010’ it is considered as virus.

Some hacker uses Crypter software to change the content of the file. From the above example, using this software 10101010 will be changed to 12121212 so that antivirus would not recognize it in and doesn’t consider it to be virus. To encounter with this problem Antivirus Dictionaries also include the entries to identify the Crypted Virus. It would keep 12121212 in Virus Signature Database and identify it as a virus.

For effective protection, it is essential that the virus definition database is frequently updated. Virus authors are constantly creating new variants and new viruses in attempt to exploit vulnerabilities in user’s systems. All it takes is one worm or virus to wreak havoc and cause major destruction to a system or network. In order for antivirus software to provide maximum protection, it should be able to detect all known viruses, including the latest threats.

To know more, read "How antivirus works?" and "What is a computer virus?"

How does Antivirus work?

2011-11-08T20:12:00.004+05:30

Antivirus

From the very first virus created as an experiment to the latest virus created one of the biggest worries for all computer users is how to prevent them from attacking our computers. Antivirus software was created to protect virus attacks it detects harmful Software's or programs like Computer Virus, Computer Worms, Trojan Horses, Spyware, Ad-ware. Antivirus is one of the most important parts of a computer and saves us from many dangers every day.

So how exactly do Antivirus work?

When you scan your computer with antivirus software, it uses virus "scan engine" and scans all the data, files on your computer and if viruses are detected, it disinfects them. Virus are detected in two methods.

Signature based detection
Checking for Suspicious behavior

Signature Based Detection:

The Signature Based Detection is the way in which the antivirus compares the content of the file to the dictionary of the viruses. The antivirus uses 'virus signatures' (also known as 'virus definition'). This is a very effective way because it is able to identify all the viruses that are publicly known. Every virus has a signature in it. The antivirus will maintain a signature database in which it stores the signatures of known viruses. When scanning a file, antivirus reads the signature and compares it with the signatures in its database. If it matches then the file is identified as a virus. Hundreds and thousands of viruses are found each day in the internet. Each may have new signatures which are not in the antivirus database. This is why we need to update our antivirus. When we update our antivirus, new signatures will be stored in the database allowing the antivirus to track down new viruses in our computer.

Checking for Suspicious behavior:

In this method, the antivirus runs in the real time and observes the behaviors of files currently running. It sees for malicious activities of files without user permission (like overwriting a file). If this kind of suspicious behavior is observed by the antivirus then it suddenly stops the program and warns the user about the file’s activity. The user can decide whether it is all right to keep the program or to kick it out.

Antivirus software like ESET, Norton, etc. use both the methods.

Both methods have pros and cons in them.

In virus signature method as I mentioned above, hundreds and thousands of viruses are created each day and it is important to update antivirus at least once a day. An antivirus that is left for two or three days without being updated becomes outdated and is a serious danger.
In suspicious behavior method, the drawback is that it can warn you about items that are not viruses. If you have to work with a lot of items that may be considered dangerous, you could soon tire of the alerts. Programmers in particular may prefer to disable this option.

To know more, read "What is a Computer Virus?" and "What is a Virus Signature?"

What is a Computer Virus?

2011-11-08T18:56:00.001+05:30

Computer Virus

What is a computer virus?
A computer virus is a small software program developed the bad guys. It spreads from one computer to another leaving infection as it travels, interferes with computer operations, corrupts or deletes data on a computer and may use an e-mail program to email itself to other computers, or even delete everything on the hard disk...

Computer viruses are most easily spread by attachments in e-mail messages, by IM messages, can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files, by downloads on the Internet or hidden in pirated software. So don’t open an e-mail attachment unless you know the sender don’t download unnecessary software or a software which you never heard of.

Symptoms of a virus infection:
The following are some primary symptoms of infection:

The computer is slower than a turtle.
The computer freezes, locks up frequently, crashes,
If the computer restarts every few minutes.
The computer restarts by itself.
The computer does not run as usual.
Applications on the computer do not work correctly.
Disks or disk drives are inaccessible.
You cannot print items correctly.
You see unusual error messages.
You see distorted menus and dialog boxes.
There is a double extension on an attachment that you recently opened.
An antivirus program is disabled for no reason, cannot be restarted, cannot be installed on the computer, or the antivirus program will not run.
New icons appear on the desktop by itself, or the icons are not associated with any recently installed programs.
Strange sounds or music plays from the speakers unexpectedly.
A program disappears from the computer even though you did not intentionally remove the program.

