Environmental Technology

WE300 Solar Radiation Detector

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Mon, 22 Nov 2010 03:17:24 PST

Global Water, an ITT Analytics company, manufacturer and distributor of water and weather monitoring equipment introduces the WE300 Solar Radiation detector for extremely accurate solar radiation measurements. These preciseness solar radiation detector or pyranometer includes a bubble level, leveling screws, and mounting hardware for easily installation. The WE300 applies a high stability silicon photovoltaic (PV) detector (blue enhanced) to get accurate radiation readings. The sensor accepts a 4-20 mA output signal and is attached to 25ft of marine class cable, with distances up to 500 ft available upon request.

Applications include climate analyzes, energy cycle studies, solar panel monitoring and power estimation, photobiological research, and more.

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The 700 Bench Meter By Eutech Company

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Mon, 22 Nov 2010 03:11:08 PST

The 700 bench meter series by Eutech (Singapore) combines simple, stress-free meter process with the largest show of any bench meter in it is class, more than double the size of our best-selling 510 series. The meters features a small footprint, multi-position electrode arm, fast reference guide, splashproof key pad and many more. The 700 meters embrace Eutech signature characteristics of easy, reliable and non-rational instruments. Add the benefits of high accuracy, auto temperature recompense, non-volatilisable memory and auto-buffer recognition and measurement become simple.

The Eutech 700 series offers five meters with the features you need for simple. Affordable measurements of pH/ORP, pH/ORP/Ion, Conductivity/TDS, Dissolved Oxygen and the pH/ORP/Conductivity/TDS all with C/F temperature.

source : Environmental Technology newspaper

The Long-Term Effect of Global Warming Will Change the World

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Sat, 20 Nov 2010 05:33:47 PST

This is 5 (five) consequences of global warming in the long-term :

" 1. Great Barrier Reef may be gone in 20 years

The Great Barrier Reef will be so degraded by warming waters that it will be unrecognizable within 20 years. Charlie Veron, former chief scientist of the Australian Institute of Marine Science, told The Times: “There is no way out, no loopholes. The Great Barrier Reef will be over within 20 years or so.” Once carbon dioxide had hit the levels predicted for between 2030 and 2060, all coral reefs were doomed to extinction, he said. “They would be the world's first global ecosystem to collapse. I have the backing of every coral reef scientist, every research organization. I've spoken to them all. This is critical. This is reality.

2. Amazon Rain Forest may turn into a desert

Teeming with millions of species and one-fifth of the world's fresh water, the Amazon is the world's largest tropical rainforest. However, global warming and deforestation are reversing the forest's role as a carbon sink, converting 30-60% of the rainforest into dry savannah. Projections show the forest could disappear completely by 2050.

3. Sahara Desert may become green

cientists are seeing signals that the Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall. If sustained, these rains could revitalize drought-ravaged regions, reclaiming them for farming communities. This desert-shrinking trend is supported by climate models, which predict a return to conditions that turned the Sahara into a lush savanna some 12,000 years ago.

4. Hurricanes may become more devastating than Katrina

It has not been determined whether Katrina was linked to global warming. But there are indications that global warming will produce more Category 5 hurricanes --and Katrina was only Category 4 when it hit Louisiana. Hurricanes derive their power in part from warm water, and so forecasting models show future hurricanes becoming more severe as sea surface temperatures rise. Global warming also makes hurricanes more destructive by raising the sea level, which leads to more serious coastal flooding. (According to the EPA, a two-foot rise would swallow a chunk of the U.S. bigger than Massachusetts.)

5. London may disappear underwater by 2100

It isn't only reefs and low-lying islands that are under threat from global warming. In fact, a major threat is for those large urban areas which are at risk of eventually being submerged underwater. This is caused by a change in sea levels that occurs when global warming takes place, resulting in coastal cities being destroyed by flooding. Dozens of the world's cities, including London and New York, could be flooded by the end of the century, according to research which suggests that global warming will increase sea levels more rapidly than was previously thought. London is one of the major world capitals at high risk of this type of flooding, as depicted in this shot from the 2007 movie Flood. Scientists say that the city could be under water as early as within the next one hundred years. "

source : here

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4500Ti Titanium Pressure Transducer

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Thu, 18 Nov 2010 22:34:13 PST

Geokon’s (USA) Model 4500Ti Titanium Pressure Transducer is designed specifically for use in highly corrosive environments such as landfills, leachates and in other critical areas where long-term survivability is essential. All exposed surfaces are made from titanium, and an internal thermistor provides for simultaneous temperature measurements. Available in ranges up to 7.5 MPa with +/- 0.1 % FS accuracy. Combined with Geokon’s wireless dataloggers, these pressure transducers can provide remote data aqcuistion over local area networks and with data made available over the internet in real time.

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464 Electronic Pump Control For Groundwater

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Thu, 18 Nov 2010 22:10:26 PST

Solinst (Canada) unveils their newly designed Model 464 Electronic Pump Control Unit. This tool is made to work easily with pneumatic pumps and obtain representative groundwater samples during monitoring programs such as site assessments, contaminant detection, site characterizations, remediation projects, compliance monitoring, etc. The Model 464 is designed to help field technician meet the sampling protocols of regulators worldwide, including the U.S. EPA. The Controller allows faster purge rates, as well as precise low flow control to ensure a representative sample at 100 ml/min or less when sampling for Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOCs ).
The Control Unit outputs 125 psi and runs on 4 AA alkaline batteries that can last up to 100 hours of normal use. The Model 464 also has a manual mode that allows user operate the Control Unit without batteries, using only a compressed air source.
These convenient boxes are rugged, dependable and suitable for all environments. Tubing is supplied and quick-connect fittings allow instant attachment to pumps, dedicated pump well caps, portable pump reel units and to an air compressor or compressed gas source.
The Control Unit is excellent to use with the company’s own model 407 Integra Bladder Pumps and Model 408 Double Valve Pumps. The Model 464 Electronic Pump Control Unit is available for purchase.

www.analox.net New Sensor Technology Website Launched

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Wed, 17 Nov 2010 22:43:02 PST

A visit to www.Analox.net will be a more interactive and varied experience as Analox Sensor Technology launches its new Website. As Analox continues to expand it’s products in five very different fields, and develop markets around the world, so it has update its website to give visitors more relevant information both about the products and the field in which they are used.

