<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2026 14:03:24 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>SE = poster på svenska</category><category>EN = posts in English</category><category>DE = Blogeinträge auf Deutsch</category><category>EN - Discover Switzerland</category><category>SE - Upptäck Schweiz</category><category>DE - Die Schweiz Entdecken</category><category>EN - Discover Zurich</category><category>SE - Upptäck Zürich</category><category>EN - Discover the Czech Republic</category><category>EN - Learn German</category><category>SE - Upptäck Tjeckien</category><category>SE - Lär dig förstå talad danska</category><category>SE - Lär dig tyska</category><category>EN - Discover Austria</category><category>SE - Upptäck Österrike</category><category>DE - Zürich Entdecken</category><category>EN - Discover Germany</category><category>ENG: Scandinavian Languages</category><category>SE - Upptäck Tyskland</category><category>DE - Österreich Entdecken</category><category>SWE - Skandinaviska språk</category><category>DE - Deutschland Entdecken</category><category>EN</category><category>EN - Discover Denmark</category><category>EN - Discover Sweden</category><category>ENG - Learn Danish</category><category>SE - Upptäck Danmark</category><category>SE - Upptäck Sverige</category><title>Language Learning with Erik Wirdheim</title><description>A blog by Erik Wirdheim - a Swede living in Switzerland, working hard to integrate by learning the German language (and Swiss &quot;Mundart&quot;) and by hiking, skiing and discovering the German speaking countries and more.</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>182</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-5162616434377231476</guid><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2017 22:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-02-03T23:54:07.836+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Learn German</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>German Movie Tips: Four Men Against the Bank – a Family Comedy</title><description>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;284&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/AitBsc0lNYw&quot; width=&quot;504&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;

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In the German family comedy &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vier gegen die Bank&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Four men against the bank&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;; my translation) we meet an odd group of men: an elderly actor who does not get any roles any longer, a self-absorbed young advertising professional and a boxing trainer who dreams of starting his own gym, but in reality is more busy chasing women. What forces them to co-operate with each other is that they all have seen their savings disappear through an unsuccessful stock speculation.&lt;br /&gt;
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First, they blame their misfortune on an investment advisor, who has just been fired from their bank, but then they quickly realize that they had better have him joining them. After all, he is also upset with the bank and can therefore be the insider whom they need to get their money back - through a robbery.&lt;br /&gt;
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As you will probably understand by now, &lt;i&gt;Vier gegen die Bank&lt;/i&gt; contains enough of&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;a story, though not a particularly original one. That is at least how I perceived the film. It is entertaining for the whole family, but it is only towards the end do you get a little surprised. However, I do not agree with our Swiss newspaper &lt;i&gt;NZZ am Sonntag&lt;/i&gt; where you can read that the script writers are stuck in traditional gender roles. True, one female bank manager seems to have used her charms to be promoted. As a contrast, however, a sophisticated-looking female detective comes across as the most intelligent of all personalities involved in this story.&lt;br /&gt;
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Where &lt;i&gt;Vier gegen die Bank &lt;/i&gt;takes place is stressed through a number of short city views where you see the TV tower and the Victory Column in Berlin, but apart from that there is nothing which connects the plot with the German capital.&lt;br /&gt;
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The language of the film was interesting in an unexpected way. Some of the characters speak a bit fast and with a dialect, but that did not cause any major difficulties for my sons (11 and 13 years). Instead, what generated a few questions in the darkness of the cinema were some concepts, which were new to my children: What is speculation? How can company stocks lose all their value? And what is a dating site?&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vier gegen die Bank&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; still runs in cinemas in Zurich, for example at &lt;i&gt;Arena Sihl City&lt;/i&gt;, where we saw it.&lt;br /&gt;
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The best German family comedy which we have seen in the cinema so far is &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/12/german-movie-welcome-hartmanns.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Willkommen bei den Hartmann &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;(Welcome to the Hartmann’s).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;- - -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/02/tysk-familjekomedi-vier-gegen-bank.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Swedish version&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/b&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2017/02/german-movie-vier-gegen-bank.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/AitBsc0lNYw/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>10</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-7807156045724147410</guid><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2017 22:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-02-03T23:51:33.549+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig tyska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SWE: Tyskt filmtips: Familjekomedin ”Vier gegen die Bank”</title><description>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;284&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/AitBsc0lNYw&quot; width=&quot;504&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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I den tyska familjekomedin &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vier gegen die Bank&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;Fyra mot banken&lt;/b&gt;) möter vi en udda grupp män: en äldre skådespelare som inte längre får några roller, en självupptagen yngre reklammakare och en boxningstränare som drömmer om att starta ett eget gym, men i själva verket framför allt jagar kvinnor. Vad som tvingar dessa till att samarbeta är att de alla har sett sina besparingar försvinna genom misslyckad aktiespekulation.&lt;br /&gt;
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Först pekar de ut en&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; från deras bank just avskedad, investeringsrådgivare som skyldig till deras olycka, men inser snabbt att det är bättre att vinna över honom till sin sida. Han är ju själv förbannad på banken och kan därför bli den &lt;i&gt;insider &lt;/i&gt;som de behöver för att få tillbaka sina pengar&amp;nbsp; - genom ett rån.&lt;br /&gt;
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Som ni förmodligen förstår vid det här laget, har &lt;i&gt;Vier gegen die Bank&lt;/i&gt; tillräckligt mycket av en berättelse, om än ej särdeles originell sådan. Åtminstone var det så jag upplevde filmen. Den är underhållande för hela familjen, men det är först mot slutet som man blir lite överraskad. Däremot vill jag inte hålla med den schweiziska tidningen &lt;i&gt;NZZ am Sonntag&lt;/i&gt; om att manusförfattarna skulle sitta fast i traditionella könsroller. Det stämmer visserligen att en kvinna på banken verkar ha gått sängvägen för att bli befordrad. Mot henne ska dock ställas en sofistikerat snygg kvinnlig kriminalkommissarie som framstår den absolut intelligentaste av alla inblandade i den här historien.&lt;br /&gt;
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Var &lt;i&gt;Vier gegen die Bank&lt;/i&gt; utspelas bekräftas genom ett antal korta stadsvyer där man ser TV-tornet och &lt;i&gt;Siegessäule &lt;/i&gt;i Berlin, men i övrigt finns det ingenting som binder handlingen till den tyska huvudstaden.&lt;br /&gt;
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Språket i filmen upplevde jag intressant på ett oväntat sätt. Vissa av karaktärerna talar lite snabbt och med dialekt, men det hade inte mina söner (11 och 13 år) några större svårigheter med. Vad som istället föranledde en del frågor inne i biomörkret var i stället några för barnen nya koncept: Vad betyder spekulation? Hur kan aktier förlora hela sitt värde? Och vad är en &lt;i&gt;dating site&lt;/i&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Vier gegen die Bank&lt;/i&gt; (2016) går fortfarande på bio i Zürich, t.ex. på &lt;i&gt;Arena Sihl City&lt;/i&gt;, där vi såg den.&lt;br /&gt;
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Den bästa tyska familjekomedi som vi har sett på bio är hittills &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/12/tysk-film-willkommen-hartmanns.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Willkommen bei den Hartmanns &lt;/i&gt;(Välkommen till familjen Hartmann).&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;- - -&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/02/german-movie-vier-gegen-bank.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;English version&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/b&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2017/02/tysk-familjekomedi-vier-gegen-bank.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/AitBsc0lNYw/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-7546972099037622068</guid><pubDate>Sun, 22 Jan 2017 12:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-01-22T22:38:04.829+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ENG: Scandinavian Languages</category><title>ENG: Learn to understand spoken Danish: stød (creaky voice/glottal stop)</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsSt-6LKaTh7F4YM6hmwG_mAhVDGDHd0hgIaWL0tulnzM_HON86yJ9dX55oiX_anqEW5r0zttr15QQCgTBwN76PZzBHWHIsSGQzD8_-S5MNMBYtesx9nZiu4zZm9r14jzs3XHlcn5SJF0/s1600/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-3b.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsSt-6LKaTh7F4YM6hmwG_mAhVDGDHd0hgIaWL0tulnzM_HON86yJ9dX55oiX_anqEW5r0zttr15QQCgTBwN76PZzBHWHIsSGQzD8_-S5MNMBYtesx9nZiu4zZm9r14jzs3XHlcn5SJF0/s320/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-3b.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
According to a &lt;b&gt;chronicle&lt;/b&gt;, already in &lt;b&gt;1554 &lt;/b&gt;a Swedish bishop expressed his annoyance over how Danes pressed out the words &quot;as if they were trying to cough.&quot; On the one hand, this comment reveals, for minimally how long the Danes have spoken with &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;stød &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;(literally &lt;b&gt;thrust&lt;/b&gt;) but also how disturbing this so characteristic feature can be to Swedish ears.&lt;br /&gt;
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The importance of &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;is critical in spoken Danish: basically it is&lt;b&gt; only this linguistic phenomenon which differentiates the pronunciation &lt;/b&gt;of &lt;i&gt;gul &lt;/i&gt;(yellow) [gulˀ] (with &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;) from &lt;i&gt;guld (gold) &lt;/i&gt;[gul] (without stød). The same applies to the difference between &lt;i&gt;anden &lt;/i&gt;(the duck) which is pronounced [&#39;andˀen] (with &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;) and the pronoun &lt;i&gt;anden &lt;/i&gt;(another) pronounced [&#39;anden]&amp;nbsp; (without &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;). We can also look at the noun for runner, &lt;i&gt;løber &lt;/i&gt;[ˈløːb̥ɔ] (without &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;), and contrast it with the present form of the verb run, &lt;i&gt;løber &lt;/i&gt;[ˈløːˀb̥ɔ] (with &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;). Farmers, &lt;i&gt;bønder, &lt;/i&gt;take &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;, while beans, &lt;i&gt;bønner&lt;/i&gt;, is pronounced the same way but without it.&lt;br /&gt;
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Those of you who want to speak flawless Danish simply cannot evade &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;. For those who are satisfied with &quot;only&quot; understanding Danish – i.e. not using the language actively - everything is much easier. For us to realise if someone is talking about a yellow thing, or something made of gold, the &lt;b&gt;context &lt;/b&gt;actually gives a far better support than the individual sounds of the language.&lt;br /&gt;
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What remains, however, is to become comfortable with this coughing sound, I beg your pardon: &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;. For my own acceptance of it there are two decisive explanations: the first relates to the &lt;b&gt;actual sound&lt;/b&gt;, the second to its &lt;b&gt;origin&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Baaahaha and Cockney butter ... or butter from the Swedish town of Eskilstuna&lt;/h3&gt;
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The Danish &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;if often (not least in Copenhagen) pronounced through a complete closure of the vocal cords, a so called &lt;b&gt;glottal stop&lt;/b&gt;. In Swedish, we do not have that sound, but can identify it, for example in how in English Cockney accent the sound /t / is replaced through a full glottal stop in the pronunciation of butter. Those who know Spanish will recognise the same in how the letter /s/ is replaced by a soft vocal cord closure when people in Andalusia say &lt;i&gt;España &lt;/i&gt;(Spain).&lt;br /&gt;
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All of us can pronounce this sound. If we imitate a sheep - &lt;b&gt;baahaha &lt;/b&gt;– you clearly here it, which is why we add the letter /h/ to describe this bleating sound. If we bleat without closing the glottis completely, we get what phoneticians call the &lt;b&gt;creaky voice&lt;/b&gt;. In many Danish dialects this is rather similar to how &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;is pronounced and then we actually have direct parallels in Swedish dialects. Try to mimic how Swedish-speakers around the cities of &lt;b&gt;Eskilstuna &lt;/b&gt;or &lt;b&gt;Örebro &lt;/b&gt;say &lt;i&gt;smör &lt;/i&gt;(butter) with a creaking vowel. Here, there is a narrowing of the vocal cords, but they do not close completely. Due to this dialect feature, this part of Sweden is often referred to as the “Whining belt” (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gnällbältet&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;), although the “Creaking belt” would be a more suitable name.&lt;br /&gt;
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Historical connection with pitch accent&lt;/h3&gt;
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Danish &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;may seem strange if one does not take into account a phenomenon which among the Germanic languages is unique for the other two Scandinavian languages - Swedish and Norwegian – and thus can be expected to have existed in Danish as well: our &lt;b&gt;pitch accent&lt;/b&gt;. In Swedish this (and only this) differentiates the pronunciation of &lt;i&gt;stegen &lt;/i&gt;(the steps) and &lt;i&gt;anden &lt;/i&gt;(the duck) - both with acute accent - from &lt;i&gt;stegen &lt;/i&gt;(the ladder) and &lt;i&gt;anden &lt;/i&gt;(the spirit) - the latter two with grave accent.&lt;br /&gt;
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Scandinavian originally monosyllabic words like steg (step) and and (duck) take the acute accent in Swedish and Norwegian but in Danish they are pronounced with &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;. Consequently, Scandinavian words which historically had two syllables are pronounced without stød in Danish.&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, this simple principle is complicated by the fact that all the Scandinavian languages have a number of words which received their accent when they were still monosyllabic and have retained this although, subsequently, they have become polysyllabic. Historically, we did not say &lt;i&gt;sitter &lt;/i&gt;(present tense of sit) in Swedish, but &lt;i&gt;sitr&lt;/i&gt;. Hence, the Danish word &lt;i&gt;sidder &lt;/i&gt;takes stød.&lt;br /&gt;
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To further complicate predictability, there is a number of Danish monosyllabic words where &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;is the only differentiating element. Examples of this can be found when we compare &lt;i&gt;ven &lt;/i&gt;(friend) [vɛn] (without &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;) with &lt;i&gt;vend &lt;/i&gt;(the imperative of the verb turn) [vɛnˀ] (with &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;). To comfort those of you want to learn to speak perfect Danish, this last example can be explained through the rules for when &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;can occur in the language (so-called &lt;i&gt;stødbasis&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
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Do not confuse &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;with stress&lt;/h3&gt;
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Just like with the pitch accent of Swedish and Norwegian, in Danish we must distinguish between &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;and stress. Examples of Danish words which can be told apart thanks to stress - not &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;- we find in &lt;i&gt;billigst &lt;/i&gt;(cheapest) [ˈb̥ilisd̥] och bilist (motorist) [b̥iˈlisd̥]. The first word has the stress on the first syllable, the second one on the final syllable.&lt;br /&gt;
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Just get used to it!&lt;/h3&gt;
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In short: Do not sweat the &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;in Danish. If you want to shorten your path to understanding spoken Danish, you had better focus on the similarities between this and the other Scandinavian languages. So, just get used to it! :) And, by the way, beware that the word &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;is pronounced without &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Several good videos in Danish about stød can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmDZggqBudc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSP1uSUrFsA&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZg1jJ-3e_4&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Earlier related articles:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/differences-danish-norwegian-infographic.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Differences between Danish and Norwegian –Infografic on the Written Languages&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/10/learn-understand-spoken-danish.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Learn to Understand Spoken Danish – an Introduction (part 1)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/01/understand-spoken-danish-reduction.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Learn to Understand Spoken Danish Despite Reduction (part 2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-stod-stot.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Swedish version&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sources: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Danska – Grundbog i dansk for studerende ved svenske universiteter; Købmand Petersen, Bjarne; BOD Books on Demand, 2012; sid. 152-153. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www2.ling.su.se/fon/fonetik_2009/012%20riad_fonetik2009.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Eskilstuna at the tonal key to Danish; Tomas Rind, Stockholm University &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Snacka skandinaviska; Lindgren, Birgitta / Havaas, Anitha; Prodicta, 2012; sid. 24. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Wikipedia in Swedish: &lt;a href=&quot;https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8d&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;stød&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Wikipedia in Danish: &lt;a href=&quot;https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8d_(sproglyd)&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;stød (sproglyd) &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Wikipedia in English: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8d&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;stød&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Danish language&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_and_Standard_Danish&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2017/01/understand-danish-stod-creaky-voice.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsSt-6LKaTh7F4YM6hmwG_mAhVDGDHd0hgIaWL0tulnzM_HON86yJ9dX55oiX_anqEW5r0zttr15QQCgTBwN76PZzBHWHIsSGQzD8_-S5MNMBYtesx9nZiu4zZm9r14jzs3XHlcn5SJF0/s72-c/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-3b.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-7145969594061811204</guid><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2017 23:11:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-01-14T00:25:16.058+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>ENG: Learn to understand spoken Danish - despite reduction</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLK1an-7HywNZ6fezhBIt0rjC68uIN0Jtw4kQsux3kmGpIMCnd-HWzP5-HEzP8o7Hjy5dLmDzXlhlYdMLsZo7zfI77cQGe4biOfhmgO6Zi5pYzgvFo07NPmO7NfDVUQmE7o8DhS4j66Rg/s1600/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLK1an-7HywNZ6fezhBIt0rjC68uIN0Jtw4kQsux3kmGpIMCnd-HWzP5-HEzP8o7Hjy5dLmDzXlhlYdMLsZo7zfI77cQGe4biOfhmgO6Zi5pYzgvFo07NPmO7NfDVUQmE7o8DhS4j66Rg/s320/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Reduction blurs the pronunciation&lt;/h3&gt;
It is a fact that spoken Danish has changed markedly during the 20th century. Danish people tend to omit more and more syllables or sounds when they are not stressed or when they have a position at the end of a word. Linguists call this phenomenon reduction and it gradually distances Danish from the other two Scandinavian languages. Apparently, you do not have to go further back than the 1960s to find movies where the language sounds more typically Scandinavian than today.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sometimes the pronunciation of words actually merges. For example, in modern Danish there is no difference between doctors &lt;i&gt;læger &lt;/i&gt;(plural) and a teacher &lt;i&gt;lærer &lt;/i&gt;(singular). Both words are pronounced &lt;i&gt;lääå&lt;/i&gt; [ˈlæ:ɔ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Do not despair &lt;/h3&gt;
It is easy to despair but there is help: the reductions in Danish follow certain rules. Here is a presentation of those I consider most important.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;b&gt;The ending -a became an -e and was often then lost&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
That a short /e/ in an unstressed position results in a sound similar to that of Swedish /ö/ (more correctly [ə]) is a phenomenon which exists in many languages. Phoneticians call this short neutral vowel &lt;b&gt;schwa&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Like in Danish, in Norwegian the old Scandinavian ending -a has evolved to an -e, but that is also how it is pronounced. By contrast, in Danish it has been reduced to schwa, affecting, among other things the basic form (infinitive) of all verbs. This is why tell &lt;i&gt;tale &lt;/i&gt;is pronounced &lt;i&gt;tälö &lt;/i&gt;[ˈtˢæ:lə].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In some cases, it has gone so far that the ending is not pronounced at all. With the word chin hage serving as an example, one can imagine how the evolution has occurred in stages: &lt;i&gt;haka &lt;/i&gt;(like in Swedish) – &lt;i&gt;hagö – häjö – häö - hää&lt;/i&gt;. When the speaker retains a suffix, modern pronunciation will be &lt;i&gt;hääö &lt;/i&gt;[ˈhæ:ə], but many Danes pronounce this word Danes &lt;i&gt;hää &lt;/i&gt;[ˈhæ:].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Alternatively: the ending -a became an –e, but was then assimilated&lt;/h3&gt;
In Danish, the above mentioned schwa is so weak that, when it appears after another vowel, many speakers completely drop its original quality. We say that the sound is assimilated (adapted).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That is why the word for a living room &lt;i&gt;stue &lt;/i&gt;(compare with &lt;i&gt;stuga &lt;/i&gt;in Swedish) can be pronounced &lt;i&gt;stuu&lt;/i&gt; [ˈsd̥uːu] and girl &lt;i&gt;pige &lt;/i&gt;may sound like &lt;i&gt;pii &lt;/i&gt;[ˈpʰiːi].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
When /r/ becomes a vowel&lt;/h3&gt;
Some Swedes cannot stop complaining about the Danish (and southern Swedish!) guttural /r/. However, they will rapidly start appreciating it, in case they want to learn to understand spoken Danish. For most Swedes, it is a far more odd phenomenon that the Danish /r/ has often turned into something very similar to a vowel; a so called vokoid. In combination with an anterior vowel this vokoid forms a diphthong. This, among other things, affects the in all Scandinavian languages highly common ending -er. The word for churches &lt;i&gt;kirker &lt;/i&gt;is a good example because here we have two vokoid r-sounds. It is pronounced &lt;i&gt;kiökö &lt;/i&gt;[ˈkʰiɔkʰəɔ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among Swedish dialects something similar can be observed around my hometown of Halmstad. Like in Danish, in these positions the r-sounds are replaced with diphthongs. Hence, we pronounce &lt;i&gt;kyrkor&lt;/i&gt; (churches) &lt;i&gt;kyökoö &lt;/i&gt;[ˈɕyːəkuːə].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;b&gt;One of two consonants is dropped&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
In many Danish words you will hear how letter combinations like -ld- and -nd- are simplified to one single sound; -ll- and -nn- respectively. As a consequence the verb want &lt;i&gt;vilje &lt;/i&gt;and the plural of the adjective wild &lt;i&gt;vilde &lt;/i&gt;are pronounced &lt;i&gt;ville &lt;/i&gt;[ˈvilə].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Copenhagen Dialect instead of Standard Danish&lt;/h3&gt;
