Ess learning

BREASTFEEDING, It's Easy If You Do It Smart. %%Esslearning%

2020-05-22T04:35:00.001+05:30

Breastfeeding is the most complicated part for new parents. Many parents really worry related to breastfeed their child. They have many questions regarding breastfeeding. How to do breastfeeding?
Can we store milk? How to care for the breast? And Which is a balanced diet regarding breastmilk, or many more... Which we are going to cover today in this post.

ONCE PARENTS ARE REASSURED their newborn is normal and everything is good working order. The major concern becomes feeding their baby. Actually, it's a lot simpler than seems to be indicated by the length of this post! For at least the first four months, there are only two choices, breast milk or formula. All the export agree that breast milk is the best for the babies.

If you decide not to breastfeed your baby or must stop for some reason, commercial infant formula is an acceptable alternative. Its composition is designed to be as close as possible to breastfeed milk and it has been processed so it's more digestible and less likely to cause allergies then cows milk.

Solid food or juice is not recommended for the baby before at least 4-month-old, Preferably 6 months. Solid puts more strain on the baby's digestive system and may make him more susceptible to food allergies and they WON'T help him sleep through the night!

Now whether you breastfeed or formula feeds your baby you are the most important thing to keep mind. EACH BABY IS AN INDIVIDUAL... especially when it comes to eating! Some newborns might take light longer than others to work upon appetite. And just like older children and adults, they don't always feel like eating the same amount every day. So relax and don't compare your baby's eating habits with those of his siblings are the baby next door!

Breastfeeding your baby.

Breastfeeding.

THE "LETDOWN REFLEX".

The best place to begin is by understanding how your breast produces milk. During pregnancy, your breast has become two or three times heavier as the milk gland increase. These grape-like clusters are where the milk is produced. The milk then drains into ducts that empty into milk reservoirs or sinuses that lie beneath the areola ( the pigmented area surrounding the nipples). There are between 15 and 20 openings. When the baby begins to nurse, this is what happens:-

Nerves within the nipples are stimulated and a message is sent to the brain's pituitary gland.
A hormone Oxytocin has released that contract the tissue around the milk glands. Another hormone Prolactin that stimulates the glands to produce milk is also released.
The milk drains into the sinuses and out through the opening of in the nipples.

The whole process takes two or three minutes. It's called the "letdown reflex". You will usually feel your breast become full and the around area the areolas and nipples will tingle. Some mothers never have this feeling, even though they are"letting down". This reflex can also be inhabited by pain, emotional stress, or extreme fatigue. That why it is important to still relax and get as much rest as possible.

Once breastfeeding is established, the "letdown reflex" can occur in response to other stimuli. Such as hearing any infant cry, the sight of another baby, or during intercourse. Mothers who are away from their babies often claim they have a sixth sense when their babies are crying and will “let down”. What’s happening is that the baby and the mother are on the same internal “timer” that signals a feeding.

TYPES OF BREAST MILK FOR BREASTFEEDING...

The first milk that you produce is called colostrum. It is thick, yellow, and rich in vitamins, minerals, protein, and immunities that help prevent infections. Colostrum even though it looks creamy, is low in fat than formulas. One reason breastfeeds babies tend to lose a little weight after birth. It also helps the Infant pass his first Stools called Meconium. Also, Research indicated that the Soneer meconium is out of Baby's system, the less chance of developing jaundice.

After the 15th-day transition milk is produced, which has more calories. Somewhere around the 15th day, mature milk starts to come in. Don't worry if it appears to be thin, with the bluish tinge. It is rich in all nutrients your baby needs.

Getting started BREASTFEEDING...

for countless generations when the baby was born at home, they were put to the Mother's breast soon after delivery. Then as hospitals became the norm, a series of Routine procedures tended to separate the mother and baby for the first few hours. However current research has shown the advantages of early nursing and it's become common practice in many hospitals to allow babies to breastfeed as soon as possible after delivery.

Your baby is born with the sucking reflex and its strongest in the first hour during the baby's quiet alert stage. Then it's normal for a baby to go into a sleepy stage without much interest in eating for a while. He may not have gotten much during this feeding first feeding, but at least he has the idea of where to find his food supply!

This early nursing also helps! Your baby's sucking or even licking the nipples helps to stimulate the release of the hormones that produce colostrum. One of the hormones Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions. This can lessen Postpartum bleeding and it gets your uterus back into its non-pregnant state more quickly. As you know you can actually feel your uterus is contracting. The strange sensation that may be a little uncomfortable but it's another example of how well the whole system is designed.

But what if you have to deliver your baby through Cesarean Section... how soon can you nurse? If you have had an epidural for spinal anesthetics, your baby can be put to your breasts after delivery. With general anesthetics, you must wait until the effect has worn off and then help me be needed in holding your baby. Most pain medication that is prescribed after delivery will not affect a baby through breast milk.

Now, to get you started, here are La Leche league's recommendations on basic breastfeeding technique that are based on the latest research:-

Breastfeeding.

1) Wash your hands with soap and water but not your breast-

Too much washing can cause your nipple to dry and Crack.

2) Position yourself so you are most comfortable-

Pain and tension can inhibit letdown. Sitting up in bed or in a rocking chair is usually the easiest, with plenty of pillows to support your back and the arm that is holding the baby. It helps to put your feet up on something or rest them on the footstool.

Don't nurse your baby in hunched over position- you are back will start to protest.
If you cannot sit up, you can nurse while lying on your side - place a pillow behind your back.

3) It's very important to position your baby properly.

The pillow in your lap should raise him to the level of your breast. Nestle him in your arms so that his neck rests in the bend of your elbow. His back is a long your forearm and his buttocks are in your hand. Turn your baby's entire body so he is facing you. Tuck his lower arm between him and your midriff close to your body. This is called the 'cradle hold'.

your baby should not have to turn his head or strain his neck to reach the Nipples. It should be right in front of his mouth.
Don't allow his neck to tilt backward- milk could be forced into his middle ear.

4) Cup your breast with the other hand supporting it with your fingers underneath and your thumb on top.

This helper a newborn who has not a strong enough suction to hold the breast in his mouth by himself.

Your fingers should not be touching the areola. This prevents the baby from placing his Jaws on the areola.

5) Tease the baby's mouth open by gently tickling his lips with your nipples. You can also tempt him by expressing a little milk to moisten the nipple.

Don't mash the baby's lips- he may not recognize the signal.
don't touch the baby's cheek or side of the head to push him towards the nipples. Babies have a rooting reflex that causes them to turn towards any touch- in this, it would be away from the Nipples.

6) Here comes the most important part!

As soon as your baby opens his mouth wide, like a baby bird, center the nipple and quickly pull him. In closed underarm that's holding him. This way he will latch on to the Aeola where the milk sinuses are. The tip of the nose should touch your breast. Don't worry that he won't be able to breathe. He will get air from the sides of his nose or if your breast is very full you can use your thumb and presently on the breast to uncover his nose.

Don't worry about getting all the areola in his mouth. If it's a large area this won't be possible.
Don't allow the baby to let on only your to your nipple. Not only won't he be getting enough Milk but you are likely to get sore nipples. If this happens remove him and try again.
Make sure he is not pulling in his lower lips as he sucks. If he gently pulls out his left after he begins to nurse.
If your breast is so engorged with milk that the baby can't get a proper hold on Aeorla, hand Expresses a little milk so the area becomes softer.

7) To remove the baby from the nipple, break the suctions by placing your little finger in the corner of his mouth.

Don't pull him off-- that hurts the nipples!

8) Give him a chance to burp, although babies don't always need to.

It's ok to wake him up if he is sleepy and then switches to the other breast. At each feeding, you should always start with the alternate breast. That way each breast has the opportunity to be completely emptied at least every mother feeding. This is important in preventing infections.

HOW OFTEN {BREASTFEED}

Breastfeeding follows the basic principle of SUPPLY AND DEMAND. In the beginning, your body does not know much milk for baby needs. But the more often your baby nurses, the more milk you will produce. The less often you nurse the less milk. Since breastfeed milk is produced almost continuously, you don't have to wait for your breasts to fill up.

When your milk supply is been established, the most important thing is to feed your baby whenever he's hungry. That means "demand feeding", not trying to follow any schedule. Breast milk is digested more quickly than the formula so most newborn needs to nurse at least every 2 hours 3 hours... some even more frequently. Don't be tempted into having someone else to give a relief bottle of formula during this time. Not only can it confused your baby, but he may not be hungry enough at the next feeding. You may have to become an expert at catnaps, but try to remember that your baby will eventually settle down to longer intervals.

HOW LONG TO BREASTFEED...

In the first few days, some doctors recommend limiting the amount of time on baby nurses at each feeding in order to prevent sore nipples. However other doctors and the La Leche league feel this isn't necessary if the baby is not nursing properly. Since it may take two or three minutes for the milk to let down, a baby should be allowed at first to knows to nurse about ten minutes on each breast. The time can be lengthened to 10 minutes on each first breast and 20 minutes on the second. A full feeding usually takes about a half-hour.

If you are baby starts to lose interest before feeding its finish you may perk up his appetite by switching back and forth between breasts. However, some baby becomes real pros and can efficiently take in enough milk with only 5 minutes of nursing for breast.

HOW MUCH MILK...

Its natural for a new mother to wonder "Is my baby getting enough milk"? After all, there is no weight you can measure the ounces as the baby-nurses. According to the La Leche League here are the signs that should reassure you:-

Your baby has 6 to 8 really wet diapers per day and is receiving nothing but breast milk ...no supplemental bottle of water. {Disposable diapers often do not feel as wet as cloth diapers}.
Your baby is gaining weight at an average of 4 to 7 ounces a week. Remember that it's normal for breastfeeding babies to lose a little weight in the first week. Some babies might take three or four weeks to regain their weight.
Your baby appears healthy, with good color and resilient skin {not loose}. He is also alert and active with good muscle tone.

CARING FOR YOUR BREASTS...

Another advantage of breastfeeding is that you don't have to boil the nipples... thank goodness!

While no one would go that far, some women feel that it's necessary to thoroughly wash their breast with soap and water before each feeding. Not only it is unnecessary{an anti-bacterial substances is secreted with breast milk} but these frequent washing can cause the nipple to dry and Crack. Then feeding really can be painful! You can gently wipe your breast with a damp washcloth or cotton balls after feeding, but one daily washing with plain water is sufficient.

To prevent cracking and Soreness the best treatment is to leave your nipples exposed to the air after each feeding and till they are completely dry. A nursing bra makes it easy to leave the flap down and it provides good support but makes sure it is not too tight. Cream on the breast is usually not necessary and the process of removing it before the feeding can be tough on the nipples. If you are doctor recommended and ointment like A and D apply it lightly so it has time to be observed before the next feeding some babies are fussy about flavored milk.

It's common for the breast to become engorged 2 to 4 days after delivery or if a feeding is missed. The breast feels hard heavy and maybe painful. Your baby may also have difficulty latching on properly. You can get relief by expressing milk, on massaging the breast while taking of warm shower. During nursing, you can help your baby empty your breast more completely by massaging the breast in a circular motion. this is important in preventing mastitis or infection in the breast. If an area becomes so warm or there is redness call your doctor right away.

HAND EXPRESSING MILK...

It may take a little practice, but it's important for the nursing mother to be able to express some milk by hand especially if the breast is so engorged that the baby can't let on properly. The Basic technique is really quite easy:-
1) Cup your breast in your hand with your thumb above, fingers below, supporting the breast.

2) Push back towards the chest wall while squeezing your thumb and fingers together rhythmically just behind the areola. do not slide your finger along the skin.

3) Rotate your hand around the breast in order to reach all the milk ducts, it should take about 3 to 5 minutes. If you are expressing to relieve and engorgement before feeding, only do it until the areola is soft enough for the baby to grasp.

4) Switch to the other breast and repeat.

If you want to save the milk for the later feeding make sure your hands are clean and the milk is expressed in a sterile plastic container. ( Plastic is better than glass container for collection and feeding since the cell in breast milk that protects against infection tends to cling to the side of glass jars they never get to your baby.) The milk should then be refrigerated immediately.

Once your baby becomes an old pro at breastfeeding usually by 3 or 4 weeks and the occasional bottle is not likely to confuse him. It will certainly give you a well-deserved chance to catch up on sleep or have an afternoon off. Also, this is the time father or older sibling can get in on the fun of feeding the baby. A bottle has the best chance of being accepted if it's given by someone other than the mother.

STORING BREAST MILK...

If you must be separated from your baby for any time or you return to work you can express milk regularly. That way you can continue breastfeeding and your baby can benefit from all the advantages of breastmilk. Fortunately, it can be stored quite well up to the 48 hours in the refrigerator. 2 weeks in the freezer compartment of a refrigerator for up to two years in a separate freezer at 0 degrees Fahrenheit. Remember to label each batch of milk with a date and time.

BREASTFEEDING, It's Easy If You Do It Smart. Storing breast milk.

Here other some other tips:-

After expressing your milk into a sterile plastic container, transfer into sterilized baby bottles or plastic nursery bags.
Uses separate sterile containers to refrigerate the milk each time you Express. These cooled batches can then be combined for feeding or freezing.
Freeze the milk in a small amount for 2 to 4 ounces so there's less chance of waste. Allowed room for expansion.
When freezing in plastic nurser bags use them double to avoid tearing. Squeeze out the air roll down to 1 inch above the milk and fasten well. Store the bags in a box or bag design for long-term freezer storage.
Once breast milk is defrosted never refreeze it.
Refrigerated or thawed breastmilk will separate. So Shake it gently before giving it to your baby.

THE FATHERS ROLE IN BREASTFEEDING...

Father's role in breastfeeding.

There is obviously no way that a father can be directly involved. When an infant is breastfed, so there is no reason for him to feel guilty about the amount of the mother's time that's required for feeding. And even though it's not also normal for the father to feel a little left out of this close relationship between the mother and their baby. That is known during these early weeks when so much of mothers' energy is concentrated on nursing the father's support and help is really necessary.

In the first place, it's so important to recognize all the time and energy new mothers spend with a baby and to give her loving reassurance and understanding. Think of it this way a baby needs to be fed with lots more than just milk babies need hugs kisses words even music and fathers adjust capable of giving this as mothers. When you do enough little things it really adds up both for the baby and for the father.

Of course there can be a fine line between encouraging a father to be involved( that includes not been critical of the way he burps or bathes the baby and putting on more demand than. He can handle it.
On the other hand, giving an occasional supplemental bottle can allow the mother of you are of well needed uninterrupted sleep. The most important thing is for both parents to communicate with each other how they feel and the work out the best way to make these last few weeks as relax as possible it's a very special time and it should be enjoyed.

SAFE BREAST MILK...

You must also be aware that your breast milk will reflect many other things besides the nutrients in your diet. Almost every drug that you take prescription or over the counter will transfer into your milk. So you must check with your doctor before taking any medication you are some other things to watch out for...

Alcohol___ Research is being done on the effect of alcohol. And the general opinion is that a moderate amount of one drink or glass of wine or beer a day is harmless to an infant. keep in mind that the concentration of alcohol in your milk will be nearly as much as the concentration in your blood.
Caffeine___ This is present in coffee tea chocolate and many soft drinks. Its level is the same in breast milk as in The mother's system and may accumulate in the baby's blood. There is controversy over what level is harmful to an infant so it's best to keep your caffeine intake as low as possible.

Nicotine___ Although the amount of nicotine in the breast milk of moderate smokers has not been shown to be harmful to infants. Nicotine can reduce the amount of milk production. So the recommendation is don't smoke.
Environmental Contaminants___ There has been concerned about the level of the chemical PCB and insecticides in breast milk.

The American Academy of Pediatrics states that most women have little to fear. If you have worked directly with toxic chemicals. Or have it in a large amount of fish taken from contaminated water. All live in an area where there is a continuously high level of pollutants. you can have your breast milk tested.

PRODUCING NUTRITIOUS BREASTMILK...