Michelle Morley, Marketing Manager for Analox sensor technology (UK), said: when you visit our website, you will now find information geared towards the niche market you’re interested in, and we’re hoping you’ll take the opportunity to get in touch with us, to interact. With links through to a range of blogs, tweeting, films on youtube, social media and more, we’re creating each section of the site as an information portal, and customers are invited to share their news and views. We’ll be uploading more of your amazing diving photos, more of diary room entries from exhibitions and industry news which we know will be of interest and relevance to our customers.

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High Accuracy HDI Pressure Sensors

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Wed, 17 Nov 2010 21:58:13 PST

Sensortechnics (Germany) HDI sensors measure absolute, differential or gage pressure in various ranges from 10 mbar up to 5 bar. The HDI series features 3 V supply versions which are ideally suitable for battery powered applications, e.g. in portable or handheld devices. HDI pressure sensors perform precision digital signal conditioning and achieve ultra high accuracies with an excellent Total Error Band ( TEB ) better than ±0.5% FSS over a temperature range of 0…+85 C.

The HDI series provides digital interface with I≤C bus protocol and analog 0.5…4.5 V output signals at the same time therefore allowing customers to build up a redundancy functionality for safety critical applications. The sensors are intended to be used with air and non-corosive gases and offer various unidirectional, bidirectional or barometric calibration as well as different accuracy classes. Miniature SMT and DIP housings allow for space-saving PCB-mounting and maximum OEM design flexibility. A wide selection of sensor configurations are available from stock at Sensortechnics. All HDI pressure sensors can be modified according to customer specific requirement, e.g. with respect to pressure range, resolution, accuracy and internal digital settings.

Due to the wide selection of different sensor configurations Sensortechnics is able to offer customers the best suitable sensor with an ideal coast/performance ratio. Typical applications of the HDI pressure sensors include medical devices, instrumentation, environmental controls and HVAC.

Emergency, Oil Reserves will be Exhausted within 90 years

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Mon, 15 Nov 2010 05:31:00 PST

Oil will run out within 90 years before alternative energy is found, according to new research from the University of California, Davis. These predictions were published online on November 8 in Environmental Science & Technology Journal. This research is based on the long-term theory, this theory said : investor is the best estimator to explain why and when alternative and renewable energy technology can be used.

"Our results show that takes a long time before alternative fuels that can be updated can survive, at least from a market perspective," said study leader, Debbie Niemeier, professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University California (UCLA), Davis.

Niemeier and team, Natalya Malyshkina one of Niemeier team's plans to create a new device that will help policy makers set targets are realistic about the resilience of the environment and evaluate the progress made to those goals. Two key research of this new theory is the capitalization market (based on share price) and dividends from oil companies owned by government and alternative energy companies. Other analysts have previously used similar equations to predict in finance, politics and sports.

Good investors tend to put great efforts in collecting, processing and understanding information relevant to future cash flows paid by these securities," said Malyshkina.
As a result, the market assessment in the future predictions represent the largest part of investors that tend to be relatively accurate.

Niemeier said the results of this latest study is a warning against the target of renewable fuels now are not ambitious enough in preventing the community, economic development and natural ecosystems harmed because of this.

We need a stronger policy support to encourage the development of replacement technology, "he said. We need a stronger policy support to encourage the development of replacement technology," Niemeier said.

source : here translate Indonesian to english language.

Computer Recycling Green IT Expo in London, UK

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Fri, 12 Nov 2010 22:28:13 PST

Richard A Johnson recently attended the Green IT Expo in London. The aim of the conference? To showcase Green solutions to IT issues, most notably energy consumption and environmentally concious design. Here is Richards story when he attended the Green IT Expo

"Exhibiters at the conference ranged from Very PC, with their amazingly low powered desktop computers (24 watts per machine is more efficient than a laptop) to SIMMS recycling, a global recycler dealing directly with other mainstream recyclers. However, of most interest were the IT recycling companies present. As a representative in the same field, I thought it prudent to use them as a sounding board for issues I currently have with the UK's Computer Recycling industry. In effect, here's the conclusion that reflects every single recognised computer recycling company in the UK (IT-Green®, CDL, ICEX):

A combination of online marketing, Google Places and cheap (re-use) environmental licenses has given rise to small localised "recyclers" springing up throughout the UK. Potential business related clients are opting for the cheapest possible solutions when trying to recycle their computers and this in turn is leaving them open to the possibility of Brand damage, legal action and data security breaches. Recognised, professional recyclers have to of course maintain overheads that protect clients from the reality of security breaches and environmental protection and these simply are not in place with small operators that have been set up to take advantage of the WEEE directive. With less stringent environmental controls and reporting systems, those operating under section 50 exemptions are more likely to sell on waste electronics to exporters, who as highlighted by the Environment Agency have been assoiciated with organised crime.

As highlighted by Greenpeace in 2009, some 50 million tonnes of WEEE were dumped on developing countries and as I've said in previous posts, this is causing major problems, including deaths among children from lead poisoning......... "

See Full Article : Here

The Flora And Fauna Of Greek Island Crete

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Sun, 15 Aug 2010 21:27:00 PDT

The Greek island of Crete does not only carry the secrets of an ancient civilization, but also puts a very rich flora and fauna on display for those who may be seeking to spend time in the nature's arm. The island is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea waters and carries a weather that resembles with the Mediterranean and the North African both. The temperature mostly remains mild in the low-lying areas while the snowfall rarely takes place, barring some high altitude cases. The island's beaches are famous for their raw beauty and the sea resorts made along them. On the other hand, mountains are there to be trekked on, and various tour operators and hotels in Crete will offer packages for these kinds of events.

Spring brings up the best time for the Cretan flora and fauna to be explored when there is hardly any snowfall around and the rainfall has also died down. Obviously this also means the start of the tourism season in the island. The fields laden with red poppies and the air full of the lemon and orange flavors may leave you mesmerize in these days. Among many hundreds of the flora species found across the island, at least 130 wild flowers and herbs are regarded unique to it. Cretan holidays may be planned around these natural gifts provided one carefully decided about their tour plans. Often hotels in Crete will help you out in deciding about your nature-centric adventures.

The ravines and the mountain slopes are the places where one should look out for the rarest of plants found on this island. These include Organium dictamus, an herb made popular by the likes of Hippocrates and Aristotle for its medicinal use. The herb grows on steep slopes in the rocky mountains of Crete, where they won't easily be discovered by any human being. As a result, the men used to trek up and gift the herb as a sign of love to their partners in the ancient times. The name Organium dictamus comes from the mount Dikty, where Zeus, the mythological king of the Greek gods, was famously born. The evergreen Cretan Plane Tree is yet another unique Cretan species to be looked closely at. Unlike the other plane trees, which are deciduous in nature, the evergreen tree keeps itself green throughout the year.