In all honesty, reduction occurs in Swedish and Norwegian as well, but the Danish language lacks the counterforce which we have in Standard Swedish (rikssvenska) and Standard East Norwegian (standard østnorsk/ norsk standardtalemål), respectively. &lt;b&gt;Standard Danish &lt;/b&gt;(rigsdansk) is no longer promoted by the media and therefore tends to be pushed out by the contemporary &lt;b&gt;Copenhagen dialect&lt;/b&gt;. Here, unstressed syllables disappear to an even greater extent than elsewhere. This means that most of us Swedes base or picture of Danish on one of its most unclear dialect.&amp;nbsp; If people in Copenhagen say something which we perceive as &lt;i&gt;Ka du gi m n ka&lt;/i&gt;, it is difficult for a Swede to understand that they are actually saying &quot;&lt;i&gt;Kan du give mig en kage?&lt;/i&gt;&quot; The verb can &lt;i&gt;kan &lt;/i&gt;is pronounced in exactly the same way as the desired cake, &lt;i&gt;kage&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
The written language as a bridge&lt;/h3&gt;
If you want to learn to &quot;hear&quot; which word might hide behind the reduction, I would recommend you to read Danish regularly. This is probably why Norwegians are generally better at understanding our neighbour language than we Swedes - their written language &lt;i&gt;bokmål &lt;/i&gt;is much more similar to Danish than written Swedish is.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A Swede will obviously feel confused, if they perceive &lt;i&gt;uu &lt;/i&gt;[ˈuːu] where they expects to hear the word week (&lt;i&gt;vecka &lt;/i&gt;in Swedish). Now, if you know that this word is written &lt;i&gt;uge &lt;/i&gt;in Danish (&lt;i&gt;uke &lt;/i&gt;in Norwegian Bokmål) it all becomes much easier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In later articles we will immerse into the Danish vowel and consonant sounds. However, first we will take a closer look at a unique sound phenomenon which have irritated Swedes for centuries: the &lt;b&gt;Danish stød.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;br /&gt;I have never studied Danish at the university, so I warmly welcome all proposals to improve and correct this article.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- - -&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Earlier related articles:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/differences-danish-norwegian-infographic.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Differences between Danish and Norwegian –Infografic on the Written Languages&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/10/learn-understand-spoken-danish.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Learn to Understand Spoken Danish – an Introduction (part 1)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Swedish version&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sources:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Snacka skandinaviska; Lindgren, Birgitta / Havaas, Anitha; Prodicta, 2012; sid. 24.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Danska
 – Grundbog i dansk for studerende ved svenske universiteter; Købmand 
Petersen, Bjarne; BOD Books on Demand, 2012; sid. 18,-19, 129-137 och 
230-235.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://schwa.dk/lydskrift/lydskrift-ipa-vs-dania/&quot;&gt;Fonetik og fonologi af Ruben Schachtenhaufen, ph.d.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_phonology&quot;&gt;Wikipedia in English: Danish phonology &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2017/01/understand-spoken-danish-reduction.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLK1an-7HywNZ6fezhBIt0rjC68uIN0Jtw4kQsux3kmGpIMCnd-HWzP5-HEzP8o7Hjy5dLmDzXlhlYdMLsZo7zfI77cQGe4biOfhmgO6Zi5pYzgvFo07NPmO7NfDVUQmE7o8DhS4j66Rg/s72-c/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-1056888444565167037</guid><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2017 22:07:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-01-09T09:58:33.398+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Learn German</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>ENG: German book tips: The Tin Drum by Günter Grass</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instagram.com/p/BOxBGMBA0c7/?taken-by=erikwirdheim&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;https://www.instagram.com/p/BOxBGMBA0c7/?taken-by=erikwirdheim&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhip1gHNrU5iuMJSZ_rVfvbN350dgvWJxcjn1X4oDupurFIVMAAdlwHsgrT6KgYZq02VVZBHSi5L5xUhYWogTRI1f8GpAfLO9hP7ME_6_qHZE-vqjF2xCG0lK-1QiWUKVDND5jRxBl_M4/s200/170102-TinDrum-Blecktrumman-Blecktrommel.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
It has honestly taken me several months, but now I have finished the reading of &lt;b&gt;The Tin Drum (Die Blecktrommel) &lt;/b&gt;by &lt;b&gt;Günter Grass&lt;/b&gt;. To my defense, it should be said that I only read the book during short tram trips in Zurich; from Belvoir Park to Stockerstrasse and that is only four stops in each direction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The plot will be well-known to most of you, not least thanks to the film from 1979. The book is written down when the protagonist Oskar is in a mental hospital, but presents his full life from his childhood in the &lt;b&gt;German Free City of Danzig &lt;/b&gt;before and during World War II through his later move to postwar &lt;b&gt;Dusseldorf&lt;/b&gt;. Oskar has a very different perspective on life, since he stopped growing when he was three years old. Despite this, he manages relatively well throughout the destiny of his family, above all thanks to his innate ability to make glass crack with his voice and the sense of rhythm which he developes through years of playing toy tin drums.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To read The Tin Drum in the original German language was a bit of a challenge. Some of Grass’ sentences are extremely long (see example below). The novel contains comments which are written in local German dialect or in German with a Polish accent. The protagonist interchangeably refers to himself either as I or as Oskar - sometimes he even changes in the middle of a sentence. Apart from this, the story is anything but straight forward. Oskar tends to repeat and further elaborate on what has already been told and thus makes you unsure of what really happened back then, and what is an afterthought.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Having said that, it should be emphasized that I never had to take the help of dictionaries. The book is consistently very funny and also interesting from a historical perspective, especially for those of us who care about the relationship between Germans and Poles. If you - like me – on top that are interested in the history of the Polish city of Gdańsk, the first parts are like a goldmine. Here we get the chance to travel on the old tram lines, go swimming in wartime Sopot and experience both city architecture as well as landscapes in the surrounding countryside with its Kashubian culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the episodes will probably stick in my memory forever. Here we find Oskar&#39;s childhood memories about the safety he used to feel (and the odor he used to smell!) while hiding under his grandmother&#39;s skirts, and how he probably contributed to the death of both men, whom he could consider to be his fathers. Among his memories as an adult, his utterly failed attempts to approach his neighbour, the nurse Dorothea, will aslo stay with me. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It deserves to be mentioned that The Tin Drum is included in the list of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_German_Novels_of_the_Twentieth_Century&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Best German Novels of the 20th Century&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The book is the first part of Grass’ so called Danzig trilogy, which also includes &lt;i&gt;Cat and Mouse&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Dog Year&lt;/i&gt;s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Günter Grass (1927-2015) was a great personality in the West German post-war debate and, in 1999, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. When he in 2006, in conjunction with the publication of his autobiography, announced that during World War II - more or less voluntarily – he had joined Waffen-SS, he for obvious reasons, was strongly criticized. It should be stressed that in spite of his revelation, both &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Poland&#39;s former President Lech Wałęsa as today&#39;s Polish residents of Gdańsk has allowed him to retain the title of honorary citizen of the city&lt;/a&gt;, thanks to his outstanding literature about the old German Free City of Danzig.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In short, I strongly recommend The Tin Drum. It is indeed written in a 
very special way, but clearly within my limits, although I am anything 
but a literary scholar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - - &lt;br /&gt;
Below you will find what I think is the longest sentence of the novel and at the same time a shining example of its rich personal gallery and of how the author sometimes refers to himself as I, sometimes as Oskar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;”Der Falter trommelte zwischen Glühbirnen meine Geburtsstunde ein; die Kellertreppe mit ihren neunzehn Stufen trommelte ich und meinen Sturz von der Treppe, als man meinen dritten sagenhafter Geburtstag feierte; den Stundenplan der Pestalozzischule trommelte ich rauf und runter, bestieg mit der Trommel den Stockturm, sass mit der Trommel unter politischen Tribünen, trommelte Aale und Möwen, Teppichklopfen am Karfreitag, sass trommelnd auf dem zum Fussende hin verjüngten Sarg meiner armen Mama, nahm mir dann Herbert Truczinskis narbenreichen Rücken als Trommelvorlage und bemerkte, als ich die Verteidigung der polnischen Post am Heveliusplatz auf einem Blech zusammenschlug, von weit her eine Bewegung am Kopfende jenes Bettes, auf dem ich sass, sah mit halbem Blick den aufgerichteten Klepp, der eine lächerliche Holzflöte unter dem Kopfkissen hervorzog, diese Flöte ansetzte und Töne hervorbrachte, die so süss, so unnatürlich, so meiner Trommel gemäss waren, dass ich ihn auf dem Friedhof Saspe zu Schugger Leo führen konnte, dass ich, als Schugger Leo ausgetantzt hatte, vor ihm, für ihn und mit ihm das Brausepulver meiner ersten Liebe aufschäumen lassen konnte; selbst in den Dschungel der Frau Lina Greff führte ich ihn, liess auch die grosse fünfundsiebenzig Kilo aufwiegende Trommelmaschine des Gemüsehändlers Greff abschnurren, nahm Klepp auf in Bebras Fronttheater, liess Jesus auf meinem Blech laut werden, trommelte Störtebeker und alle Stäuber vom Sprungturm hinunter – und unten sass Luzie -, ich aber erlaubte Ameisen und Russen, meine Trommel zu besetzen, führte ihn aber nicht noch einmal auf den Friedhof Saspe, wo ich die Trommel dem Matzerath nachwarf, sondern schlug mein grosses, nie endendes Thema an: Kaschubische Kartoffeläcker, Oktoberregen drüber, da sitzt meine Grossmutter in ihren vier Röcken; und Oskars Herz drohte zum Stein zu werden, als ich vernahm, wie aus Klepps Flöte der Oktoberregen rieselte, wie Klepps Flöte unter Regen und vier Röcken meinen Grossvater, den Brandstifter Joseph Koljaiczek, aufspürte und wie dieselbe Flöte die Zeugung meiner armen Mama feierte und bewies.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/01/tyskt-boktips-blecktrumman-grass.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Swedish version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2017/01/german-book-tin-drum-grass.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhip1gHNrU5iuMJSZ_rVfvbN350dgvWJxcjn1X4oDupurFIVMAAdlwHsgrT6KgYZq02VVZBHSi5L5xUhYWogTRI1f8GpAfLO9hP7ME_6_qHZE-vqjF2xCG0lK-1QiWUKVDND5jRxBl_M4/s72-c/170102-TinDrum-Blecktrumman-Blecktrommel.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>6</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-1720585371966731038</guid><pubDate>Mon, 02 Jan 2017 15:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-01-04T23:19:26.111+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SWE: Tyskt boktips: Blecktrumman av Günter Grass</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instagram.com/p/BOxBGMBA0c7/?taken-by=erikwirdheim&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;https://www.instagram.com/p/BOxBGMBA0c7/?taken-by=erikwirdheim&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhip1gHNrU5iuMJSZ_rVfvbN350dgvWJxcjn1X4oDupurFIVMAAdlwHsgrT6KgYZq02VVZBHSi5L5xUhYWogTRI1f8GpAfLO9hP7ME_6_qHZE-vqjF2xCG0lK-1QiWUKVDND5jRxBl_M4/s200/170102-TinDrum-Blecktrumman-Blecktrommel.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Det har i ärlighetens namn tagit mig flera månader, men nu har jag läst klart den: &lt;b&gt;Blecktrumman (&lt;i&gt;Die Blechtrommel&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/b&gt; av &lt;b&gt;Günter Grass&lt;/b&gt;. Till mitt försvar ska sägas att jag bara har läst boken under korta spårvagnsresor i Zürich; från Belvoir Park till Stockerstrasse, och det är bara fyra hållplatser i vardera riktningen...&lt;br /&gt;
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Handlingen är väl allmänt känd, inte minst genom filmatiseringen från 1979. Boken tecknas ner när huvudpersonen Oskar sitter på en mentalsjukhus, men besriver hela hans liv från uppväxten i den tyska fristaden &lt;b&gt;Danzig &lt;/b&gt;före och under andra världskriget till hans senare flytt till efterkrigstidens &lt;b&gt;Düsseldorf&lt;/b&gt;. Oskar har ett mycket annorlunda perspektiv på livet, eftersom han som treåring slutade att växa. Trots detta klarar han sig förhållandevis bra genom familjens alla öden, framför allt tack vare sin medfödda förmåga att spräcka glas med sin röst samt rytmkänslan som han har övat upp på sina många leksaksblecktrummor.&lt;br /&gt;
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Att läsa Blecktrumman på originalspråket tyska var lite av en utmaning. Vissa av Grass meningar är enormt långa (se exempel nedan). Boken innehåller kommentarer som är skrivna på den lokal tysk dialekt eller på tyska med polsk brytning. Huvudpersonen refererar omväxlande till sig själv som jag eller som Oskar – ibland ändrar han sig mitt i en mening. Upptill detta är berättelsen allt annat än rak. Oskars upprepar sig och utvidgar gärna vad som har hänt tidigare på ett sätt som gör en osäker på vad som verkligen hände då, och vad som är en efterkonstruktion.&lt;br /&gt;
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Med detta sagt ska det understrykas att jag aldrig behövde ta hjälp av ordböcker. Romanen är genomgående väldigt rolig och samtidigt intressant ur ett historiskt perspektiv, speciellt för oss som bryr oss om relationen mellan tyskar och polacker. Är man dessutom – som jag – intresserad av den numera polska staden Gdańsks historia, är de första delarna av boken en guldgruva. Här får vi resa längs de gamla spårvagnslinjerna, åka och bada i krigstidens Sopot och uppleva både stadsbebygglse och den  omkringliggande landsbygden med sin kasjubiska kultur.&lt;br /&gt;
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Vissa episoder har jag nog lagt till minnet för evigt. Till dessa hör Oskars barndomsminnen om tryggheten (och lukten) när han satt under mormors kjolar samt hur han förmodligen bidrog till att båda de personer, som han kunde se som sina fäder, dödades. Bland hans minnesbilder som vuxen har hans minst sagt misslyckade försök att närma sig sin granne, sjuksköterskan Dorothea, klistrat fast sig. &lt;br /&gt;
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Det ska i sammanhanget nämnas att Blecktrumman finns med på &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_German_Novels_of_the_Twentieth_Century&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;listan över 1900-talets bästa tyska romaner.&lt;/a&gt; Boken utgör den första delen av Grass Danzig-trilogi, vilken också omfattar &lt;i&gt;Katt och Mus&lt;/i&gt; samt &lt;i&gt;Hundår&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Om författaren Günter Grass (1927-2015) bör jag tillägga att han var en stor personlighet i den västtyska efterkrigsdebatten och fick Nobelpriset i litteratur år 1999. När han, i samband med utgivningen av sin självbiografi 2006, tillkännagav att han under andra världskriget – mer eller mindre frivilligt - hade ingått i &lt;i&gt;Waffen-SS&lt;/i&gt;, blev han av förklarliga skäl starkt kritiserad. Det bör därför betonas att såväl &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Polens f.d. president Lech Wałęsa som dagens polska invånare i Gdańsk har låtit honom behålla titeln som hedersmedborgare av stade&lt;/a&gt;n, tack vare hans enastående litteratur om den gamla tyska fristaden Danzig.&lt;br /&gt;
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Kort sagt: jag rekommenderar varmt Blecktrumman. Den är i sanning 
väldigt speciellt skriven, men ligger inom mina ramar, trots att jag är 
allt annat än litteraturvetare.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;- - -&lt;br /&gt;
Här nedan finner ni vad jag tror är bokens längsta mening och samtidigt ett lysande exempel på det rika persongalleriet samt på hur författaren ibland kallar sig själv för jag och ibland för Oskar:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;”Der Falter trommelte zwischen Glühbirnen meine Geburtsstunde ein; die Kellertreppe mit ihren neunzehn Stufen trommelte ich und meinen Sturz von der Treppe, als man meinen dritten sagenhafter Geburtstag feierte; den Stundenplan der Pestalozzischule trommelte ich rauf und runter, bestieg mit der Trommel den Stockturm, sass mit der Trommel unter politischen Tribünen, trommelte Aale und Möwen, Teppichklopfen am Karfreitag, sass trommelnd auf dem zum Fussende hin verjüngten Sarg meiner armen Mama, nahm mir dann Herbert Truczinskis narbenreichen Rücken als Trommelvorlage und bemerkte, als ich die Verteidigung der polnischen Post am Heveliusplatz auf einem Blech zusammenschlug, von weit her eine Bewegung am Kopfende jenes Bettes, auf dem ich sass, sah mit halbem Blick den aufgerichteten Klepp, der eine lächerliche Holzflöte unter dem Kopfkissen hervorzog, diese Flöte ansetzte und Töne hervorbrachte, die so süss, so unnatürlich, so meiner Trommel gemäss waren, dass ich ihn auf dem Friedhof Saspe zu Schugger Leo führen konnte, dass ich, als Schugger Leo ausgetantzt hatte, vor ihm, für ihn und mit ihm das Brausepulver meiner ersten Liebe aufschäumen lassen konnte; selbst in den Dschungel der Frau Lina Greff führte ich ihn, liess auch die grosse fünfundsiebenzig Kilo aufwiegende Trommelmaschine des Gemüsehändlers Greff abschnurren, nahm Klepp auf in Bebras Fronttheater, liess Jesus auf meinem Blech laut werden, trommelte Störtebeker und alle Stäuber vom Sprungturm hinunter – und unten sass Luzie -, ich aber erlaubte Ameisen und Russen, meine Trommel zu besetzen, führte ihn aber nicht noch einmal auf den Friedhof Saspe, wo ich die Trommel dem Matzerath nachwarf, sondern schlug mein grosses, nie endendes Thema an: Kaschubische Kartoffeläcker, Oktoberregen drüber, da sitzt meine Grossmutter in ihren vier Röcken; und Oskars Herz drohte zum Stein zu werden, als ich vernahm, wie aus Klepps Flöte der Oktoberregen rieselte, wie Klepps Flöte unter Regen und vier Röcken meinen Grossvater, den Brandstifter Joseph Koljaiczek, aufspürte und wie dieselbe Flöte die Zeugung meiner armen Mama feierte und bewies.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/01/german-book-tin-drum-grass.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;English version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/01/german-book-tin-drum-grass.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2017/01/tyskt-boktips-blecktrumman-grass.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhip1gHNrU5iuMJSZ_rVfvbN350dgvWJxcjn1X4oDupurFIVMAAdlwHsgrT6KgYZq02VVZBHSi5L5xUhYWogTRI1f8GpAfLO9hP7ME_6_qHZE-vqjF2xCG0lK-1QiWUKVDND5jRxBl_M4/s72-c/170102-TinDrum-Blecktrumman-Blecktrommel.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-5556860852180242210</guid><pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2016 23:04:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-01-02T16:27:49.774+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Learn German</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>ENG: German Movie Tips: Welcome to the Hartmanns&#39;</title><description>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;284&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/X8dGWn1ggZA&quot; width=&quot;504&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Finding a comedy which is truly entertaining for the whole family is not easy. Now, I can warmly recommend one in German: &lt;b&gt;Welcome to the Hartmanns&#39; (&lt;i&gt;Willkommen bei den Hartmanns&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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In this movie the European Refugee drama sort of moves in with a German family from the upper middle class. Angelika - a retired teacher - feels that she wants to do something and - because the house is so empty since the children moved out - offers to receive a refugee threatened by deportation; Diallo from Nigeria. To this both her husband - an elderly head doctor who refuses to retire - and the couple&#39;s adult children react with dismay. They are certainly not xenophobic, but reveal different degrees of confusion and ambivalence, similar to what many of us have gone through in recent years.&lt;br /&gt;
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It is said that we often find it difficult to feel responsible for anonymous refugee masses, but at the same time want to help individuals, if we only learn to know them a little. When, in the film, Diallo showed pictures of how his home village was burnt down, it was clear that my children empathised with his fate.&lt;br /&gt;
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The film provides an added value by highlighting tensions also in many everyday questions: How do you find the right partner in life? What may we expect of our partners? How can we be a good parent or spouse? On such questions they native Germans in the film often reply with the comment &quot;&lt;i&gt;Es ist nicht so einfach hier in Deutschland&lt;/i&gt;&quot; (&quot;It is not so easy, here in Germany&quot;). That answer would probably fit just as well in Sweden or Switzerland and I think it is quite typical for our times.&lt;br /&gt;
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In &lt;b&gt;Welcome to the Hartmanns&#39;&lt;/b&gt; we see a number of beautiful park and city scenes from &lt;b&gt;Munich&lt;/b&gt;. A few actors speak with a certain dialect, but the German language is consistently very easy to understand. All of us (10-45 years) thought so, although none of us has German as his or her mother tongue.&lt;br /&gt;
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- - -&lt;br /&gt;
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Welcome to the Hartmanns&#39; premiered in October 2016 and is currently shown in cinemas in Zurich, including &lt;i&gt;Arena Sihl City&lt;/i&gt;, where we saw it.&lt;br /&gt;
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- - -&lt;br /&gt;
Find &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/02/german-comedy-film-explores-impact-refugee-crisis-willkommen-hartmanns&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;here &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;an article by The Guardian on this movie. &lt;br /&gt;
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- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/12/tysk-film-willkommen-hartmanns.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Swedish version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/12/german-movie-welcome-hartmanns.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/X8dGWn1ggZA/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-1817046585515394920</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Dec 2016 22:34:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-12-23T10:04:04.417+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig tyska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SWE: Tips på en tysk film: &quot;Willkommen bei den Hartmanns&quot;</title><description>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;284&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/X8dGWn1ggZA&quot; width=&quot;504&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Att hitta en komedi som verkligen är underhållande för hela familjen är inte enkelt. Nu kan jag varmt rekommendera en sådan: &lt;b&gt;Välkommen till familjen Hartmann&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Willkommen bei  den Hartmanns&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
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Här flyttar det europeiska flyktingdramat liksom in hos en tysk familj från den övre medelklassen. Angelika – en pensionerad f.d. lärarinna - vill hjälpa till på något sätt och eftersom huset  är så tomt sedan barnen har flyttat ut, erbjuder hon sig att ta emot en utvisningshotad flykting - Diallo från Nigeria. På detta reagerar både hennes man - en äldre chefsläkare som vägrar gå i pension – och de vuxna barnen med bestörtning. De är absolut inte främlingsfientliga, men avslöjar i olika hög grad den förvirring och kluvenhet som många av oss har känt under de senaste åren.&lt;br /&gt;
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Det sägs att vi ofta har svårt att känna ansvar för anonyma flyktingströmmar, men samtidigt vill stötta enskilda individer, om vi så bara lär känna dem lite grand. När Diallo i filmen visade bilder från sin nedbrända hemby var det tydligt att båda mina barn levde sig in i hans öde.&lt;br /&gt;
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Filmen blir naturligtvis bara bättre av att den belyser spänningar också i många vardagsfrågor: Hur hittar man rätt partner i livet? Vad förväntar man sig av sin partner? Hur är man en bra förälder eller äkta make/-a? På de frågorna reagerar de infödda tyskarna i filmen ofta med kommentaren &lt;i&gt;”Es ist nicht so einfach hier in Deutschland” &lt;/i&gt;(Det är inte så enkelt här i Tyskland)&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt; Det svaret skulle sannolikt passa lika bra i Sverige och jag tror att det är typiskt för vår samtid.&lt;br /&gt;
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I &lt;i&gt;Willkommen bei den Hartmanns&lt;/i&gt; ser man en mängd vackra park- och stadsvyer från &lt;b&gt;München&lt;/b&gt;. Några få skådespelare talar med viss dialekt, men det&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;tyska språket&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;är genomgående väldigt &lt;b&gt;lättförståeligt&lt;/b&gt;. Det tyckte vi alla (10-45 år) trots att ingen av oss har tyska som modersmål.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Willkommen bei den Harmann&lt;/i&gt; hade premiär i oktober 2016 och går just nu på bio i Zürich, bl.a. på &lt;i&gt;Arena Sihl City&lt;/i&gt;, där vi såg den.