To be simple you will have a creepy feeling that your computer is haunted. However, these signs may also be caused by hardware or software problems that have nothing to do with a computer virus.

Types of virus:

Resident Viruses

These viruses will reside on the RAM memory situated in the CPU, and will damage or corrupt all those files and programs available on that system.

Direct Action Viruses

These kinds of viruses will affect the documents in the folder or directory and replicate them again in the same place where it is located in. The execution of the virus is triggered when the system is booted every time.

Overwrite Viruses

These viruses damage or remove the data present on those documents that it infected and thus making it useless at last. The only option to do from here is to delete that useless file.

Boot Virus

The virus that infects part of a hard disk or a floppy drive referred to as boot sector, the crucial part of the disk where the operating system and boot programs will be stores. The boot sector viruses are executed when the computer is restarted. These viruses are almost extinct as people stopped using portable floppy discs.

Directory Virus

These viruses are designed to change the location of the infected file and so when you execute it, you will never know that you have run a virus.

File Infectors

These are the common PC viruses that are designed to affect executable files and application programs. Usually, these viruses accompany the free stuff you download online.

Companion Viruses

The name suggests the characteristics, as these viruses will always be accompanying other files that were already present on the PC.

FAT Virus

File Allocation Table is the full form of FAT. FAT viruses when executed will result in loss of data.

Worms

These are similar to computer viruses but are less effective and easy to remove. These replicate themselves and reduce the system performances.

Trojans or Trojan Horses/Logic Bombs

The viruses that do not replicate and are designed to perform targeted activities.

What is a Trojan horse?
Trojan Horses are a type of computer program that appear to perform a certain function, but actually perform other when you run it, often malicious actions (it may erase your hard disk). Trojan horses doesn’t replicate automatically. It may reformat the hard disk, delete files and programs, install hidden programs, such as pirated software, reduce security and enable intruders to remotely access the computer or the network.

What is a Worm?
A worm is similar to a virus by design and is considered to be a sub-class of a virus. Worms spread from computer to computer, but unlike a virus, it has the capability to travel without any human action. The biggest danger with a worm is its capability to replicate itself on your system, so rather than your computer sending out a single worm, it could send out hundreds or thousands of copies of itself creating a huge army of worms with devastating effect. One example would be for a worm to send a copy of itself to everyone listed in your e-mail address book. Then, the worm replicates and sends itself out to everyone listed in each of the receiver's address book, and the manifest continues on down the line.

What is Spyware?
Spyware can install on your computer and collect small pieces of information about users without your knowledge. They are hidden from users and may be difficult to be found. These programs can change your computer’s configuration or collect advertising data and personal information. Spyware can track internet searching habits and possibly redirect web site activity.

Symptoms of Spyware:
Spyware may result in:

Slow internet connection.
Changing your web browser’s home page.
Loss of internet connectivity.
Failure to open some programs, including security software.
Unable to visit specific websites, which may include redirecting you to another one.

How to avoid being infected by virus?

Install a reliable anti-virus program
Activate firewall on your computer/network
Frequently update anti-virus program
Update your OS regularly
Don't open mail attachments without scanning
Don't boot from an unknown data CD
Scan files for viruses before using them
Don't download unreliable software
Don't download software from unreliable websites

To know more, read "How antivirus works?" and "What is Virus signature?"

3 Ways to Find Whether Your Computer Is Hacked

2011-11-06T09:45:00.002+05:30

These are the three basic ways to find whether your computer is hacked or not.

1. You will feel like your computer is haunted.
If you start noticing that your computer starts to act strangely, almost paranormal.
For example,

The cursor starts to move on its own
Emails that you know were untouched in your inbox before suddenly vanish
Passwords changed by itself
Numbers and other characters appear on your screen automatically even when you did not touch your keyboard

As soon as you notice any kind of the unusual activity listed above, follow these steps:

Immediately disconnect your wireless or unplug your Ethernet cable so that the hacker cannot access your computer anymore.
Scan your computer with your antivirus software to remove any cookies or installed malicious software that the hacker administered to your computer.