Also found in Crete is the unique Cretan palm tree, which grows in abundance along the Vai beach. During the 70s, Hippies overcrowded this beach and left behind the dumps of garbage. Subsequently the whole area was declared a protected zone and gradually the palm tree forest and the beach were restored to their natural shape and looks over the years. These two draw in thousands of Crete bound tourists each year these days.

The Cretan Fauna is as impressive as its flora with some unique species filling up its biological chart. The Cretan wild goat leads the chart with its unusual yet impressive appearance. The animal is a protected species, and is found over a wide range. Several lizards and at least one poisonous snake do also inhabit these areas. Funnily, it was believed that St. Titus had earlier driven all the poisonous snakes off the Crete Island. The Cretan golden eagle leads the segment of birds from this area. Also found are warblers, swallows, goldfinches and some migratory birds. The voyage from hotels in Crete to the archaeological treasures across the island, and that to the thrilling beaches and the valleys carrying such a rich flora and fauna is bound to generate excitement.

Source: Free Articles

Europe Learn from Monaco How To Green in The world

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Sat, 07 Aug 2010 21:22:00 PDT

European tax haven Monaco has led the small countries of the world in the campaign to heighten awareness of environmental issues since Prince Albert became Sovereign in 2005, and has launched a radical plan of its own to cut carbon emissions.

One of the first acts Prince Albert took when succeeding to the throne upon his father's death was to sign the Kyoto Protocol.

Along with the USA and Australia, Monaco was one of the few countries not to sign up to the treaty intended to cut greenhouses gases.

Included in a campaign by Prince Albert to protect the environment has been an expedition to the Arctic to see for himself how global warming has begun to melt the glaciers, and shortly after his return he started a foundation to study rising sea levels and how to address what he sees as environmental challenges.

Monaco travel guide http://www.yourmonaco.com comment that given the Principality's position in the Mediterranean, concern at rising sea levels should come as no surprise.

'There are plans at an advanced stage to build an island off Monte Carlo, which will change the Monaco map, and the district of Fontvieille is largely reclaimed from the sea.'

The island is expected to be complete in ten years time, and will include the first new hotels in Monaco for some time.

Prince Albert recently spent time with fellow royal and campaigner for the environment Prince Charles.

'Most notable of all', comment YourMonaco, 'Prince Albert chose a mansion in the Kalorama district of Washington D.C. to serve as Monaco's U.S. Embassy - Monaco's first independent embassy outside of Europe. Up to now it hasn't been necessary for Monaco to have her own representation in the U.S. - France has always looked after Monaco's interests. But it serves as a useful base for him to entertain politicans on Capitol Hill and get his environment message across. Expect to see more of Prince Albert in America in the coming months and years!'.

Monaco Weather

With Prince Albert punching above Monaco's weight abroad, he has been no less active at home to prove his green credentials, and a radical plan has been introduced to cut carbon emissions, and to reduce the number of cars on the streets of Monte Carlo.

The domestic campaign began with the Monaco Yacht Show 2005, held each September, with the event successfully becoming carbon neutral. To encourage the thousands who commute to Monaco every day from neighbouring France and Italy the railway station is one of the best in Europe, with frequent and reliable services.

'For those who work in Monte Carlo and travel in from Nice and her surrounding villages five days a week, it's both cheaper and quicker to take the train - the trains are modern and comfortable and it's rare for seats not to be available even during the rush hour', claim YourMonaco.com. 'Once people are in Monaco the local transport service is equally quick and efficient. Virtually all routes are well planned and easy to understand, and the most you have to wait for a bus is ten minutes, often it's just a couple of minutes - which isn't exactly a hardship given the weather in Monte Carlo!'

With many major companies and the banks in Monaco also looking to see how they can improve their own environmental records the business community view the steps as prudent ones.

The routes are planned to incorporate tourist needs, with many passing by the Hotel de Paris in Casino Square and the Columbus in Fontvieille, two of the best known and popular Monaco hotels. Fares have been reduced to one Euro, making public transport in Monaco among the lowest priced, comfortable and frequent in Europe.

With the overall aim to increase bus usage by 20 per cent, the Principality is also funding five new duplex trains with a thirty per cent increase in train services, and in an innovative attempt to persuade commuters to leave their cars at home will provide free electric cycles at car park schemes.

'The one time of year you might see fast cars being encouraged is of course for the Monaco Grand Prix in May', conclude YourMonaco, 'But overall it's Prince Albert who will be able to claim the winners rostrum among European leaders for the environment.'

Source: Free Articles

Improving Our World One LED Light at a Time

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Fri, 06 Aug 2010 21:20:07 PDT

LED lights are a wonderful invention that has changed the way the world is lit. Not only are they long lasting, they have many environmental benefits. LED lights are four times more efficient than a regular incandescent light bulb and last 10 times as long. LED lights also use between 50 and 80 percent less energy than an incandescent bulb.

LED lights are considerably less expensive to operate, however are a little more expensive to purchase. LED home lighting requires only one third of the energy that an incandescent bulb will use. A single 18-watt LED light can replace a 75-watt incandescent and in the lifetime of the LED light, will save 570 kWh of energy. At a basic eight cents per kilowatt rate, that equals $45 dollars in energy bill savings.

By switching to low energy LED home lighting in your home, even one bulb will keep one half of a ton of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere through the lifetime of the bulb instead of using incandescent bulbs. Switching also keeps sulfur oxide and nuclear waste out of the atmosphere as well, leading to a cleaner world and one that will last much longer. By simply switching, our environment could easily revitalize itself without having to deal with the excess carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide and nuclear waste emissions that are currently being released into the atmosphere every day. Even changing one lonely bulb in every home to LED home lighting would make a significant impact on the environment.

If every home in the United States were to switch to LED home lighting, 90 power plants could be retired, a potentially powerful impact to the long-term health of the environment. Being energy efficient and environmentally conscious doesn’t have to disrupt your entire life. The switch is as difficult as changing one light bulb in your home, the results of which would save you money on your electricity bill each month. Just one home lighting fixture, one light bulb can be a positive step forward for your household. Take a look around your home and count how many bulbs you use and consider how often you change them. Say, for example that you change a bulb every two months. Now, consider that by changing them all to LED lighting for your home, you could leave them and not have to replace them for 20 months. The slightly higher upfront costs of LED lights make sense.