The quantity and quality of your breast milk depend on your eating. A balanced diet of healthy foods it's basically the same requirement as to when you were pregnant this is not the time for a crash diet. Here or daily recommendations:---

A nutritious diet for producing breastmilk.

Five serving of the milk group __milk, cheese yogurt, etc for calcium.
4 servings of protein foods. If you are vegetarian you must combined foods carefully so you are eating complete protein.
Four more servings of vegetables and fruits including at least one citrus fruit. Vitamin C and at least one serving of a Yellow or green vegetable or fruit vitamin A.
To produce enough milk your total fluid intake should be 2 to 3 quarts of milk, juice, or water, not soda with just fill up you with empty calories and often contain caffeine.
Four servings of whole green or enriched bread and cereals.

Continue taking your prenatal vitamins and minerals supplements but don't consider it as a substitute for a good diet. Also don't take a large number of other supplements they can be toxic to your baby.
If you are strict vegetarian no milk or eggs you will produce milk this that is deficient in vitamin and you should take the supplement under your doctor's direction.

Overview-

In this post, I gave you detailed information related to breastfeeding. The types of breastmilk during breastfeeding. How can you store your milk for Breastfeeding? Hand expressing breastmilk for breastfeeding. Father's role, etc all information related to breastfeeding.

Baby dr. Amazing and Interesting tips to choose baby's Doctor.

2020-05-12T23:51:00.001+05:30

Doctor for Baby.

One of the most important things you should do in preparing for your newborn's arrival is to choose the doctor. Who will be caring for your baby? Why it is best to decide on the doctors ahead of time? Well in the first place, he or she will be able to help you in making some other decision. The decision includes, whether or not to breastfeed or if you have a boy whether you have him circumcised?

Another reason to choose your baby's doctor before delivery is that you will have the time to find a Doctor. Who you trust and respect but just as important a doctor who listens to you and respects your ability. As parents so how do you find someone who fits the bill?

53 Amazing Newborn baby facts

Baby dr.

Tips for choosing your baby dr are...

1} Getting Recommendations...

First, you begin your search by getting the name and address of pediatricians or "family practice" doctor in your area. Remember that the location of your doctor's office is important. It should be fairly close to your home, not only in case of emergencies but also because visit the doctor has an uncanny way of coinciding with heavy rains or snow! Here are some good sources for recommendations:-
--Your obstetrician
-- Nurses who work in the emergency room or pediatric unit of your local hospital.
-- The pediatric department of a nearby medical school.
-- You can also ask friends to share their views on parenting. But do keep in mind that the layperson may NOT be the best judge of a doctor's ability.
If some name turns up more than once it's a good indication that you are on the right track.

2} Getting information

The next step is to pick out two or three doctors and call their offices. But it's best to avoid calling on Monday morning since that's usually the busiest time.
You should explain to the receptionist that you are expecting a baby. Dr. So-and-So has been highly recommended and you had some information about the office procedures.
You should be able to tell a lot about the tone of the office by the willingness of the receptionist or nurse to answer your questions. But if it's a busy time, don't be put out if you are asked to call back later. If you have a friend who is using this doctor she can share her viewpoints.
Here are the important things to find out:-

What are the regular office hours? {For working mothers, evening or Saturday hours can be real bonus}.
What is the usual fee schedule?{Doctor in some areas generally have comparable fees}.
Does the doctor has a specific telephone calling us for non-urgent problems and is there a charge for these calls? { Its especially important for new parents to feel they can call about anything that worries them}.
Will the doctor accepts your insurance and who is responsible for sending forms to the company?
How often are well-baby checkups recommended? Are these scheduled during special hours? Is there a special waiting room so your baby won't be exposed to sick children. Who are always also waiting to see the doctor
How far in advance do you have to schedule appointments?
How much time is allowed for the appointment?

Once you are satisfied with the office procedures. The final question should be "Can I schedule an appointment to meet with the doctor?" If the answer is "He is too busy " or "she doesn't feel that necessary," move on to the next doctor on your list. Fortunately, most doctors and happy to meet with prospective parents, and even if there is a charge for the visit, it's worth it.

3} Getting to know the doctor

Many parents meet their baby's doctor for the first time at the hospital or at the first check-up and realize they don't really like him or her. Yet, by this time, they may be reluctant to change. So it's important to interview the doctor ahead of time to make sure you feel comfortable with him or her and that you are on the same wavelength.
When you go for the interview, you can learn a lot even before you see the doctor. The waiting room should be designed to make the child comfortable, with small chairs and plenty of toys and books. And if there seems to be a backup of waiting parents, you should ask if this is usually the case. Remember, your time is valuable too.
Then, when you meet with the doctor, be ready with your questions. In fact, have them written down, so you can get the most out of your visit. Here are something to find out:-

How do I get in touch with you in case of an emergency?
Who covers for you if you aren't available and how do I reach that doctor?
Do you mind being called even if it turns out to be a minor problem?
Now, if you have a strong feeling about anything, such as schedules, breastfeeding, or medications ask the doctor's view. Remember you want someone who will support you not fight you or intimidate you.

Finally, the most important questions are ones that parents have to ask themselves, "Does the doctor really listen to my concerns?" "Does the doctor respect my opinion?" "If the answer is "Yes," then you know you have chosen the right doctor for your baby.

Overview- So I hope this post is very helpful for choosing baby dr, as Baby is a very important part of your life so keep following this point.

Maria Montessori. The founder of Montessori Method. %%Esslearning%%

2020-05-10T21:45:00.002+05:30

Madam Maria Montessori [1870-1952]- founder of the Montessori system.

Maria Montessori was a woman's rights activist doctor and pioneer of education for children with mental disabilities. From a young age, she wanted to be different so Maria Montessori necessarily has a set path in life.

Early Childhood life [Maria Montessori],

Maria Montessori was born in Italy on 31st August 1870 in Ancona. Her father was Alessandro Montessori and her mother was Renilde Stoppani.
Maria Montessori had a childhood in which her mother believes in discipline. As a child, Maria Montessori had already shown interest in the poor by doing some knitting for them daily. One incident at home was that as a parent was having a heated argument she dragged a chair between them stood on it and held their hands together as tightly as she could. This is an incident that begins to show her efforts of bringing the adult and the child together.

School Life.

Maria Montessori began attending a public elementary school in 1876. Later she entered the secondary school Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti.

When Maria Montessori was young she had over hereof the teacher of her mention of her eyes. And as a practice never raise her eyes at that teacher. It is here that the Montessori principle of not talking about children in front of them. And thus giving respect went to the youngest children.

As a young child, her family moved to Rome the city of a great education. Because of the boring method of teaching maria didn't like to attend school but she loves to learn. She had decided to become an engineer to pursue the school. She would have to go to technical school. Because of the time period, it was unacceptable for a woman to be an engineer. Her father told her that technical school and engineering was for boys. And if she wanted to continue her education. She would go to a classical school in classical school girls. She has to learn Latin Greek and literature as well as had to cook in. So if a woman was to have a career rather than do housework and care for children she would be a teacher. Young Maria did not like his side.

Selection of career.

She also enjoyed mathematics and science and wanted to study them. Further, Maria's mother was more open to this idea and encouraged her. Eventually, with help from her mother, Maria convinced her father. He let her go to a technical school in Rome when she turned 13 in 1883.

In her school, in which she enrolled there she was strictly separated from the boys. Maria graduated in 1886 with 138 out of 150 on her final examination. Dr.Montessori graduated with a degree in physics-mathematics from Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci in 1890.

Maria continues her education in engineering at Rome's Technical Institute. There she became interested in biology and considered studying medicine. All her friends and family except her mother disapproved of her decision to become a doctor.

Struggle in the field of Medical.

Maria was told that women would never be allowed into Medical School. After support from her mother's letter recommendations from previous teachers and persistence. She became one of the first female medical students at the University of Rome. Maria's fellow classmates did not like the idea of a woman in medical school. They made jokes and often deliberately and left no place for her to sit. She played these things off and didn't mind them. As much because unlike some of her classmates, she was determined to study and become a doctor. Through all this her mother supported her. But her father did not show as much interest or support. The naked body was not allowed to see by both men and women at the same time.

Teacher Vs. Doctor.

Her parents wanted her to become a teacher. But Maria wanted to pursue higher education. By this time she had realized that she wanted to become a doctor. Madam Montessori entered in the Medical program at the University of Rome in 1893. She specializes in pediatrics and psychiatry and become a doctor of medicine in 1896.
Maria took her dissection questions alone on the first day of this class.

She was confronted by death for the first time. Maria was frightened so much that she considered giving up her dream of becoming a doctor. But she did not persist. She overcame her fear and later became an excellent surgeon.

Beginning of Maria's Carrer.

Following her graduation as a medical doctor. She was employed as an assistant at the San Giovanni Hospital attached to the university. During this time she also started a private practice.

In late 1896, she becomes a surgical assistant at Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome. During her early medical career, she was mostly with the poor and children. Maria had a deep interest in education as well as psychiatry. She used to observe the ways in which children were educated. Maria Montessori felt that children could do better if some changes were made to the existing education system.

Love Life.

She formed a relationship with Giuseppe Montesano, a fellow doctor. A son Mario was born in 1898 as a result of the union. Montessori and Montesano did not get married and their relationship ended. Because Montesano married to another woman.

A career as a Doctor.

She got an opportunity to work at a Children's Hospital. This sparked our interest in becoming a child specialist. She was awarded an exceptional score of 105 under the final examination. After being awarded her diploma on July 10^th, 1896. She was appointed as a counselor to the newly formed National League for the protection of retarded children in 1899 in 1907. She became one of the first female doctors in Italy. Riya was the assistant doctor at the university's psychiatric clinic. This provided the new doctor with an opportunity to study mentally disabled children.

Work for Mentally Disabled Children.

For the first time, when Maria visited an asylum for mentally disabled children. She noticed something about how the children were created and knew that it was wrong. She was unfulfilled that there was nothing to stimulate the children.

Nothing present to see nothing for them to touch. She saw that there was no effort being put in to try and educate them. That society had given up on them in her mind this wasn't right. This caused her to research. What information there was on mentally disabled children. She came across the research of two French doctors Sean max gasp edita and his student Ed Watts. Who focused on educating mentally disabled children.

Maria found in her research that mentally disabled children needed Special education rather than medical treatment. She also came to the conclusion that mentally disabled children without special care and education became delinquents.

Maria's Powerful speeches.

During her lectures and speeches, she advocated for the education of mentally disabled children. They often referred to the work. She had read and how these ideas when applied had worked in other countries. These speeches gained footing and became so popular. She also started traveling to Europe for delivering lectures. These lectures were popular partly because of the way that she spoke was easy to understand. And interesting but more importantly, the ideas she talked about captivated her audience this got the attention of Italy's minister of public education.

This led to a program being developed with the goal of educating mentally disabled children she spent nearly 12 hours a day studying how these children in the program learned and taking notes on how to better educate them before reaching the goal of eventually helping them learn to read and write she worked with them on basic tasks and motor skill activities. she took a more hands-on approach she worked with each child on what they need to help was rather than putting them all together and just lecturing to them she noticed that her methods were working after how their children for only two years they were able to read and write proficiently enough to pass tests taken by children in traditional schools some even scored higher than normal after conducting her research.

Work as Caretaker.

She was later hired in an apartment in Italy to care for poor children. While their parents were working or trying to find a job. The apartment kept all the children in one place so the thing would cause less damage to the building. Maria Montessori was one of their caretakers. She observed the children what they did she watched how they performed in completed tasks. She applied some of the other methods she had used with the mentally disabled children to help teach these children.

Maria found that when these methods she had used with the other children were applied. It had a different effect. The child when performing a task would devote their entire focus on. They would not stop until they had completed the task. She also found that after the child performed the mental exercise they were happier in seemed healthier. These observations helped her revise and improve her methods of normal children.

She had developed was based around independence from the child wanting to learn he developed physical objects called materials that the child would touch and work with which would help them learn.

How a teacher should be?

The teachers acted as guides that would help the child understand the concept and keep order in the classroom. But they did not necessarily tell the child what to do when to do it or exactly how they were supposed to do. It is because what she was doing was not intended to be a normal school it was not set up like a normal school.

This allowed her to find the cause of what was going on in the Child what she had created she would later name la casa de Bambini or Children’s house enrolling around 50 to 60 children from a poor background.

Her first school become a great success and soon schools all over Italy begin following this model. The idea of the Montessori educational approach gain popularity all over the world. Soon Montessori schools were sprouting up in countries like America Germany France China and India among other Nations from 1915 to 1939

She covered countries like Spain the Netherlands and the UK in 1939. initially. When Mussolini rose to power he liked Montessori way of teaching he mandated that all schools be taught using her methods because the children who score higher on the test they would work together.

But, when Maria refused to teach fascism rather than encourage independence. The relationship quickly, fell apart in Montessori schools across Italy were closed and Maria Montessori left Italy. When he rose to power in Germany all the Montessori schools were closed for the same reason but they went to a further extreme the books of her teachings and materials were burned after she left Italy.

Maria’s Visited India...

She went and lived in India where she would live for the rest of the war. Maria played a very important role in rebuilding the education system in India during the second world war. She saw a need for peace which grows for even more to include it in her teaching philosophy. The Madam Montessori idea was appreciated by the entire globe.

She would continue to give lectures and establish schools and using her methods. As this happened she with the help of her son, Mario would record and further solidify the method materials in the curriculum used she would continue this until her death on May 6^th, 1952. She died in Noordwijk, South Holland, the Netherlands on May 6, 1952, at the age of 81.

Her Philosophy-

Creating a peaceful environment helps to teach children about peace which provide freedom of thought in the child

Then just that Maria Montessori believed that in order to achieve peace you must do more than just talk about it. The child must learn in an environment that promotes peace within himself. The stars at a young age with the concept of grace and courtesy being touched them as well as how to express themselves. As the child gets older they are taught conflict resolution and how to peacefully solve both personal and interpersonal problems they're also taught a sense of a global community.

Maria's thought.

Children are the future of any country so there is no competition between Children versus the World. She believed that in order to make peace we must educate children not just in an academic sense but in the education of the whole. Child in her words establishing lasting peace is the work of Education.

All politicians could do is keep us out of the war the fundamental idea of her philosophy is based on the growth of the child's mind and nurturing of the child's needs for learning. Maria becomes the first female doctor in such an era when women have lots of restrictions.

The traditional ways of memorizing and rote learning are not a proper option for the thought that children. She stood up by creating a method of learning that allowed the child to be independent and think for themselves, in turn, creating that level of learning.

The teaching of Dr.Maria allowed children to implement their learning by using physical objects which helps in sharpening their future skills.

The Basic Principles of Montessori's Philosophy of Education.

Maria Montessori is the pioneer behind the Montessori Method. The Montessori materials were known as the Montessori method. "Children's house" is another name of Montessori School.

The basic principles of the philosophy include:-

1] Development from within-

she believed that the education of a child is from within. she was of the opinion that education must help in the complete the unfolding of child individuality. A suitable environment should be provided so that the child main grows and develop the potential that is within him.

2] The the doctrine of freedom of Liberty-

This Doctrine is the outcome of the concept of education as development her belief is that there should be no interference in the way of a child's growth and development the education should be scientific in nature.

3]Principle of individual development-

Dr. Montessori believed that every child is unique he progresses at his own speed and rate. The collective method of teaching crushes his individuality.

She treats each child as a separate individual and does not believe in classroom teaching but individual learning. The motive of the teacher has to be that, child learning should help in growth and development

4] Principle of scientific self-education-

Montessori has shifted the emphasis from teaching to learning. Maria believed that self-educated auto educated is the only true education. She advocates that the child should remain under stop and should be independent.

Maria has devised the didactic apparatus (scientific apparatus). That attracts the attention of all children it keeps them busy spontaneously it leads them to learn the power of movement reading writing and arithmetic. The letters numbers are all engraved in wood the upper the Apparatus is self-corrective this means if there is an error the child will automatically know and he can correct the error by himself.