2. Your internet connection becomes very slow.
Hackers have to operate from a remote location to gain control of your computer. This will slow down your internet connection speed as more broad width is being used. There can also be other reasons why your internet connection is slow. But just to make sure, it is best to check your system logs to see if a second or third party has logged into your computer at any time.
To do this follow the steps,

Right click on my computer --> Manage --> Computer Management --> Event viewer --> security

3. Your computer is always processing information.
Your computer is idle but your hard drive's LED still blinks? then it means a hacker has invaded your computer or may be an update is occurring, but if if you are not updating your computer then you need to disconnect your LAN or WiFi immediately.

Windows Keyboard Shortcuts

2011-10-20T19:53:00.001+05:30

Windows Keyboard Shortcuts

Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows system. I use the following keyboard shortcuts every day:

Run shortcuts:

Windows key + R = Run menu

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online

control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog

cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + “web address” = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services

Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Also don’t forget about the “Right-click” key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you’ve opened up any program.

Keyboard Shortcuts:

[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications

[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter

[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)

[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window

[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document

Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph

[F1] Open Help for active application

Windows+M Minimize all open windows

Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows

Windows+F1 Open Windows Help

Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons

Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box

acessability shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds…….. Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN……. Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK……. Switch MouseKeys on and off.

SHIFT……. five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.

NUM LOCK…… for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.

Explorer shortcuts:

END……. Display the bottom of the active window.

HOME……. Display the top of the active window.

NUM LOCK+ASTERISK……. on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN……. on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN……. on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.

LEFT ARROW…… Collapse current selection if it’s expanded, or select parent folder.

RIGHT ARROW……. Display current selection if it’s collapsed, or select first subfolder.

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

Internet browser:

Type in address “Google”, then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it

For Windows XP:

Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Create shortcut to selected item. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word. CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP ARROW
Highlight a block of text. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4
Switch between open items. ALT+TAB
Cycle through items in the order they were opened. ALT+ESC
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6
Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer. F4
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. SHIFT+F10
Display the System menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Display the Start menu. CTRL+ESC
Display the corresponding menu. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
Carry out the corresponding command. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu
Activate the menu bar in the active program. F10
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh the active window. F5
View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Cancel the current task. ESC
SHIFT when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.

Use these keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes:

Move forward through tabs. CTRL+TAB

Move backward through tabs. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Move forward through options. TAB
Move backward through options. SHIFT+TAB
Carry out the corresponding command or select the corresponding option. ALT + Underlined letter
carry out the command for the active option or button. ENTER
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box. SPACEBAR
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons. Arrow keys
Display Help. F1
Display the items in the active list. F4
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box. BACKSPACE

If you have a Microsoft Natural Keyboard, or any other compatible keyboard that includes the Windows logo key and the Application key, you can use these keyboard shortcuts:

Display or hide the Start menu. WIN Key
Display the System Properties dialog box. WIN Key + BREAK
Show the desktop. WIN Key + D

Minimize all windows. WINKey+M

Restores minimized windows. WINKey+Shift+M
Open My Computer. WIN Key+E
Search for a file or folder. WIN Key+F
Search for computers. CTRL + WINKey + F

Display Windows Help. WIN Key+F1
Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain. WIN Key+ L
Open the Run dialog box. WIN Key+R
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

Accessibility keyboard shortcuts:

Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN
Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

shortcuts you can use with Windows Explorer:

Display the bottom of the active window. END
Display the top of the active window. HOME
Display all subfolders under the selected folder. NUM LOCK+ASTERISK on numeric keypad (*)
Display the contents of the selected folder. NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+)
Collapse the selected folder. NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-)
Collapse current selection if it’s expanded, or select parent folder. LEFT ARROW
Display current selection if it’s collapsed, or select first subfolder. RIGHT ARROW

Beep codes error details

2011-10-20T19:50:00.001+05:30

Beep codes error details

Standard Original IBM POST Error Codes

1 short beep System is OK

2 short beeps POST Error – error code shown on screen No beep Power supply or system board problem Continuous beep Power supply, system board, or keyboard problem Repeating short beeps Power supply or system board problem