LED lighting is finding its way into many niche markets. You can get a LED flashlight that also uses less battery energy, ensuring that the next time the power goes out in your home, you can be confident that your batteries will last. There are also LED lanterns that you can choose from that are ideal for camping or hunting. They last for considerably longer than other lanterns because they use 10 times less energy to run than standard incandescent bulbs and even less energy than a kerosene lantern.

For LED home lighting, there are many options available other than just bulbs. You can find LED light fixtures for your home, indoor and out, that will provide low energy, environmentally-friendly lighting that can save you money on your energy bill.

We all are challenged to do our part to conserve energy. By making small adjustments to the way we live, we can begin to make an impact on our world. One small change we all can make is to switch our home and outdoor light fixtures to LED light options. There are a large number of options for LED home lighting and LED camping and hunting outdoor equipment available on the market, all of which provide the energy efficiency benefits inherent in LED products. The benefits can become apparent very quickly as we begin to see our energy bill costs reduce over a period of a few months.

Spa Water Treatment Options

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Fri, 06 Aug 2010 21:17:42 PDT

Since mankind decided that hot tubs would be fun we have had to face the challenge of keeping that water clear and safe. Chlorine and Bromine have been in use since almost day one. Both have their advantages. They kill everything. The down side is also that they kill everything. By that I mean that Chlorine and Bromine are both caustic chemicals. That is both how they function and what makes them less desirable. Not only do they kill germs and bacteria but they are harmful to your skin, hair, bathing suits, spa jets, pump impellers, pets and environment. With the heightened awareness of the environment and our own physical health, there has been a wide variety of alternatives to the old standards.

Minerals can be used to treat the spa water with less harmful effects. First, Copper can be used to treat your water and keeps stuff from growing in your water. It is a lot safer for your skin, hair and health, and won’t cause premature break down of your pump and jet components. Still, because it does a good job of killing things you need to use care when you empty your spa. Some areas have banned using copper to treat water because if it does end up in the water shed it will kill fish and algae.

Another popular choice is Silver and zinc. I would just recommend sticking with the liquid based versions. You should never use anything directly in the filter area of the spa because you do not want the risk of anything being sucked into the water pump.

Ozone can also be effective in water treatment. It works by exposing ultra violet light to air which forms an energetic oxidizer. It destroys algae, viruses and bacteria. Again you should know how to use your system properly. Avoid over exposure to ozone while using the spa. No ozone bubbles should be entering the spa during occupancy. Also you should not be able to smell ozone while you are in the spa.

One thing that a lot of spa owners forget about is checking your spa water pH. Maintaining the proper pH level can greatly improve the effectiveness of the water treatment. Spa water that is not properly balanced can cause irritation to eyes, and mucous membranes. Just because you keep a handle on your chemical treatment, do not get lazy about checking the pH.

Finally, circulation of the water. Stagnant water, especially warm stagnant water is a breeding ground for life. Regular circulation of the water for significant periods of time will reduce the need for chemicals and increases the effectiveness of the spas filtration. It is better overall for your spa pump to run for three to four hours at a time for two to three times per day as opposed to running for thirty minutes at a time ten times per day. If your spa only runs for thirty minutes it does no have enough time to properly filter all the spa water.

The bottom line is that yo want to be able to enjoy your spa for years to come. However like your car, regular maintenance can have a profound influence on that. If you maintain your car, change the oil, replace the filters, rotate the tires, you stand a much better choice of enjoying your vehicle with fewer unpleasant surprises. The same goes for your spa.

Infra red Gas Sensing Technology ‘Gascard NG’ by Edinburgh Instruments

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Thu, 17 Jun 2010 22:38:56 PDT

Edinburgh Instruments (UK) has a well deserved reputation in the arena of infra-red gas sensing technology, with a track record spanning over 20 years. The company is continuing to build on this reputation with the introduction of its next generation OEM sensor, named the Gascard NG. Utilising established and proven technology from the existing Gascard range of instruments, the Gascard NG not only addresses existing customer requirement, being backward-compatible with the current Gascard model, but it also provides for future extendibility and functionality through improved communications and configuration options.

The main highlights of the Gascard NG are :
1. Backward-compatibility with the current generation of Gascard detectors;
2. Automatic temperature and pressure correction via on-board sensors;
3. On-board RS232 communication;
4. TCP/IP communications protocol option
5. Field replaceable IR source
6. Windows-compatible data logging software
7. Enhanced configuration options for future extendibility to incorporate additional gas detection technologies.

Initially released in CO2 ppm & low per cent volume configurations, the range has now been extended to include all the different measurement ranges for CO2 as well as the other target gases covered by the current Gascard model. Such as CO and CH4.

Liquid Level Transmitter Support Foundation Fieldbus

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Thu, 17 Jun 2010 22:14:22 PDT

MTS ( Germany ) has developed a new output for its line of magnetostrictive Level Plus liquid sensors. Foundation Fieldbus will be the third protocol offered by the MG digital level transmitter, which also includes current production of Modbus and the ASCII based proprietary DDA protocols. The model MG satisfies the demand for a digital communication interface in the liquid-level marketplace for vessels from 508 mm to 22,000 mm. It offers maintenance free liquid level measurement for automatic tank gauging without any recalibration. Featuring 3-in-1 measurement of the product level, interface level, and the average temperature of the liquid from up to 12 temperature points it utilizes a single process opening, eliminating the need for separate level and temperature transmitters.

Designed for inventory control, the model MG offers a resolution of 0,025 mm at maximum length and can also provide volume measurement from a 100-point strap table that the user loads into the transmitter. The new Foundation Fieldbus protocol will make the Model MG transmitter compatible with an even wider variety of control system, expanding the company’s offerings to additional customers with pharmaceutical, chemical, biotech and food applications. Now they can combine the superior control capabilitiesof the protocol with the transmitter superior repeatability and reliability for an extremely efficient process.