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/12/german-movie-welcome-hartmanns.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;English version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/12/tysk-film-willkommen-hartmanns.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/X8dGWn1ggZA/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-432656387870211700</guid><pubDate>Sat, 01 Oct 2016 22:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-01-22T13:38:06.220+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ENG - Learn Danish</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ENG: Scandinavian Languages</category><title>ENG: Learn to Understand Spoken Danish – an Introduction</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_8NAjnsbM0NPi065OfFAe2YGKoGTvlLErCwss0GaWyxGA2FQ1wDNGcuNah8qHliSfrnIJOVR4lt4xLYPTISb3YJQi0SXAfEsW5z_xzkTCBUFpNBquG_pmficPA2vyTCaUNTrB8Twlw7Y/s1600/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_8NAjnsbM0NPi065OfFAe2YGKoGTvlLErCwss0GaWyxGA2FQ1wDNGcuNah8qHliSfrnIJOVR4lt4xLYPTISb3YJQi0SXAfEsW5z_xzkTCBUFpNBquG_pmficPA2vyTCaUNTrB8Twlw7Y/s320/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Let me open up this article series with a revelation: after three years in Switzerland, it is much easier for me to understand Swiss German than &lt;b&gt;Danish&lt;/b&gt;. Through my involvement in the Nordic Rowing Club of Zurich, every week I am reminded of this weakness.&lt;br /&gt;
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Danish feels very difficult although I grew up in Halmstad, a Swedish town with a Danish history where we had access to Danish TV (this was long before the Internet ...).&lt;br /&gt;
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It might well be that we southern Swedes have less problems than the average person from Stockholm, but is that really an excuse when we are actually embarrassingly weak in our neighbour language?&lt;br /&gt;
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Therefore, in five articles I will try to make Danish more accessible to those &lt;b&gt;students of Scandinavian languages&lt;/b&gt; who already speak Swedish or (possibly) Norwegian. Here is an introduction, thereafter I will take on the topics of &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/01/understand-spoken-danish-reduction.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;reduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/01/understand-danish-stod-creaky-voice.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish &lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt; (creaky voice/glottal stop)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, as well as the individual &lt;b&gt;vowel and diftong&lt;/b&gt;- and &lt;b&gt;consonant sounds.&lt;/b&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
The Difference is Anything but a Small Detail&lt;/h3&gt;
Let me start by emphasising the obvious. Had a reasonably large part of the Danes pronounced their language as many Norwegians in Oslo speak Norwegian, we would have a completely different language situation in Scandinavia. A major advantage of &lt;b&gt;Standard Eastern Norwegian&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;standardøstnorsk&lt;/i&gt;) - as well as &lt;b&gt;Standard Swedish&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;rikssvenska&lt;/i&gt;) is that the modern pronunciation has largely been adapted to how words are written.&lt;br /&gt;
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True, there are differences in our Scandinavian written languages but they are very systematic and you can therefore easily learn them. To find a starting point in a spoken language which coincides with the written version clearly facilitates the learning, not least for us adults. Relatively soon, you can then assume the challenges which dialects bring.&lt;br /&gt;
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Here, however, Danish differs from other the other two Scandinavian languages. In all Danish dialects today’s pronunciation sharply contrasts with the written words. That is anything but a small detail.
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&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
On the Choice of Phonetic Transcription&lt;/h3&gt;
That Danish pronunciation is not easy is in my eyes confirmed by the fact that the Danes have created their own onomatopoeic (phonetic) script. It&#39;s name is &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dania &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;and it is considered better at explaining unique Danish features, such as some /r/- and vowel sounds as well as the thrust (&lt;i&gt;stød&lt;/i&gt;). Some people even claim that Dania is more readily comprehensible for those who do not specialise in langugae studies (linguistics).&lt;br /&gt;
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My own experience is that Dania is not perceived as intuitive, at least not by Swedes. For this reason I choose to use the&lt;b&gt; international phonetic alphabet, IPA,&lt;/b&gt; and supplement it with an own attempt to write phonetically, based on Standard Swedish pronunciation. How Danes say otherwise &lt;i&gt;anderledes&lt;/i&gt;, I will consequently explain by &lt;i&gt;annålets &lt;/i&gt;(IPA: [ˈɑnɔˌleːð̩s]), but do not add the Dania version [ˈαnɹ̩ˌleːḍs].
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Would a Spelling Reform be a Solution?&lt;/h3&gt;
There are forces in Denmark who wish to carry out a spelling reform to improve the consistency between the written language and modern Danish pronunciation. Most likely, this would make it easier for Danish children to begin to write. Studies show that these actually need more time to learn the words of their language.&lt;br /&gt;
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From my perspective – i.e. that of a Swede who wants to learn to understand Danish - this would be disastrous. It would create a huge gap between, on the one hand, Swedish and Norwegian, and, on the other hand, Danish. Danish pronunciation is already a big enough challenge if we want to be able to communicate with each other in Scandinavian. If we lose the written language, only our common language history would remain.
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&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
An Improved Understanding is Enough!&lt;/h3&gt;
Admittedly, I originally intended to learn to speak Danish. &quot;You will rapidly make it, since you master so many languages,&quot; my friends encouraged me. However, after opening the first textbook I have quickly limited myself. Already the word &lt;b&gt;Danmark &lt;/b&gt;reveals why: here are two short /a/ sounds, but pronounced differently. No wonder the country is called &lt;b&gt;Denmark &lt;/b&gt;in English and &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dänemark &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;in German.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you aim at speaking Danish flawlessly you must learn these sounds, in many cases word by word.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you confine yourself to be better at understanding Danish the road to the goal will be considerably shorter. It is here where I want to be of support.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next there will be an article about a Danish reduction. I hope that you will enjoy the reading.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;I have never studied Danish at the university, so I warmly welcome all proposals to improve and correct this article.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Earlier related articles: &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/differences-danish-norwegian-infographic.html&quot;&gt;Differences between Danish and Norwegian –Infografic on the Written Languages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Swedish version&lt;/b&gt; - all five articles: &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/lara-forsta-talad-danska.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Introduktion&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Reduktion&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-stod-stot.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Stöd&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-vokaler-diftonger.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Vokalljud och Diftonger &lt;/a&gt;samt &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-talad-danska-konsonanterna.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Konsonantljud&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sources:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Danska – Grundbog i dansk for studerende ved svenske universiteter; Købmand Petersen, Bjarne; BOD Books on Demand, 2012; sid. 18-19, 153.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bogstavlyd.ku.dk/forside/&quot;&gt;Københavns Universitet - Bokstavslyd&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://schwa.dk/lydskrift/lydskrift-ipa-vs-dania/&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fonetik og fonologi af Ruben Schachtenhaufen, ph.d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/10/learn-understand-spoken-danish.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_8NAjnsbM0NPi065OfFAe2YGKoGTvlLErCwss0GaWyxGA2FQ1wDNGcuNah8qHliSfrnIJOVR4lt4xLYPTISb3YJQi0SXAfEsW5z_xzkTCBUFpNBquG_pmficPA2vyTCaUNTrB8Twlw7Y/s72-c/Improve+your+Danish+with+Wirdheim-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-567388501694469435</guid><pubDate>Tue, 27 Sep 2016 18:08:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-10-01T22:38:46.718+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig förstå talad danska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SWE - Skandinaviska språk</category><title>SWE: Lär dig förstå talad danska – konsonanterna</title><description>&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJg546PYx4J7irgViaWuVKpZRsJGS5J-bEESrgvzdoMieLdBOjug98ig5RT2llEmC7Oq6zCftT32qWamBF5EHdZXgpJj-5hA2e1F15gG_Wjz58lR715adE-fLIZZlWYzfQaDiMncsmB0E/s1600/Laer+dig+danska+med+Wirdheim-5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJg546PYx4J7irgViaWuVKpZRsJGS5J-bEESrgvzdoMieLdBOjug98ig5RT2llEmC7Oq6zCftT32qWamBF5EHdZXgpJj-5hA2e1F15gG_Wjz58lR715adE-fLIZZlWYzfQaDiMncsmB0E/s320/Laer+dig+danska+med+Wirdheim-5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Äntligen lite konsonanter, också i danskan!&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
När vi svenskar (men också många norrmän) läser danska blir språket mer förståeligt, för plötsligt finns de där: alla konsonanter som faller bort eller blir till halvvokaler när danskarna talar (se artiklarna om &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;reduktion &lt;/a&gt;respektive &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-vokaler-diftonger.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;vokaler&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Även de konsonantljud som uttalas kan dock uppfattas som så annorlunda att de blir svårförstådda. Här nedan finner ni en genomgång av de &lt;b&gt;systematiska skillnader&lt;/b&gt; som finns mellan svenskans och danskans &lt;b&gt;konsonantljud &lt;/b&gt;följt av en &lt;b&gt;genomgång av alla konsonanterna&lt;/b&gt;, i bokstavsordning. Artikeln avslutas med en &lt;b&gt;rekommendation &lt;/b&gt;om att läsa danska.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
De svåra konsonanterna /b/, /d/ och /g/ respektive /p/, /t/ och /k/&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Danskan utmärker sig bland germanska språk genom att konsonanterna /b/, /d/ och /g/ har förlorat sin tonalitet. Stämbanden vibrerar inte när de uttalas och de låter därför väldigt likt /p/, /t/, respektive /k/. Den enda skillnaden ligger i aspirationen, alltså i hur mycket luft talaren pressar fram i det ögonblick ett visst ljud formas i munnen. Aspirationen i sin tur blir bara tydlig om en stavelse är betonad. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Obetonade /b/, /d/ och /g/ respektive /p/, /t/ och /k/&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Som en följd av detta uttalas orden båda/bägge &lt;i&gt;begge &lt;/i&gt;och skalbaggar &lt;i&gt;bække &lt;/i&gt;(där /g/- respektive /k/-ljuden inte är betonade) på samma sätt, ungefär &lt;i&gt;bägge &lt;/i&gt;[‘b̥ɛ:ɡ̊e]. Uttalet av dubbla /tt/ låter för svenskar snarast som dubbelt /d/: ordet &lt;i&gt;satte &lt;/i&gt;stavas som på svenska men uttalas &lt;i&gt;säddö &lt;/i&gt;[‘sæd̥ə]. Studsa &lt;i&gt;hoppe &lt;/i&gt;och matta &lt;i&gt;tæppe &lt;/i&gt;låter för oss som &lt;i&gt;håbbö &lt;/i&gt;[‘hʌb̥ə] respektive &lt;i&gt;täbbe &lt;/i&gt;[‘tˢæb̥ə]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bokstaven /t/ uttalas också som /d/ när den föregås av andra konsonanter. Nästa &lt;i&gt;næste &lt;/i&gt;uttalas alltså &lt;i&gt;näsde &lt;/i&gt;[‘næsd̥e]. Jos/juice &lt;i&gt;saft &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;säfd &lt;/i&gt;[sæfd̥]. Enligt samma princip blir danskans /k/ till /g/ i ord som stäng &lt;i&gt;luk&lt;/i&gt;, vilket uttalas &lt;i&gt;lugg &lt;/i&gt;[luɡ̊].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bokstaven /d/ blir i slutljud till ett läspljud likt engelskans /th/ i artikeln &lt;i&gt;the&lt;/i&gt;. Ordet mjuk &lt;i&gt;blød &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;blöth &lt;/i&gt;[b̥løːð̞ˠ̠]. Mat &lt;i&gt;mad &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;mäth &lt;/i&gt;[mæːð̞ˠ̠]. Språket &lt;i&gt;sproget &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;sproued &lt;/i&gt;[‘sb̥ʁʌʊ̯əð̞ˠ̠].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I ord som bästa &lt;i&gt;bedste&lt;/i&gt;, sista &lt;i&gt;sidste&lt;/i&gt;, sill &lt;i&gt;sild &lt;/i&gt;och eld &lt;i&gt;ild &lt;/i&gt;uttalas bokstaven /d/ inte alls.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ännu större blir skillnaden mot svenskan när /b/ och /g/ står som slutljud eller i obetonad stavelse efter en lång vokal. Då blir de väldit mjuka eller till och med vokalljud. Tvål &lt;i&gt;sæbe &lt;/i&gt;uttalas ofta &lt;i&gt;säw&lt;/i&gt; [‘sæ:wə]. Lök &lt;i&gt;løg &lt;/i&gt;låter för oss som &lt;i&gt;låjj &lt;/i&gt;men /j/-ljudet är närmast en kort variant av vokalen /i/ [’lʌ:ɪ̯]. Detta sker även i så enkla ord som &lt;i&gt;dag&lt;/i&gt;, vilket skrivs som på svenska men uttalas &lt;i&gt;däö &lt;/i&gt;[‘d̥æ:ə]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I ändelsen –/ig/, som i &lt;i&gt;underlig &lt;/i&gt;(vilket skrivs som på svenska) uttalas /g/ inte alls. Det faller också bort i ord som frågade &lt;i&gt;spurgte&lt;/i&gt;, vilket närmast uttalas &lt;i&gt;spoådö &lt;/i&gt;[‘sb̥uɔd̥ə].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
För svenskar bör också tilläggas att /g/ inte uttalas som /j/ framför ljusa vokaler; jämför vårt gömma undan/spara med danskans &lt;i&gt;gemme &lt;/i&gt;[‘ɡ̊ɛmə]. Undantag här utgör de fall när bokstaven /g/ föregås av ett /l/, då uttalas /g/ som /j/ även på danska. Vågor/böljor &lt;i&gt;bølger &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;böljå &lt;/i&gt;[‘b̥øljɔ]. Lägg också märke till uttalet av /g/ i ord som språket &lt;i&gt;sproget &lt;/i&gt;enligt ovanstående kommentar om /d/ i slutljud.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Betonade /p/, /t/ och /k/&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I betonad ställning är danskans /p/,&amp;nbsp; /t/ och /k/ mycket mer aspirerade än svenskans. Mer luft passerar alltså mellan läpparna när de uttalas. I /t/-ljudets fall går uttalet ofta mot /ts/.&amp;nbsp; Därmed finns det alltså likheter mellan danskt uttal av tid [tˢiːð̞ˠ̠].och tyskans &lt;i&gt;Zeit&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Bokstäverna /v/ och /f/&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mellan två vokaler uttalas bokstaven /v/ som en vokal [w], vilket leder till en diftong (eller t.o.m. triftong). Trädgård &lt;i&gt;have&lt;/i&gt; uttalas närmast &lt;i&gt;häw &lt;/i&gt;[’hæ:wə]. Detsamma händer med bokstaven /f/ när den står framför en konsonant. Avkomma &lt;i&gt;afkom &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;aukom &lt;/i&gt;[’ɒʊ̯ɡ̊ʌm].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I ordet av af uttalas bokstaven /f/ inte alls.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
De danskan konsonanterna – i bokstavsordning&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /b/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /b/ uttalas annorlunda än på svenska. Se ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /c/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /c/ uttalas i princip som på svenska, alltså som /s/ framför mjuk vokal, som i cykel, och som /k/ framför hård vokal, som i camping.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /d/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /d/ uttalas väldigt annorlunda än på svenska. Se ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /f/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /f/ uttalas oftast som på svenskan, men det finns ett antal undantag enligt ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /g/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /g/ uttalas väldigt annorlunda än på svenska. Se ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /h/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /h/ uttalas i princip som på svenska, till och med i ord som rådjur hjort och hjälp hjælp (dvs. här uttalas /h/ inte alls). Det uttalas dock inte i frågeorden vem &lt;i&gt;hved &lt;/i&gt;och vad &lt;i&gt;hvad&lt;/i&gt;, vilket gör att uttalat av dessa påminner om svenskans även om orden skrivs annorlunda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /j/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /j/ uttalas ibland snarast som ett kort /i/, men detta orsakar inga problem för svenskar. Väg &lt;i&gt;vej &lt;/i&gt;uppfattar vi som &lt;i&gt;väjj&lt;/i&gt;, även om fonetikerna skriver [væɪ̯].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /k/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /k/ uttalas ofta annorlunda än på svenska. Se ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /l/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /l/ uttalas som på svenska.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /m/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /m/ uttalas som på svenska.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /n/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /n/ uttalas nästan alltid som på svenska. Undantag utgör franska lånord som departement, vilket skrivs som på svenska men uttalas med ett /ng/-ljud [ŋ] på slutet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /p/&lt;/h4&gt;
Bokstaven /p/ uttalas ofta annorlunda än på svenska. Se ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Bokstaven /r/&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bokstaven /r/ uttalas på danska - liksom på skånska - vid tungroten [ʁ]. I många fall uttalas den dock inte alls utan skapar en diftong (se artikeln om &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-vokaler-diftonger.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;vokaler&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Bokstaven /s/ &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bokstaven s uttalas nästan alltid som på svenska.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Bokstaven /t/&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bokstaven /t/ uttalas väldigt annorlunda än på svenska. Se ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Bokstaven /v/&lt;/h4&gt;