1 long, 1 short beep System board problem

1 long, 2 short beeps Display adapter problem (MDA, CGA)

1 long, 3 short beeps Display adapter problem (EGA)

3 long beeps 3270 keyboard card

IBM POST Diagnostic Code Descriptions

100 – 199 System Board

200 – 299 Memory

300 – 399 Keyboard

400 – 499 Monochrome Display

500 – 599 Colour/Graphics Display

600 – 699 Floppy-disk drive and/or Adapter

700 – 799 Math Coprocessor

900 – 999 Parallel Printer Port

1000 – 1099 Alternate Printer Adapter

1100 – 1299 Asynchronous Communication Device, Adapter, or Port

1300 – 1399 Game Port

1400 – 1499 Colour/Graphics Printer

1500 – 1599 Synchronous Communication Device, Adapter, or Port

1700 – 1799 Hard Drive and/or Adapter

1800 – 1899 Expansion Unit (XT)

2000 – 2199 Bisynchronous Communication Adapter

2400 – 2599 EGA system-board Video (MCA)

3000 – 3199 LAN Adapter

4800 – 4999 Internal Modem

7000 – 7099 Phoenix BIOS Chips

7300 – 7399 3.5″ Disk Drive

8900 – 8999 MIDI Adapter

11200 – 11299 SCSI Adapter

21000 – 21099 SCSI Fixed Disk and Controller

21500 – 21599 SCSI CD-ROM System

AMI BIOS Beep Codes

1 Short Beep System OK

2 Short Beeps Parity error in the first 64 KB of memory

3 Short Beeps Memory failure in the first 64 KB

4 Short Beeps Memory failure in the first 64 KB Operational of memory

or Timer 1 on the motherboard is not functioning

5 Short Beeps The CPU on the motherboard generated an error

6 Short Beeps The keyboard controller may be bad. The BIOS cannot switch to protected mode

7 Short Beeps The CPU generated an exception interrupt

8 Short Beeps The system video adapter is either missing, or its memory is faulty

9 Short Beeps The ROM checksum value does not match the value encoded in the BIOS

10 Short Beeps The shutdown register for CMOS RAM failed

11 Short Beeps The external cache is faulty

1 Long, 3 Short Beeps Memory Problems

1 Long, 8 Short Beeps Video Card Problems

Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes

Note – Phoenix BIOS emits three sets of beeps, separated by a brief pause.

1-1-3 CMOS read/write failure

1-1-4 ROM BIOS checksum error

1-2-1 Programmable interval timer failure

1-2-2 DMA initialisation failure

1-2-3 DMA page register read/write failure

1-3-1 RAM refresh verification failure

1-3-3 First 64k RAM chip or data line failure

1-3-4 First 64k RAM odd/even logic failure

1-4-1 Address line failure first 64k RAM

1-4-2 Parity failure first 64k RAM

2-_-_ Faulty Memory

3-1-_ Faulty Motherboard

3-2-4 Keyboard controller Test failure

3-3-4 Screen initialisation failure

3-4-1 Screen retrace test failure

3-4-2 Search for video ROM in progress

4-2-1 Timer tick interrupt in progress or failure

4-2-2 Shutdown test in progress or failure

4-2-3 Gate A20 failure

4-2-4 Unexpected interrupt in protected mode

4-3-1 RAM test in progress or failure>ffffh

4-3-2 Faulty Motherboard

4-3-3 Interval timer channel 2 test or failure

4-3-4 Time of Day clock test failure

4-4-1 Serial port test or failure

4-4-2 Parallel port test or failure

4-4-3 Math coprocessor test or failure

Low 1-1-2 System Board select failure

Low 1-1-3 Extended CMOS RAM failure

Do calculations with Command Prompt

2011-10-20T19:41:00.001+05:30

Do calculations with Command Prompt

The command processor 'cmd.exe' comes with a mini-calculator that can perform simple arithmetic on 32-bit signed integers:

C:\>SET /A 2+2

C:\>SET /A 2*(9/2)

C:\>SET /A (2*9)/2

C:\>SET /A “31>>2″

Note that we had to quote the shift operator since it would otherwise be misinterpreted as a “redirect stdout and append” operator.