source : Environmental technology newspaper

Alphasense : Releases A-Series Photo Ionisation Detector (PID) Sensor

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 20:55:31 PDT

With a PID (Photo Ionisation Detector) the sample gas is exposed to deep ultraviolet light from a lamp. The emitted light ionizes targeted gases in the sample so they can be detected by the gas detector and reported as a concentration (ppb or ppm).
The Alphasense (UK) PID can be installed in portable and stationary gas monitors that accept either Alphasense Ltd CH-A3 or other manufactures compatible pellistor cells.
Thus providing complete PID capability in a package that has the same dimensional and electrical profile as Pellistors ( providing the electronics input circuit is designed to take the sensor’s output range). This opens up an incredible variety of environmental and safety applications in industrial, commercial and residential markets.
The Alphasense PID sensor is offered in two models. They are virtually insentive to humidity changes, providing unparalleled performance in a variety of application such as, PID – A1 has a linear dynamic range of 50-ppb to 6000-ppm (Isobutylene), PID-AH has a linear dynamic range of 5-ppb to 100-ppm (Isobutylene), The sensor include a detector with 10.6eV Lamp, Lamp driver, Amplifier Circuitry and removable and replaceable Electrode Stack & Particulate Filter.
Arthur W. Burnley, Sales and Marketing Director stated :”Alphasense commitment is always to provide the best product it can in the market for its customers. We constantly improve, develop and introduce new products and the recently released PID range is an excellent example of this. Our policy is to introduce ebest by design sensors, not eme too product. These PID sensors have already been fully tested and adopted by a number of OEM and are beginning to replace our competitor products. A major benefit is the much lower cost for replacement lamps and the ability to replace the electrode stack at a nominal cost. Alphasense maintains its commitment to customers by continuing to supply the highest quality sensors with on-time delivery every time allied to exemplary support.”

Source : Environmental Technology newspaper

The DGTec-ex New Gas Detector for Zone 0

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 18:23:41 PDT

The DGTec-ex from Detector Oy (Finland) is a new generation of digital gas detector for explosive atmospheres (zone 0, 1 and 2). The detector is fitted with an electro-chemical sensor. It is designed to monitor the presence of either oxygen, hydrogen or toxic gases in the process of food, drug and petrochemical industry – all parameters defined according to the customer’s specification!
Other environments with Ex-classifications in which this reliable measuring technology can be used are in i.e. hospital, laboratories, compressor rooms and water treatment plants. Due to the fact that the sensor element is target specific it will only react with the measured gas. This reduces radically the risk of false alarm. The biggest advantage with the digital measuring technology is achieved when the detector are connected to the innovative SCAN-series gas controllers.
Wireless monitoring and reporting
Wireless setting of the parameters as well as calibration of the new digital gas detector is done by using the IR Communicator (IRC). The data is stored in the IRC. If needed a report with data of i.e. the last calibration and settings of the equipment with serial numbers can be printed out for authority use.
Before the delivery the detector DGtec-ex is calibrated at the factory for the right measuring range according to the monitoring needs of the customer. Since the detector is ATEX-certified only personnel authorized by Detector Oy is entitled to calibrate and to service the detector.

Gas Detection Digital TA-2016MB-WM Wall Mount Controller

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Thu, 03 Jun 2010 18:53:39 PDT

New and award Winning Gas Detection Digital Modbus RTU Wall Mount Controller, TA-2016MB-WM designed and manufactured by Mil-Ram Technology (USA) features a 16 channel system utilizing RS-485 Modbus RTU Multi-drop smarter Transmitter (Sensor) Network. Four relays (SPST), 10 Amp. are common to all channels. Select latching or non-latching function. Low, Mid, High, Fault relays. LED alarm indicators. Local buzzer.

Option : remote Relay Modules, Modbus enabled, can be installed at any point on RS-485 network. Up to 16 modules per network and up to 16 different zones. Conveniently install relays at point of use, which eliminates long wiring runs between relays and field installed alarms. Remote Analog Output Module provides discrete analog 4-20mA output (16 bit resolution) per channel. Remote Digital Output Module provides RS-485 ModBus RTU interface to Centralized System (e.g. PLC). Analog Input Module to connect standard 4 -20 mA Transmitters where traditional analog installation is preferred. Backlit 16 characters x 2 lines LCD display. Auto-scrolls to provide channel data and fault conditionals. Indicates alarm status. Simple non-intrusive setup using magnet. Auto – Configuration wizard provides rapid channel setup without special knowledge. Nema 4x weatherproof polycarbonate enclosure. Continuous Diagnostics Explosion – proof enclosure, 8-channel wall mount controller, external alarm stations and wireless are all options that are available.

Use with any Mil-Ram Model TA-2100MB smarter Gas Detection Transmitter, Toxic/LEL/VPC/Oxygen, which detect hundreds of different gases and vapors.

source : Environmental technology newspaper

New Open Path Gas Detectors Eliminate False Alarm

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Thu, 03 Jun 2010 18:43:05 PDT

Senscients (USA) new ELDS Series Open Path Gas Detectors (OPGD’s) feature truly false-alarm free flammable and toxic gas detection. ELDS gas detectors, scheduled to begin shipping in the first quarter of 2009, solve a problem common in the oil and gas industry: unreliable readings causing false alarms that cost millions of dollars in lost revenue annually. Safety systems triggered by the detection of potentially hazardous gases typically shut down processes and facilities to prevent catastrophe. But when a false alarm triggers the system, productivity is lost while the alarm origin is investigated, false alarm status is verified, and processes are slowly brought back on line.

Using Enhanced Laser Diode Spectroscopy (ELDS), Senscient ELDS detectors automatically ignore interference from any non-target gases and vapors such as organic surfactants, alcohols, diesel fumes and oil mist or atmospheric elements such as rain, fog, and snow that can cause spurious alarms for traditional NDIR or LDS-based open path gas detection systems. This makes Senscient ELDS detectors especially appealing in safety applications where greater 90% uptime performance is required in environmentally challenging installations.

Senscient ELDS OPGD detectors, using Harmonic Fingerprint technology and other advanced features, will initially be available for the detection of either Methane-only gas, or Simultaneous Methane and Hydrogen Sulfide gases in the same system with absolute selectivity. Instrument capabilities and configurations for additional critical hydrocarbon and toxic gases will be introduced later in 2009.

Senscient ELDS Series 1000 and 2000 detectors in a separate transmitter and receiver configuration are capable of establishing coverage from 5 to 40 meters, and up to 200 meters, depending upon the target gas and the required Minimum Reliably Detectable Quantities for the target gas of choice. A target gas reading from anywhere along its beam triggers either an isolated single or dual analog or digital communications signal to a remote safety PLC.

“Our ultra-sensitive and false alarm-free ELDS technology provides the operator with the absolute certainty of a gas leak as well as the earliest warning response of any other methane or hydrogen sulfide detection technology on the market today, providing precious time for remedial action to shut down plant processes and evacuate personnel only when necessary,” according to Jean Berthold, Senscient CSMO and VP.