5] Principle of sensory training-

Montessori outsourced that senses are the Gateway of knowledge. She advocates that sensory training is the key to intellectual development that is cognition. She pointed out that the senses are very active between the age span of 3 to 7 and that a lot of learning takes place during this period

She has designed much material for sensors training. The sensorial material provides a kind of guide to observation because it classified the impression that each sense receives, the colors, notes, noises, forms and sizes, touch, sensations, odors, and tastes.

6] Principle of motor efficiency or muscular training.

She believed that muscular training facilitates other activities like writing, drawing speaking, etc. She stress stresses that running, walking, etc, all depend on muscular training. Methodically and systematically children learn practical life skills like how to talk, dress, and also keep the environment clean.

In the children's house, children themselves do everything. They dust the room and the furniture, wash the clothes, and do all the things that are done in a family. Children learn to wash, dress, and undress. Children learned to take care of their clothes and belongings.

7] The teacher as a directress.

According to Maria the function of the teacher is to direct not to teach. So she replaces the word "Teacher" by the word "Directress".
The teacher would not interact much but observe and help the child to learn through his own experience.

8] No place for fairy tales.

According to Maria Montessori children should not be living in of world of fantasy and fairy tales this would be unnatural for their growth and development.

9] No material rewards and punishments.

According to Maria Montessori, they are just artificial methods resulting in a natural development that children should be self-motivated and self-disciplined.

Three learning areas...

The Three Types of knowledge formed learning areas in this method as discussed above are:-

1-Exercise in practical life

2-Sensory training exercise

3-Scientific method for teaching language and arithmetic through the didactic apparatus.

Importance of the Montessori method.

How can we as educator's utilize aspects of this philosophy event in current times? given below are the major ways in which this philosophy still continues to inspire all of us.

1- Reverence respect for the individual-

We have to respect it, child, for his uniqueness and never compare children to Madam Montessori "the child was a God and her school was a temple".

2-Using science in education-

Today we treat education as a science and make children think independently we depend upon experimentation observation and other scientific methods for the improvement in the field of education

3- the psychological approach to education-

In the modern system of education, we lay much emphasis on the psychology of a child. today we attach importance to needs, interests, motives, and the potential of a child.

4-Sensory training-

Training of senses through concrete experience is the foundation for connecting with the environment and gaining knowledge.

5- The unique method of reading and writing-

The 3rs of education- reading, writing, and arithmetic have to be imparted in Unique ways.

6-Learning through living-

Practical life skills should be included in the curriculum that enables children to learn good habits and cleanliness the children learn the lesson of the dignity of labor they are not ashamed of manual work and self-help by attending to their own needs themselves this also helps in physical development.

Didactic Apparatus in the Montessori Method.

# three sets of solid insets.

# Graduated 3 sets of solids which contain the following:-

1- pink cubes

2-brown pyramid, stairs

3-Rods include green, red, and blue colors in alternative ways.

various geometric solids like pyramids sphere cylinder, etc.

tables of shape and size with surfaces rough and smooth.

small wooden tables of various weights.

two boxes each of them contains four colored tablets.

# a set of drivers that has a plane inset.

#Geometrical forms of paper were used to past 3 series of cards.

Collection of closed boxes of music Bells. For music wooden boards and discs were used.

# tactile material.

Montessori's popular materials and uses.

Material:-- pink tower, long Stairs, broad stairs and wooden cylinders.

1) Wooden Cylinders.

These include four sets of cylinders,

-- Minimizing the diameter

-- depleting diameter and height

-- decreasing in diameter and increasing in height

--Contraction in the height

The child has to take them out and put them back according to the purpose of visual discrimination and dimension.
Purpose of visual discrimination and dimension.

2)Pink Tower.

Wooden blocks with a different diameter the child has to arrange them in the right order on the contrasting color match.
Purpose visual discrimination and diameter

3) Broad Stairs.

10 wooden blocks of wood decreasing in height and breadth child arranges it in a descending order
Purpose visual discrimination of two-dimension

4) Long rods.
Long roads are reducing in length and the child has to arrange then lengthwise.
Purpose visual discrimination of One dimension

5)Geometric insets.

where the difference at first, is very large but as the child grows older he has to distinguish finer differences

6)Color tablets.

Three sets of color tablets in a primary color. two sets in secondary colors. 63 sets in graded colors. these have to pair.

Didactic exercise for teaching languages and arithmetics.--

The process involved letters made with wood, which help children to learn letters and trace easily. Tables and boards also have letters engraved. Children can follow tracing, which makes him ready to learn and write by giving senses experience.

The teaching of languages consists of a desk, small balls, and cards with letters pasted on them and also colored board of certain measurements with a letter engraved on them. By following these can help to achieve aims easily.

Kindergarten Method and the Montessori Method.

Froebel’s Kindergarten Method	Maria Montessori method.
Based on a philosophical background	Based on the scientific background
Scope of development of imagination, it has a fantasy orientation	No scope for fairy tales it has reality orientation
More scope for social development -classroom teaching	Less scope for social development
Sense training through gifts	Individual learning
Important of manual activities, gardening clay modeling	Sense training through didactic Apparatus. -self-corrective Apparatus
The teacher as a leader like a gardener activity participates	Stress on daily life activities, washing sweeping, how to take care of themselves.
The method is easily applicable	The teacher as a directress only provides apparatus and observes
Not a detailed system of teaching 3rs.	Not easy to apply an expensive
	A detailed system of teaching 3rs.

The observation about the Montessori classroom.

On their first visit, many adults are not quite sure what's going on the Montessori classroom environment is like nothing they've ever seen. Their children as young as three and as old as six in the same room at times the adults in the classroom are just observing what is going on or working with a single child. Most of the children are busy working with various hands-on materials. They seem unusually independent putting away materials they have finished with and then making their own decision about what to do next.

The structure of the Montessori classroom.

Beautiful colors make Montessori classroom look more welcoming and also to make the child independent early age so child-friendly furniture is also an important part of the Montessori classroom. The child can easily serve food by himself, can easily reach to sink to wash hands by own.

Montessori aspects.

Other aspects of the Montessori philosophy may not be immediately obvious. There's an emphasis on cooperation and respectful behavior the adults in the classroom speak to the children at their own level in a calm voice. The child should patiently wait for our chance to use the material and don't interrupt other children. Montessori activities helped children to identify errors and help to correct own mistakes.

All of the children's senses are used in the educational process another the unique aspect of the Montessori method is that it is International. Maria Montessori spent many years working with children in her native Italy. In India and traveling all around the world sharing what she had learned in working with young children.

Materials, activities, and curriculum

Today Montessori schools and training centers can be found worldwide although all Montessori classrooms are different in some ways. Materials in the Montessori classroom are organized on the base of 5 curricula which are related to practical life, sensorial language, math, and culture.

Montessori materials help to process logical knowledge which allows children to organize their thinking and problem-solving skills and children absorb the knowledge through sense.

The teacher as a guider.

No direct response from the teacher's side. She is not teaching the child as much as assisting the child in teaching herself by introducing new concepts as soon as she is ready and giving him the tools to discover the knowledge on his own small children have many life skills that they need to learn to achieve independence. Children develop a sense of pride when they're able to do things for themselves in the hurried world. Adults often will tie a child's shoes or zip up his coat to save time respecting a child's desire to be independent is a cornerstone of Montessori philosophy.

Self-help skills

Many opportunities related to learning practical life skills were provided in the Montessori classroom. With the help of activities like self dressing in front of different frames like zipper frames, snap frames, etc. which give joy to the children. These provide an opportunity to see the joy of repetition realizing that they are practicing a difficult small muscle skill important to day-to-day life is a powerful motivator for children, silver polishing is a task most adults would not expect to see a three or four years old engaging in but children love the activity polishing silver is not only beautiful it provides the child with small motor development many of the activities.

Motor skills

Montessori classroom helps to focus on the child's fine and gross motor skills and also eye-hand coordination. The handwashing activity follows a logical sequence that includes getting the water, wetting the hands, soaping washing, rinsing, nail cleaning, drying, and cleaning up. Small children love working with water many practical life activities challenge the children to control their small hand muscles to complete delicate tasks such as spooning objects from one container to another learning to pour beans from one pitcher to another and back to pouring water from a variety of containers with progressively smaller openings spilling are not a problem because the children have the skills to clean up their own work caring for the environment is the responsibility of every child.

Learning to sweep and use a dustbin wash a table water plants and even arrange flowers are all common practical life activities. Montessori classrooms also offer children many opportunities to learn to control the movement of their bodies as well as other objects in the classroom.

The girl had to use the red rods to layout a maze and carefully step to the center without touching any rod this activity improves balance. Children should provide extra time and given assistant if required to complete their task the task on their own.

Maria's Ideas

The best way to learn in Montessori is by engaging with a hands-on activity. She believed that children need to move freely in their environment and to investigate whatever interests them for these reasons.
Montessori insisted that the classroom be beautiful through years of observation, she was able to develop a curriculum that appealed to all of the child's senses a familiar sight in any Montessori early childhood classroom is the knob cylinders there are four different sets of knob cylinders each varying in dimensional characteristics the child learns to discern between subtle variations in width breath depth and height by removing the cylinders and replacing them in the proper slots the activity provides a clear example of the concept of control of error, if the child places any cylinder in the wrong slot it will be impossible to complete the task without correcting his error.
You
Oh...

Overview-

In this post, I gave you information about Maria Montessori, the first lady doctor in Italy. How she inspired working for children. Her Montessori method and philosophy of education.

20 Do's and Don't related to the Baby Sleep. %%Esslearning%%

2020-05-04T22:57:00.000+05:30

Baby Sleep.

Night sleep is really important for everyone. Yes, for your baby also! As it is believed that the baby grows in their sleep and newborn spend most of the time of their early years sleeping only.

Learn more related to newborn baby, and their growth and development .

More sleeping means the proper growth and development of your baby.

So it's the duty of parents to adopt healthy sleeping habits for your baby, it is possible by adopting healthy sleep habits. If your child can get healthy sleep, so he can easily achieve domains. So for adapting healthy sleep for baby parents should be aware of healthy sleep habits.

Learn more related to child development and the domains of child development.

~~Baby's Sleep~~

The reason some children don't sleep well is often very simple and practical if you are unsure why your child has difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep go through this checklist. You may find that you have overlooked one of the basic rules and that implementing it could make all the difference if there is one page you should bookmark is probably this on.

Do's...related to baby sleep.

1)Do establish a regular bedtime-
This will regulate your child's body clock and ensure healthy sleep-wake patterns.

2)Do avoid stimulating activities in the hour before bed-
You can start building a brief routine into your child's pre-bedtime period from as early as 3 months but always keep it low key and relaxing.

3)Do stick to a set bedtime routine-
A bedtime routine might include quite play a bath a story then light out and a purposeful goodnight make it Low-key and relaxing it should take no longer than 45 minutes.

4) Do enforce clear boundaries for bedtime behavior-
This applies to you as well as your child if you have said you will give him a cup of milk in bed don't we talked into fetching a second once the boundary starts to get stretch most children will push at them more.

5)Do place your baby in his Cot when he is drowsy, not asleep-
Try this as soon as you see the opportunity if your baby can get used to falling asleep without your presence he is likely to wake and demand you far less frequently.

6)Do leave your child awake when you say goodnight-
This will encourage him to learn to get himself to sleep with will benefit both of you.

7)Do aim for your child to be asleep within 15 minutes of leaving him-
This is the maximum amount of time it should take your child to fall asleep if he is still awake he may be having a nap too late in the afternoon or his bedtime-routine may be too stimulating or insufficiently focused.

8) Do try to keep day time naps regular and consistent-
This not only helps to establish predictably times which can benefit you but is also likely to make him a better sleeper at night.

9)Do keep the bedroom at a comfortable temperature-
The room does not need to be any warmer than 18 degrees which is probably a little slower than the rest of the house, children sleep better at a temperature slightly below rather than above-average.

10)Do keep ambient noise down-
This means avoiding sudden sharp sound rather than tiptoeing about it. Only really matters for the first 15 minutes after lights out by then your child should be in deep sleep.

don't...related to baby sleep.

Baby sleep

11) Don't allow your child to take a nap after 3:30 p.m. from around nine months of age.
A late afternoon nap can still sleep from the night time and make him more difficult to settle.

12) Don't give your child any stimulating food or drinks in the evening.
This includes drink such as tea coffee and Cola as well as sweet foods both caffeine and sugar is stimulating.

13)Don't put your child to bed hungry-
Most children will settle better and be less likely to rise very early if they have eaten well in a day.

14)Don't create a settling routine that relies on props or requires your presence.
When your baby wakes at night he may need them to be able to get back to sleep. A particular object such as a dummy or interaction such as a cuddle can become sleep associations.

15)Don't bring your child into the living area during or after his routine.
This breaks the focus of your bedtime routine and sends a mixed message to your child which he will find confusing.

16) Don't feed or soothe your young baby to sleep every night.
This is easily done especially with very young babies and rarely fails. But it can create a lot for your own back if he is later unable to settle without a feed.

17) Don't respond to repeated calls for attention after saying goodbye.
Most requests for a drink a kiss or another trip to the toilet are excuses to string out bedtime and should be resisted. So that they don't become a habit.

18)Don't rush to your baby or toddler when he cries of calls for you in the night.
As long as you know his well you should wait to see whether he settled himself constantly. Providing him with your presence should create or sustain sleep problems.

19)Don't use bedtime to discuss any difficulties relating to today or tomorrow.
This may unearth difficulties or anxieties from your child's day which can interfere with sleep and are best discussed in the daytime. Try to get it out of the way at tea time.

20) Don't send your child to his bedroom as a punishment-
If your child is to become a good and independent sleeper he needs to feel that his bedroom is the place of harmony and rest.

For knowing 50+ interesting facts about newborns do click here.

OVERVIEW-

In this post, I discussed the 20 do's and don't related to Baby sleep

For more information related to Child, Teacher and Parents do visit my Website.

Infant and Baby sleep- Baby sleep patterns and cycle for months,types of sleep, baby naps, sleep problems and sudden infant death syndrome.

2020-05-02T19:50:00.000+05:30

Today I'm gonna share the information about baby sleep, the sleeping patterns of the newborns, importance of their sleep for their development. As we already know about child development, we already know about the basic needs of the children at an early age in that sleeping play's very important role. The sleeping pattern of the children was not accurate at the early stage but after 4/5 weeks their sleeping clock set properly. The researcher believes that more children sleep more their rate of growth becomes faster. Sleep plays a major role in newborn life. If the sleep of the baby is not properly fulfilled they become cranky and crying the whole day.
For new parents, this topic that probably becomes an important one more than any other one is "Sleep", how much sleep? Importance of sleep?Healthy habits related to sleep?

Newborn Sleep-

As I earlier said the newborn sleeps nearly all through day and night but for the feedings periods. It is estimated that he sleeps for almost 22 hrs a day. There is nothing wrong with this sleeping pattern. In fact, the time-honored belief that "children grow in their sleep" is well-founded. When the ligaments are relaxed during sleep, the chance of growth in length increases.

Mothers and the elders in the family often feel disturbed when the baby gets into the habit of sleeping prone. Remember, it is normal for a newborn and a little older infant to sleep on his abdomen. In fact, it is safer and more comfortable for the baby. You may well encourage him to do so.

You should let your newborn sleep in a baby cot or crib by your bedside rather than have him share your bed. There are several types of pf cradles available for newborns in the market. You may buy a collapsible one. It is fairly economical. Also, since it is folding, no space problem is posed. It would keep serving your baby for some 2 or 3 years.