For more information, type 'set /?' at the command prompt.

Enable or disable USB port or device

2011-10-20T19:19:00.002+05:30

Enable or disable USB port or device

USB Devices are portable enough to carry the data from one computer to another , It is always risky to enable USB ports of computers in large organizations , data center and cyber cafes since it can be the gateway for virus and malwares.

You can disable or enable USB port or device in three ways

1: Enable / Disable USB port and device in BIOS

It can be enabled or disabled in BIOS where the peripheral device setting is configured. While booting the system you will be getting an option to configure BIOS settings. But only problem is you will not be able to use those USB ports for any purpose like connecting USB keyboards or mouse or any devices.

2: Enable / Disable USB port and device using registry hack in windows

Another effective way to enable or disable USB port or device is to hack registry entry in windows , it will allow you to use your USB port for other functions like connecting keyboard or mouse but you can restrict the data storage through USB port

Step 1: Click on Start –> Run –> regedit [enter]

Step 2: Search for the key “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsbStor”

Step 3: Select the key UsbStor, double clicks on Start value.

Step 4: In “Value data” enter 4 to disable USB storage, or enter 3 to enable USB storage on windows system

3: Freeware to enable or disable USB port or device in Windows 7 and XP

There is a nice tool to enable or disable USB PORT in registry. It exactly does the above mentioned steps. If you are not an experienced users then I would prefer you to use below mentioned software for this task. Please remember that it is always risky to edit windows registry.

Steve Jobs: A Timeline

2011-10-16T09:13:00.001+05:30

Steve Jobs: A Timeline

Here's a recap of the major events in the life of Steve Jobs, Apple's co-founder who died Wednesday.

1955 -- Born Feb. 24 in San Francisco to Joanne Simpson and Abdulfattah Jandali.

1955 -- Adopted from infancy by Paul and Clara Jobs in San Francisco. Moves to Mountain View, California, five months later.

1969 -- Offered a summer job at Hewlett-Packard Co. (HP) by William Hewlett.

1971 -- Meets Steve Wozniak; the two later found Apple Computer Inc.

1972 -- Graduates from Homestead High School in Los Altos.

1972 -- Registers at Reed College, Portland, Oregon, and drops out after one semester.

1974 -- Joins Atari Inc. as a technician.

1975 -- Starts attending meetings of the "Homebrew Computer Club," which discussed home computers.

1976 -- Jobs and Wozniak raise US$1,750 and build their first marketable table-top computer, the Apple I.

1976 -- Founds Apple Computer Company with Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. Wayne sells his stake two weeks later.

1976 -- Jobs and Wozniak launch Apple I for $666.66, the first single-board computer with a video interface and an onboard Read Only Memory (ROM), which instructed the machine on how to load programs from an external source.

1977 -- Apple is incorporated as Apple Computer Inc. and the new company buys out the original partnership.

1977 -- Apple launches Apple II, the world's first widely used personal computer.

1978 -- Jobs has first child, Lisa, with Chrisann Brennan.

1979 -- Development of Macintosh starts.

1980 -- Apple III launched.

1980 -- Apple goes public, share price jumps from $22 to $29 on the first day of trading.

1981 -- Jobs involves himself in Macintosh development.

1983 -- Recruits John Sculley as Apple president and chief executive officer.

1983 -- Announces "Lisa," the first mouse-controlled computer. It fails in the marketplace.

1984 -- Apple launches Macintosh with a splashy ad campaign on Super Bowl Sunday.

1985 -- Wins National Technology Medal from U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

1985 -- Jobs ousted from Apple after boardroom struggle with Sculley. Jobs resigns and takes five Apple employees with him.

1985 -- Founds Next Inc. to develop computer hardware and software. Company later renamed Next Computer Inc.

1986 -- Buys Pixar from George Lucas for less than $10 million. Company later renamed Pixar Animation Studios.

1989 -- Next launches $6,500 NeXT Computer, also known as The Cube. It comes with a monochrome monitor, and fails in the marketplace.

1989 -- Pixar wins Academy Award for animated short film "Tin Toy."