Senscient ELDS Series 1000 and 2000 gas detectors are designed to meet or exceed the most current toxic and flammable gas detection global safety standards for offshore oil drilling platforms, FPSOs, onshore petrochemical facilities and oil refineries

source : Environmental technology newspaper

The TX5926 and TX5927 In-Line Vortex Gas Flow Sensors Introduced

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Wed, 02 Jun 2010 01:23:09 PDT

Trolex (UK) has introduced an in-line version of its vortex gas flow sensor/transmitter. Designed for in line flow monitoring of air, gases and vapours in pipelines, the TX5926 and TX5927 models are made to the usual Trolex exacting standards. The two models provide the option of either a 1” or 2” nominal bore and applications for these gas flow sensors range from ventilation system, cooling systems, and plant protection through to high accuracy transfer metering, environmental control and monitoring as well as for process extraction plants. They are built for use in power plants, process plants, pharmaceutical production, biogas plants, landfill sites as well as cement manufacture and the mining industry – anywhere where gas flow detection in pipes is required.

The new in-line vortex gas flow sensors are certified intrinsically safe, Group I and Group II for use in potentially explosive atmospheres to EURONORM standards. The vortex flow velocity sensing system provides high accuracy, flow measurement free from drift and mechanical deterioration. As the stream of gas passes through the sensing zone, vortices are generated by a transverse strut or ‘Bluff Body’ positioned in the flow path. The vortex frequency is proportional to the flow velocity and this frequency is detected by an ultrasound beam accurately located downstream of the strut. This information is processed by a specially designed software program to provide user configurable information display and a conditioned linear output signal.

Both the TX5926 and TX5927 have programmable information display for zero, span, signal offset, volumetric calculations, engineering units, turn down, damping, display suppression, fault mode, contrast and signal clamp. There are no moving parts on the product and the self-cleaning vortex sensing head gives ultra long-term stability. The units also offer configurable signal turndown and response linearity in true engineering units as well as a volumetric flow calculation facility.

source : Environmental technology newspaper

The New G400-MP2 Pump Gas Detector

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Wed, 02 Jun 2010 01:16:18 PDT

New Pump communicates with gas detector. The new G-400-MP2 Pump from GfG (germany) communicates with the gas detectors G450/G460. This interaction allows fault indication via the detector display. Low battery, blocked sampling line or interrupted power fault modes are shown on the display and activate different visual and audible warnings.

Gas samples can be taken from distances of up to 100 m with considerable low – pressure performance – the safe solution for confined space measurement. The G400-MP2 is the only attachable pump available which may remain fixed to the detector. When the pump is turned on, the diffusion inlets are covered and the measurement results are not affected by air flows.

An additional filter system in the sampling line protects pump and sensors from dust and moisture. When the pump is turned off, the gas detector can be operated as usual. The diffusion inlets now allow all gases to enter the sensor chamber.

The G400-MP2 is operated on its own power supply, independently from the gas detector, i.e. the pump does not affect the operational time of the G450/G460. The pump power supply allows at least 10 hours of continuous operation.

In addition, the performance test approval of the G460 and G450 includes methane, propane, hexane and n-nonane, so the user is protected against the whole range combustible gases that may be encountered. This means better protection, and improved safety. Together with a huge range of sensors, accessories and options, the G460 and G450 provide a comprehensive solution for all gas detection applications.

source : Environmental technology newspaper

China's Will Turn Off its Lights for Earth Hour 2010

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Thu, 25 Mar 2010 21:01:02 PDT

China’s most significant historic landmark, the Forbidden City in Beijing, will turn off its lights for Earth Hour at 8.30pm on Saturday March 27, in a dramatic display of action on global warming from the world’s most populous nation.

Lying figuratively and geographically at the heart of the Chinese capital, the hallowed complex, which served as the ceremonial and political hub of China for almost five centuries, is the most symbolic gesture the economic superpower could make to show its commitment to the pursuit of low-carbon economic development.

The Forbidden City heads up a list of some of the world’s most iconic landmarks that have confirmed their participation in Earth Hour in recent days including :

1. Italy’s Trevi Fountain in Rome and Leaning Tower of Pisa,
2. Big Ben and Houses of Parliament in London,
3. Edinburgh Castle in Scotland,
4. India Gate and Red Fort in Delhi,
5. Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe,
6. Bosphorous Bridge in Istanbul
7. Hohensalzburg Castle in Salzburg, and
8. Independence Angel in Mexico City.

They join a comprehensive list of the world’s great man-made marvels and natural wonders, including the Eiffel Tower, Brandenburg Gate, Hiroshima Peace Memorial, Empire State Building, London Eye, Table Mountain, Christ the Redeemer statue, Sydney Opera House and the world’s tallest building, Burj Khalifa, which will plunge into darkness for Earth Hour contributing to a historic moment in the climate landscape. (earthhour.org)

Victoria Falls One of the most inspiring stories to Earth Hour this year

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Wed, 24 Mar 2010 22:20:00 PDT

Mighty Victoria Falls a powerful backdrop for climate action. In this year, Earth Hour concerns to come out of the lead up the Victoria Falls, bordering the African nations of Zambia and Zimbabwe.

From one man contacting the Earth Hour team and offering to help bring Earth Hour to his country, came support from local businesses, hotels, the regional power utility and the district government, to bring about what will likely be one of the most magical moments in Earth Hour 2010's global celebration of the planet.

Spearheaded by the NGO Environment Africa, one of the largest waterfalls in the world will now bear witness to a gathering of hundreds of schoolchildren, a candlelit vigil attended by community members and dignitaries, and the sounds of the mbira played under a moonlit sky, in recognition Earth Hour's unifying global message of hope and action for a better healthier planet.

United by hope and the passion of those willing to take action on climate change and make a difference, Victoria Falls will join the ranks of world icons such as the Eiffel Tower, Empire State Building, Trevi Fountain, Sydney Opera House, Table Mountain, Christ the Redeemer statue, Hiroshima Peace Memorial, Burj Khalifa (the world's tallest building) and many more man-made marvels and natural wonders, that will switch off for Earth Hour for what is anticipated to be the greatest global action on climate change ever witnessed. ( earthhour.org )

Save Our Earth in Earth Hour 2010 !