The Importance of Sleep.

sleep is our vital function and its effects of physical and mental performance profoundly good night sleep leave us as refresh a lot and confident to face the challenges of the day ahead convert a bad night sleep-deprived ace of concentration energy and ability to do the things we need to do it everyday life as its parents for most of us that are a lot of things the effect on babies and children is even more profound insufficient sleep comprises there is a teacher ability to your mind relax and even grow. recent studies have shown that learning to sleep better improve children's appetite let's there more and enhance their intellectual ability

More Sleep means brighter children

Anyone who has had to rouse a Baby or child from a deep slumber, before they have rested adequately is familiar with the adverse effect baby often react by being restless, grizzly and difficult to settle; they may demand to feed for comfort falling asleep on the rebound then waking half an hour later still in a restless state in toddlers lack of sleep often leads to I'm, poor appetite, clinginess and temperamental behavior. This can have a snowball effect because paradoxically the overtired baby or child finds it more difficult to sleep.

when this is repeated over time it has a compound effect that can interfere with child learning and development although this is starting to become apparent in the early years, it can show up most when the child starts School. study of school children by the American sleep Foundation demonstrated a direct link between the shortage of sleep and poor performance in the classroom. It is estimated that many children are missing out on 2 hours of sleep at night.

The good news is that learning to sleep well improve child behavior and performance dramatically and quickly. Their mood is often demonstrably elevated, making them easier to care for early age both inside and outside the home.

why the young brain needs sleep.

sleeping the brain is not a resting brain but works to make sense of what children have seen and learned in their waking hours. dreaming sleep, or rapid eye movement sleep benefits children's learning by increasing the blood supply to the brain with the following results-

they become more alert mentally

their ability to retain information is optimized

their senses are sharpened and cognitive abilities are enhanced
their brain can better process information.

why young bodies need sleep.

When baby and children sleep they spend more time than adults in slow-wave, Non-REM sleep. this is when the body restores itself carrying out several essential tasks.

More blood is directed to the developing muscles
growing tissues are repaired as cells divided more quickly
vital hormones are released for growth and development
white blood cells are produced in which supports the immune system

Your Sleep matters too.

The effect of sleep deprivation is not restricted to your children. the irregular sleep patterns of a baby or toddler who has not yet learn to sleep predictably also, deprive parents of the sleep then they need too. Being on call for restless infants, especially during the night, can leave you feeling as if you have interminable jet-lag, without the holiday photographs for comfort.

Perhaps one of your reason for wanting to teach your child to sleep is that you will be able to sleep better. don't dismiss this as being selfish if you are more rested you will feel better equipped to handle your child. your confidence as a parent will increase, and a more confident parent results in happier children.

Sleeping for Life.

The child who learns to sleep well in his early years not only reaps immediate psychological and physical rewards but also learns habits that will benefit him for life. a psychologist has shown that people who had poor sleep habits as children are more suspectable to sleep problems, such as Insomnia in an adult's life. this can naturally interfere with individual ambitions and achievements. teaching children to sleep well does not just benefit of parents are carrying for them. It also sets up habits that will help sustain them through the changing challenges and pressure of teenage and adult years. when the energy and clarity of a rested mind and body give them the resources they need. sleeping well is about more than good conduct or conformity. it is about laying the essential foundation for a healthy life.

What is normal sleep?

As with any other aspects of their daily lives, individual Children differ in the way that they sleep, just as they differ in the way that they play or eat, talk. However, the general progression in the way their sleep develops is common to almost all children.

In the early weeks and months, young babies have completely different sleep phases and schedules to us as well as generally unpredictable sleep habits. it helps to be aware of this difference so that you know what to expect and when to intervene if the pattern seems abnormal. however by the age of 4 years, the vast majority of children adopt what we might consider an adult pattern of sleep. The only big difference is the quantity Although individual children differ in this respect too most need a recommended minimum for optimum health.

1-3 months

The expression to sleep like a baby is well chosen in the early weeks of life baby sleep for an average of 16 hours out of every 24. this is divided equally between day and nightlife for parents would be very simple if this comes in one big chunk but of course, it is a split into many periods of 2 -4 hours which is scattered throughout your own sleeping and waking time.

This unpredictable pattern is due to the slow development of a biological clock which means that new babies cannot distinguish Night from the day. rather than taking light or darkness as their cues, during this first few weeks they rely more on that tummies and wake and sleep accordingly depending on whether they feel hungry or Sated, respectively. most babies can distinguish Night from Day by the age of 10 weeks a stage of development that parents greet and great relief . as their daytime naps drop from about 4to 3 by the end of the third month they sleep for longer periods at night. in fact, three-quarters of all babies are sleeping for a large unbroken period during the night by three months.

3-6 months

This is the period of rapid change with the amount of sleep baby is required dropping to about 14 hours. although these changes derived by the baby's biological development it is also a period in which parents can strongly influence when the sleep occurs to their own and their baby's mutual advantage. this is because by 3 to 4 months babies are not only biologically ready to sleep through the night but also increasingly responsive to the routines set by their parents. it is probably an early window of opportunity for sleep training that should not be missed.

6 -12 months

Over this period that is a distinct shift in the balance of night time and date-time sleep and by 9 months most babies need just one morning and one afternoon nap. both this and the length of nighttime sleep become more predictable enabling parents to plan activities around baby and Just as importantly to get more regular and broken sleep themselves.

1-3 years

At the same point over the middle of this period it is normal for most babies to Shift their morning nap forward to around lunch time. this 9app typically last one and a half to two hours and means that they can subsequently drop their afternoon nap.

Towards the age of 3 years, the length of this nap will decrease again to about an hour this is complemented by and 11 hours sleep at night which often make parents life easier good sleeping habit can easily be disrupted during this period. the circadian rhythm is still developing and can be easily upset by holiday illness or change in sleeping arrangements so it is important to adhere to a good bedtime routine.

3 - 6 years.

By the middle of this period, circadian rhythms are fully established. as long as children are sleeping well at night they will drop daytime naps altogether. however, their adoption of a mature sleeping pattern is not accompanied by a significant reduction in the amount of sleep that they need. this is worth remembering because a shortage of sleep will still affect their behavior.

sleep cycles

Sleep is not a single state and is not as is commonly supposed simply the opposite of awake. normal night sleep is made of several identifiable sleep cycles that we can consciously distinguish and which have different biological functions.

Types of sleep.

Scientists categorized sleep into five main stages passing from drowsiness down through light and dream sleep into an increasingly deeper sleep. one of the principal distinctions which are useful for parents to known is that between the light phase of sleep known as rapid eye movement {REM} and deeper non-rapid eye movement {Non-REM} sleep.

REM sleep-

Rapid eye movements sleep is the state one hi h we dream. I t is the first sleep state to develop appearing in the baby in the womb at about six months gestation and it is vital to the development of the baby's brain.

Spend a lot of time in REM sleep at birth it accounts for 50% of their sleep falling gradually to abort 33% by the age of 3 years

During r e m sleep the babies switch off the and the brain receives extra blood and warms up, indicating a greater level of activity. this is probably when a baby's brain processes what she has sensed during her waking hours.

Because of its developmental importance Babies spend a lot of time in Rem sleep. at birth, it accounts for 50% of their sleep falling gradually to around 33% by the age of 3 years.

From later childhood and into adulthood it makes up 25% of sleep. Parents of toddlers will have noticed that from the age of about 2 years most children and aware of their dreams which can be very vivid and start to talk about them. you can see it in action for yourself. Most children twitch occasionally in the sleep move their eyeballs back and forth under the eyelids and breadth are regularly when the dream.

The proportion of REM sleep increases at the night goes on with most, therefore, coming in the early hours of the morning as Rem sleep is mentally restorative this explains why someone who is woken up too early will often be mentally "foggy" for the rest of the day. this applies to adults as much as children.

Non-REM sleep.

During this state of slow waves sleeps your child will lie quietly her muscles relaxed she will breathe steadily and Deeply and remained motionless. this is the condition that most people think of asleep but non-REM has not developed fully until a baby is 4 months old.

Non-REM sleep is to the body what REM is to the brain. it is the time when blood is released to the muscle tissue is grown on repaired and hormones are released for growth and development.

Preventing Sleep Problems.

There are many successful ways to solve an existing sleep problem as you will see but it is even better to prevent the emergence of difficulties in the first place. by gradually and gently introducing a routine early in your baby's life you can of offsetting the effect of imposing one later when he may well be more resistant.

Get into a rhythm:- the first 3 months.

A newborn is unable to tell Night from the day cannot remember what happened to him an hour ago and what will follow the mysterious internal rhythms with which he came into the world. he will alternately fail asleep feed and lie back watching the world as his needs dictate. but it is surprising just how soon he will respond to external cues and it is the process in which you need to actively engage.

At a very rudimentary level you can start teaching your baby the difference between night and day from as young as two weeks tell your baby the difference.

By 6 weeks you may notice that your baby is starting to become more settled. less distracted by the Novelty and the strangeness of this environment, he will be communicating more openly with you he will start to tell you more quickly when he needs to sleep and if you respond appropriately you will be setting up a dialogue that will work overtime to both your benefits.

The main advice in this crucial learning period is to settle your baby to sleep in his crib or cot while he is awake or Drowsy but not asleep. it is very tempting to Rock, cuddle or feed a young baby to sleep. it works and it is quick what more could a tired parent ask for! but it does not enable your baby to learn that he can get himself to sleep and this will make it more difficult to establish a routine early on.

So follow the simple guidelines for young babies and try to settle him while he is awake or when he is drowsy but not yet asleep.

Sleep Cues-

The younger the baby the most subtle the sleep cues, your baby is probably tired if he:-

whines and cries at the slightest provocation.

stress blankly into space.

turns his face away from moving objects of people often to bury his face in your chest.

yawns and stretches frequently.

rub his eyes or pulls his ears.

loses interest in people and toys.

Goes quiet and still.

By around 3 months you should aim to have established a bedtime routine with your baby falling asleep without the aid of physical contact with you your voice or even your presence. babies who have long to fall asleep independently by this age are also physically able to sleep through the night without waking for feeds.

Tell your baby the difference.

You can help your baby distinguish the Night from Day, and sleep time from Playtime rest time in deliberate ways.

During the day.

spend a lot of time interacting with him during his wakeful periods.
keep the curtains open and when necessary the light on.
don't try to minimize noise around the house.
take him out for a walk for plenty of fresh air and daylight.
for naps, use a room that is not too dark and not to shielded from normal household sounds.

During the night.

keep curtains Drawn and noises down when you settle him for the night.

make sure his room is warm and cozy.

have a bedtime routine that includes changing him into night-time clothing.

keep night feed as quite sleepy and as brief as possible don't play or talk to him.

If you have to go to him in the night, say the minimum required, keep the lights off or down, do not pick him up unless you think he is unwell and stay as short a time as necessary: be business-like. only change his nappy if necessary.

Creating Sleep routine

A good sleep routine is a foundation on which the healthy sleep habits of a lifetime are built teaching your child to sleep well is the most basic lesson that she and you need to learn and it is never too late.

Bedtime rules...

A fixed bedtime routine has many advantages.

However, the real benefit of bedtime routine is enduring and for most parents well worth any short term sacrifices the need to make. if you have not followed a sleep routine with your baby and want to introduce it when she is older to help her sleep you will need to committed focused and form and it is never too late to do so.

As this will be part of your family life for some years it is important that you and your partner are in agreement about it. as you are likely to share in its implementation at least in part it is also important that you agree on the detail as well as the general idea.

Time for bed!

The timing of your bedtime routine is as important as its constituents .it should last no longer than 45 minutes 30 minutes is often ample. if you start getting your child ready for back to early the whole procedure can lose focus. this often happens if the bedtime routine is not centered on the child's room if a child comes downstairs during this time for example it can break the bedtime spell.

This time should be spent pursuing predictable Low key activities around the child bedroom area. anything that stimulates your child can disturb the procedure so avoids noisy games sugary or caffeinated food or drinks or exciting play with a parent returning from work.

Set your child bedtime and plan to start the routine about half an hour beforehand so that she picks up all the cues and is sleepy as you complete it. once you have left her she should take no more than 10 to 15 minutes to fall asleep.

Bedtime routine{ advantages and disadvantages}.

Advantages.

1] It sets off the expectation of sleep so that the child is more willing to wind down at bedtime.

2] It provides an atmosphere of familiarity and security that is conducive to calm rest before sleep.

3] It ensures that the child goes to bed in time to get enough sleep for her age.

4] It involves that child and anchorages her to take responsibility for her behavior.

5] It's set positive sleep associations.

Disadvantages

1] It can be Tedious to implement because of its respective and repetitive nature.

2] It suppresses spontaneity.

3] It can directly conflict with certain work or social demands in the early evening.

4] It takes commitment and dedication

Routine rules...

Plan your routine carefully...

#-Base your starting time on what fits in with your family life if you are realistic you are more likely to keep to it.

#- Consider what time you want your child to wake up taking it to account nursery or school start times if they apply; work around a notional 11-hour sleep and the time your routine accordingly.

#-Talk to your partner about whether one or both of you want to be involved in the routine which mainly depends on whether you work and for how long because this may affect the starting time.

#-The purpose of the bedtime routine is to prepare your child for sleep, therefore, it should be calm relaxing and focused

#-Children need clear boundaries in most of the activities and bedtime is certainly no expectation.

#-Even though it is important to know the bedtime rules the bedtime routine is an opportunity for you and your child to enjoy spending time together. it is important to make it pleasurable so that your child looks forward to going to bed.

Bedtime routine recipe...

Families favor different bedtime routines. the following are typical elements of the bedtime routine, which you can combine and adapt to suit your child's needs.

1] A bath.
2] Massage and quiet music
3] Getting into night clothes
4] Story telling
5] A cuddle and goodnight kiss.

Naps...

Naps are vital to babies and young children and it is a mistake to think that day time sleep is less important than the sleep they get at night. in fact at 3 months old 30% of a baby sleep occurs in the daytime although this decline with age the reduction is very gradual and even at 9 months old baby many babies are still relying on naps for 20% off their sleep.

Benefits of Daytime Naps for your child.

1] He will sleep better at night.

2] He will have a better appetite particularly just after a nap.

3] His mode will be more stable.

4] A regular daytime sleep routine will make a bedtime routine easier.

5] Dreaming sleep or Rem sleep which facilitates the mental organization often occurs during nap Times.

6] His concentration will improve.

7] He will be generally happier and easier to manage.

Number and Length of Naps.

This depends on the child age all children mature at a different rate but these are the general guidelines.

0 to 3 months.- A nap about every two hours by three month the total daily nap time should average 5 hours.

3 to 6 months- the time between naps will Lengthen to 3 hours more meaning that your baby will have three of four regular naps a day by 6 months the total daily nap time should be average 3 to 4 hours.

9 to 6 months- three naps: two naps of about 45 minutes each in the morning and later afternoon and one of about 90 minutes around lunchtime by 9 months the total nap time should average 3 hours.

9 to 12 months- down to two naps the late afternoon nap can now be dropped leaving one nap of above 45 minutes in the morning and another of one and a half to two hours after lunch. your baby should be awake by 3:30 p.m. by 12 months the average daily nap time should Total two and a half hours.

12 months Plus- down to single nap the morning nap can now be dropped leaving just one midday a nap. toddlers often find they are not tired enough for the morning nap and too tired to wait until after lunch, but you can easily solve this problem by temporarily bringing lunch forward. at around this age, the average daily nap time should total two hours.

2 to 3 years one-day time nap is usually sufficient throughout this period .many children will have grown out of naps altogether by the age of 3 years .it is important to avoid a late afternoon nap which can affect bedtime .between two and three years the average daily naptime totals 1 hour when your child gets to 3 years a power nap may be sufficient.

Napping problems

Many parents encounter a problem with napping the most common and outline below together with suggested solutions.

the short Napper- some baby settles well for naps but then awake after a brief sleep. this is because they have moved into the next sleep cycle into a brief wakening and are unable to go back to sleep .the key is to help your baby go straight back to sleep.

#- keep a diary of your baby's nap schedule, taking note of the length of the nap.

#-If your young baby wakes regularly after 30 minute listen for a sign of stirring or mumbles. go into the room and strokes Pat or rock- whatever it takes -your baby back to sleep. in time your baby should take longer naps without your help.

#-If you are following a sleep program and your baby wakes prematurely from a nap use the same procedure that you used to settle him at bedtime.

#-If you have an order baby try not responding at all when he wakes- he may take himself back to sleep.