1991 -- Marries current wife Laurene Powell. Has three children with her over the years.

1992 -- Next releases NEXTSTEP operating system for Intel Corp. 486 processors. It fails in the wake of competition from Microsoft Corp.'s Windows and IBM Corp.'s OS/2.

1993 -- Next shuts hardware division, shifts focus to software.

1995 -- Pixar's "Toy Story" highest grossing film that year.

1996 -- Apple acquires Next Computer for $427 million in cash and Apple stock; Jobs becomes advisor to Apple Chairman Gilbert F. Amelio.

1997 -- Jobs becomes interim CEO and chairman of Apple Computer Inc., after Amelio is ousted. Jobs' salary is $1.

1998 -- Apple releases the all-in-one iMac computer, which sells millions of units, financially reviving the company and boosting its share price by 400 percent. IMac wins the Gold Award from British Design and Art Direction. Vogue calls the iMac "one of Spring's hottest fashion statements," and Business Week says it is "one of the century's lasting images." Jobs wins a Chrysler Design Institute award for the iMac design.

1998 -- Apple returns to profitability and records four profitable quarters in a row.

2000 -- 'Interim' dropped from Jobs' title.

2001 -- Apple launches next-generation operating system -- the Unix-based OS X, with subsequent upgrades over the years.

2001 -- Apple makes first foray into consumer electronics market with launch of iPod, the portable MP3 player. (It sells more than 4.4 million iPods in fiscal 2004.)

2002 -- Launches the flat-panel all-in-one personal computer iMac. It makes the cover of Time Magazine that year and wins numerous design awards.

2003 -- Jobs announces the iTunes Music Store, which sells encoded songs and albums.

2003 -- Jobs launches the 64-bit PowerMac G5 personal computer.

2004 -- The iPod Mini, a smaller version of the original iPod, is launched.

2004 -- In February, Jobs terminates Pixar's highly successful alliance with The Walt Disney Co. for production and distribution of Pixar's animated films. Pixar is ultimately sold to Walt Disney in 2006.

2004 -- In August, Jobs is diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and undergoes surgery. He recovers and returns to work in September.

2004 -- Under Jobs' stewardship, Apple reports its highest fourth-quarter revenue in almost a decade, assisted by the resurgence of its retail network and sales of the iPod music player. The revenue for the period ending Sept. 25 is $2.35 billion.

2005 -- Apple uses its Worldwide Developers Conference to announce that it is moving from using IBM PowerPC processors in its computers to Intel processors.

2007 -- Jobs announces the iPhone, one of the first smartphones without a keyboard, at Macworld Expo.

2008 -- In late December Apple announces that Jobs will not deliver the keynote at the 2009 Macworld Expo nor will he attend the event. This immediately sparks speculation on his health. Apple also said that it will no longer participate in the show after 2009.

2009 -- In early January Jobs says that his dramatic weight loss was caused by a hormone imbalance. At that time he said this condition would not hinder his abilities to function as CEO. Around one week later Jobs says that he will take a leave of absence from Apple until June because his medical condition had changed. He does not disclose his ailment. COO Tim Cook is to handle Apple's day-to-day operations during Jobs' recovery period. Apple says Jobs will be involved with major strategic decisions.

June 2009 -- The Wall Street Journal reports that Jobs underwent a liver transplant. A Tennessee hospital later releases a statement confirming the operation.

June 2009 -- Apple confirms that Jobs is returning to work at the end of the month.

January 2010 -- Apple announces the iPad tablet computer, which becomes an instant success and spawns a new category of mobile computing devices.

September 2010 -- Jobs appears on stage in San Francisco to announce Apple's second-generation Apple TV set-top box, which streams movies from the Internet or mobile devices like the iPhone and iPad directly to TV sets.

January 2011 -- Apple announces Jobs is taking a medical leave of absence, without specifying a reason for the leave or how long he'd be away. Questions are raised about the severity of Jobs' health problems, and its impact on the company's stock, product development and business operations.

March 2011 -- Taking a break from his medical leave, Jobs makes an appearance at an event in San Francisco to introduce the iPad 2.