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Wed, 24 Mar 2010 21:00:54 PDT

Earth Hour is a global event organized by WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature, also known as World Wildlife Fund) and is held on the last Saturday of March annually, asking households and businesses to turn off their non-essential lights and other electrical appliances for one hour to raise awareness towards the need to take action on climate change. Earth hour was conceived by WWF and The Sydney Morning Herald in 2007, when 2.2 million residents of Sydney participated by turning off all non-essential lights. Following Sydney's lead, many other cities around the world adopted the event in 2008. Earth Hour 2010 will take place on March 27, 2010 from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m., local time. (Wikipedia.org)

About Earth Hour

Earth Hour started in 2007 in Sydney, Australia when 2.2 million homes and businesses turned their lights off for one hour to make their stand against climate change. Only a year later and Earth Hour had become a global sustainability movement with more than 50 million people across 35 countries participating. Global landmarks such as the, Sydney Harbour Bridge, The CN Tower in Toronto, The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, and Rome’s Colosseum, all stood in darkness, as symbols of hope for a cause that grows more urgent by the hour. (Earthhour.org)

Turn out your light, show support

In March 2009, hundreds of millions of people took part in the third Earth Hour. Over 4000 cities in 88 countries officially switched off to pledge their support for the planet, making Earth Hour 2009 the world’s largest global climate change initiative.

Earth Hour 2010 takes place on Saturday 27 March at 8.30pm (local time) and is a global call to action to every individual, every business and every community throughout the world. It is a call to stand up, to take responsibility, to get involved and lead the way towards a sustainable future. Iconic buildings and landmarks from Europe to Asia to the Americas will stand in darkness. People across the world from all walks of life will turn off their lights and join together in celebration and contemplation of the one thing we all have in common – our planet.

A list of 812 icons and landmarks worldwide will turn off their lights for Earth Hour, including:

Eiffel Tower, Paris
Grand Palace, Bangkok
Sky Tower, Auckland
London Eye, London
Piccadilly Circus, London
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin
Empire State Building, New York
Burj Al Arab, Dubai
Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro
El Ángel, Mexico City
Trevi Fountain, Italy
Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
Forbidden City, Beijing
Red Fort, Delhi
Leaning Tower of Pisa, Pisa
Big Ben, London
Sydney Opera House, Sydney

Celebrity Earth Hour ambassadors who are supporting the Earth Hour message include; Nobel Peace Prize winner Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Helen Clarke (former New Zealand Prime Minister), Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus, The Cranberries, Andox and Box from Hong Kong, Mayor of London Boris Johnson, former Spice Girl Melanie Chisholm, and a panda named Mei Lan. At the moment 214 ambassadors have signed on to support EH 2010. Earth Hour has garnered global support from over fourty five international corporations such as IKEA, HSBC, PwC, Accenture and Nokia Siemens Networks. (en.wikipedia.org)

So pledge your support here and turn off your lights for one hour, Earth Hour, 8.30pm, Saturday 27th March 2010 !

BioGas One of Alternative and Renewable Energy

noreply@blogger.com (besar) — Sun, 21 Feb 2010 14:27:41 PST

Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel.
One type of biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste and energy crops. This type of biogas comprises primarily methane and carbon dioxide. The other principal type of biogas is wood gas which is created by gasification of wood or other biomass. This type of biogas is comprised primarily of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, with trace amounts of methane.

The gases methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. Air contains 21 percent oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel in any country for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in modern waste management facilities where it can be used to run any type of heat engine, to generate either mechanical or electrical power. Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles and in the UK for example is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17 percent of vehicle fuel.Biogas is a renewable fuel, so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world.

Another definition what is Biogas?

Biogas is generated when bacteria degrade biological material in the absence of oxygen, in a process known as anaerobic digestion. Since biogas is a mixture of methane (also known as marsh gas or natural gas, CH4) and carbon dioxide it is a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment. Anaerobic digestion is basically a simple process carried out in a number of steps that can use almost any organic material as a substrate - it occurs in digestive systems, marshes, rubbish dumps, septic tanks and the Arctic Tundra. Humans tend to make the process as complicated as possible by trying to improve on nature in complex machines but a simple approach is still possible, as I hope you see in some of the links below. As methane is very hard to compress I see its best use as for stationary fuel, rather than mobile fuel. It takes a lot of energy to compress the gas (this energy is usually just wasted), plus you have the hazard of high pressure. A variable volume storage (flexible bag or floating drum are the two main variants) is much easier and cheaper to arrange than high pressure cylinders, regulators and compressors.

Hot to Make BioGas and How to Use Them?

These how to make biogas from human waste. Human Waste as a Resource.
Treating human waste through Anaerobic Digestion is an incredibly ethical sanitation technology. Anaerobic Digestion occurs in biodigesters and produces a fuel (biogas), removes Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) from sewage, conserves nutrients (especially nitrogen compounds) and most importantly reduces pathogens. Human waste damages the environment because it is loaded with BOD, nutrients, and anthropozoonotic diseases. This can cause a host of environmental problems that can lead to ecosystem collapse such as rendering a water body uninhabitable for many organisms. Untreated sewage causes algal blooms, red tide, and so called dead zones. Humans also suffer from untreated sewage (also called black water). Waterborne disease transmitted through human excrement is a leading cause of death worldwide, especially in the so-called developing world. Some diseases caused by untreated human sewage are Cholera, Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonella, Dysentery, Gastroenteritis, Leptospirosis, Meningitis, Hepatitis, and various parasitic diseases.

The amount of biogas that can be yielded from human waste is limited in comparison with livestock manure and other feedstocks. Are stomachs are just too efficient! David House states in his excellent book that 1000 lbs of humans produces about 0.6 cubic meters of biogas (enough cooking fuel for about 1 to 2 persons). But that amount quickly adds up, please reference the internet for example projects especially in Rwanda, India and Thailand.

Untreated sewage, along with causing a prevalence of disease, developing countries are also disposing of valuable nutrients in places where fertilizers aren’t available. Biodigesters turn waste into a biofertilizer. There is also a major flaw in the sewage treatment systems of developed countries where enormous amounts of energy are used to aerate and treat sewage; Anaerobic Digestion treats sewage and also produces energy rather than consumes it. This article discusses considerations for human waste treatment and various options are outlined.

Important! Considerations
A handful of considerations need to be made for treating human waste. There are IMPORTANT disease related issues and some common physical considerations. The number 1 issue is handling human waste. Operators that handle human waste without any precautions will inevitably get sick. The waste handling process must consider the handlers. Ideally a waste treatment system will eliminate any direct handling by humans.