#- Improvements can take a week or more. it is better to work on one nap at first. the lunchtime nap is ideal because it needs to be longer. if your baby is not asleep again within 45 minutes abandon this nap to avoid upsetting the entire day's schedule.

Napping too much.

If your child is having more than necessary for this age, this may have an effect on his nighttime sleep the amount of sleep that he gets in 24 hours may not change but more of it will have shifted to the daytime. young children often to fall asleep on cars journey and this can affect their ability to nap.

Napping too early

If his morning map is too early, he may start waking early .try shifting this nap by 10 minutes each day until your child is napping around 9:30 to 10:00 a.m.

As your child gets older and no longer needs morning or late afternoon nap delay and shorten it by 10 minutes each day until you can stop it completely.

This transition from 2 to 1 nap a day after 12 months is one that toddlers often find difficult. try gradually cutting down the morning nap by 10 minutes each day and moving the afternoon nap to just after lunch to help your child adjust.

Creating the Right environment...

It is always best to accustom your child to sleeping naturally in your own domestic environment. her bedroom needs to be conducive to sleep but it should not be organized to meet special conditions without which she is unable to sleep. simplicity is the key: you will then find it easier to recreate the conditions when u stay at the homes of family and friends or on holiday.

noises off- parents often worry about noises in or outside the home disturbing that child sleep. however, children tend not to be as distracted as ambient noise as adults and in general once a baby or toddler is asleep it takes more than a thunderclap to awake them. older children tend to be a little more sensitive .nevertheless it is still not a good idea to Creep about because relative silence is likely to make your child more sensitive to noise near her bedroom

If you live on a busy road the changes are that you have got to use to the constant hum of traffic and the same will probably apply to your Baby or child. in fact, this is rather like the white The noise produced by the vacuum cleaner or washing machine that young children often find strangely soothing.

Turn down the heat-- Children do not need to be very want to sleep. in fact, the ideal bedroom temperature is probably a little lower than it is in the rest of the house but about 18-degree Celsius is ideal.

children often find it difficult to settle if they are very warm and modern bedclothes such as feather, filled duvets, tend to maximize heat retention around their bodies.

these are not advised for a baby under 1 year old but if you use them for older children you will not need to heat the bedroom much at night overheating is a risk factor for Cot death. the best way to check the temperature of your baby's body is to feel her tummy or the back of her neck.

comfort zone--- your child needs to feel secure and Re a shot in her bedroom in order to fall asleep there and stay asleep. you can help by placing familiar object around her Bed or cot .a Happy Family photographs on the wall at her bedside, for example, will provide a reassuring emotional backdrop to bedtime.

however, there can be a fine line between providing A comfortable bedtime environment and creating inappropriate sleep associations. while a cuddle with your a child is she settles may fall into a former category the need for a cuddle every time the child wakes in the night is an appropriate Association that you will probably want to break.

lights out--- babies and children need to get used to sleeping in various light conditions both in dark most probably when they rouse at night and in the daylight, which may last until 10:00 p.m. in midsummer.

it is preferable to allow them to adjust to the natural seasonal light or dark rather than trying to modify it all year round. however if your child tends to resist bedtime and gets up early in the light summer months, the thickly lined curtain can help.

Safe Sleeping...

Before you think about how much your child is sleeping whether he should be making it through the night or doing with one nap or two, you may need to ask yourself a more basic questions: is he safe? your choice of furniture, bedding and sleeping arrangements Primarily influence how well sleep at night but they can also, it affects his health.

sudden infant death syndrome {SIDS}

these are the words that many parents is special in new ones, fear most . in fact, despite it wides media coverage it is also called as a court that as it is more commonly known effects 1 in 2000 babies. therefore the rest to any the individual family are small however you will want to do your best to avoid becoming a significant part of this is statistics.

while there has been a lot of resources into SIDS in the past 20 years know clearly identify identifiable cause has been found. fortunately, however, a lot is known about the risk factors and you can minimize your risk by observing the following 6 standard rules.

back to sleep- lay your Baby down on his back a recent study showed that baby who was laid on their front. Had more breathing difficulties then who laid on their backs.

feet to foot- the bedding should be arranged so that your baby's feet are close to or touching the foot of the cot, to avoid them shuffling below the bed covers and being smothered.

Not too hot- Ro heating is not required at night except in severe winter weather. baby's bedroom should be kept a little cooler than the rest of the house at around 18 degrees.

Smoke free zone-- smoking during pregnancy has been known for the long-term to harm babies while they are in the womb. it is now accepted that is smoking around a young baby can increase the risk of cot death and the greater the exposure the higher the risk.

prompt medical advice-- babies who become unwell particularly if they have raised temperature, breathing difficulties, or less responsive than usual, or any combination of these should be seen immediately by a doctor.

Bedsharing for comfort, not sleep-- very young babies who sleep in their parent's bed are statistically at higher risk of cot death. however, this finding mainly applies to the babies of parents who smoke have been drinking or are on medication for excessively tired.

Overview:- In this post detail information I had shared regarding newborn sleeping pattern and their sleep, their naps, their sleeping pattern as per age.

Friedrich Froebel- Biography, Characteristics of play-way method, his educational philosophy, Importance of play-way method, Indoor and outdoor play-way activities, and Froebel's Gifts.

2020-04-27T20:10:00.002+05:30

Friedrich Froebel [1782-1852]

Friedrich Froebel Theory and philosophy of education.

Friedrich Froebel was a German philosopher, an educationalist, and is regarded as the founder of the play-way method and kindergarten system in education. He invented the play way method which is used in the modern age. He was best known for creating the Kindergarten method. He believes that Humans are productive nad creative beings and as a result, he encouraged the creation of educational environments that involved practical work and direct use of educational materials.
Froebel believed that engaging the world humans' understanding unfolds, hence the significance of play. Play is a creative activity and with the help of play, children become aware of the place of their world. Play provides the environment of the physical, social, emotional, and physical environment. He contributes towards education by giving the famous kindergarten method/play way method in modern teaching.
He was also the first educational philosopher to talk about activity and its importance in young children's learning. He loved nature and looked at children as tender plants, teacher as a gardener, and school as a garden. Therefore, he coined the term kindergarten- the garden of children. Just as the gardener takes care of his tender plants; teachers carefully develop little children under their care and make them grow to beauty and perfection.

Friedrich Froebel Biography-

Friedrich Froebel was born in South Germany on 21 April 1782. His full name was Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel. In his early years, he was neglected. His mother lost while very young and his father did another marriage and stepmother don't give much attention to Froebel and his education also affected. His life was miserable with a stepmother. He acquired some religious instructions from his father who was a religious man. He went to his mother's brother's house and completed early education from Village local school. In the early years, he starts doing the job as a Forester and developed a love for nature. At 14, he becomes an apprentice to a forester. For him, everything from nature objects to acquire knowledge. So he comes into contact with an educationalist who was running a school. Here he met with Dr.grunert, who was director of the preprimary school. Here Froebel develops love and sympathy towards children and Dr. Grunert believed that Frobele has a quality which a good teacher should have. He becomes a teacher and liked his profession, but some years later joined the army from where he learned the significance of disciplined action.

This was a turning point of his life and from that, he develops the Kindergarten method and he started his 1 K.G school for 4-6 years old in 1837, but the Government did not like his method of education. Therefore, he was not allowed to run any school and died as a disappointed man. The great aim and purpose of his life may be summed up in his famous saying, "COME, LET US LIVE FOR OUR CHILDREN".

Literature by Friedrich Froebel

He wrote some books like:-

The Education of Man
Mother play and Nursery songs
Education and Development

The basic principles of Froebel philosophy of the play-way method.

-- Characteristics of the play-way method.

Principles of self-activity and socialization- A child should be given full freedom for free-play with less interference, but yet be disciplined with moral/ social values. The free play would enable the child to grow, learn, and develop naturally from within. This is because play makes a child happy and satisfied. The activity of the mind and freedom in education is the first law of the kindergarten system. He strongly believed that children have the ability to grow within and achieve their true potential. Being a naturalist, Froebel admired nature, beauty, art and emphasized manual activities that provide learning and life skills such as gardening, care of animals, domestic chores, etc. He believes that nature study would result in moral development, religious, upliftment, and spiritual insight. He firmly believed that a child becomes a human being because of socialization and therefore the child has to learn in the company of the other children. For him, the school was a social institution.
Learning through play with gifts/occupation- Froebel proposed that although the knowledge can be gained through freedom in play, the play activity should bot be aimless, but of great educational value. He, therefore, designed 20 key concrete wooden gifts for children to play and learn with- cubes, cylinders, blocks, and colored balls to name a few. These gifts were made of concrete wood that provides experiences in geometry, patterns, constructions, and math, etc. He also proposed some occupations which are material s to master certain skills like clay/wood for exploring solids, paper paint, Beads for surfaces/ points and weaving, and drawing for exploring lines. He encouraged children to appreciate and collect things from nature like twigs, leaves, sticks, etc. These play materials are simple and they give scope for stimulation. The children start understanding the things around him. A child's social attitude and behavior can be traced through his play activity. His inner desire comes out through his play activities.
Learning through songs, gestures, and constructions- Froebel believed that songs, gestures, and construction were the three basic forms in which children express themselves. Therefore, even while playing with gifts there was encouragement and cheer appropriate songs.

Role of teacher in a play-way method

Froebel suggested that the teacher should be an active participant and guide for the children. She should give ideas on how to play with the gifts and demonstrate the same through the songs. She should give freedom, at the same e time to ensure children are self-disciplined and they learn socio-emotional skills and moral values.

Importance of the Kindergarten method in Modern education.

How can we, as educators utilize aspects of this philosophy even in current times?

Below are the major ways in which this philosophy still continues to inspire all of us.

Including nature in the curriculum and making play an important part of learning.
Children are internally driven, they grow naturally from within like plants, therefore the right seeds should be sown to nurture them and help them reach their potential. While giving them freedom is very important; imparting discipline and social/moral values like sympathy, cooperation, care is of equal importance in Froebel's educational philosophy.
The principle of self-activity, learning by doing is the mantra even today. ACtivities and activity-based learning are of utmost importance in ECCED even today.
Sensory training through concrete materials and enhancing creativity by encouraging construction forms should be a part of a good ECCED curriculum.
Emphasis on the school as an institution of social development is well documented even today.
Stress on the study of the child's behavior for effective learning.
The teacher should be actively involved in the teaching, learning process. She should be encouraging, a good guide, and skilled enough to bring out the best in children.

Free Play activities revolving around Kindergarten methods.

Pretend play- It can be term as a role-play or imaginative play, where children pretend to be someone else and imitate their role in their play. Like most boys pretend of super-hero, or dad, King, any shopkeeper they noticed in the market, Santa Claus, Police officer, Chef, famous hero of their favorite film. Children love to do pretend to play with their equipment. Like they use their doctor set, they dress like a doctor and check their mates and pretend to be like a doctor. Many girls pretend to be like a teacher and teach their classmates and they act like their mom, cooking food, taking care of dad, cook fake food, taking care of dolls, making them dress-up, etc.

Importance of pretend play-

It helps to develop imagination and creativity.
Pretend play helps to develop their thinking, reasoning capabilities, and develop problem-solving abilities.
It helps to develop social development, emotional development, Physical development, motor development, moral development, language development, etc.
It also helps to improve communication skills, as they pretend to be someone else and try to communicate like them.

2] Threading Beads- Threading beads are an amazing activity given to 18 months old children, it involved a shoelace, or thick thread and beads, and children have to pass beads from those threads.

Importance of threading beads-

To enhance their eye-hand coordination skills.
To improve their imagination.
Threading beads also help to develop their memory, reasoning power, and problem-solving ability.
Threading beads also helps to learn concepts easily as it provides concrete experience to the child. They can learn math, by counting, learns numbers, addition, and subtraction, length, measurements, and patterns.
It helps to develop fine motor skills as it encourages children to exercise and refine these skills.
They can easily learn the color concept and also develop their sensory experiences.

3] Puzzles and Manipulative toys- Researchers believe that you can expect your little one to concentrate for about 2-5 minutes of their age. That means a 3-year-old might be able to concentrate on a task for 6 to 15 minutes while a 4-year-old might last 8 to 20 minutes.

Importance of Puzzles and manipulative toys-

Puzzles help to develop eye-hand coordination skills
It helps to develop fine motor skills.
It helps to boost the concentration power of the children if age-appropriate puzzles should be given.
It helps to boost memory, reasoning skills, and,problem-solving skills.
Puzzles help to develop concepts, puzzles based on animals, color, numbers, etc. helps to develop the concepts.

4] Constructive materials- { providing bars, screwdrivers, wheel, nuts/bolts, etc. which are child friendly so that the child could make a car, boat, or any other toy which he/she likes} Building with blocks.

5] Play with natural things like pebbles, leaves, rocks, sand, water, sticks, etc.

6] Art activities like drawing, painting, and clay.

7] Handwork like making toys from papers.

8] Story-telling.

Importance of storytelling-

It helps to develop social skills.
It helps to develop moral development, language skills, cognitive skills, etc.
It helps to develop concentration power.
It helps to understand the concepts very well.
It helps to develop reasoning capacity, problem-solving skills, and thinking.

9] Phythemic exercise, songs, instrumental music, dance.
10] Domestic activities like sweeping, washing plates, and manual activities like gardening.

Outdoor activities.

The outdoor equipment like swings, sea-saw, jungle-gym, climbing apparatus, etc. helps the children different to live together in a big community and share their rights.
Group activities are provided to children, like making them sing a song together, dance or play. The children are taken to small excursions to a nearby garden, zoo, park, post office, etc.

Froebel's Gifts

For complete education and training of a child. Froebel devised a series of gifts. The gifts are a series of os material that possesses all the novelty of plaything, yet they form the basis of his educational method. They are to train the senses of sight and touch, to give the child an idea of size and surface, and to present him with the correct idea of numbers. The gifts are to be given in a certain order. The graduation and order of gifts are determined by the principles of development.

First Gift: {form, color, and movements}:- Consisted of six colored yarn wooden balls. They develop in the children, the idea of color and material form, motion, direction, and muscular sensibility.
Second Gift: {Wooden balls, cylinder-shapes}:- Consists of a sphere, cube, and cylinder made of hardwood. Use the pieces to represents things from the child's life. Roll them. Count the number of surfaces, edges, corners, etc. Introduce concepts of on/under, Front/back, up/down, in front, of/behind, etc. Encourage the children's description through imaginative play.
Third Gift: {Number- cubes}:- This is a large cube divided into eight smaller equal cubes. From these, the child can build up a number of useful artistic forms such as branches, doors, bridges, etc. the third gift is often called as 'The first building blocks', the child gains elementary ideas of addition and subtraction through these cubes.
Fourth Gift: {Extent- rectangular prisms and bricks shaped blocks}:- Children learn new words like bricks, tile, steps, rectangle, direction, verticle, horizontal, height, width, length, etc. They learn symmetrical patterning/ designing.
Fifth Gift: {Symmetry- cubes and triangular prisms}:- The child can construct many beautiful patterns by combining the third, fourth, and fifth gifts. New terms like angle, triangle, rectangular prism can be introduced.
Sixth Gift: {proportion-blocks}:- Designs in forms and constructions may be made by the child and it will also be useful in teaching numbers. A discussion on fractions, volume, the area can happen.
Seventh Gift: {Surfaces-tablets}:- This is a set of square and triangular tablets made of very fine wood in two colors. It provides material for exercise in geometrical forms and mosaic work. The duty of a teacher, while the gifts are being presented to the children, is to give ideas of the occupation presented through demonstration. Though the gifts are altogether 20 in numbers, only the key seven gifts are described here.

Overview- Here we had discussed the founder of a play-way method called Friedrich Froebel, his philosophy on education and his 7 Gifts.