June 2011 -- While still on leave, Jobs appears at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco to introduce the iCloud and iOS 5. A few days later, Jobs appears in front of the Cupertino City Council with a proposal to build a spaceship-like campus in the city.

August 2011 -- Jobs announces he is stepping aside as CEO, with Cook taking over that role. It also is announced that the board has elected Jobs chairman.

Oct. 5, 2011 -- Jobs dies at age 56.

Right Click -> Move to folder

2011-10-15T23:40:00.003+05:30

Move To Folder for all Files and Folders from right click

This setting allows you to assign any file on your computer a new right-click menu (context menu) entry.

This entry is named “Move To Folder…” which is copy current selected files to any folder directly from Right click menu..

Settings:-

For any File:
1] Start > Run > regedit> hit Enter
2] Registry > My Computer > HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT > select * > shellex > select ‘ContextMenuHandlers‘ & right click > then New > Key
3] then replace ‘New Key #1′ key name to ‘Move To ‘ or as u wish you can write
4] on right side pane, select ‘(Default)‘ name n Double click on it, then brings Edit string field
5] enter value data as ‘{C2FBB631-2971-11d1-A18c-00c04FD75D13}‘ in it n hit Enter.
(Enter the values as it is with curly brackets. The values are case sensitive)

For any Folder:
1] Start > Run > regedit> hit Enter
2] Registry > My Computer > HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT > Folder
3] Folder > shellex > select ‘ContextMenuHandlers‘ & right click > then New > Key
4] then replace ‘New Key #1′ key name to ‘Move To…‘ or as u wish you can write
5] on right side pane, select ‘(Default)’ name n Double click on it, then brings Edit string field
6] enter value data as ‘{C2FBB631-2971-11d1-A18c-00c04FD75D13}‘ in it n hit Enter.
(Enter the values as it is with curly brackets. The values are case sensitive)

The Geek Spotlight

Logarithm - The basics

Exponential and logarithmic forms

Exponential forms

Logarithmic form

Comparison of the forms

Calculating with logarithm

Solving exponential forms with logarithmic function

Cancellation rule

Example 1

Step 1 - Apply log on both sides

Step 2 - Apply cancellation rule

Step 3 - Using calculator or a log table book, figure out the log value.

Example 2

Step 1 - Apply log on both sides

Step 2 - Apply cancellation rule

Step 3 - Using calculator or a log table book, figure out the log value.

Solving logarithmic form using exponential function

Cancellation rule

Example

Step 1: Exponentiate both sides with the base

Step 2: Apply cancellation rule

Step 3: Compute the exponential

How to create custom run commands

How to create:

Note:

How it works:

NirCmd - A small system utility program

The Story:

How to use?

Download:

Windows 7 ALT-Tab trick

Screenshot:

Coloring Command prompt

Create 'CON' folder in command prompt

Just follow the steps:

Why cannot we create a folder named CON?

Facebook cool smileys..!!

Facebook trick or treat - User ID Bug Facebook trick or treat - Finding user ID Facebook trick or treat - Picture on chat

CCD (Charge Coupled Devices)

How a webcam works?

Facebook trick or treat - User ID Bug

The ALT codes

Related posts,

Smileys and emoticons for Facebook

Some symbols that you can use in Facebook

These are Unicode-encoded special text characters. Just copy-paste symbols that you like into your status, comments, messages. Facebook won't let you put them into your user name.

Symbols

Smileys

Double-struck letters

Antique letter characters

Triangles

Maths, Numbers

⅟½⅓¾⅔⅕⅖⅗⅘⅙⅚⅛⅜⅝⅞

Comparison signs

Integrals

Index / power numbers and letters

Roman numerals

Circled (bubble) Numbers

Circled (bubble) letters

Foreign characters

Chinese/Asian signs

Chess symbols

Hand pointers

Cross

Stars and snowflakes

Flower

Music symbols

Sun, rain, snow, temperature

Beliefs

Religious

Political

Gender, love, heart

Message, pen, pencil, keyboard

Check box

X, No/Unchecked, band aid

Percent

Push pin

Escape, delete, sub, country shortcuts

Corners

Facebook trick or treat - User ID Bug

Facebook trick or treat - Finding user ID

Facebook trick or treat - Picture on chat