Typical biodigester effluent is NOT sterile. Anaerobic digestion creates a competitive environment where pathogens are out competed by non-infectious microorganisms and therefore are edged out in terms of populations. This means that pathogens are REDUCED, but not entirely eliminated. However, studies in thermophilic biodigesters (45-55 degrees C) have shown a much greater reduction of pathogens than in ambient temperature and lower temperature biodigesters (see biodigesters capable of controlling pathogens section). A waste treatment system needs to address the issue of disease during the process via pre or post treatment or the effluent needs to be disposed of accordingly.

One common consideration in designing biodigesters to fit into an already existing system is that usually human excrement is heavily diluted to facilitate movement. Toilet flushes consume large volumes of water (range from 1.3 to 2.5 gallons but about 2 gallons in the US) and designing a biodigester with for example a 30-day hydraulic retention time (HRT) for treating flushed waste requires a very large volume biodigester at a 2 gallon per flush dilution. There are biodigester designs, however, that can handle an HRT, or the amount of time a biodigester retains a waste, of only a few hours. These designs are sludge retaining reactors such as an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and even better performing Fixed Film Reactors. One last important factor to consider is ammonia toxicity as human waste has been reported to have a low C: N ratio. This problem can be solved via dilution and co-digestion of a carbon rich feedstock such as molasses. Animal waste is inherently safer to treat then human waste because they tend to carry less human pathogens, though consideration for some manure born pathogens ought to be made as well.

Treatment Methods: Heat Pre-treatment
During this process human excrement would be pasteurized to 70 degrees C before entering the biodigester. This would be done best before dilution to reduce energy costs and can be done using waste steam, passive solar heating, or direct combustion of biogas or any other fuel source. The process would make more of the human excrement available for Anaerobic Digestion and would in fact likely increase the amount of biogas produced. Heat pre-treatment can also lower the HRT. Sterilization upfront will deal with any pathogen related effluent issues down the line and produce a biofertilizer for comestible (fit for human consumption) crops.

Treatment Methods: Treatment through Retention
Very long retention times for sewage have the ability to virtually destroy pathogens. The amount of time human excrement should be retained varies. In a very warm climate you may want to retain the waste for 60-90 days, however in cold climates (20 degrees C and below) 150 or more days of retention are recommended. Retention time can be controlled via the biodigester HRT or by holding the effluent for an additional period of time. The option that is the most economic should be considered as well as safety factors such as the access to holding tank and any other issue that involves potential exposure to humans and animals. Safety Warning: Retention methods to destroy pathogens should be confirmed by lab results before adoption.

Treatment Methods: Post Treatment and Sterilization
Biodigester effluent may also be treated in a secondary treatment phase such as Ultrafiltration, Ultraviolet Light (UV), a Treatment Wetland, Composting, or Aerobic Treatment. Ultra filtration consists of running the effluent through a membrane that only allows solubles to pass through. At the moment this technology is more likely to be used in the developed world but appropriate solutions using materials such as mangroves and other plants might be used. Ultrafiltration is practical for concentrated wastewaters that have had most solids settled out. UV treatment is a common water treatment technology however may only be practical for dilute effluents where turbidity is not an issue. A treatment wetland provides additional treatment as well as habitat for wildlife. Essentially a movement gradient is created and planted with wetland plants that facilitate nutrient and pathogen removal. This is the way wastewaters, such as storm runoff, are naturally treated in the environment. A composting process maybe allowed used to treat the effluent however it must first be dried to facilitate aeration, which is land and energy intensive. Care must be made to ensure that no one breathes in the dust from the fresh effluent during this process. The effluent may also go through an aerobic treatment process to polish the effluent however this is expensive, intensive, and removes nutrients from a productive system. Other waste treatment options may include sand filters and clarifiers.

Treatment Methods: Biodigesters Capable of Controlling Pathogens
As previously alluded to, some biodigester processes are able to control virtually all the pathogens found in sewage. These are thermophilic biodigesters, phase biodigesters, and staged biodigesters. In a thermophilic biodigester the environment within the biodigester is so hot that many pathogens are unable to survive. The environment is also far more competitive than in a regular biodigester. Pathogens are usually acclimated and most happy around body temperature. Fortunately many of the organisms capable of carrying out Anaerobic Digestion are thermophiles, or heat loving organisms. However caution must be made with the previously mentioned ammonia toxicity, as thermophilic biodigesters are far more sensitive to this issue than ambient and lower temperature biodigesters. A phase biodigester separates the respective phases that material must undergo during the anaerobic digestion process. Organic material undergoes hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Essentially a container can facilitate the conversion of organics to solubles (hydrolysis), the production of acids (acidogenesis and acetogenesis) or methane production (methanogenesis). In phase Anaerobic Digestion two or more containers are used to separate the phases. This can be done physically (removing organics as they are hydrolysed), chemically (inhibiting methane production or buffering acids to a pH where methanogenesis can occur) or biologically (acidifying the first reactor(s)). If a reactor is allowed to acidify to inhibit methane production the low pH will also create an extreme environment where some pathogens are unable to live. After an acidic environment they will be introduced to a methane-producing environment that additionally removes pathogens through microbial competition. A two-phase biodigester capable of eliminating pathogens might have an acidifying first tank, which is then fed into a thermophilic, methane producing second tank. Staged biodigesters can work in the same way by changing the competition mechanisms in various stages (reactors) though still not quite separating the phases.

Applying Effluent
Completely eliminating pathogens is not necessary when adequate care is given to applying the effluent. Biodigester effluent that still contains pathogens can be applied into subterranean leachfields (with a clarifier), used for non-edible crops and in some cases forage crops, and applied directly to land. However all these things require safety considerations. The amount of human exposure needs to be taken into consideration. Groundwater and water body contamination are all potential threats to releasing effluent not completely void of pathogens into the environment. Direct land application needs to take direct exposure into account such as use of land by children and adults. Non-edible crops are another option and also allow for nutrient capture. Crops could include energy crops, biomass production, and many others. Exposure to humans however is again a risk that must be accounted for. The simplest and safest way to dispose of effluent is to simply inject it in an already existing sewer system.

Conclusion
Biodigesters offer a variety of benefits to the person interested in ethical treatment of human waste. The most important consideration, which has not necessarily always been effectively managed, is the danger pathogens in human waste pose to health. These systems are scalable from the household, community level to the larger industrial scale applications. Successful applications can be found worldwide and as well as in history. Best of all, Anaerobic Digestion offers to turn waste into a resource.

source : Making Biogas from Human Waste