Först i ord uttalas bokstaven /v/ som på svenska. Mellan två vokaler blir den dock närmast en vokal, vilket ger en diftong enligt ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Läs danska för att ”höra” det som inte uttalas&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Liksom i kapitlet om reduktion tror jag att det bästa sättet att närma sig danskans uttal av konsonanter är att läsa mer på danska. Vet vi att frågade heter &lt;i&gt;spurgte &lt;/i&gt;– alltså något helt annat än på svenska - blir det betydligt lättare att förstå vad danskar menar när de säger &lt;i&gt;spoådö &lt;/i&gt;[‘sb̥uɔd̥ə].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Mina artiklar om det danska språket: &lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Det här var den sista av &lt;b&gt;mina artiklar om danska&lt;/b&gt; för den här gången, men det blir nog flera längre fram. De tidigare artiklarna finner ni här:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Skillnader mellan danska och norska i skrift – en infografik &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/lara-forsta-talad-danska.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danska - introduktion (del 1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danska - trots reduktion (del 2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-stod-stot.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danksa - stöt/stød (del 3)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-vokaler-diftonger.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danksa – vokaler (del 4)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
Källor:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Snacka skandinaviska; Lindgren, Birgitta / Havaas, Anitha; Prodicta, 2012; sid. 25-26 &lt;br /&gt;
•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Danska – Grundbog i dansk for studerende ved svenske universiteter; Købmand Petersen, Bjarne; BOD Books on Demand, 2012; sid. 129-137, 232-235.&lt;br /&gt;
•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wikipedia på engelska: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_phonology&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Danish phonology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://schwa.dk/lydskrift/lydskrift-ipa-vs-dania/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Fonetik og fonologi af Ruben Schachtenhaufen, ph.d.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://fonetik.dk/dansk_udtale/oevelser/vokaler.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Fonetik.dk – dansk udtale – vokaler&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/09/forsta-talad-danska-konsonanterna.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJg546PYx4J7irgViaWuVKpZRsJGS5J-bEESrgvzdoMieLdBOjug98ig5RT2llEmC7Oq6zCftT32qWamBF5EHdZXgpJj-5hA2e1F15gG_Wjz58lR715adE-fLIZZlWYzfQaDiMncsmB0E/s72-c/Laer+dig+danska+med+Wirdheim-5.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-7086879268261151022</guid><pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 21:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-09-27T20:23:36.036+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig förstå talad danska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SWE: Lär dig förstå talad danska – vokaler och diftonger</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9xKft4FGKWsKVwZNwO7BV34-orAHpTXL6-owuPti6fyiuCMbzgY0sM_vZt2ODROA-4h0Oehb0ruCFCZWf5bWxRrZyQLVCQsn57RGwC6jZoRfcm3-PJzIxPCDOZHomsVFsbVqgGZE7H6M/s1600/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;236&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9xKft4FGKWsKVwZNwO7BV34-orAHpTXL6-owuPti6fyiuCMbzgY0sM_vZt2ODROA-4h0Oehb0ruCFCZWf5bWxRrZyQLVCQsn57RGwC6jZoRfcm3-PJzIxPCDOZHomsVFsbVqgGZE7H6M/s320/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
Varför säger danskarna &#39;fresk&#39; fastän de skriver frisk?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vi har redan gått igenom hur vissa konsonanter – inte minst /r/ - genom &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;reduktion &lt;/a&gt;försvinner från våra dagars talade danska. Detta leder dock inte till att danskarna inte förstår varandra, delvis eftersom de istället använder sig av vokalljuden för att skilja ett ord från ett annat. Denna s.k. &lt;b&gt;vokalisering &lt;/b&gt;avlägnsnar starkt språket från svenska och norska och gör danskan unikt. &lt;b&gt;Inget annat germansk språk har lika många vokalljud&lt;/b&gt;: minst 20 monoftonger och minst 11 diftonger. Räknar vi därtill in den betydelseskiljande effekt som stöten kan ge på danskans vokaler når vi hela 30 monoftonger!*&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Detta innebär inte att danska skrivs med fler bokstäver än svenska och norskan. Vokalljuden stavas på ett sätt som vi känner igen – den exakta &quot;färgen&quot; på vokalen blir däremot beroende på vilka ljud som kommer före och efter samt om vokalen är kort eller lång. Förändringarna är i vissa hand mycket små, men om man vill lära sig att tala perfekt danska måste man lägga dem på minnet. De som nöjer sig med att bli bättre på att förstå språket kan dra nytta av de &lt;b&gt;regelmässiga förändringar &lt;/b&gt;som beskrivs här nedan, följda av en &lt;b&gt;genomgång vokal för vokal &lt;/b&gt;plus slutligen några &lt;b&gt;tröstande ord&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
Regelbundna ändringar av vokalljuden &lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Vokalöppning vid korta vokaler&lt;/h3&gt;
Om vi med utgångspunkt i svenska eller norska - men också i danskt skriftspråk - förväntar oss att danskar ska uttala en vokal på ett visst sätt, blir vi ofta förvånade. En stor andledning till detta är danskans &lt;b&gt;vokalöppning &lt;/b&gt;(också kallad vokalsänkning). Tungan sänks så att vokalen uttalas med en större öppning i munhålan. Detta fenomen inträffar väldigt ofta (dock inte alltid) när vokalerna är &lt;b&gt;korta&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De främre icke-rundade vokalerna &lt;b&gt;/i/, /e/, /æ/ och /a/&lt;/b&gt; ger enligt IPA ljuden [i], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [a] eller [ɑ]. Vid kort vokal kan ljudet &lt;b&gt;sänkas ett steg&lt;/b&gt; enligt samma ordning. Frisk stavas på danska som på svenska, men uttalas &lt;i&gt;fresk &lt;/i&gt;[fresk]. Vill skrivs &lt;i&gt;vil &lt;/i&gt;men uttalas &lt;i&gt;vell &lt;/i&gt;[vel]. Säker skrivs &lt;i&gt;sikker &lt;/i&gt;men uttalas &lt;i&gt;seckå &lt;/i&gt;[’seɡ̊ɔ]. Själv skrivs &lt;i&gt;selv &lt;/i&gt;men uttalas &lt;i&gt;säll &lt;/i&gt;[sɛl]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De främre rundade vokalerna&lt;b&gt; y, ø och o&lt;/b&gt; ger enligt IPA ljuden [y], [ø] och [ʌ]. Vid kort vokal kan ljudet &lt;b&gt;sänkas ett steg&lt;/b&gt; enligt samma ordning. Yngst stavas som på svenska men uttalas &lt;i&gt;öngst &lt;/i&gt;[øŋst]. Våld &lt;i&gt;vold &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;våll &lt;/i&gt;[vʌl]. Grön &lt;i&gt;grøn &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;grånn &lt;/i&gt;[gʁʌn].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De bakre rundade voklarne &lt;b&gt;u, o och å&lt;/b&gt; ger enligt IPA ljuden [u], [o], [ɒ] eller [ɔ]. Vid kort vokal kan ljudet &lt;b&gt;sänkas &lt;u&gt;två &lt;/u&gt;steg&lt;/b&gt; enligt samma ordning. Dum stavas som på svenska men uttalas &lt;b&gt;dåmm &lt;/b&gt;[dɒm].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
En bra video om denna vokalöppning (vokalsänkning) på danskan hittar ni här: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qQPyzINjT0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Dansk udtale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Vokalöppning av /e/ och /ø/ framför j-ljud (stavade med /j/ eller /g/)&lt;/h3&gt;
Vokalöppning – &lt;b&gt;ofta i mer än ett steg&lt;/b&gt; i vokalserierna ovan – sker i många fall framför j-ljudet, oavsett om detta stavas med /j/ eller med /g/. Segelbåt &lt;i&gt;sejlbåd &lt;/i&gt;respektive teckna &lt;i&gt;tegne &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;sajlbåd&lt;/i&gt; [’sailbɔːð̞] respektive &lt;i&gt;tajnö &lt;/i&gt;[’tˢainə]. Ögonblick &lt;i&gt;øjeblik &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;åjjblick &lt;/i&gt;[’ʌɪ̯bliɡ̊]. Nyckel &lt;i&gt;nøgle &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;nåjjle &lt;/i&gt;[’nʌɪ̯le]. Lök &lt;i&gt;løg &lt;/i&gt;blir &lt;i&gt;låjj &lt;/i&gt;[’lʌ:ɪ̯].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Vokalöppningar efter /r/&lt;/h3&gt;
Vokalerna /i/ och /æ/ sänks ofta när de står efter ett /r/. Rosta &lt;i&gt;riste &lt;/i&gt;(som i&lt;i&gt; risted løg &lt;/i&gt;på korven) uttalas &lt;i&gt;rästö &lt;/i&gt;[’ʁæstə]. En (tids-) frist stavas som på svenska men uttalas &lt;i&gt;fräst &lt;/i&gt;[’fʁæst]. Präst &lt;i&gt;præst &lt;/i&gt;respektive idrott &lt;i&gt;idræt &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;prast &lt;/i&gt;[’pʁast] respektive &lt;i&gt;idratt &lt;/i&gt;[’iːdʁat].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Diftonger orsakade av ett följande /r/&lt;/h3&gt;
Som redan nämnts i texten om reduktion uttalas ändelsen &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;–er &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;närmast som &lt;i&gt;å &lt;/i&gt;[ɔ]. I andra fall, när /r/ står efter en annan vokal än /e/, uppstår en &lt;b&gt;diftong&lt;/b&gt;, som vi kan beskriva som en blandning av den skrivna vokalen och det efterföljande å-ludet. Där &lt;i&gt;der &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;däå &lt;/i&gt;[d̥æɔ]. Hjort &lt;i&gt;hjorte &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;jåådö&lt;/i&gt; [’jɔːd̥ə]. Ärtor &lt;i&gt;ærter &lt;/i&gt;blir nästan till äädö [’æ:ɔd̥ɔ]. Smör &lt;i&gt;smør &lt;/i&gt;och göra &lt;i&gt;gøre &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;smöå &lt;/i&gt;[’smœ̞:ɔ] respektive &lt;i&gt;göå &lt;/i&gt;[’gœ̞:ɔ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Diftonger orsakade av /v/&lt;/h3&gt;
Bortsett från när det står först i ord, signalerar bokstaven /v/ en &lt;b&gt;diftong &lt;/b&gt;som slutar på ett ljud påminnande om /&lt;b&gt;w&lt;/b&gt;/ i engelskan. Sova &lt;i&gt;sove &lt;/i&gt;uttalas följdaktligen närmast &lt;i&gt;såw &lt;/i&gt;[’sʌ:wə]. Trädgård &lt;i&gt;have&lt;/i&gt; uttalas närmast &lt;i&gt;häw &lt;/i&gt;[’hæ:wə].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Diftonger orsakade av /g/&lt;/h3&gt;
Ett /g/ mellan två vokaler kan i vissa sammanhang uttalas som engelskans /&lt;b&gt;w&lt;/b&gt;/ och leda till en &lt;b&gt;diftong&lt;/b&gt;: språket &lt;i&gt;sproget &lt;/i&gt;uttalas &lt;i&gt;sproued &lt;/i&gt;[‘sb̥ʁʌʊ̯əð̞ˠ̠].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
Svårigheter med uttalet av danska vokaler – i bokstavordning&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
A&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bokstaven /a/ uttalas ibland med öppnare, ibland med mer sluten mun, men förstås i princip alltid enkelt av svenskar. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
E&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Uttalet av /e/ är nog det som orsakar störst svårigheter för svenskar, men det som vi upplever som konstigt är förhållandevis regelbundet. Lär man sig att känna igen uttalet av de obetonade ändelserna –&lt;i&gt;er &lt;/i&gt;respektive –&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt; (se min text om &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;reduktion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;) förbättrar man avsevärt sin förståelse. Ytterligare hjälp får man genom reglerna om &lt;b&gt;vokalöppning &lt;/b&gt;och &lt;b&gt;diftongering &lt;/b&gt;här ovan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
I&lt;/h3&gt;
Bokstaven /i/ uttalas ofta som på svenska. Som nämnts ovan, kan i öppnas till /e/ eller till och med /ä/, när vokalljudet är kort (se &lt;b&gt;vokalöppning &lt;/b&gt;ovan). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
O&lt;/h3&gt;
Bokstaven /a/ uttalas närmast som vår svenska långa /å/ – i vissa sammanhang öppnare, i andra med mer rundad, sluten mun - men det förstås i princip alltid av svenskar. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
U&lt;/h3&gt;
Bokstaven /u/ uttalas närmast som vårt svenska långa /o/. Uttalet blir egentligen bara klurigt när det som kort vokal går mot /å/, enligt ovan nämnd &lt;b&gt;vokalöppning&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Y&lt;/h3&gt;
Danskars uttal av /y/ kan svenskar uppfatta som svårt när det vid kort vokal går mot /ö/, enligt ovan nämnd &lt;b&gt;vokalöppning&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Ä&lt;/h3&gt;
Uttalet av /æ/ kan när vokalen är kort gå mot /a/ enligt reglerna för &lt;b&gt;vokalöppning &lt;/b&gt;enligt ovan. Ljudet av /ä/ blir också öppnare när det &lt;b&gt;diftongeras &lt;/b&gt;före ett /r/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Ö&lt;/h3&gt;
Uttalet av /ø/ kan när vokalen är kort gå mot /å/, enligt reglerna för &lt;b&gt;vokalöppning &lt;/b&gt;enligt ovan. Samma öppning kan vi höra när /ö/ &lt;b&gt;diftongeras &lt;/b&gt;före ett /r/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Å&lt;/h3&gt;
Bokstaven /å/ kan uttalas öppnare eller mer sluten, men bör inte orsaka några svårigheter för svenskar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
Lite tröst: Språkvetarna uppfattar mer än vanliga danskar&lt;/h2&gt;
I somras lyssnade min kusin och jag till ett antal ord som hennes danske man läste upp för oss. Målet var att vi skulle höra ett flertal olika ö-ljud. Att vi två svenskar bara lyckades uppfatta ett fåtal varianter må vara hänt. Intressantare var att &lt;b&gt;även vår danske vän hade svårt att förstå skillnaderna&lt;/b&gt;. Lite elakt kan man nog säga att fascinationen för danskans många vokalljud kanske i första hand frodas bland språkforskare. Samtidigt är det nog så att det är just sådan minimala skillnader som danskar tränar sig på att registrera. De behöver ju någonting alternativt att bygga förståelse på när språket sakta förlorar de ljud som är så viktiga i svenska och norska, nämligen &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-talad-danska-konsonanterna.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;konsonanterna&lt;/a&gt;. Mer om dessa följer i nästa artikel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Som jämförelse kan nämnas att norska dialekter normalt har 18 monoftonger och 6 diftonger. Rikssvenskan har 17 till18 monoftonger och saknar diftonger. I många svenska dialekter ser det naturligtvis annorlunda ut och som exempel vill jag nämna gotländskan, eftersom man där har behållit svenskans historiska diftonger.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mina tidigare artiklar om det danska språket:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Skillnader mellan danska och norska i skrift – en infografik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/lara-forsta-talad-danska.html&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danska - introduktion (del 1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danska - trots reduktion (del 2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-stod-stot.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danksa - stöt/stød (del 3)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Källor:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Snacka skandinaviska; Lindgren, Birgitta / Havaas, Anitha; Prodicta, 2012; sid. 25-26 &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Danska – Grundbog i dansk for studerende ved svenske universiteter; Købmand Petersen, Bjarne; BOD Books on Demand, 2012; sid. 129-137, 232-235.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Wikipedia på engelska: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_phonology&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Danish phonology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://schwa.dk/lydskrift/lydskrift-ipa-vs-dania/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Fonetik og fonologi af Ruben Schachtenhaufen, ph.d.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fonetik.dk/dansk_udtale/oevelser/vokaler.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Fonetik.dk – dansk udtale – vokaler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/09/forsta-danska-vokaler-diftonger.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9xKft4FGKWsKVwZNwO7BV34-orAHpTXL6-owuPti6fyiuCMbzgY0sM_vZt2ODROA-4h0Oehb0ruCFCZWf5bWxRrZyQLVCQsn57RGwC6jZoRfcm3-PJzIxPCDOZHomsVFsbVqgGZE7H6M/s72-c/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-4.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-6371907197940542819</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Sep 2016 21:51:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-01-22T13:35:06.899+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig förstå talad danska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SWE: Lär dig förstå talad danska: stöt (stød)</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCUFsSTHvKn0s6D4z4Tb_Q7DckNs1JGe7eHsvbtxdBDFC7pAUZsn7p6x6c-rNTVrZ5nE7SlE_Uf8hIm9LLu6AWb9y4YQjceCKYWNwyzPVKfQwlL6S6cvYZGDE-R2QAAeUeFALycSiIHpg/s1600/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-3b.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCUFsSTHvKn0s6D4z4Tb_Q7DckNs1JGe7eHsvbtxdBDFC7pAUZsn7p6x6c-rNTVrZ5nE7SlE_Uf8hIm9LLu6AWb9y4YQjceCKYWNwyzPVKfQwlL6S6cvYZGDE-R2QAAeUeFALycSiIHpg/s320/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-3b.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Enligt en krönika ska en svensk biskop redan år 1554 ha uttryckt sin irritation över att danskarna tryckte fram orden ”som om de försökte hosta”. Kommentaren avslöjar å ena sidan minst hur länge danskarna har talat med &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;men också hur störande detta så karaktäristiska drag kan uppfattas i svenska öron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stöten är viktig i danskan: det är i princip bara detta språkfenomen som skiljer uttalet av &lt;i&gt;gul &lt;/i&gt;[gulˀ] (med stöt) från &lt;i&gt;guld &lt;/i&gt;[gul] (utan stöt). Detsamma gäller för skillnaden mellan &lt;i&gt;anden &lt;/i&gt;(fågeln) som uttalas [&#39;andˀen] (med stöt) och pronomenet annan &lt;i&gt;anden &lt;/i&gt;som uttalas [&#39;anden] (utan stöt). Vi kan också titta på substantivet löpare &lt;i&gt;løber &lt;/i&gt;[ˈløːb̥ɔ] (utan stöt) gentemot verbet springer/löper &lt;i&gt;løber &lt;/i&gt;[ˈløːˀb̥ɔ] (med stöt). Bönder &lt;i&gt;bønder &lt;/i&gt;har stød, medan bönor &lt;i&gt;bønner &lt;/i&gt;uttalas på samma sätt men&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;utan stöt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
För den som vill prata felfri danska är alltså stöten absolut avgörande. Nöjer man sig med att ”bara” förstå danska - alltså inte tala språket aktivt – blir allt mycket enklare. För att vi ska förstå om någon pratar om en gul sak eller om något av guld är de facto sammanhanget viktigare än de enskilda språkljuden.&lt;br /&gt;
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Kvarstår alltså att bli bekväm med detta hostljud, förlåt stöten. För min egen acceptans av det har två förklaringar varit avgörande: den första handlar om ljudet som sådant, den andra om dess ursrpung.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
Bääähähä och Cockney butter ...eller smör från Eskilstuna&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Den danska stöten uttalas ofta (inte minst i Köpenhamn) genom en fullständig stängning av stämbanden. Vi har inte det ljudet i svenskan men kan uppfatta det t.ex. i hur man med engelsk Cockney-dialekt ersätter ljudet /t/ med en fullständig glottisstöt när man säger &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;butter&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. De som kan spanska känner igen det i hur bokstaven /s/ ersätts av en stämbandsstängning när man uttalar &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;España&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; med andlusisk dialekt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vi kan alla uttala detta. Om vi härmar ett får – &lt;b&gt;bäähähä &lt;/b&gt;– hörs det tydligt, vilket är anledningen till att vi använder bokstaven h för att beskriva bräkljudet.