53 Amazing Newborn baby facts.

2020-04-23T21:27:00.001+05:30

Babies are like super-human on this planet. For new parents, it is like the beginning of new life being mom and dad. This new cute little member of a family who brings a lot of excitement, new experiences, and curiosity in a new parent's life. But, this experience is not less than an adventure.
This new period of adventure begins with pregnancy and continues throughout life lots of new facts get to reveal.
A cute, little baby with lots of surprising and full of curiosity eyes make parents see a new world. This cuteness in their eyes is the best gift for tired people. As new parents begin their journey, the baby shows lots of new facts which make the parent's life full of surprises.
We adults misunderstand the power of baby we believe that babies only do 3 things in their early years, eating, sleeping, and poop.
But there are lots of newborn baby facts which are not known for many of us.

53 Amazing Newborn baby facts.

Surprising and Interesting Baby facts:-

Your newborn needs to be close to you- The baby's entire body is designed to help her feel safe. Her sweet little nose, large eyes, round forehead, and chubby arms, and legs are all designed to trigger emotional responses that elicit a feeling of fierce love and protection so you will do everything in your power to keep her feeling warm and safe.
Your Baby is tear-free- Your Babies can't actually cry because as they can't produce tears there is an absence of tear ducts in the baby, they can't shed tears. For the first few weeks they basically just screaming. This is because, as babies are not born with psychic tearing or tears that indicate emotional distress of individual, they born with basal tearing, which helps to keep eyes moist and healthy and reflex tearing that respond to an irritant. Between 2-4 months of age, a baby will start crying with tears when it gets upset.
Your Baby has a strong sense of smell- Babies used to recognize the sound and smell of their mother almost immediately after birth. Recognizing mother visually takes a few weeks longer. For the baby, the sweat of their mother is like fragrance and sweat of others as a bad odor. So it helps the baby to recognize the mother as the baby can't identify by face immediately after birth.
Your newborn is nearsighted- Your newborn baby only sees till 20-30 cm which is [8-12 inches] in front of their faces. As their visual acuity is very less 20/400.
Your newborn only sees black and white- Newborn can't see any other color except black and white because the nerve cells in his retina and brain that control the vision are not fully developed.
Your baby is born swimmers- babies are born with natural swimming abilities. They can easily hold they breathe underwater and but they lose these skills shortly after birth.
Your baby's name influences his life- Researches indicate that a baby's name influences a baby's life into adulthood. For.eg- a newborn baby [boy] with a feminine name could lead to behavioral problems in life.
Your newborn inner ear is fully developed- The baby's ear is completely developed at the time of birth, the baby within 1/2 hr after birth able to recognize the direction from which the sound is coming and move head accordingly.
Your newborn born without Kneecap's- The baby's born without knee cap, as knee cap doesn't develop into the hard bone until the age between 3yr and 5yr.
Your hairy baby-Yes babies are born with many hairs on their body called lanugo- which produce during the second trimester inside the womb to keep baby warm, and many baby's hairs shed in the womb only or after 4/5 baths within first few weeks.
The shape of your baby head can change- baby's born with a soft skull, which helps them to easily pass through the birth canal. After birth, it takes 9-18 months to develop the skull fully. This time care should be maintained and baby hand should be placed on the soft pillow to maintain the proper shape of the skull if care should not maintain so it also develops conditions like Positional Plagiocephaly, which means flat surface from back side or side of the head. But it doesn't interfere in the brain development of the baby.
Your newborn able to recognize the mood- A newborn can easily recognize and differentiate the mood of an individual by the tone of their speaking. If you will be in an angry mood and shout baby, he starts crying and show the sign of irritation, and if you are smiling and talk with baby in happy mood baby gives you welcoming signs.
Baby with Birthmarks - According to researchers finding, approximately 80% to 85% of neonates are born with some form of birthmarks.
Your baby's taste buds- The baby has around 10,000 taste buds, which is WAY more than adults! They are not just on the tongue, but also on the sides, back, and roof of the mouth. Eventually, these extra taste buds disappear.
Your Baby with 300 bones- Yes, your newborn born with 300 bones and later on extra bones fuse together during development.
Your baby born don't have Bodyclock- There is no fixed routine for sleep till 2/3 months after the birth as baby require time to adapt in their environment. They don't have any Circadian rhythm- the baby doesn't know what is morning and night, and when to wake up or to sleep. It takes around 12 weeks to recognize the difference between day and night, it takes around 3-5 months to understand the day and night pattern.
Famous premature babies include Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Mark Twain, Stevie wonder, Johannes Kepler.
Birthday- Popular day to give birth is Tuesday.
Color of your baby's eye-balls- At the time of birth the eyes of your baby are bluish grey, though the color changes to permanent color within several weeks.
Your baby's brain uses 50% of glucose in its body.
The size of your baby's eye is 3/4 size of adult size.
Your baby is connected to your emotions and your feelings- even before he/she is born. Researchers had pregnant women listen to different types of songs via headphones and then tracked their baby’s movements with an ultrasound. If the mom was listening to music that she enjoyed, the babies moved around more. While many babies move around when music is playing, the headphones meant that the babies were responding to their mother’s emotions and not the music itself.
Rapid Growth of your baby- A baby is continuing to grow at the same rate as it is in the first year till 20 yrs of age then it would be 30 feet tall.
The breathing rate of your baby-A newborn baby's normal breathing rate is around 40 times per minute.
Your baby is always listening- Even before they’re born. A baby as young as 2 days old will recognize his mother’s voice, even if he only hears one single syllable.
Children memory- Children don't remember much before the age of 3, due to condition called 'infantile amnesia,' it is also called childhood amnesia. It is the condition where adults have the inability to recollect the memories, events of their childhood before the age of 2-4 yrs. Neurologists say that early years experiences never make it into long term memory banks because the brain's recording machinery isn't functional yet or because of memory is tied up with language acquisition.
Oily skin of your newborn- It is normal as all newborns are covered with vernix caseosa, oily protection against infection which tries off within the first few days.
Muscles of your baby- At the time of birth, the muscles of the neck and legs are less developed than the muscles of the hands and arms.
Attractive eye's fact of your newborn- The newborn pupils enlarged after birth which makes newborn more attractive and cute and everyone falls in love with their eyes. A baby's eyes are 75% of their adult size and the visual acuity is around 20/400 and his rapidly developed vision reached 20/20 which is like adults when he is 3 to 5 yrs old.
The researcher believes that if a newborn is hungry and a place near mom or her stomach baby uses her arms and legs and through the help of their reflexes baby find the breast of mother and satisfy their hunger.
Newborns are only able to focus 8-10 inches from their faces.
Many researchers found in their study that the symbol of No, is by shaking the head comes from newborn as they turn their head away from food when they are full or don't want to eat.
According to research conducted by The University of Helsinki, Your baby recognizes the music they hear in the womb for up to 4 months after birth. In fact, the song that used to hear inside the womb soothes his/her crankiness
Rapid brain development of your baby- Baby's brain development is more rapid after they were born and more than doubling to reach 60% of its adult size by the baby's first bday.
The fast Heart rate of your baby- The newborn heartbeat was twice as fast as an adult. The heartbeat of the newborn is between 130-160 beats per minute.
Most premature babies are left-handed.
Your newborn blood amount- Baby contains any bare blood in their body. A newborn weighing about 2.5-3.5 kg and contains only 1 cup of blood in their entire body.
Baby repairs your system- It is wrong to understand that baby is helpless in the womb, as A baby in the womb can send stem cells to repair damaged organs of the mother.
Sleeping style of your baby- Babies can sleep with their opened eyes, or moving eyeballs.
Huge head of your baby- A baby's head is huge and covers 1/4 parts of total body length, and an adult is 1/8 of their height.
No dreams for your baby- baby can't able to dream, as we dream about the thing which we are able to think and imagine as a baby receive and imagine any concept or picture so that's why newborns can't dream.
Your baby has a discrete cry- As the baby has its own discrete cry which mom able to distinguish after 4/5 days after birth. Doctors and researches have proven that their discrete cry makes new mom identify own baby, as in early years babies look similar so their cry is discrete which makes mom distinguish her baby.
Prenatal influences on your baby- The prenatal development of the baby influences the postnatal development of the baby as well. In prenatal development, if a mother suffering from Rubella, so baby can show some defects like heart defects, deafness, low birth weight, intellectual disabilities, etc. If the mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy so, her baby can suffer from Fetal Alcohol syndrome, baby shows signs like premature birth, heart defects, brain defect, and hearing issues, intellectual and developmental disabilities, delay in physical development. So the mother's prenatal development influences the baby's life.
Birthday Month facts- Many researches have found that babies who born in the month of "May", usually weight more about 200/300 grams than those born in other months.
The baby's power- The grasping power of a newborn is so strong that its whole body can hang in mid-air, with its bent fingers supporting its weight.
Until 7 months baby's can breathe and swallow at the same time.
The Word "baby" may come from the baby's speech development step called babbling as ba-ba-ba-ba.
Male or Female voice, what's your baby choices?- Babies prefer to give respond to the female voice which is higher in pitch than to male voice.
weight of the baby- The approx weight of the baby is between 2.5-3.5 kg.
Male or female- The baby boy is heavier than the girl child.
The Heaviest child in India- Mother aged 20, gave birth to a baby girl by C-section at Karnataka [India]. It is the biggest baby in India. The baby height is 21cm and normally it is about 50cm and the weight is 6.8kg. Doctors try to find the reason, the overweight newborns are normal in cases where the mother is diabetic but here mother is fit. The doctor said it is a king of inborn error of metabolism. The record so far heaviest Indian baby is held by a boy of Uttar Pradesh weighed 6.7kg. The world record for the heaviest baby was for Boy in Italy in 1955. The boy weighed 10.2kg.
The Youngest Mother in India- In 1932, 6yrs old girl in Delhi gave birth to a baby girl by C-section. The girl has never menstruated but nurses her child for 9 months. So there is a belief that the menstruation cycle is important for pregnancy is now questioned?
Oldest Mother in India- The age of the mother is 72yrs, from Amritsar India. On 12 April 2016 Daljinder Kaur gave birth to a son at age of 72. After 5 decades of marriage, Kaur was finally able to have a baby after undergoing 2 years of IVF treatment.

These are some interesting facts which many of you are unaware of. I hope you all love these posts and it may be helpful for you all.

Ramadan 2020- Facts, Importance, history, Rules of Ramadan, Fasting and Eid-ul-fitr 2020.

2020-04-20T01:44:00.001+05:30

You all might have a rough idea about Ramadan that Muslims fast during this month and broke their fast at the time of iftar and end of this month there is a celebration of ending the fasting period called [Eid-Ul-Fitr]. Ramadan is the 9th and most superior month in all Islamic years. Ramadan word is derived from the Arabic word "Ramaz" which means 'Burn with Heat'. Because when the name of Islamic months was derived from old Arabic speakers so that time, the name of months were given according to season mainly. By consequently, it was a great heat in Ramadan that's why this month was called "Ramadan".This is the month when the doors of Jannah are opened as this month starts and shaitan [Evil] are chained. This is the month, in which return of Nafal increase equal to Farz and the return of Farz increases to 70 times. This us the months whose first 10 days are for "Rehmat" and the middle ten days are "Magfirat" and the last 10 days are for "Freedom from Hell".

This is the month, 1500 bounties are written for those who do "Qayaam" in the night of this month. Anyone who keeps the first fast of this month all his sins are forgiven and this is the month, whose first night Allah Almighty looks mercy to his creation and all sins are forgiven in this month. This is that month, about which The Holy Prophet Mohammad said if my Ummah knows that what is in Ramadan month so they wish that Alas! it would have been Ramadan whole year. This is the month of patience and consent and in this month the earning of Muslim is increased. This is that month in which deads will not have been asked questions in the grave. and this is the months in which sleeping of that person who keeps fasting is also counted as worship. This is the most mentioned month in the Holy Quran This is the month, in which 60, 000 sinners get released from hell. This is the month there is a night which is better than one thousand months and that is " Laila Tul Qadar" the worship of this night is superior more than 1 thousand months. As this month is to get Blessings, Forgiveness, and benediction.

The expected date of Ramadan, Ramazan 2020 was 23 April 2020 [Thursday] and the Eid-ul-Fitr date was 23 May 2020[saturday].

Ramadan is the month of fasting and very blissful months for all Muslims.

Beginning of Ramadan- As Ramadan comes after 15 days of Shab-e-Barat [which is one of the greatest nights], after 15 days when Muslims see the moon of the Ramadan then beginning of Ramadan was there and they start to perform special namaaz at night called Taravee, and around midnight they eat food and drink water and before the morning prayer their fast began and the whole day they fast and avoid drinking and eating anything, and perform lots of prayers and at time of sunset there was a time of iftar where the whole family together pray to god and break the fast with dates.

Significance of the Holy month Ramadan.

Ramadan is the Month of the Quran:- Ramadan is the Holy month and the most important event held in this month is that "The first verses of Quran were revealed to Prophet Mohammad during Ramadan only. Quran is the Holy book of Muslims, which teaches humanity to Muslims. It is the Holy book of Allah which gives Guidance of humanity so that's why during the month of Ramadan Muslims read the Quran while fasting and understand the meaning and implement in their life.
Pillar of Islam:- There are 5 pillars of Islam and 1 of them is Fasting, which Muslims do during the whole month of Ramadan, they eat and drink before sunrise and throughout the day they fast, and at time of sunset which is the time of Iftar [Magrib] they break their fast by reciting dua and break with date and water.
Months of Charity:- Ramadan is not only for fasting, but it is also the month to understand the importance of food and water and do charity from own wealth. Muslims remain hungry and thirsty all day long, so they understand what pain might hungry and poor people go through. So they give lots of Voluntary charity called {Sadqa} and Obligatory Charity called {zakat}. Give money and food to the needy people and gain spiritual reward is also a part of Ramadan. Sadqa one can also give any time of any month as well, but Zakat is especially given in the month of Ramadan, Zakat, {how much the person and their family have property is given accordingly}, Muslims believe that Zakat brings rain and calm Allah's anger.
Rewards are Multiplied:- Prophet Mohammad said in the Quran, in the month of Ramadan the good deads multiples by 70 times and evil is chained in this whole month. As evil [shaitan] is locked therefore he can't have a bad influence on any Muslims. Evil can't convince Muslims to do anything bad and hence they become easy to do more good deads and come close to Allah.
The month of Forgiveness:- Muslims believe that there is another life after death and they have to answer the question about their deeds once they die. There is the day of Qayamat, in which every person has to answer each and everything they did [good or bad], on the Day of Judgment. So in Ramadan, prayer for forgiveness is important. Those who die in the month of Ramadan are sending to Jannah. In this month, Muslims asked for forgiveness to gods, to people whom they hurt. Single good deads multiples by 70, rewards of good deads is much more. Prayers and dua's are accepted fast while fasting mainly at the time of Iftar. Muslims pray more at night and perform special namaz called Taravee. [ which is the longest namaaz]
Ramadan is the month of Self- Control:- As people believe that once you feel thirsty or hungry can breakfast, it is easy. But it is the month in which Muslims control their pangs of hunger and thirst and they do their household work or regular activity as it is. It is easy to breakfast when no one is watching us, but Muslims believe that God is always watching us. At the time of Iftar, when the full table is filled with lots of yummy delicious but Muslims wait for the time of Iftar and then they eat. so it teaches everyone to control one's self, and the brain and make will strong.
Teaches to be Thankful and Grateful:- Ramadan is the months which also make people be thankful for the things they have like food, water, health, wealth. Being hungry and thirsty all day long realizes the importance of food and water.
Detox Month:- This is the month, which detox one's soul, body by controlling on one's self, by keeping fast it helps to detox the body and make healthy.
Make a person stronger:- In this month, Muslims do lots of prayer and charity, and they become close to the god and away from bad influences of life which makes the person stronger.
Holy 30 days:- This is the months, where the first 10 days are for "Rehmat" {blessing} and the middle ten days are "Magfirat" {Maghfirat means that a person has been forgiven for an act they have done in their life, intentionally or unintentionally} the last 10 days are for "Freedom from Hell".
Biggest Night for Muslims:- In the last 10 fast {21-29/30}, this night comes. The night which is better than one thousand months and that is " Laila Tul Qadar" the worship of this night is superior more than 1 thousand months. As this month is to get Blessings, Forgiveness, and benediction.
Death of Imam Ali:- The son-in-law of Prophet Mohammad, and son of Abu Talib, called Ali ibn Abu Talib, who was born on Friday 13 Rajjab [7 months of Islam}at Kaba {makka}, Imam Ali was also called as Haider. There was no match of Imam Ali's power, knowledge, bravery, generosity, and courage. There is no personality like Imam Ali on this earth before and after him. Hazarat Imam Ali was killed by Poisoned glaive on 19 Ramadan at the time of Fazr namaaz. When Imam Ali started the Fazr NAmaaz and went into Sajads, bn-muljim attacked Imam Ali's head with poisoned glaive and scars were up to the forehead. This incident took place at 19 Ramadan, at Kufa's Mosque, At that time Imam Ali was fasting and the effect of poison was spread all his body and his son and followers took him to his house, he died on 21 Ramadaan, but he kept fast in that condition also. Imam Ali was murdered in Kufah mosque {Iraq} on 19 of Ramadan at age of 63. He was buried in -Najaf [South Iraq].