Bräker vi utan att stänga stämbanden helt får vi ett mer knarrande ljud. I vissa danska dialekter är det snarast så stöten uttalas och då har vi faktiskt direkta paralleller i svenskan. Prova att härma svensktalande i gnällbältet, t.ex. genom att säga smör med en &lt;b&gt;Eskilstuna-knarr&lt;/b&gt; på slutet. Det uppstår en förträngning mellan stämbanden, men de stängs inte helt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Historisk koppling till musikalisk accent&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Den danska stöten kan kännas främmande om man inte beaktar ett fenomen som bland de germanska språken är unikt för svenskan och norskan: vår musikaliska accent. På svenska är det denna (och bara denna) som skiljer uttalet av stegen (&lt;i&gt;the steps&lt;/i&gt;) och anden (&lt;i&gt;the duck&lt;/i&gt;) – båda med akut accent – från stegen (&lt;i&gt;the ladder&lt;/i&gt;) och anden (&lt;i&gt;the spirit&lt;/i&gt;) – de senare med grav accent.&lt;br /&gt;
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Skandinaviska ursprunglingen enstaviga ord som &lt;b&gt;steg &lt;/b&gt;och &lt;b&gt;and &lt;/b&gt;har akut accent på svenska och norska och uttalas följdaktligen på danska med stöt. Däremot uttalas skandinaviska ord som historiskt hade två staveler utan stöt på danska.&lt;br /&gt;
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Tyvärr kompliceras denna enkla princip av det faktum att alla skandinaviska språk har ett antal ord som fick sin accent när de var enstaviga och sedan har behållit denna fastän de senare har blivit tvåstaviga. Historiskt hette det inte sitter utan &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;sitr&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. Därför har det danska ordet &lt;i&gt;sidder &lt;/i&gt;stöt.&lt;br /&gt;
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För att ytterligare försvåra förutsägbarheten finns det på danska också enstaviga ord där stöten är det enda betydelseskiljande elementet. Exempel på detta finner vi i en jämföresle av vän &lt;i&gt;ven &lt;/i&gt;[vɛn] (utan stöt) med vänd (imperativen av verbet vända) &lt;i&gt;vend &lt;/i&gt;[vɛnˀ] (med stöt). Om ni vill lära er att tala perfekt danska kan det sista exemplet förklaras genom den moderna danskans regler för när stöt kan uppstå (s.k. &lt;i&gt;stødbasis&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
Skilj stöt från betoning&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Precis som den musikaliska accenten i svenskan och norskan, måste man skilja danskans stöt från &lt;b&gt;betoning&lt;/b&gt;. Exempel på danska ord som hålls isär genom betoning – alltså inte genom stöten - har vi i billigast &lt;i&gt;billigst &lt;/i&gt;[ˈb̥ilisd̥] och &lt;i&gt;bilist &lt;/i&gt;[b̥iˈlisd̥] (det senare ordet både skrivs och betonas som på svenska).&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
Gilla läget!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sammanfattningsvis: Sluta störa er på danskans stöt. Om ni vill förkorta er väg till att förstå talad danska ska ni fokusera på likheterna mellan språket. Gilla läget! :) Och lägg förresten märke till att ordet &lt;i&gt;stød &lt;/i&gt;uttalas utan stöt.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ett antal bra videor om danksans stöt hittar ni här: Dansk udtale &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmDZggqBudc&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSP1uSUrFsA&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZg1jJ-3e_4&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mina tidigare artiklar om det danska språket:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Skillnader mellan danska och norska i skrift – en infografik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/lara-forsta-talad-danska.html&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danska - introduktion (del 1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danska - trots reduktion (del 2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/01/understand-danish-stod-creaky-voice.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;English version&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Källor:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Danska – Grundbog i dansk for studerende ved svenske universiteter; Købmand Petersen, Bjarne; BOD Books on Demand, 2012; sid. 152-153.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www2.ling.su.se/fon/fonetik_2009/012%20riad_fonetik2009.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Eskilstuna at the tonal key to Danish; Tomas Rind, Stockholm University&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Snacka skandinaviska; Lindgren, Birgitta / Havaas, Anitha; Prodicta, 2012; sid. 24.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Wikipedia på svenska: &lt;a href=&quot;https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8d&quot;&gt;stød&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Wikipedia på danska: &lt;a href=&quot;https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8d_(sproglyd)&quot;&gt;stød (sproglyd)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Wikipedia på engelska: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8d&quot;&gt;stød&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language&quot;&gt;Danish language&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_and_Standard_Danish&quot;&gt;Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/09/forsta-danska-stod-stot.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCUFsSTHvKn0s6D4z4Tb_Q7DckNs1JGe7eHsvbtxdBDFC7pAUZsn7p6x6c-rNTVrZ5nE7SlE_Uf8hIm9LLu6AWb9y4YQjceCKYWNwyzPVKfQwlL6S6cvYZGDE-R2QAAeUeFALycSiIHpg/s72-c/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-3b.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-1568892142620181956</guid><pubDate>Sun, 28 Aug 2016 20:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-01-14T00:24:07.024+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig förstå talad danska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SWE: Lär dig förstå talad danska – trots reduktion</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigrxRK1nQ0Nwas4IYSQPXGs4kqajrqoZc6VS0MNPUrI-5TyoiGiupRtTTyfvAQMCkp0bQ7m-hko-Q9ZmcscVRHKYLcfgH3MzsosTxh5X9mCQ_Y1ZdledOW6CMgzT91zm-zcnDtBGTz0Yo/s1600/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigrxRK1nQ0Nwas4IYSQPXGs4kqajrqoZc6VS0MNPUrI-5TyoiGiupRtTTyfvAQMCkp0bQ7m-hko-Q9ZmcscVRHKYLcfgH3MzsosTxh5X9mCQ_Y1ZdledOW6CMgzT91zm-zcnDtBGTz0Yo/s320/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Reduktion ger otydligare uttal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
Det är ett faktum att den talade danskan har ändrats markant under 1900-talet. Danskarna utelämnar allt fler stavelser eller ljud när de inte är betonade eller när de står i slutet av ord. Detta fenomen kallar språkforskarna för reduktion och det avlägsnar steg för steg danskan från de båda andra skandinaviska språken. Tydligen behöver man inte gå längre tillbaka än till 1960-talet för att hitta filmer där språket låter mer skandinaviskt än idag.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ibland flyter orden faktiskt samman. I modern danska görs ingen uttalsskillnad mellan läkare &lt;i&gt;læger &lt;/i&gt;(pluralis) och en lärare &lt;i&gt;lærer &lt;/i&gt;(singularis). Båda orden uttalas ungefär &lt;i&gt;lääå  &lt;/i&gt;[ˈlæ:ɔ].&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
Misströsta bara lite grand&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
Det är lätt att misströsta men det finns en räddning: förändringarna och försvagningarna av det danska uttalet följer vissa regler. Här följer en presentation av dem som jag anser viktigast.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
Ändelsen –a blev –e och föll sedan i många fall bort&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
Att ett kort /e/ i obetonad ställning får ett ljud som går mot svenskans ö (mer korrekt [ə])  är ett fenomen som finns i många språk. Man brukar kalla detta vokalljud för &lt;b&gt;schwa&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Liksom i danskan har den urskandinaviska ändelsen -a även i norskan blivit till -e, men den uttalas också på detta sätt. I danskan däremot har den reducerats till schwa, vilket påverkar bl. a. grundformen (infinitiven) för alla verb. Tala &lt;i&gt;tale &lt;/i&gt;uttalas alltså &lt;i&gt;tälö &lt;/i&gt;[ˈ&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot;&gt;tˢ&lt;/span&gt;æ:lə].&lt;br /&gt;
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I vissa fall har det gått så långt att ändelsen inte uttalas alls. Med ordet haka &lt;i&gt;hage &lt;/i&gt;som exempel kan man tänka sig hur utvecklingen har skett i stegen: &lt;i&gt;haka – hagö – häjö – häö- hää&lt;/i&gt;.
När talaren behåller en ändelse på slutet blir dagens uttal ungefär &lt;i&gt;hääö &lt;/i&gt;[ˈhæ:ə], men samma ord uttalar många danskar &lt;i&gt;hää&lt;/i&gt; [ˈhæ:].&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
Alternativt: ändelsen –a blev –e och sedan assimilerad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
I danskan är ovan nämnt schwa så svagt att det hos många talare helt förlorar sitt ursprungliga färg om det uttalsmässigt kommer efter en annan vokal. Man säger att ljudet assimileras (anpassas).&lt;br /&gt;
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Det är därför som orden för vardagsrum &lt;i&gt;stue &lt;/i&gt;kan uttalas &lt;i&gt;stuu &lt;/i&gt;[ˈsd̥uːu] (jämför med svenskans stuga) och flicka &lt;i&gt;pige &lt;/i&gt;kan låta som &lt;i&gt;pii &lt;/i&gt;[ˈpʰiːi].&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
När /r/ blir en vokal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
Vissa svenskar retar sig på danska (och sydsvenska!)&lt;b&gt; tungrots-r.&lt;/b&gt; Det bör man genast sluta med om man vill förstå danska. Betydligt mer främmande för oss är de många fall där de danska r-ljuden snarast har blivit en vokal; en så kallad &lt;b&gt;vokoid&lt;/b&gt;. Tillsammans med en föregående vokal bildar denna vokoid en &lt;b&gt;diftong&lt;/b&gt;. Detta påverkar bland annat den i alla skandinaviska språk så vanliga &lt;b&gt;ändelsen -er.&lt;/b&gt; Ordet kyrkor &lt;i&gt;kirker &lt;/i&gt;är ett bra exempel eftersom vokoiden dyker upp två gånger. Uttalet är &lt;i&gt;kiökö&lt;/i&gt; [ˈkʰiɔkʰəɔ].&lt;br /&gt;
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Bland våra svenska dialekter ser man ett liknande fenomen runt min hemstad Halmstad. Likt i danskan ersätts i dessa positioner r-ljudet av diftonger. Kyrkor blir hos oss &lt;i&gt;kyökoö &lt;/i&gt;[ˈɕyːəkuːə].&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
En av två konsonanter faller bort&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
I många danska ord ser man hur bokstavskombinationer som -ld- och –nd- förenklas till ett enda ljud; -ll- respektive -nn-.  Detta gör att verbet vilja &lt;i&gt;vilje &lt;/i&gt;och adjektivet vilda &lt;i&gt;vilde &lt;/i&gt;båda uttalas som &lt;i&gt;ville&lt;/i&gt; [ˈvilə].&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
Köpenhamnsdialekt i stället för riksdanska&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
Reduktion finns också i svenska och norska, men i danskan saknas den motkraft som vi har i rikssvenska respektive resp. standardöstnorska. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rigsdansk &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;främjas inte längre i media och trängs därför ut av modern &lt;b&gt;köpenhamnsdialekt&lt;/b&gt;. Den senare är vår sinnebild för den ”grötiga” danskan, eftersom obetonade stavelser här försvinner i ännu högre grad än i andra dialekter. Om köpenhamnare säger något som vi uppfattar som &lt;i&gt;Ka du gi m n ka&lt;/i&gt; är det svårt för en svensk att förstå att det är ”&lt;i&gt;Kan du give mig en kage?&lt;/i&gt;” som de säger. Verbformen &lt;u&gt;kan &lt;/u&gt;uttalas på samma sätt som den önskade &lt;u&gt;kakan&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
Skriftspråket som bro&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
Vill du lära dig att &quot;höra&quot; de danska ord som döljer sig bakom reduktionen, anser jag att det hjälper om man regelbundet läser danska. Sannolikt är det därför som norrmän generellt är bättre på vårt grannspråk än vi svenskar – &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html&quot;&gt;deras bokmål är ju mycket mer likt danska&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot;&gt;n&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Tycker man sig höra man &lt;i&gt;uu &lt;/i&gt;[ˈuːu] där man som svensk förväntar sig ordet vecka blir man naturligtvis förvirrad. Vet man att ordet skrivs &lt;i&gt;uge &lt;/i&gt;(på norskt bokmål &lt;i&gt;uke&lt;/i&gt;) blir det hela betydligt enklare.&lt;br /&gt;
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I kommande artiklar ska jag fördjupa mig i danska vokal- respektive konsonantljud. Först ska vi dock se närmre på ett unikt ljudfenomen som svenskar har stört sig på i århundrande: &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-stod-stot.html&quot;&gt;den danska stöten&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Jag har aldrig läst danska vid universitet, så alla förslag till förbätringar av denna text (inte minst den fonetiska skriften) är varmt välkomna.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mina tidigare artiklar om det danska språket:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Skillnader mellan danska och norska i skrift – en infografik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/lara-forsta-talad-danska.html&quot;&gt;Lär dig förstå talad danska - introduktion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2017/01/understand-spoken-danish-reduction.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;English version &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Källor:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Snacka skandinaviska; Lindgren, Birgitta / Havaas, Anitha; Prodicta, 2012; sid. 24.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Danska – Grundbog i dansk for studerende ved svenske universiteter; Købmand Petersen, Bjarne; BOD Books on Demand, 2012; sid. 18,-19, 129-137 och 230-235.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://schwa.dk/lydskrift/lydskrift-ipa-vs-dania/&quot;&gt;Fonetik og fonologi af Ruben Schachtenhaufen, ph.d.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_phonology&quot;&gt;Wikipedia på engelska: Danish phonology &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigrxRK1nQ0Nwas4IYSQPXGs4kqajrqoZc6VS0MNPUrI-5TyoiGiupRtTTyfvAQMCkp0bQ7m-hko-Q9ZmcscVRHKYLcfgH3MzsosTxh5X9mCQ_Y1ZdledOW6CMgzT91zm-zcnDtBGTz0Yo/s72-c/Laer+dig+Danska+med+Wirdheim-2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-4452184161967000399</guid><pubDate>Sun, 21 Aug 2016 13:38:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-10-02T00:05:51.079+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig förstå talad danska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SWE: Lär dig förstå talad danska – introduktion</title><description>&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipVdFN2CPFVqpo5ZaqMCgjpL1VGjF4OaNR1cL8zAwVhIzdDmyX_7TjeODx3b2HcXnHU2crISSq5uniKp3g2rVNFEjd5HahZwlXoKFIjM2CPeqCAoIw4CnJLpQFPPn66yTtO7eFh5WpZjA/s1600/Laer+dig+danska+med+Wirdheim-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipVdFN2CPFVqpo5ZaqMCgjpL1VGjF4OaNR1cL8zAwVhIzdDmyX_7TjeODx3b2HcXnHU2crISSq5uniKp3g2rVNFEjd5HahZwlXoKFIjM2CPeqCAoIw4CnJLpQFPPn66yTtO7eFh5WpZjA/s320/Laer+dig+danska+med+Wirdheim-1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Jag börjar med ett avslöjande: Efter tre år i Schweiz är det mycket lättare för mig att förstå schweizertyska än &lt;b&gt;danska&lt;/b&gt;. Genom mitt engagemang på &lt;i&gt;Nordiska Roddföreningen i Zürich&lt;/i&gt; påminns jag varje vecka om denna svaghet. Danskan känns väldigt svår trots att jag växte upp i Halmstad, en stad med dansk historia, där vi hade tillgång till dansk TV (detta var ju långt före Internet...). Må vara att vi sydsvenskar har mindre problem än den genomsnittlige stockholmaren, men vad hjälper det när vi de facto är pinsamt svaga på vårt grannspråk?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Därför ska jag i ett antal texter försöka att göra danskan mer lättillgänglig för svenskar (och kanske också för norrmän). Har kommer en introduktion, darefter följer artiklar om &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/08/forsta-talad-danska-reduktion.html&quot;&gt;reduktion&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-stod-stot.html&quot;&gt;den danska stöten&lt;/a&gt; samt &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-danska-vokaler-diftonger.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;vokal- och diftong-&lt;/a&gt; respektive &lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/09/forsta-talad-danska-konsonanterna.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;konsonantljuden&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Skillnaden är allt annat än en liten detalj&lt;/h3&gt;
Låt mig från början understryka det självklara. Hade en någorlunda stor del av danskarna uttalat sitt språk så som många norrmän i Oslo talar norska, skulle vi ha en helt annan språksituation i Skandinavien.  En stor fördel med &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;standard&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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Visst finns det skillnader i våra skandinaviska skriftspråk men de präglas av stor systematik och man kan därför enkelt lära sig dem. Med utgångspunkt i ett talspråk som påminner om skriftspråket  underlättas inlärningen, inte minst för oss vuxna. Relativt snart kan man därför anta de utmaningar som dialekter innebär.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Här skiljer sig dock danskan från övriga skandinaviska språk. &lt;b&gt;I samtliga danska dialekter ligger våra dagars uttal väldigt långt från det skrivna ordet. &lt;/b&gt;Det handlar alltså inte om någon liten detalj.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Val av fonetisk skrift&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Att danskt uttal inte är enkelt bekräftas i mina ögon av att man har skapat en egen ljudhärmande (fonetisk) skrift. Den heter &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dania &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;och anses bättre förklara unikt danska drag, så som vissa /r/- och vokalljud samt stöten. Samtidigt hävdar många att Dania mer lättförståeligt för dem som inte studerar språk som vetenskap.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Min egen erfarenhet är att Dania inte upplevs som intuitivt av svenskar. Av denna anledning väljer jag att använda mig av det internationella fonetiska alfabetet, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;IPA, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;och kompletterar detta med försök till en egen ljudskrift, med utgångspunkt i rikssvenskt uttal. Hur danskar säger annorlunda &lt;i&gt;anderledes &lt;/i&gt;kommer jag följdaktligen att förklara med &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;annålets &lt;/i&gt; (IPA: [ˈɑnɔˌleːð̩s])&lt;/b&gt;, men lägger inte till Dania-versionen &lt;b&gt;[ˈαnɹ̩ˌleːḍs]&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Vore lösningen en stavningsreform?&lt;/h3&gt;
Det finns krafter i Danmark som vill genomföra en stavningsreform för att öka överensstämmelsen mellan skriftspråket och modernt danskt uttal. Sannolikt skulle detta göra det lättare för danska barn att börja skriva. Studier visar att dessa faktiskt behöver längre tid för att lära sig orden i sitt språk. Från mitt perspektiv - alltså en svensk som vill lära mig att förstå danska – vore detta katastrofalt. Det skulle skapa en enorm klyfta mellan, å ena sidan, svenskan och norskan och, å den andra, danskan. Danskt uttal är redan en tillräckligt stor utmaning om vi vill kunna kommunicera med varandra på skandinaviska. Förlorar vi skriftspråket återstår bara vår gemensamma språkhistoria.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Det får räcka med att förstå!&lt;/h3&gt;
Det ska erkännas att jag ursprungligen hade för avsikt att lära mig att tala danska. ”Det fixar du snabbt, du som kan så många språk”, var mina vänners reaktion. Efter att ha öppnat den fösta läroboken har jag dock snabbt begränsat mig. Redan ordet Danmark avslöjar varför: här finns två korta /a/-ljud, men de uttalas inte på samma sätt. Inte undra på att landet heter &lt;i&gt;Denmark &lt;/i&gt;på engelska och &lt;i&gt;Dänemark &lt;/i&gt;på tyska. Vill man lära sig att prata felfri danska måste man lära sig dessa ljud, i många fall ord för ord. 
Nöjer man sig med att förstå danska bättre blir vägen till målet avsevärt kortare. Det är inom det sistnämnda som jag har målsättningen att vara till hjälp.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Härnäst följer, som sagt, en artikel om dansk reduktion. Håll till godo. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Jag har aldrig läst danska vid universitetet, så alla förslag till förbättringar av denna text är varmt välkomna.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Tidigare relaterade texter: &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html&quot;&gt;Skillnader mellan danska och norska i skrift – en infografik&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;English version &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Källor:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Danska – Grundbog i dansk for studerende ved svenske universiteter; Købmand Petersen, Bjarne; BOD Books on Demand, 2012; sid. 18-19, 153.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bogstavlyd.ku.dk/forside/&quot;&gt;Københavns Universitet - Bokstavslyd&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://schwa.dk/lydskrift/lydskrift-ipa-vs-dania/&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fonetik og fonologi af Ruben Schachtenhaufen, ph.d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/08/lara-forsta-talad-danska.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipVdFN2CPFVqpo5ZaqMCgjpL1VGjF4OaNR1cL8zAwVhIzdDmyX_7TjeODx3b2HcXnHU2crISSq5uniKp3g2rVNFEjd5HahZwlXoKFIjM2CPeqCAoIw4CnJLpQFPPn66yTtO7eFh5WpZjA/s72-c/Laer+dig+danska+med+Wirdheim-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-1181205245768550179</guid><pubDate>Sun, 12 Jun 2016 20:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-06-13T09:53:01.545+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ENG: Scandinavian Languages</category><title>ENG: Differences between Danish and Norwegian – Infographic on the Written Languages</title><description>The infographic below sums up the main differences between the &lt;b&gt;Danish&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Norwegian&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Bokmål&lt;/i&gt;) &lt;b&gt;written languages&lt;/b&gt;.For a Swede it may at first glance be hard to determine in which of these two Scandinavian languages a text is written, but here are a few clues. 
A more thorough presentation follows after the infographic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.easel.ly/browserEasel/3920879&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQDRDr-JNBzxKZZm7t4WMMAsCPx2s7qffQMYS8hvMSOpqrB9feiO_udhVs0CVx3Kc1WhKEOu3x5DVLIn7ajcR7rwTEXHWlIiGzpFgMS7C0DrCEVh0TmvBUB2ER-wPQwNsMfRIT0xRr_FA/s640/DanishNorwegian.jpg&quot; width=&quot;254&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
It is not surprising that written Norwegian is very closely related to Danish because, from 1397 to 1885, Norwegians in fact used to use Danish as &quot;their own&quot; script. Since the most commonly used Norwegian of today, &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bokmål&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, is a more modern written language (this is also valid for &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nynorsk&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;) its structure is simpler and it matches the actual pronunciation much better than what is the case in Danish.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Single or Double Consonant in Word Endings&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-g/t or -gg/-tt &lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Danish you write a single consonant at the end of words although the preceding vowel is pronounced short. (In inflected forms of the same word, where the consonant sound is followed by a vowel, you have to write double consonants in Danish as well, like in English). In Norwegian Bokmål the short pronunciation of a word ending is indicated through double consonants (like in Swedish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;væg (væggen), kat (katten)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt; vegg (veggen), katt (katten)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;English: &lt;/b&gt;wall (the wall), cat (the cat) &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;vägg (väggen), katt (katten) &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Voiced or unvoiced consonants in Word Endings &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-d/-g or –t/-k&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you find voiced consonants in word endings, the text is most likely written in Danish. In this position, Norwegian (like Swedish) tends to have unvoiced consonants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;mad, ud, tag&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt; mat, ut, tak&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; English: &lt;/b&gt;food, out, roof&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;mat, ut, tak&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Double Consonants where One of them is &quot;Not Pronounced&quot;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-nd-/-ld- or –nn-/-ll-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Danish you can find -nd- and -ld-, respectively, where you in Norwegian Bokmål write -nn- and -ll- (like in Swedish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;kvinder, kande, falde&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt; kvinner, kanne, falle&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; English: &lt;/b&gt;women, jug, fall&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;kvinnor, kanna, falla&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Short -ae- and -e-sounds or only -e- &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-æ-/-e- or  -e-&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Danish (like in Swedish) modern pronunciation of the short vowels æ and e are the same. The two different spellings can only justified through historical origins. In Norwegian this has been simplified and you consistently write –e-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;skæg, hjælp, fem&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt; skjegg, hjelp, fem&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; English: &lt;/b&gt;beard, help, five&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;skägg, hjälp, fem&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Which Consonant in Front of a Front Vowel &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-g-/k- eller gj-/kj-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In front of front vowels you write –gj- and –kj-, respectively, in Norwegian Bokmål in order to indicate the changed pronunciation of the consonant sound. The Danish spelling (but not the pronunciation) coincides with Swedish.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;gennem, gøre, køre&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt; gjennom, gjøre, kjøre&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; English: &lt;/b&gt;through, do, drive&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;genom, göra, köra&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Historically conditioned spelling with –ds- &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-ds- or -s-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;In Danish you might find the spelling -ds- where you in Norwegian Bokmål only write -s- or -ss- (like in English and Swedish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;bedst, sidst,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt; best, sist,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;bäst, sist,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; English: &lt;/b&gt;best, last&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
The Numerals 50-90&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
syvoghalvfjerds or syttisy &lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the numerals from 50 to 90 Danish uses a unique base 20 numeral system. In Norwegian you use base 10 numerals (like in English and Swedish). In Danish, the numerals from 21 to 99 are read out with the singular digit preceding the tens (like in German) or twenties. In Norwegian Bokmål you usually do not do this any longer (like in English and Swedish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;syvoghalvfjerds&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; syttisyv &lt;/li&gt;
&amp;lt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; English: &lt;/b&gt;seventyseven&lt;/li&gt;
li&amp;gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;sjuttiosju
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Common Small Words Written Differently &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;af, mig, dig, I, jeres,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; av, meg, deg, dere, deres &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; English: &lt;/b&gt;by/of, me, you (object singular), you (subject plural), you (object plurarl)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;av, mej (mig), dej (dig), ni, er
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Spelling of Loanwords&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Danish, the spelling of loanwords tends to be similar to that of the original language. In Norwegian Bokmål the spelling is adapted to local pronunciation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;information&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;chauffør   &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; informasjon, sjåfør   &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;information, chaufför&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; English: &lt;/b&gt;information, chauffeur/driver&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Subordinate Clauses Beginning with That&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Danish, before a subordinate clause beginning with &lt;i&gt;that &lt;/i&gt; you write a comma (like in German), while this is left out in Norwegian Bokmål (as in English and Swedish).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danish: &lt;/b&gt;Jeg ved, at han ror.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norwegian:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Jag vet at han ror.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;English:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I know that he rows.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt; Swedish: &lt;/b&gt;Jag vet att han ror.
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sources:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Snacka
skandinaviska; Lindgren/Havaas; Prodicta 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l#Bokm.C3.A5l_og_dansk&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wikipedia på danska&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - - &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;This article will continously be improved according to the advice I will receive from my Danish and Norwegian friends. :)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Swedish version&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/06/differences-danish-norwegian-infographic.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQDRDr-JNBzxKZZm7t4WMMAsCPx2s7qffQMYS8hvMSOpqrB9feiO_udhVs0CVx3Kc1WhKEOu3x5DVLIn7ajcR7rwTEXHWlIiGzpFgMS7C0DrCEVh0TmvBUB2ER-wPQwNsMfRIT0xRr_FA/s72-c/DanishNorwegian.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-3520125778011821976</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 2016 00:09:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-12-23T10:00:47.495+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SWE - Skandinaviska språk</category><title>SE: Skillnader mellan danska och norska i skrift – en infografik</title><description>I nedanstående infografik sammanfattas de huvudsakliga skillnaderna mellan &lt;b&gt;danskt&lt;/b&gt; och &lt;b&gt;norskt&lt;/b&gt; (bokmål) &lt;b&gt;skriftspråk&lt;/b&gt;. För en svensk kan det vid en första anblick vara svårt att avgöra, på vilket av dessa två skandinaviska språk en viss text är skriven, men här kommer några ledtrådar. 
En grundligare genomgång följer efter infografiken.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.easel.ly/browserEasel/3818956&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;http://www.easel.ly/browserEasel/3818956&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpx-i6epCMNs2Oma4NRP5Ub5YsmAjweh-F16aJM70_9WH1ZHYocDIZrAGjSPtAh5TRXaQ-yEngKs_UEiPzJYSwKuZnC3XTk1Tz2EW0OK5j6pqmbykyHkbfM4uCkCbVXz1bxwf2VlOfmmU/s640/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik-160602.jpg&quot; width=&quot;252&quot; /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_837542412&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_837542413&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Att det norska bokmålet starkt påminner om danskan är inte underligt, eftersom det från 1397 till 1885 var just danska som normännen använde som &quot;sitt&quot; skriftspråk. Då det mycket senare skapade bokmålet är ett modernare skriftspråk (detta gäller också för nynorskan) är det enklare uppbyggt och ligger betydligt närmre uttalet än danskan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Enkel eller dubbel konsonant efter kort vokal i ordslut&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-g/t eller -gg/-tt &lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I danskan skrivs i slutet på ord en enkel konsonant även om den föregående vokalen uttalas kort. (I böjda former av samma ord, där konsonantljudet följs av en vokal, måste man dock även på danska skriva dubbel konsonant.) På bokmål markeras kort uttal i ordslut genom dubbel konsonant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;væg (væggen), kat (katten)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt; vegg (veggen), katt (katten)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;vägg (väggen), katt (katten) &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Tonande  eller icke-tonande konsonant i ordslut &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-d/-g eller –t/-k&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ser man tonande konsonanter i ordslut är texten sannolikt skriven på danska. Norskan har i denna position icke-tonande konsonanter, likt svenskan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;mad, ud, tag&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt; mat, ut, tak&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;mat, ut, tak&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Dubbla konsonanter där en av dem &quot;inte uttalas&quot;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-nd-/-ld- eller –nn-/-ll-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Danskan kan ha -nd- resp. –ld- där man på norskt bokmål – liksom på svenska - skriver -nn- resp. -ll-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;kvinder, kande, falde&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt; kvinner, kanne, falle&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;kvinnor, kanna, falla&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Korta -ae- oc h -e-ljud eller bara -e- &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-æ-/-e- eller –e-&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I modern danska sammanfaller uttalet av det korta vokalerna æ och e, vilket också är fallet i svenskan. Skillnaden i stavning är alltså bara historiskt berättigad. I norskan har man förenklat detta ock skriver genomgående -e-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;skæg, hjælp, fem&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt; skjegg, hjelp, fem&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;skägg, hjälp, fem&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Konsonantval framför mjuk vokal &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-g-/k- eller gj-/kj-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Före mjuka vokaler skriver man på norskt bokmål -gj- respektive -kj- för att markera det ändrade uttalet av konsonanten. Danskans stavning (men inte uttalet) är densamma som svenskans.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;gennem, gøre, køre&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt; gjennom, gjøre, kjøre&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;genom, göra, köra&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Historiskt betingad stavning med –ds- &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
-ds- eller -s-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Danskan kan ha -ds- där man på norskt bokmål och svenska bara skriver -s- eller -ss-.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;bedst, sidst,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt; best, sist,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;bäst, sist,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Räkneorden 50-90&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
syvoghalvfjerds eller syttisy &lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De danska räkneorden från 50 till 90 är baserade på tjog. Norskan använder liksom svenskan tiotal. I danska utläses entalet före tiotalet. På norskt bokmål gör man vanligtvis inte detta längre.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;syvoghalvfjerds&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; syttisyv &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;sjuttiosju
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Vanligt förekommande småord som skrivs annorlunda&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;af, mig, dig, I, jeres,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; av, meg, deg, dere, deres &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;av, mej (mig), dej (dig), ni, er
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Stavning av lånord&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Danskan har i hög grad behållit lånords stavning, medan denna ofta har förnorskats i bokmålet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;information&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;chauffør   &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; informasjon, sjåfør   &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;information, chaufför&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Bisaster inledda med att &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vid bisatser inledda med &lt;i&gt;att &lt;/i&gt;sätter man i danskan ut komma (som på tyska), medan man på norskt bokmål  (liksom på svenska och engelska) utelämnar detta.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danska: &lt;/b&gt;Jeg ved, at han ror.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Norska:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Jag vet at han ror.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Svenska: &lt;/b&gt;Jag vet att han ror.
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Källor:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Snacka
skandinaviska; Lindgren/Havaas; Prodicta 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l#Bokm.C3.A5l_og_dansk&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wikipedia på danska&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - - &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Denna artikel kommer fortlöpande att förbättras enligt de rekommendationer som jag får av mina danska och norska vänner. :)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/06/differences-danish-norwegian-infographic.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;English version &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/06/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpx-i6epCMNs2Oma4NRP5Ub5YsmAjweh-F16aJM70_9WH1ZHYocDIZrAGjSPtAh5TRXaQ-yEngKs_UEiPzJYSwKuZnC3XTk1Tz2EW0OK5j6pqmbykyHkbfM4uCkCbVXz1bxwf2VlOfmmU/s72-c/skillnader-danska-norska-infografik-160602.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-105494127590789064</guid><pubDate>Sat, 06 Feb 2016 16:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-02-08T23:42:54.103+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Learn German</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>EN: What are Swiss High German and Helvetisms?</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oa1a43yOhvB1fnWZfkJsdzP7_H02htVFQK8ok1zTmb8SCdlxqxzHEsWQSr79h2tyAyxEZy1uz9ZAbWruB4v7dxXChW8MF_CrB2cLkvC87KijjVNX3sHEdhJJjlk7NON-nigwvOm3Qec/s1600/20160131_175618.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oa1a43yOhvB1fnWZfkJsdzP7_H02htVFQK8ok1zTmb8SCdlxqxzHEsWQSr79h2tyAyxEZy1uz9ZAbWruB4v7dxXChW8MF_CrB2cLkvC87KijjVNX3sHEdhJJjlk7NON-nigwvOm3Qec/s320/20160131_175618.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Cheer it up. There will soon be cream-based ice cream.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While Swiss German (&lt;i&gt;Schwyzerdütsch&lt;/i&gt;) is a number of dialects lacking standardized writing systems, &lt;b&gt;Swiss High German (&lt;i&gt;Schweizerisches Hochdeutsch&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/b&gt; together with French, Italian and Romansh is &lt;b&gt;one of Switzerland&#39;s four official languages&lt;/b&gt;. For those of us who have school-age children this is particularly important. Some of the German words which we ourselves learned once upon a time simply are not correct here, although the teachers obviously understand them.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Instead typically Swiss words are used - so called &lt;b&gt;helvetisms &lt;/b&gt;– like &lt;i&gt;Rahm &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Glace &lt;/i&gt;in our example.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Helvetisms with a &lt;b&gt;French origin&lt;/b&gt; are usually quite easy to understand (at least for native Swedes, like me). However, unlike the French, German-speaking Swiss tend to put the stress on the first syllable, which might sound slightly odd in the beginning. Here you will find some of these words (in brackets the more frequent High German equivalent):
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;lawyer/attorney: &lt;i&gt;der Advokat (der Rechtsanvalt)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ticket: &lt;i&gt;das Billet (die Fahrkarte)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;truck: &lt;i&gt;der Camion (der Lastwagen/der Lastkraftwagen)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;fireplace: &lt;i&gt;das Cheminée (der offene Kamin)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;hairdresser: &lt;i&gt;der Coiffeur (der Friseur)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;conductor: &lt;i&gt;der Conducteur (der Schaffner)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;retail:&lt;i&gt; der Detailhandel (der Einselhandel)
&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;garage: &lt;i&gt;die Garage (die Autowerkstatt)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;vest: &lt;i&gt;das Gilet (die Weste)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ice cream: &lt;i&gt;die Glace (das Eis)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;wash basin: &lt;i&gt;das Lavabo (das Handwaschbecken)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;upper limit: &lt;i&gt;die Limite (die Obergrenze)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;beer mixed with lemonade: &lt;i&gt;das Panaché (das Radler)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;stationery shop: &lt;i&gt;die Papeterie (die Schreibwarenhandlung)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ground floor: &lt;i&gt;die Parterre (das Erdgeschoss)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;tyre: &lt;i&gt;der Pneu (der Autoreifen/der Fahradreifen)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;chicken: &lt;i&gt;das Poulet (das Huhn)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;desk: &lt;i&gt;das Pult (der Schreibtisch)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;return ticket/round-trip ticket: &lt;i&gt;das Retourbillet (die Rückfahrtkarte)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;distinguishing features: &lt;i&gt;das Signalement (die Personenbeschreibung)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;hospital:&lt;i&gt; das Spital (das Krankenhaus)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;(window) blind: &lt;i&gt;der Storen (die Jalousie)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;tuna: &lt;i&gt;der Thon (der Thunfisch)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;tram: &lt;i&gt;das Tram (die Strassenbahn)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pavement/sidewalk: &lt;i&gt;das Trottoir (der Gehweg)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;bicycle: &lt;i&gt;das Velo (das Fahrrad)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other helvetisms can be &lt;b&gt;understood immediately&lt;/b&gt;, but might make you doubt, whether you have actually learnt the more usual German word correctly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;grill/barbecue: &lt;i&gt;grillieren (grillen)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;grandchild: &lt;i&gt;das Grosskind (das Enkelkind)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;within: innert &lt;i&gt;(binnen, innerhalb)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;mashed potatoes: &lt;i&gt;der Kartoffelstock (das Kartoffelpüree)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;rent: &lt;i&gt;der Mietzins (die Miete)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;park: &lt;i&gt;parkieren (parken)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;renovation: &lt;i&gt;die Renovation&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(die Renovierung)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pocket knife: &lt;i&gt;das Sackmesser (das Taschenmesser)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;school trip: &lt;i&gt;die Schulreise&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(die Klassenfahrt)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;waitress: &lt;i&gt;die Serviertochter&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(die Kellnerin)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pasta/noodles: &lt;i&gt;die Teigwaren&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(die Nudeln)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, there are &lt;b&gt;helvetisms whose meaning is far less obvious&lt;/b&gt;. Here are a few which I consider important.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;until now/so far: &lt;i&gt;bis anhin (bisher, bis jetzt)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;hardship/painstaking work: &lt;i&gt;die Büez (Strapaze, die Plackerei)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;slippers/indoor shoes:&lt;i&gt; die Finken (die Hausschuhe)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;waste: &lt;i&gt;der Kehrricht (der Abfall/der Müll)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;mobile phone: &lt;i&gt;das Natel (das Handy/das Mobiltelefon)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;peperoni: &lt;i&gt;die Peperoncini (die Peperoni)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;paprika/bell pepper:&lt;i&gt; die Peperoni (die Paprika)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pleasure: &lt;i&gt;der Plausch (das Vergnügen)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;postman: &lt;i&gt;der Pöstler (der Briefträger, der Postbote)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;cream: &lt;i&gt;der Rahm (die Sahne)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;carrot: &lt;i&gt;das Rüebli (die Möhre, die Karotte)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;sound (verb): tönen &lt;i&gt;(klingeln, sich anhören)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On top of some distinctive words, &lt;b&gt;Swiss High German is also written a little differently &lt;/b&gt;than the High German we are more accustomed to. More on this in a later blog post.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;By the way:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Schweizerisches Hochdeutsch&lt;/i&gt; (also called &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Schweizerisches Standarddeutsch&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, i.e.&lt;b&gt; Swiss standard German&lt;/b&gt;) is in itself a helvetism. In Germany and Austria the same language is called &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Schweizer Hochdeutsch&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/02/schweizisk-standard-hogtyska-helvetismer.html&quot;&gt;svensk version&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Källa: Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Hochdeutsch&quot;&gt;Schweizer Hochdeutsch&lt;/a&gt; och &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Helvetismen&quot;&gt;Helvetismen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/02/swiss-high-german-helvetisms.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oa1a43yOhvB1fnWZfkJsdzP7_H02htVFQK8ok1zTmb8SCdlxqxzHEsWQSr79h2tyAyxEZy1uz9ZAbWruB4v7dxXChW8MF_CrB2cLkvC87KijjVNX3sHEdhJJjlk7NON-nigwvOm3Qec/s72-c/20160131_175618.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-6817265598279181419</guid><pubDate>Sat, 06 Feb 2016 16:15:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-02-08T23:42:42.721+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig tyska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SE: Vad är schweizisk högtyska och helvetismer?</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oa1a43yOhvB1fnWZfkJsdzP7_H02htVFQK8ok1zTmb8SCdlxqxzHEsWQSr79h2tyAyxEZy1uz9ZAbWruB4v7dxXChW8MF_CrB2cLkvC87KijjVNX3sHEdhJJjlk7NON-nigwvOm3Qec/s1600/20160131_175618.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oa1a43yOhvB1fnWZfkJsdzP7_H02htVFQK8ok1zTmb8SCdlxqxzHEsWQSr79h2tyAyxEZy1uz9ZAbWruB4v7dxXChW8MF_CrB2cLkvC87KijjVNX3sHEdhJJjlk7NON-nigwvOm3Qec/s320/20160131_175618.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Var inte ledsen. Gräddglassen kommer snart.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Varför pratar reklamen i Zürich om &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rahmglace &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;när det ska heta &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sahneeis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;? 