Rules for Ramadan and fasting.

Muslims are not allowed to do a certain thing while they are fasting:-

Eating
Drinking
Smoking
Sexual activity
Gossiping
No listening to music and watching TV.
No backbiting
swearing and other sinful behaviors.

Do's during the Ramadan:-

Prayer
Reciting Quran
Giving charity in the form of Sadqa and Zakat
Helping needy one and other good deads.

Who can do Fasting:-

A mature child who passed Puberty for them it is compulsory to do fasting and those who are fit and healthy.

Those who are an exemption from fasting include:-

The girls in Puberty, Pregnant and nursing women can't do fasting, but they have to keep fast of those days at any other days after Ramadan.

The Elderly, Ill people and diabetic and those who are suffering from any mental disability. Those who not able to keep fasting due to any illness can give Kufara.

{money to needy people}.

Benefits For eating dates:-

Muslims believe in breaking fast by eating dates and water. But as many Muslims believe that Dates are the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad but it also has many health benefits. Dates are the fruit of the date palm tree, which is grown in many tropical regions of the world. Dates are of two kinds dry and fresh dates, wrinkled skin and smooth skin dates. Dates are chewy with a sweet flavor. They are also high in some important nutrients and have a variety of advantages:-

Improve Bone Health:- dates worked wonders on your bone health. Dates are high in selenium, manganese, copper which is required for keeping bones healthy and prevent from a disease like osteoporosis.
Natural Sweetness:- dates are natural sources of sweetness and contain fructose. Dates are a naturally sweet and healthy substitute for sugar in recipes due to the nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants that they provide. The best way to substitute dates for white sugar is to make date paste. It is made by mixing dates with water in a blender, replace sugar with date paste at a 1:1 ratio.
Help prevent Night Blindness:- Many people struggle with vision under poor lighting conditions even though their eyes may physically be a great shape. Dates can also play an important role in delaying macular degeneration of the eye as a result of aging, helping preserve vision for a longer time.
Regulates Blood pressure:- Dates are rich in potassium, and the mineral which helps lower blood pressure levels. One date contains about 167 mg of potassium, which is relatively high compared to other fruits. Not taking an adequate amount of potassium can also lead to kidney stones.

Dates help in improving bone health, preserve brain function, prevent blindness, promote weight gain, prevent Hemorrhoids, improve skin, improve heart health, regulates blood pressure and help to control cholesterol levels. This is some benefit of dates, as fasting continues about 15/16 hours so it is necessary to have proper health and 2 dates can provide enough energy.

Dr.Meltem Yalinay's research on How Fasting affects our gut health.

Islamic fasting is a very good model for the gut microbiota richness and gut microbiota health.

Melton says They designed a project related to Islamic fasting. Before this Ramadan period, they took the stool samples of the Muslim individuals and afterward at the end of this Islamic fasting period they again took the samples of their stools and they examined the samples and compare theirs before and after samples of stools.

For the blood side total, cholesterol and blood glucose levels were influenced by this period in a very good way. But when they come to the gut microbiota samples actually were so interesting. Gut microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms that live in our digestive tracts. It plays a key role in our metabolism and general health.

In their research, they found that the "types of bacteria which we related to being the good ones for the gut microbiota and the ones that are related to the metabolism rise and metabolism of the gut are found to be increased". They believe that gut microbiota likes this period so much, they believe that number of eating periods so hunger is a very good parameter for us. The three meals a day does not so much fit for adults. Actually, the two main meals may be more suitable. The results actually show this.

Eid-Ul-Fitr

At the end of the Month of Ramadan, there is the celebration of breaking the fast called "Eid-ul-Fitr".

Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated on the 1 day of the 10th Islamic month called Shawwal.

Muslims have 2 main festivals called Eid, which is Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha. The eid which is celebrated after the holy month of Ramadan is the Eid-ul-Fitr, which means breaking the fast, "festival of breaking the fast". It is a three-day celebration.

When Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated?

Eid ul Fitr is celebrated at the end of Ramadan month and the beginning of the 10th Islamic month. Eid was celebrated after sighting the moon after the Iftar.

How Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated?

Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated after sighting the moon of the 10 months of Islamic year called Shawwal. During the time of Eid, the women and girls apply Mehandi on their hands and all Muslims buy new clothes and accessories. On the day of Eid-ul-Fitr, no one is allowed to keep fast, as it is the festival of celebration. In the early morning, the Muslims take a bath called {gusul} to clean and purify their body and wear new clothes and after the Fajr namaaz, all Muslim men go for the special communal prayer for Eid-ul-Fitr called Kudaba.

After Kudaba, all Muslim men hug each other and wish for Eid, by greeting "Eid Mubarak". This is the time of celebration by eating sweets called sewai. Muslims exchange the gifts called Eidi, where adult and earning member of the family gives Eidi [Money] to the children and those who are younger to them and other family members.

Muslims greet each other by shaking hands and hugging and wishing Eid Mubarak. For the celebration, Muslims went to their relative's house and celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr.

Pregnancy- early and late pregnancy symptoms, types of Pregnancy Diagnostic Tests, Minor and major signals during pregnancy, factors affecting prenatal development and care during pregnancy.

2020-04-18T14:46:00.003+05:30

Pregnancy symptoms.

Pregnancy is a new experience that is new for new parents. This experience took 9 months to experienced in real words. for Motherhood and fatherhood, pregnancy is the first challenging phase that includes 3 trimesters. This 3 trimester includes 9 months, which is really long moments for welcoming new family members. As in the previous post, we already discussed some Major points related to Prenatal Development. Let's discuss the other major points about Pregnancy.

Let's first talk about the symptoms of Pregnancy. [ early pregnancy sysmptoms]

Amenorrhea- Absence of menstrual cycle during active sexual periods of life.
Nausea- Most pregnant women may have a sensation of vomiting. They can feel nausea at any time of the day.
Tiredness- In early pregnancy, many women may feel tired and sleepy. Hence pregnant ladies must take rest when it's needed.

[Late pregnancy symptoms].

Changes in breast- Breast becomes enlarge and tender, more noticeable as soon as pregnancy occurs. The nipple aureola darkness and from the 12th week, colostrum, a clear yellow fluid is secreted from nipples.
Frequent urination/ Mictarition- The enlarging of the uterus presses on the bladder and the result is frequent urination. During pregnancy many women feel very thirty and secrete more liquid, thereby again resulting in frequent urination.
Enlargement of the uterus- It is rapid and uniform due to the growing fetus.
Quickening- Movement of the fetus is felt by the mother usually around 4 months.
Other- In some women increased vaginal discharged secretions may be seen. In some women pigmentation of face and abdominal region can be seen.

Pregnancy Diagnostic Tests

Pregnancy Test

Urine Test:- 6-8 weeks from the last menstrual cycle [LMC], the gonadotropin hormone is seen in sufficient quantity. The first urine in the morning has to be tested for accurate results.
Fetal Heart sounds:- Able to detect by 5 months, Rate of heartbeat is around 120-140 per minute. In boys, it is below 130 and in girls, it is above it.
Sonography, Ultrasound scanning:- Sonography is used to observe the growth and development of the fetus during pregnancy. physical and brain development of the fetus is seen with the help of this. A picture of the developing embryo can be obtained by 5-6 weeks after LMC. By 8 week a clear picture of the embryo with its heart beating is visible. It is widely used now.

Danger Signals During Pregnancy.

A] Minor disturbances during pregnancy-

Morning sickness and Nausea- Many women suffer from nausea and vomiting. It is thought that the condition may be due to hormonal changes during pregnancy, decreased glucose levels and increased levels of ketone bodies. It can affect her daily routine. It can be controlled by eating little and often throughout the day instead of overeating or forcing on big meals. Pregnant women may have dry biscuits, Fruit juices, dry toast, sugary drinks for energy. Cutting down fried foods also helps relieve nausea.
Backache- Hormones of pregnancy soften the ligaments and joints especially those of the lower back. The enlarging uterus changes her postures. The posture of pregnant women may be such that the pressure on her back is more, hence she bends her shoulder backward and walks. Their results in backache. Supporting the lower back with a cushion when sitting, not standing for long periods can bring some relief. She should wear comfortable footwear, preferably flat ones.
Frequent Urination- The enlarged uterus puts pressure on the bladder. So pregnant women have frequent urination. This is seen in the first and last trimester of pregnancy. Pregnant women should not drink any fluid or any water two hours prior to sleeping.
Varicose veins- The pregnant women have more blood circulation than a non- pregnant woman, because of this, the blood vessels get dilated. Most varicose veins disappear in 2-3 months after delivery. The pregnant woman avoids standing for too long, can wear support tights if suggested and prescribed by the doctor. While sitting she must keep legs on a raised stool or cushion.
Constipation- This could be due to lack of dietary fiber, poor intake of water, lack of exercise, changes in the internal system and irregular bowel habits. This may cause nausea, headache, restlessness. The pregnant woman can drink more fluids i.e. @ liters a day at least. She can eat bran oatmeal, porridge, fresh green leafy vegetables, etc. For severely affected woman glycerin suppositories for insertion in the back passage may be used.
Heartburn/indigestion- Due to the enlargement of the uterus there is pressure on the stomach. This affects the functioning of the digestive system. Acid secretions from the stomach come on the lower parts of the gullet or food pipe causing a sensation of heartburn. A few sips of cold milk, eating small meals more often, avoiding lying flat on the back, avoiding bending or sitting in a hunched position, taking indigestion pills can relieve the above.

b] Major Disturbances-

Toxemia- It is a complication that may occur before 26 weeks of pregnancy or before. This could be seen in women with multiple pregnancies, in women with a family history of high blood pressure, swelling of face, feet, body, generalized fluid retention, weight gain, high BP, headache, blurred vision, spots before eyes are symptoms of Toxemia. The condition is mild, treated by proper diet with salt restriction and rest. In severe cases, anti-hypertensive drugs can be given or mothers may have convulsion or Eclampsia. It results in the death of a baby before birth.
Anemia- Iron deficiency in the body called Anemia. Few causes of anemia are less intake of iron, lack of folic acid, and less amount of hemoglobin in the blood. The woman feels weak, there is the loss of appetite, fatigue, and breathlessness on slight exertion. She should take a diet rich in leafy vegetables, eggs, meat, and iron tablets after consulting the doctor, her requirements being 35 mg of iron per day.
Vaginal bleeding [Hemorrhage]- Heavy bleeding with pain and tenderness over the uterus. This may be due to exertion or strain, emotional shocks, accidents, etc. Blood escapes in a steady stream or clots. So the doctor should be consulted immediately. Vaginal bleeding after 28 weeks is called antepartum hemorrhage. There are 2 types of antepartum hemorrhage- placenta previa [when the placenta is attached to the lower part of the uterus] and placenta abruption [ placenta separates from attachements]. In the placenta pre via antepartum hemorrhage may be caused before labor. In placenta abruption, the placenta gets separated from its attachments and the fetus is in danger of lack of supply of oxygen. This may cause the death of the fetus or caused abnormalities in a fetus. Therefore any vaginal bleeding should be reported to the doctor.
Urinary Infection- Urinary infection during pregnancy is due to the high level of hormones in the blood causing an ideal medium for the growth of bacteria. Increased intake of the water is usually advised. Any medication should be as per the doctor's suggestion only.
Prolonged Vomiting- Many women during pregnancy continue to have vomiting due to which their intake for foods gets affected, they may get weak and dehydrated. A doctor's advice in such a case is urgently required.
Insomnia- The pregnant woman may feel tired but is unable to go to sleep. Unless the insomnia is persistent any drug treatment should be avoided. Insomnia may be due to worry, in such cases, a doctor's help can be taken.

Factors affecting Prenatal Development-

Maternal Age- Earlier we indicated that women who delay having children until they are in their thirties or forties face a greater risk of infertility, miscarriage, and giving birth to babies with chromosomal defects. Are other pregnancy problems more common for older mothers?

For many years. scientists thought that aging of the mother's reproductive organs increased the likelihood of a wide variety of pregnancy complications. Recently, this idea has been questioned. New studies reveal; that once serious health problems can also happen to a woman in 20 rather than a woman in the 40's. As long as the older woman is in good health, she can carry a baby successfully. Many studies reveal that the best age for a woman to bear a child is 23-29 years, the girl's reproductive organs are not well developed and hormones have not reached the maximum and optimum level of functioning. If above 35 years there are more chances of miscarriage, abnormalities, stillbirth, etc.

2. Previous Births- When a mother has already had several children, does her uterus start to wear out, so that more problems are experienced by later-born babies? This is another commonly held belief that has not been supported by research. One large study of over 50,000 pregnancies showed no relationship between a number of previous births and the overall rate of prenatal problems.

A few birth defects are more likely to occur in later pregnancies, but a worn-out uterus is not the cause of them. Instead, health problems have built up in these mothers over time, usually long-term exposure to a harmful environment. Maternal alcohol abuse is a good example. Maternal diet, disease, etc can affect the later pregnancies.