Medan schweizertyska (&lt;i&gt;Schwyzerdütsch&lt;/i&gt;) är en samling dialekter som saknar standardiserat skriftspråk är &lt;b&gt;schweizisk högtyska (&lt;i&gt;Schweizerisches Hochdeutsch&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/b&gt; tillsammans med franska, italienska och rätoromanska &lt;b&gt;ett av de fyra officiella språken i Schweiz&lt;/b&gt;. För oss som har barn i skolåldern är detta extra viktigt. Vissa av de tyska glosor som vi själva har lärt oss är nämligen inte korrekta här, även om lärarna naturligtvis förstår dem. I stället används schweiziska ord - så kallade &lt;b&gt;helvetismer &lt;/b&gt;- som &lt;i&gt;Rahm &lt;/i&gt;och &lt;i&gt;Glace &lt;/i&gt;i vårt exempel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De helvetismer som har sitt &lt;b&gt;ursprung in franskan &lt;/b&gt;är ofta mycket &lt;b&gt;lättförstådda för svensktalande&lt;/b&gt;. Till skillnad från fransmännen betonar dock de tysktalande schweizarna vanligtvis den första stavelsen, vilket kan tyckas lite konstigt i början. Nedan återfinner du några av dessa ord (inom parentes den mer frekventa högtyska motsvarigheten):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;advokaten: &lt;i&gt;der Advokat (der Rechtsanvalt)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;biljetten: &lt;i&gt;das Billet (die Fahrkarte)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;lastbilen: &lt;i&gt;der Camion (der Lastwagen/der Lastkraftwagen)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;den öppna spisen: &lt;i&gt;das Cheminée (der offene Kamin)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;frisören: &lt;i&gt;der Coiffeur (der Friseur)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;konduktören: &lt;i&gt;der Conducteur (der Schaffner)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;detaljhandeln:&lt;i&gt; der Detailhandel (der Einselhandel)
&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;bilverkstaden: &lt;i&gt;die Garage (die Autowerkstatt)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;västen: &lt;i&gt;das Gilet (die Weste)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;glassen: &lt;i&gt;die Glace (das Eis)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;handfatet: &lt;i&gt;das Lavabo (das Handwaschbecken)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;maxgränsen: &lt;i&gt;die Limite (die Obergrenze)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ölen blandad med lemonad: &lt;i&gt;das Panaché (das Radler)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pappershandeln: &lt;i&gt;die Papeterie (die Schreibwarenhandlung)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;bottenvåningen: &lt;i&gt;die Parterre (das Erdgeschoss)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;däcket: &lt;i&gt;der Pneu (der Autoreifen/der Fahradreifen)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;kycklingen: &lt;i&gt;das Poulet (das Huhn)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;skrivbordet: &lt;i&gt;das Pult (der Schreibtisch)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;tur-och-returbiljetten: &lt;i&gt;das Retourbillet (die Rückfahrtkarte)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;signalementet: &lt;i&gt;das Signalement (die Personenbeschreibung)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;sjukhuset:&lt;i&gt; das Spital (das Krankenhaus)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;persiennen: &lt;i&gt;der Storen (die Jalousie)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;tonfisk: &lt;i&gt;der Thon (der Thunfisch)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;spårvagnen: &lt;i&gt;das Tram (die Strassenbahn)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;trottoaren: &lt;i&gt;das Trottoir (der Gehweg)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;cykeln: &lt;i&gt;das Velo (das Fahrrad)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Andra helvetismer förstår man från början&lt;/b&gt;, men de kan få en att grubbla på om man har lärt sig det vanligare tyska ordet rätt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;grilla: &lt;i&gt;grillieren (grillen)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;barnbarnet: &lt;i&gt;das Grosskind (das Enkelkind)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;inom: innert &lt;i&gt;(binnen, innerhalb)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;potatismoset: &lt;i&gt;der Kartoffelstock (das Kartoffelpüree)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;hyran: &lt;i&gt;der Mietzins (die Miete)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;parkera: &lt;i&gt;parkieren (parken)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;renoveringen: &lt;i&gt;die Renovation&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(die Renovierung)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;fickkniven: &lt;i&gt;das Sackmesser (das Taschenmesser)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;skolresan: &lt;i&gt;die Schulreise&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(die Klassenfahrt)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;servitrisen: &lt;i&gt;die Serviertochter&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(die Kellnerin)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pastan/nudlarna: &lt;i&gt;die Teigwaren&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(die Nudeln)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slutligen finns det &lt;b&gt;helvetismer med mindre självklar betydelse.&lt;/b&gt; Här är några som jag upplever som viktiga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;hittills: &lt;i&gt;bis anhin (bisher, bis jetzt)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;strapatsen/det mödosamma arbetet: &lt;i&gt;die Büez (Strapaze, die Plackerei)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;inneskorna:&lt;i&gt; die Finken (die Hausschuhe)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;avfall: &lt;i&gt;der Kehrricht (der Abfall/der Müll)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;mobiltelefonen: &lt;i&gt;das Natel (das Handy/das Mobiltelefon)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;peperonin: &lt;i&gt;die Peperoncini (die Peperoni)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;paprikan:&lt;i&gt; die Peperoni (die Paprika)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;nöjet: &lt;i&gt;der Plausch (das Vergnügen)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;brevbäraren: &lt;i&gt;der Pöstler (der Briefträger, der Postbote)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;grädden: &lt;i&gt;der Rahm (die Sahne)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;moroten: &lt;i&gt;das Rüebli (die Möhre, die Karotte)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;låta (om ljud): tönen &lt;i&gt;(klingeln, sich anhören)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Utöver de typiska orden &lt;b&gt;skrivs också schweizisk högtyska lite annorlunda &lt;/b&gt;än den högtyska vi är mer vana vid. Mer om detta i en senare bloggpost.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Förresten: &lt;i&gt;Schweizerisches Hochdeutsch&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (också kallat &lt;b&gt;Schweizerisches Standarddeutsch&lt;/b&gt;, alltså &lt;b&gt;schweizisk standardtyska&lt;/b&gt;) är &lt;b&gt;i sig helvetismer&lt;/b&gt;. I Tyskland och Österrike heter samma språk &lt;b&gt;Schweizer Hochdeutsch&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/02/swiss-high-german-helvetisms.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;English version&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;- - -&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Källa: Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Hochdeutsch&quot;&gt;Schweizer Hochdeutsch&lt;/a&gt; och &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Helvetismen&quot;&gt;Helvetismen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/02/schweizisk-standard-hogtyska-helvetismer.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oa1a43yOhvB1fnWZfkJsdzP7_H02htVFQK8ok1zTmb8SCdlxqxzHEsWQSr79h2tyAyxEZy1uz9ZAbWruB4v7dxXChW8MF_CrB2cLkvC87KijjVNX3sHEdhJJjlk7NON-nigwvOm3Qec/s72-c/20160131_175618.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-91246522799690069</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2016 23:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-01-27T00:23:23.854+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Learn German</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>EN: Learn German Definite Articles</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQIQi1yYtfDlVnFf2gWstrPHN1uSnuJCh7BzBjh5TeN7fNJJkSQpSFCx9lqFGLyV6cP6eOYYaastw-j2Y9VOiLKH3J0Djz1d9andlDPPJ7rdGB9e6yBKBkEzEplDF8VXBrOglhxRigJ0Q/s1600/spoon+fork+knife.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;155&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQIQi1yYtfDlVnFf2gWstrPHN1uSnuJCh7BzBjh5TeN7fNJJkSQpSFCx9lqFGLyV6cP6eOYYaastw-j2Y9VOiLKH3J0Djz1d9andlDPPJ7rdGB9e6yBKBkEzEplDF8VXBrOglhxRigJ0Q/s320/spoon+fork+knife.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;der Löffel, die Gabel und das Messer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
In his essay &lt;b&gt;&quot;The Awful German language&quot;&amp;nbsp;Mark Twain&lt;/b&gt; wrote that in German “&lt;b&gt;Every noun has a gender&lt;/b&gt;, and there is no sense or system in distribution; so the gender of each must be learned separately and by heart. There is no other way. &quot; I agree fully. In case you want to learn German properly, there is only one solution: to learn the &lt;b&gt;definite article&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;der, die&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;das&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; together with each new noun.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let us now focus on the positive side: there are quite a number of endings which almost exclusively indicate a certain gender. To learn these are and which gender they have, you can take the help of the following nonsense words:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Der Iglingorismus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Die Heitungkeiteischafttiontätik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Das Tumchenmamentumlein&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As you already might understand they remind us that the endings &lt;i&gt;–ig, -ling, -or &lt;/i&gt;och –&lt;i&gt;smus&lt;/i&gt; är maskulina: &lt;i&gt;der Käfig&lt;/i&gt; (the cage), &lt;i&gt;der Erdling &lt;/i&gt;(the earthling),&lt;i&gt; der Äquator &lt;/i&gt;(the equator) och &lt;i&gt;der Liberalismu&lt;/i&gt;s (the liberalism) indicate that a word is &lt;b&gt;masculine&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The endings &lt;i&gt;–heit, -ung, -keit, -schaft, -tion, -tät &lt;/i&gt;och &lt;i&gt;–ik&lt;/i&gt; hör suggest that the word is &lt;b&gt;feminine&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;i&gt;die Freiheit &lt;/i&gt;(the freedom), &lt;i&gt;die Bildung&lt;/i&gt; (the education/the forming), &lt;i&gt;die Geschwindigkeit&lt;/i&gt; (the speed), &lt;i&gt;die Eigenschaft&lt;/i&gt; (the feature/property), &lt;i&gt;die Kommunikation&lt;/i&gt; (the communication), &lt;i&gt;die Universtät &lt;/i&gt;(the university) and &lt;i&gt;die Ästhetik&lt;/i&gt; (the aesthetics).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, words with suffixes &lt;i&gt;-tum, -chen, -ma, -ment, -um&lt;/i&gt; and -&lt;i&gt;lein&lt;/i&gt; belong to the &lt;b&gt;neuter&lt;/b&gt; gender: &lt;i&gt;das Eigentum &lt;/i&gt;(the property), &lt;i&gt;das Mädchen&lt;/i&gt; (the girl), &lt;i&gt;das Thema&lt;/i&gt; (the theme), &lt;i&gt;das Abonnement&lt;/i&gt; (the subscription), &lt;i&gt;das Album&lt;/i&gt; (the album) and &lt;i&gt;das Fräulein&lt;/i&gt; (the miss/young lady).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I hope to have helped you a little step forward on your way to learn German.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;By the way: &lt;/b&gt;When I searchred for example words I began with the ending &lt;i&gt;-tum&lt;/i&gt; and spontaneously thought of &lt;i&gt;Reichtum&lt;/i&gt; (wealth). Wealth (&lt;i&gt;der Reichtum)&lt;/i&gt; turned out to be masculine. Perhaps Mark Twain was right, after all... ;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Inspiration:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beste-tipps-zum-deutsch-lernen.com/deutsche-artikel-lernen/&quot;&gt;EasyDaF.de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/01/lar-dig-tyska-bestamda-artiklar.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Swedish version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/01/learn-german-definite-articles.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQIQi1yYtfDlVnFf2gWstrPHN1uSnuJCh7BzBjh5TeN7fNJJkSQpSFCx9lqFGLyV6cP6eOYYaastw-j2Y9VOiLKH3J0Djz1d9andlDPPJ7rdGB9e6yBKBkEzEplDF8VXBrOglhxRigJ0Q/s72-c/spoon+fork+knife.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-1173747515099799843</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2016 23:10:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-01-27T00:23:32.172+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig tyska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SE: Lär dig tyska bestämda artiklar</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQIQi1yYtfDlVnFf2gWstrPHN1uSnuJCh7BzBjh5TeN7fNJJkSQpSFCx9lqFGLyV6cP6eOYYaastw-j2Y9VOiLKH3J0Djz1d9andlDPPJ7rdGB9e6yBKBkEzEplDF8VXBrOglhxRigJ0Q/s1600/spoon+fork+knife.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;155&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQIQi1yYtfDlVnFf2gWstrPHN1uSnuJCh7BzBjh5TeN7fNJJkSQpSFCx9lqFGLyV6cP6eOYYaastw-j2Y9VOiLKH3J0Djz1d9andlDPPJ7rdGB9e6yBKBkEzEplDF8VXBrOglhxRigJ0Q/s320/spoon+fork+knife.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;der Löffel, die Gabel und das Messer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
I sin essä &lt;b&gt;“Det fruktansvärda tyska språket”&lt;/b&gt;* (&lt;i&gt;The Awful German Language&lt;/i&gt;) skrev &lt;b&gt;Mark Twain&lt;/b&gt; om tyskan att “varje substantiv har sitt &lt;b&gt;genus&lt;/b&gt; och uppdelningen saknar både vett och metod; så varje ords genus måste läras in enskilt och utantill. Det finns inget annat sätt.”* Jag kan bara instämma. Vill du lära dig korrekt tyska finns det bara en väg: att lära sig den bestämda artikeln &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;der, die&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;eller &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;das&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; samtidigt med varje nytt substantiv.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Låt oss här fokusera på det positiva: det finns ett ganska stort antal ändelser som nästan uteslutande alltid har ett visst genus. För att lära sig vilka dessa är och vilket genus de har kan du ta hjälp av nedanstående nonsensord:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Der Iglingorismus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Die Heitungkeiteischafttiontätik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Das Tumchenmamentumlein&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Som du kanske redan förstår påminner de oss om att ändelserna &lt;i&gt;–ig, -ling, -or&lt;/i&gt; och –&lt;i&gt;smus&lt;/i&gt; antyder att ett ord är &lt;b&gt;maskulint&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;i&gt;der Käfig&lt;/i&gt; (buren), &lt;i&gt;der Erdling&lt;/i&gt; (jordbo), &lt;i&gt;der Äquator &lt;/i&gt;(ekvatorn) och&lt;i&gt; der Liberalismus&lt;/i&gt; (liberalismen).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ändelserna &lt;i&gt;–heit, -ung, -keit, -schaft, -tion, -tät &lt;/i&gt;och &lt;i&gt;–ik&lt;/i&gt; pekar på att ordet är &lt;b&gt;feminint&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;i&gt;die Freiheit &lt;/i&gt;(friheten), &lt;i&gt;die Bildung&lt;/i&gt; (bildningen/bildandet), &lt;i&gt;die Geschwindigkeit&lt;/i&gt; (farten), &lt;i&gt;die Eigenschaft&lt;/i&gt; (egenskapen), &lt;i&gt;die Kommunikation&lt;/i&gt; (kommunikationen), &lt;i&gt;die Universtät &lt;/i&gt;(universitetet) och &lt;i&gt;die Ästhetik&lt;/i&gt; (estetiken).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slutligen hör ord  med suffixen &lt;i&gt;–tum, -chen, -ma, -ment, -um&lt;/i&gt; och –&lt;i&gt;lein&lt;/i&gt; till &lt;b&gt;neutrum&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;i&gt;das Eigentum&lt;/i&gt; (egendom), d&lt;i&gt;as Mädchen &lt;/i&gt;(flickan), &lt;i&gt;das Thema &lt;/i&gt;(temat), &lt;i&gt;das Abonnement&lt;/i&gt; (prenumerationen/abonnemanget), &lt;i&gt;das Album&lt;/i&gt; (albumet) och &lt;i&gt;das Fräulein&lt;/i&gt; (fröken/den unga damen).&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jag hoppas ha kunnat hjälpa dig ett litet steg på vägen till att lära dig bättre tyska.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Förresten:&lt;/b&gt; När jag skulle hitta exempelord började jag med ändelsen –&lt;i&gt;tum&lt;/i&gt; och tänkte spontant på &lt;i&gt;Reichtum&lt;/i&gt; (rikedom). Rikedomen (&lt;i&gt;der Reichtum&lt;/i&gt;) visade sig vara maskulin. Och det var ju det som Mark Twain sade... ;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Inspiration:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beste-tipps-zum-deutsch-lernen.com/deutsche-artikel-lernen/&quot;&gt;EasyDaF.de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- - -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/01/learn-german-definite-articles.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;English version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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*Min översättningar från engelskan</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/01/lar-dig-tyska-bestamda-artiklar.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQIQi1yYtfDlVnFf2gWstrPHN1uSnuJCh7BzBjh5TeN7fNJJkSQpSFCx9lqFGLyV6cP6eOYYaastw-j2Y9VOiLKH3J0Djz1d9andlDPPJ7rdGB9e6yBKBkEzEplDF8VXBrOglhxRigJ0Q/s72-c/spoon+fork+knife.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-6039810135448896535</guid><pubDate>Sun, 17 Jan 2016 22:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-01-18T17:38:57.393+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Learn German</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>EN: Learn German through News for Children</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tivi.de/fernsehen/logo/start/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;http://www.tivi.de/fernsehen/logo/start/&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_rbQLGalveBVPzNmoPx0_nstIbYp7nk7nS8e3JxgGfGimkTPp7ELzKgptXJQoZUrfxVv4RZdCnwT4OfYM1i7AX3mT8NhpbwWlK9-balNY-RpTqWl6omxjJqKfoMM_ix3rkwZnV3ETVRQ/s320/160117-Logo+Kindernachrichten.PNG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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On the one hand, I think that my children talk too little about the latest international news in their Swiss school. On the other, I believe that our whole family can do well from regularly listening to proper &lt;b&gt;High German&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Hochdeutsch&lt;/i&gt;). Now I can kill two birds with one stone, thanks to &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;ZDF Logo-Kindernachrichten&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. This series consists of daily 10-minute news summaries, in a language adapted to children. All programs of the last seven days can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tivi.de/mediathek/7-tage-rueckblick-886446/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;here&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Interestingly, we can expect more material of this kind in the future. As we all know, recently a lot of refugees have arrived in Germany, many of them being children. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/schule/2016-01/integration-fluechtlinge-kinder-willkommensklassen&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;German authorities see the language as one of the most important tools to integrate the new arrivals.&lt;/a&gt; I promise to follow this development and inform you about all new tools, programs and applications which I can find.&lt;br /&gt;
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By the way: To kill two birds with one stone translates as zwei Fliegen mit einer Klappe zu schlagen into German.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/01/lar-dig-tyska-barn-nyheter.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Swedish version &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/01/learn-german-news-children.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_rbQLGalveBVPzNmoPx0_nstIbYp7nk7nS8e3JxgGfGimkTPp7ELzKgptXJQoZUrfxVv4RZdCnwT4OfYM1i7AX3mT8NhpbwWlK9-balNY-RpTqWl6omxjJqKfoMM_ix3rkwZnV3ETVRQ/s72-c/160117-Logo+Kindernachrichten.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-3725739476456348046</guid><pubDate>Sun, 17 Jan 2016 22:08:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-01-18T00:03:05.540+01:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE - Lär dig tyska</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SE = poster på svenska</category><title>SE: Lär dig tyska med nyheter för barn</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tivi.de/fernsehen/logo/start/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;http://www.tivi.de/fernsehen/logo/start/&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_rbQLGalveBVPzNmoPx0_nstIbYp7nk7nS8e3JxgGfGimkTPp7ELzKgptXJQoZUrfxVv4RZdCnwT4OfYM1i7AX3mT8NhpbwWlK9-balNY-RpTqWl6omxjJqKfoMM_ix3rkwZnV3ETVRQ/s320/160117-Logo+Kindernachrichten.PNG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Å den ena sidan tycker jag att mina barn har för lite internationell nutidsorientering in sin schweiziska skola. Å den andra skulle hela familjen må bra av att regelbundet verkligen lyssna på &lt;b&gt;högstyska&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; (Hochdeutsch).&lt;/i&gt; Nu kan jag slå två flugor i en smäll tack vare&lt;i&gt; &lt;b&gt;ZDF Logo-Kindernachrichten.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  Programserien bygger på en &lt;b&gt;daglig 10-minuters nyhetssammanfattning&lt;/b&gt;, på ett språk anpassat för barn. De senaste sju dagarnas program hittar du &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tivi.de/mediathek/7-tage-rueckblick-886446/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;här&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Intressant nog kan vi förvänta oss allt mer material av det här slaget framöver. Under den senaste tiden har det ju kommit många flyktingar till Tyskland, bland dem en hel del barn. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/schule/2016-01/integration-fluechtlinge-kinder-willkommensklassen&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Tyska myndigheter ser språket som ett av de viktigaste redskapen för att integrera de nyanlända. &lt;/a&gt;Jag lovar att följa utvecklingen och informera dig  om de nya verktyg, program och applikationer som jag hittar.&lt;br /&gt;
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Förresten: Att slå två flugor med en smäll heter &lt;i&gt;&quot;zwei Fliegen mit einer Klappe zu schlagen&quot; &lt;/i&gt;på tyska.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/01/learn-german-news-children.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;English version&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2016/01/learn-german-news-children.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2016/01/lar-dig-tyska-barn-nyheter.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_rbQLGalveBVPzNmoPx0_nstIbYp7nk7nS8e3JxgGfGimkTPp7ELzKgptXJQoZUrfxVv4RZdCnwT4OfYM1i7AX3mT8NhpbwWlK9-balNY-RpTqWl6omxjJqKfoMM_ix3rkwZnV3ETVRQ/s72-c/160117-Logo+Kindernachrichten.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Enge, Zürich, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.3640548 8.5285433000000239</georss:point><georss:box>47.342543299999996 8.4882028000000247 47.3855663 8.5688838000000231</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-8115477903288257670</guid><pubDate>Sun, 20 Sep 2015 22:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-09-21T23:15:58.371+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Discover Switzerland</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>EN: A Bicycle Tour Around Lake Lucerne and to Rütli Meadow, Switzerland</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjJeIeBa01Td2h9hNzyGx4x5aKXtuWGyaHWjUMXcEdrW32t9J8ExwMBm569OmP6LxqCr8cVyONle4unIX04r5uMjixMATfATjtosywJTQgcopBgWwxXvy9ehzpCJlc-zxao4TtuNhwAGo/s1600/IMG_20150729_174434.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjJeIeBa01Td2h9hNzyGx4x5aKXtuWGyaHWjUMXcEdrW32t9J8ExwMBm569OmP6LxqCr8cVyONle4unIX04r5uMjixMATfATjtosywJTQgcopBgWwxXvy9ehzpCJlc-zxao4TtuNhwAGo/s320/IMG_20150729_174434.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;More photos at the end of the post and on Instagram.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Our sons build up more perseverance with each passing year, but there are still things we cannot do with them. Therefore, during the summer vacation this year which the children spent with their grandparents, my wife and I were eager to experience something new, but never could we imagine what was about to come; an adventure which we will remember for the rest of our lives and which made us feel very Swiss and sporty at the same time plus, on top of that, taught us a lot about &lt;b&gt;Switzerland&#39;s&lt;/b&gt; history.&lt;/div&gt;
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&quot;Let us make a &lt;b&gt;bicycle tour around Lake Lucerne&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vierwaldstättersee &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;in German) over the weekend”, &lt;b&gt;Anna Adevi &lt;/b&gt;– one of my best Swedish friends here - said as soon as she heard that our children had left for Sweden. My wife and I, who had never cycled such a long distance, at first thought that it sounded totally crazy, but after having read up a bit, we realized this was exactly the challenge we needed and that Anna and her boyfriend would be perfect travel companions. The decision was made so in the following few days we had to find time for quite intense bicycle maintenance and investments in ridiculously expensive (but cool!) biker shorts and side bags.&lt;/div&gt;
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Our Bicycle Route: Lucerne - Küssnacht - Weggis - Brunnen - Flüelen - Rütli - Beckenried - Lucerne
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To &lt;b&gt;Lucerne&lt;/b&gt; (not surprisingly the biggest city around Lake Lucerne) we went by train and were reminded that you had better &lt;b&gt;arrive early&lt;/b&gt; – and, even better, in advance&lt;b&gt; know where in the train the bicycle carriage is located&lt;/b&gt; - in order to secure yourself a seat. The weather was the best imaginable: this summer was unusually hot and humid in Switzerland, but we managed to pick the only weekend in July when it was at least slightly cloudy.&lt;/div&gt;
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From Lucerne we had been recommended to begin our tour &lt;b&gt;heading towards Küssnacht am Rigi &lt;/b&gt;and there are many good reasons for that. Firstly, you take on the &lt;b&gt;initial tedious ascent&lt;/b&gt; towards &lt;b&gt;Meggen &lt;/b&gt;when you are at your fittest. Secondly - and more importantly – when travelling on the road &lt;i&gt;Axenstrasse &lt;/i&gt;between &lt;b&gt;Brunnen &lt;/b&gt;and &lt;b&gt;Flüelen &lt;/b&gt;in this direction, you can&lt;b&gt; take refuge on the pavement &lt;/b&gt;when the traffic feels too intense. Finally, during the last part, you have a pleasant descent from &lt;b&gt;Emmetten &lt;/b&gt;down to &lt;b&gt;Beckenried &lt;/b&gt;and then flat lands through &lt;b&gt;Stans, Stansstad &lt;/b&gt;and &lt;b&gt;Hergiswil&lt;/b&gt; until you are back at your starting point. However, whichever direction you take, the &lt;b&gt;routes are clearly marked&lt;/b&gt; and with few exceptions they go on&lt;b&gt; well-maintained bicycle roads&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Highlights: Countless Stunning Alp Views – Plus Stretching and Waltz Dancing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A tour around Lake Lucerne offers countless beautiful&lt;b&gt; views of Alps meeting the water.&lt;/b&gt; Personally, I especially remember the &lt;b&gt;rolling agrarian landscape around Küssnacht&lt;/b&gt; as well as the &lt;b&gt;view of Brunnen and Flüelen from the top of Seelisberg&lt;/b&gt;. If we move over to experiences unique to our trip, I want to mention a short &lt;b&gt;waltz to live music &lt;/b&gt;on a pier in Weggis and an extensive &lt;b&gt;stretching session &lt;/b&gt;in a park in Brunnen, with the Swiss Air Force flying in formation over us.&lt;/div&gt;
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Rütli Meadow and the Pace of the Oath that Created Switzerland&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
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A big surprise during this bicycle tour was a visit to &lt;b&gt;Rütli meadow&lt;/b&gt;, next to the &lt;b&gt;Place of the Oath&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;Schwurplats&lt;/i&gt;) where the cantons &lt;b&gt;Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden&lt;/b&gt; (today: Obwalden and Nidwalden respectively) are said to, in &lt;b&gt;1291&lt;/b&gt;, have entered into the covenant, which became the basis for modern-day Switzerland. However, the price for arriving here was a good one hour walk up to the top of Seelisberg; not particularly fun when you push a bicycle full of luggage!&lt;/div&gt;
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Taking the Boat from Flüelen&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
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It should be emphasized that you cannot yet complete a full tour around on Lake Lucerne by bicycle, due to a few kilometres where the mountains steep directly into the water. Extremely experienced athletes can, of course, get from Flüelen to Seelisberg as long as they are willing to repeatedly carry the bicycle on winding paths. Less daring tourists had better &lt;b&gt;take the boat to Treib&lt;/b&gt; and from there the &lt;b&gt;cog train up to the peak&lt;/b&gt;. By doing so, you will still enjoy the magnificent view from there, including the meadow Rütli (albeit only from above).&lt;/div&gt;
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Among Swedes Who Like Facebook&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
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This weekend, exceptionally, I cannot claim having dedicated much time to language learning, in a group where &lt;b&gt;everyone spoke Swedish&lt;/b&gt;. Or what is it we speak? According to external observers, when Anna Adevi and I meet each other we have a tendency to turn up her dialect from Scania and mine from Halmstad to a maximum. At a restaurant, a Swiss man at a neighbouring table actually asked us to confirm that we spoke Danish, since he “was absolutely sure that it was not Swedish.&quot; Now, whatever language we might speak an added value with Anna is that she is one of the few friends I have of my age who like social media - read Facebook - even more I. Thanks to this our trip was well documented in the form of fun photos.&lt;/div&gt;
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To sum up, our positive learning point from this weekend is that neither my wife nor I have a problem to &lt;b&gt;complete 100 kilometres on a bicycle&lt;/b&gt;. But next time I might bring kneepads, just in case... ;)&lt;/div&gt;
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Accommodation and Restaurants&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
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In &lt;b&gt;Flüelen &lt;/b&gt;we spent the night at the &lt;b&gt;hotel &lt;i&gt;Tourist&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. It certainly has not been renovated for many years, but has a correct price-quality ratio, offers a truly good breakfast and its owners were helpful with cycling tips. Our dinner in the same town we ate at &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cantina Apertura&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, a slightly odd, but nice &lt;b&gt;restaurant &lt;/b&gt;down by the lake.

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&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2015/08/cykel-runt-vierwaldstattersee-rutli.html&quot;&gt;Svensk version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2015/09/bicycle-tour-lake-lucerne-switzerland.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjJeIeBa01Td2h9hNzyGx4x5aKXtuWGyaHWjUMXcEdrW32t9J8ExwMBm569OmP6LxqCr8cVyONle4unIX04r5uMjixMATfATjtosywJTQgcopBgWwxXvy9ehzpCJlc-zxao4TtuNhwAGo/s72-c/IMG_20150729_174434.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lago de los Cuatro Cantones, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>47.0136401 8.4371598000000176</georss:point><georss:box>46.8403251 8.1144363000000173 47.186955100000006 8.759883300000018</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-1735505762802370939</guid><pubDate>Mon, 07 Sep 2015 21:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-09-07T23:52:25.355+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Discover Switzerland</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>EN: Czech Crock-14 at the Country Festival of Klewenalp (Switzerland)</title><description>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/u-16VBMLeCg&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Further videos of &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Crock-14&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; at &lt;b&gt;Klewenalp &lt;/b&gt;can be found &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/user/WirdheimInVilanova&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Have I always been a &lt;b&gt;country fan&lt;/b&gt;? No, certainly not. Quite frankly, at the time when my &lt;b&gt;Czech cousin&lt;/b&gt; began to take interest in this culture, I – having grown up in Sweden – perceived this as an artificial tribute to the United States. But while I myself have switched hobbies innumerable times through life, he has maintained his and keeps specialising in &lt;b&gt;American clogging&lt;/b&gt;. Now, thanks to all the performances I have seen with his and his wife&#39;s &lt;b&gt;dance group &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crock14.cz/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Crock-14&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, even I have developed.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h4&gt;
Alpen Country Open Air Festival&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
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For this reason, I had a really good time when, in July, they appeared at &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alpen Country Open Air&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; - a &lt;b&gt;festival&lt;/b&gt; here in &lt;b&gt;Klewenalp&lt;/b&gt; (Nidwalden, Switzerland), which this year was held for the 21st time. It has a truly unique atmosphere, even without Crock-14 on the stage. Prior to their performance, the audience was dancing line dance and I believe that my wife and I actually bolt felt that that could be something for us. Later on in life, that is...&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h4&gt;
Hike from Klewenalp to Stockhütte (while Our Children were in Sweden ...)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
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Currently we are too busy with other interests, such as &lt;b&gt;hiking&lt;/b&gt;. Between &lt;i&gt;Crock-14&lt;/i&gt;&#39;s performances we had the time to walk to&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Stockhütte &lt;/b&gt;and back. That hike we possibly would not have been able to complete in two hours, had our children been here. Now, at the time they were with their grandparents in Sweden, something they truly enjoyed, as always. By the way, they hardly noticed that the weather was a lot worse there than here. The only thing they did complain about was that Swiss summer holidays are so short – they have only got five weeks while their Swedish friends have nine.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h4&gt;
Crock-14 Celebrating their 20 Anniversary and Touring in Australia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
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Let us return to &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Crock-14&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;: As I am writing this, the Czech dance group has just returned home after a one month long tour in &lt;b&gt;Australia&lt;/b&gt;. To follow that journey I had to make do with their social media (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/crock14?fref=ts&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Facebook &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/user/crock1970&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;). But on 29th November this year, I want to be on site in &lt;b&gt;Prague &lt;/b&gt;when the group celebrates its 20th anniversary (!). That I at the same time can expose myself to linguistic immersion and polish my Czech is an added bonus.&lt;br /&gt;
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My blog post about &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Crock-14&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; in &lt;b&gt;Klewenalp 2014&lt;/b&gt; can be found &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2014/08/crock-14-country-festival-klewenalp.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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More pictures from Klewenalp can be found on &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://instagram.com/erikwirdheim&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Instagram&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2015/08/crock14-alpen-country-klewenalp-schweiz.html&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Svensk version&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2015/09/crock14-alpen-country-klewenalp.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/u-16VBMLeCg/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Klewenalp, 6375 Beckenried, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>46.9400948 8.4734260000000177</georss:point><georss:box>46.918411799999994 8.4330855000000184 46.9617778 8.5137665000000169</georss:box></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2693772193342191393.post-2127854546682840904</guid><pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2015 20:45:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-09-07T23:56:21.600+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN - Discover Switzerland</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EN = posts in English</category><title>EN: Hiking with Children near Matterhorn (Zermatt, Switzerland)</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0JLBJ3ArrblHnzSigO8r_eerYmOvVD-C6yBNlUKlnyOPjigj-44DjUzjpP_Qr6Jy-QQEC6bzTx6iZOynLbxFAU6yWiuOrHpZh3_HA9VTs012KYBTskiXEOKbNPiU_qa5dZuQGn0Y750c/s1600/IMG_20150629_003755.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0JLBJ3ArrblHnzSigO8r_eerYmOvVD-C6yBNlUKlnyOPjigj-44DjUzjpP_Qr6Jy-QQEC6bzTx6iZOynLbxFAU6yWiuOrHpZh3_HA9VTs012KYBTskiXEOKbNPiU_qa5dZuQGn0Y750c/s320/IMG_20150629_003755.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Further &lt;b&gt;Matterhorn photos&lt;/b&gt; at the end of the blog post.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Matterhorn&lt;/b&gt; is said to be the &lt;b&gt;world&#39;s most photographed &lt;/b&gt;mountain and that is understandable for its unique shape. Since a few weeks back not only my wife, but also our boys and I have had the chance to experience it live - so far down south in &lt;b&gt;Switzerland &lt;/b&gt;that you have Italy on the other side of the ridge.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the time, my wife was in the middle of peak season at her job, but thanks to some re-planning we managed to get away on a weekend trip to a sunny &lt;b&gt;Zermatt &lt;/b&gt;and&amp;nbsp;for that we will be grateful for many years. Thirty kilometres of hiking over two days was what we achieved - undoubtedly a new family record. Our sons were walking at such a high pace that we repeatedly passed by groups exclusively made up of adult participants.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Our Hiking Routes&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;
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The mountain restaurant at &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sunegga&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;came to serve as both starting-point and goal for us. On the first day we took the steep slope up to &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Blauherd &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;and then walked back in a long loop via &lt;i&gt;Tufteralp&lt;/i&gt;. On day two we went up to &lt;i&gt;Blauherd &lt;/i&gt;with the lift and then followed the very varied &quot;&lt;b&gt;Five Lakes Walk&lt;/b&gt;&quot; (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;5-Seenweg&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
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Our hikes offered some surprises like left-over snow, in which our sons played for a while but, afterwards, when we asked them what they liked best with Zermatt, they both replied: the &lt;b&gt;photo opportunities! &lt;/b&gt;Just like my wife and me, they were excited to run around with smart-phones and i-pads in their hands, eager to capture beautiful views and reflections of the &lt;b&gt;Matterhorn&lt;/b&gt;. And suddenly there were not any longer only two but four of us who helped out increasing the number of images of this mountain on social media...&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h4&gt;
Exercise in &quot;Wallis-German&quot;&lt;/h4&gt;
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Zermatt is located in the German-speaking part of the &lt;b&gt;canton of Valais&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wallis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; in German) and that ought to have given me a unique opportunity for &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Schwyzerdütsch &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;language practice, because according to the Swiss this is the most complicated of their dialects. Maybe we just happened to meet people who adapted when they spoke to us, but we did not experience that understanding them was a lot more difficult than at home in Zurich.&lt;br /&gt;
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To wrap up, if our trip revealed &lt;b&gt;something to improve &lt;/b&gt;for next time? Yes, we all managed to get burned in the strong sun in the Alps, and that we can certainly do without! ;)&lt;br /&gt;
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Further Tips if You Plan to Go to Zermatt&lt;/h4&gt;
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An important tip in case you are not bringing your own food is to plan your hikes with the &lt;b&gt;mountain restaurants&lt;/b&gt; in mind, because &lt;b&gt;just a few of them are open in the summer&lt;/b&gt;. For our children the lunches were in fact another highlight of the weekend: schnitzel with french fries, two days in a row.&amp;nbsp;
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&lt;b&gt;Go to Zermatt by Train.&lt;/b&gt; The journey from &lt;b&gt;Zurich &lt;/b&gt;to &lt;b&gt;Zermatt &lt;/b&gt;takes just over three hours by train and goes via &lt;b&gt;Bern&lt;/b&gt;. We consider this to be the best option since you are &lt;b&gt;not allowed to bring your car&lt;/b&gt; into this picturesque little town.&lt;br /&gt;
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We had our Saturday dinner at the &lt;b&gt;restaurant &lt;i&gt;Chez Gaby &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;and were all very content. Our accommodation was at the &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hotel Alpina&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; which is not fancy, but thanks to the familiar staff, comfortable beds and rich breakfast offer, we will gladly return, when the time comes for our next trip to the Matterhorn.&lt;br /&gt;
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Together with our children we have previously gone hiking at &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.se/2014/08/hiking-children-engelberg-globi.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Engelberg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2014/09/hiking-flumserberg-children-cliimber.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Flumserberg &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;and &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2013/09/tone-trail-toggenburg-klangweg.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Toggenburg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Please, check out my account on &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.instagram.com/erikwirdheim&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Instagram&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.ch/2015/08/vandra-barn-matterhorn-schweiz-vallis.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Svensk version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</description><link>http://erik-wirdheim.blogspot.com/2015/09/hiking-children-matterhorn-zermatt.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Erik Wirdheim)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0JLBJ3ArrblHnzSigO8r_eerYmOvVD-C6yBNlUKlnyOPjigj-44DjUzjpP_Qr6Jy-QQEC6bzTx6iZOynLbxFAU6yWiuOrHpZh3_HA9VTs012KYBTskiXEOKbNPiU_qa5dZuQGn0Y750c/s72-c/IMG_20150629_003755.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Zermatt, Suiza</georss:featurename><georss:point>46.0207248 7.7492829000000256</georss:point><georss:box>45.844210800000006 7.4265594000000252 46.1972388 8.072006400000026</georss:box></item></channel></rss>