3. Maternal Disease- Illness of the mother affects the fetus's growth and development. If a mother has diabetes, the baby can have the possibility of having diabetes or physical abnormalities or abortion. Jaundice causes damage to the liver and may result in the birth of a premature child. If the mother is suffering from chickenpox, it may affect the ear and heart of the fetus. Mother having rubella causes bigot's spot to baby from birth, deafness, and affects the heart, ear, and brain.
4. Radiation- When mothers are exposed to radiation during pregnancy, additional harm can come to the embryo or fetus. defects due to radiation were tragically apparent in the children born to pregnant Japanese women who survived the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War 2. Miscarriage, slow physical growth, an underdeveloped brain, and malformations of the skeleton and eyes were common. Research suggests that it takes large quantities of radiation over an extended period of time to damage the ovum and sperm before conception. In contrast, once prenatal development os underway, even low-level radiation from medical X-rays or leakage in the workplace may not be safe. Women need to tell their doctor if they are pregnant or trying to become pregnant before having X-ray examinations. They also avoid work environments in which they might be exposed to X-rays.
5. Medicines [ Prescription and Non-prescription Drugs]- Just about any drugs taken by the mother can enter the embryonic or fetal bloodstream. In the early 1960s, the world learned the tragic lesson about drugs and prenatal development. At that time, a sedative called thalidomide was widely available in Europe, Canada, and South America. Although the embryos of test animals were not harmed by it, in humans it had drastic effects. When it was taken by mothers between the 4 to 6 weeks after conception, thalidomide produced gross deformities of the embryo's developing arms and legs. About 7,000 infants around the world were affected in this way. In addition to this, as children exposed to thalidomide grew older, a large number of them scored below average in intelligence. Perhaps, the drug damages the Central Nervous system directly.
Despite the bitter lesson of thalidomide, many pregnant women continue to take over the counter drugs without consulting with the doctors. Aspirin is one of them. Several studies suggest that repeated use of aspirin is linked to low birth weight, infant death around the time o birth, poorer motor development, and lower intelligence test scores in early childhood. Another frequently consumed drug is caffeine, contained in coffee. Heavy caffeine intake is associated with prematurity, miscarriage, and newborn withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, and vomiting.
6. Smoking- In early 1970, scientists already suspected that exposure to a potentially addictive drug contained in cigarettes, nicotine, was dangerous to the embryo and fetus. Today, the evidence is quite clear. The most well-known effect of smoking during pregnancy is low birth weight. Bt the likelihood of other serious consequences, such as prematurity, miscarriage, and infant death is also increased. The more cigarette a mother smokes, the greater the chances that her baby will be affected. Even when a bay of a smoking mother appears to be born in good physical conditions, slight behavioral abnormalities may threaten the child's development. They are less responsive to their surroundings than other infants.
Investigators have begun to discover exactly to nicotine before birth harm the fetus. Nicotine causes the placenta to grow abnormally. As a result, the transfer of nutrients is reduced, and the fetus gains weight poorly. Also, smoking raises the concentration of carbon monoxide in the bloodstreams of both mother and fetus. Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen from red blood cells. It damages the central nervous system and reduced birth weight in the fetuses of laboratory animals. Similar effects may occur in humans as well.
7. Alcohol- Michael Dorris [1989], a Dartmouth University anthropology professor, wrote "The Broken Cord". In this moving story, Dorris describes what it was like to raise his adopted son Adam, whose biological mother drank heavily throughout the pregnancy and diest of alcohol poisoning shortly after his birth,. Adam as 3 years old when he came into Dorri's life. He was short and underweight and had a vocabulary of only 20 words. But Dorris was sure that with extra care and attention, Adam would overcome these problems.
Unfortunately, Adam's difficulties did not go away. Although he ate well, Adam grew slowly and remained painfully thin. He was prone to infection and had repeated brain seizures. His vocabulary did not expand like that of normal preschoolers. When he was 7, special testing reveals that Adam's intelligence was below average and that he had difficulty concentrating. At age 12, he could not add, subtract, or identify the town in which he lived. Around that time, Dorris learned the cause of Adam's problems. A counselor who worked with Native American adolescents looked at a photograph of Adam and noticed his small head, flat nose, and droopy eyelids. "FAS, too, huh!". Now a man in his 20's has difficulty keeping a routine job and suffer from pooer judgments case, along with many other like it, reveals that the damage done by alcohol to the embryo and fetus cannot be undone.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [FAS] is the scientific name of Adam's condition. Mental retardation, poor attention, and overactivity are typical of children with FAS. They face slow physical growth, and facial pattern abnormalities like widely spaced eyes, short eyelid openings, a small upturned nose, a thin upper lip. the small head of these children indicates that the brain has been prevented from reached full development. Other defects- of the eyes, ears, nose, throat, heart, genitals, urinary tract, or immune system-- might also be present.
Sometimes, children do not display all of these abnormalities of FAS, only some of them. In these cases, the child is said to suffer from Fetal Alcohol Effects [FAE]. Usually, the mother of these children drank alcohol in smaller quantities.
8. Rh Blood Incompatibility- When inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, in some instances the incompatibility can cause serious problems. The most common cause of these difficulties is a blood protein called the Rh factor.
These are two blood group systems ABO i.e. [A, B, AB, O] and Rh factor i.e. [Rh+; Rh-]. If Rh-factor is present in blood we are said to be Rh-positive. If Rh- factor is absent, we are said to be Rh-negative. When the mother is Rh-negative {leacks the protein] and the father is Rh-positive {has the protein}, the baby may inherit the father's Rh-positive blood type. That Rh-positive blood is dominant and Rh-negative blood is recessive, so the chances are good that a baby is dominant and Rh-positive. In most pregnancies, some maternal and fetal blood cells manage to cross the placenta during the third trimester or at the time of birth, usually in small enough amounts to be quite safe. But if even a little of a fetus's Rh-positive blood passes into a mother's Rh negative bloodstream, she began to form antibodies to the foreign Rh protein. If these enter the fetus's system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to the fetus. Miscarriage, mental retardation, damage to the heart muscle, and death around the time of birth can occur. If a baby of a Rhesus positive father and Rhesus negative mother has Rh-positive, a child's blood cells may get into the mother's bloodstream during pregnancy. Her blood may react against the factor and produce antibodies that enter the fetal circulation via the placenta and destroy its blood cells. The fetus usually dies, and if it survives, it suffers from severe jaundice and anemia [Erythroblastosis]. The chances of this are more in subsequent pregnancies. The first pregnancy is unaffected.
Since it takes time for the mother to produce Rh antibodies, firstborn children are rarely affected. the danger increases with each additional pregnancy. Fortunately, the damaging effects of Rh incompatibility can be prevented in most cases. After the birth of each Rh-positive baby, Rh-negative mothers are routinely given a vaccine called RhoGam, which prevents the buildup of antibodies in the mother's system. However, sometimes errors are made in maternal blood typing, and the mother's production of antibodies is not controlled. In these cases, blood transfusions can be performed immediately after birth if the baby is in danger or, if necessary, even before the baby is born.

9. Maternal Emotional state- When women experience severe emotional stress during pregnancy, their babies are at risk for a wide variety of difficulties. Intense anxiety is associated with a higher rate of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, and newborn respiratory illness. it is also related to certain physical defects, such as the cleft palate and pyloric stenosis.
How can maternal emotion affect the baby's development? before this just understand that How your own body feels when we experienced fear and anxiety, stimulant hormones are released into our bloodstream. These cause us to be "poised for action". A large amount of blood is sent to parts of the body involved in the defensive response- the brain, the uterus, is reduced as a result, the fetus is deprived of a full supply of oxygen and nutrients. Women who experienced long term anxiety likely to smoke, eat poorly, and engage in the negative outcomes observed in their babies.
10. Maternal Nutrients- Children grow more rapidly during the parental period than at any other phase of development. During this time, they depend totally on the mother for nutrients to support their growth. Prenatal malnutrition can cause serious damage to the central nervous system. The poorer the mother's diet, the greater the loss in brain weight, especially if malnutrition occurred during the last 3 months of pregnancy. During that time brain is developing rapidly and required more nutrients, to reach its full potential.
11- AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases [STD]- It is Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It is a disease caused by human immune deficiency virus {HIV} which affects the functioning of our immune system. A fetus can be affected by HIV as it can be passed by the placenta or after birth through breast milk. STDs like Gonorrhea affect the mother by causing infertility, miscarriages, Ectopic pregnancy, and in the fetus, it causes premature birth. The other STC is Herpes affects mother by giving pregnancy complications and miscarriages and in the fetus, it caused infections in the skin, mouth, and eyes, open pores, causes brain damage, blindness or death of the newborn. Other STD's are like Syphilis and Chlamydia affects the central nervous system of the mother, brain and spinal cord, which can lead to seizures, blindness can damage fallopian tubes, uterus and mother can experience ectopic pregnancy and miscarriages. Baby can face neonatal death, stillbirth, fever, weakened crying sounds, yellowish skin, anemia, eye infection, pneumonia, and various other deformities.

Care During Pregnancy-

1] Diet- A woman's diet before conceiving can affect her child's future health. Her diet during pregnancy is more important. A well-balanced diet helps in giving birth to a healthy baby. A pregnant woman who gains 20 pounds at least is less likely to miscarry or has a baby who is stillborn or underweight.

2] Physical Care- Physical care during this period is very essential. It includes bathing, care of teeth and breast, clothing, etc.

3] Rest and Excercise- Pregnant women should take adequate rest when required. she should lay in a comfortable position. Rest reduces fatigue and blood supply to fetus becomes proper. Moderate exercise does no harm to a healthy woman. Mother can jog, swim, cycle, etc. Regular exercise helps in preventing constipation, improve circulation, respiration, better muscle tone, contribute to easier and safe delivery.

4] Antenatal checkup - This is to ensure that the mother should be fit and healthy and that there are no complications during pregnancy. In the checkup, the urine is tested for protein and glucose. The blood test is done for finding blood group, hemoglobin level, screening test, HIV test, Ulta sound test, etc. In also make woman familiar with a gynecologist who will help her in the labor.

5] Personal and Environmental hygiene- It also should be maintained. Pregnant women should undergo all the above-mentioned tests, keep herself by taking good rest, exercise in moderation, eat balanced meals. SHe must go for walks in fresh air and sunlight. To ensure healthy children she must also be cheerful and not be anxious or stressed.

6] Immunization- Regular immunization of Tetanus injections, usually in the third trimester is advised to pregnant women. Before pregnancy women can take a rubella vaccine is she is not immune to it.

7] Attitude- One of the most influential factors affect pregnancy is the attitude of pregnant women and their families towards her. If pregnancy is planned so attitude is positive but if it is unplanned the attitude is negative, which causes stress in women's life and her mind gets disturbed. The husband blames the wife for pregnancy, and later they make the child unwanted. A positive attitude towards pregnancy and motherhood is a must.

Overview- As we learned the early and late symptoms of the pregnancy and also we get to know about the danger signals during pregnancy [minor and major], and also we talked about the factors affecting prenatal development and lastly what care pregnant women should keep in mind.

Stages of Prenatal Development- Meaning of Menstruation, period cycle,Menorrhagia,Ovulation and stage of zygote, embryonic development and stages of Fetal growth.

2020-04-14T18:36:00.000+05:30

The pregnancy period is a very important period in any couple's life, it is also a very complicated period. This total 9-month, wait to see a baby is really difficult and full of patience. Here the mother can feel the appearance of the baby in the womb but the father can't experience all such activity. Many of you are not aware of, how the fetal growth in the womb takes place in that 9 months, and what are the stages of prenatal development week by week, month by month and trimester by trimester. many of you are not aware of such an important point of prenatal development and we also cover embryonic development, fetal development, which is very important for new parents.
Before going into deep about prenatal development, let us understand the menstrual cycle. Most couples are unaware of the menstrual cycle and them unable to plan their baby accordingly, it also leads to an unplanned pregnancy.

Menstrual Cycle

Females of reproductive age experiencing cycles of hormonal activity that repeat at about one-month intervals.[Menstru means "monthly"; hence the term menstrual cycle].
Menstruation meaning refers to the periodic shedding of the uterine lining or refers to the discharge of blood and mucus from the uterus. It occurs in women from puberty till menopause, at regular intervals of about a month. The average menstrual or period cycle takes about 28 days. The time at which menstruation first begins it in girls is called menarche. It corresponds to the period of puberty. The release of the egg cell to the outer end of the uterine tube is called ovulation. Ovulation occurs midway of every menstrual cycle. The actual age at which cycle occur varies according to the individual's race, climate, social condition, health, etc. In India most girls begin to menstruate between the ages of 9 and 14 years, The duration of the cycle is 3-5 days.

Changes during puberty.

Puberty is the time when there are a lot of hormonal changes in a girl are observed, changes are not only physically but also psychologically. These changes are divided into primary and secondary changes of puberty.
Primary changes are easily noticed, like all physical changes that occur are, changes in height weight, breast size, pimples and acne on the skin. The body produces more sweat giving out a body odor, hair grew under public areas like arms, legs and also vaginal discharge begins. The secondary changes are like psychological changes such as increased shyness, feeling of the reserve, mood swings, and awakening of sexual feelings are experienced.
There is a condition called Precocious puberty, which is early puberty which is a condition when puberty occurs at an early age.
Many girls worried that cycles are irregular at the beginning. But this is normal. It takes a while for the body to settle, which could be a few years after the cycle becomes regular. Many girls face the Menorrhagia, which is abnormally heavy bleeding during the period cycle. Periodic headaches and general upsets of health and stomach pain are common. Cramps are also normal. They can be relieved by keeping a hot water bag, taking a bath with warm water or doing gentle exercises.

Care during menses/Mensturartion.

Though the menstrual cycle is a natural process. It is necessary for girls to have habits of physical hygiene right from childhood. It is important to take special care during the period od menstruation which is as follows:-

If the menstrual cycle is not regular or extends, has pain, heavy periods or very little bleeding, then doctors' advice should be taken.
The bath should be taken twice a day with warm water.
In olden days women would use cotton pad which was not enough protection. It could be embarrassing as it could be smelly, sometimes could leak and stain. So sanitary pads should be used. It should be changed every 3/4 hrs, or as per flow if the flow is more than changed accordingly. One should always clean the hands with soap after using them. It should be disposed of in a safe manner by wrapping it in a paper and putting it in the waste bins.
Personal hygiene should be maintained.
Any medicine for any pain should be taken as per the doctor's advice.

Meaning of Conception and Fertilization:-

Fertilization is the process by which sperm and ova combine to create a single cell called a zygote. Fertilization occurs within 24 hrs after the ovum moves to the tube. The sperm are contained in a fluid called semen, which deposited at the neck of the womb during intercourse. The sperm is drawn up into the fallopian tube by hormonal attraction and muscular contraction. The sperm secrete an enzyme that disappears wall from around the ovum, once sperm reaches to ovum it penetrates the cytoplasm. This leads to change in the membrane of the ovum in such a way that no other sperm can now enter it.

Fertilized ovum slowly travels to the uterus and moves for 5-6 days in the uterus to find a place it gets implanted in the uterus walls of the uterus. This process is known as Implantation. The yolk sac is formed around the ovum cells until the implantation is completed as it provides nourishment to the ovum. Once the implantation process is over, yolk Sac disappears.

Importance of Fertilization:-

Fertilization is most likely if intercourse occurs on the day of ovulation. If fertilization does not occur, the ovum and sperm cell in women body dies.
At the time of conception/Fertilization or few important things like the following are determined.

Heredity endowment
Sex of the child
Number of offsprings or children

1] Heredity endowment- This is an important factor influences development right from the prenatal stage. It is the genetic endowment inherited from biological parents at the time of conception. When ovum and sperm unite, they endow the baby to be with a genetic makeup that influences a wide range of characteristics such as the color of skin, hair, height, health, intellect, etc.

2] Sex determination- Sex of the child is also confirmed at the time of conception. Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs are called autosomes and one pair which is especially concerned with the determination of sex is called sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes are either 'X chromosomes' or 'Y chromosomes'. The sex chromosomes of every ovum is an X chromosome, but the sperm may contain either an X or Y chromosomes. When an ovum [X] is fertilized by a sperm containing X chromosomes, the zygote formed has a pair of XX chromosomes. This composition is female, an organism is formed. When an ovum [X] is fertilized by sperm containing Y chromosomes, the zygote has XY pair and the male organism is formed.

It is clear that the sex of a child is decided by the chromosomes of the father. It is a natural process. Parents are not responsible for sex determination but the chromosome of the father determines the sex.

3] Number of Offspring- The important condition determined at the time of conception is whether the birth will be single or multiple. A term multiple refers to the birth of two or more babies in the same pregnancy. They can be twins, triplets, etc. Singletons are children who are born alone.
There are two types of twins; identical and non-identical [fraternal].
1-- Identical / Uni-ovular twins- Identical twins come from a single ovum fertilized by a single sperm,. They are formed from one fertilized ovum, they are of same-sex i.e, both boys, or girls
2-- Fraternal/ Non-identical twins- Two different ova fertilized by different sperm simultaneously. Such are fraternal twins. They can be of same-sex or different. Their genetic makeup is different.

Identical twins Fraternal Twins

Stages of Prenatal Development-

The prenatal period is a period of conception to birth. The length of this period is 280 days,38 weeks and 9 months.
This period is divided into 3 stages:-

Period of Ovum [conception-2 weeks]
Period of the embryo [ 3- 8 weeks]
Period of the fetus [ 9 weeks till birth or 38 weeks]

Period of Ovum/ zygote [ conception- 2 weeks] This is a period about 2 weeks, from conception to implantation [fixation of the ovum in uterine walls]. Until the tiny mass of cells drifts down and out of the fallopian tube and attaches itself to the wall of the uterus. The fertilized egg is known as a zygote. The zygote's first duplication is a long process, it is not complete until about 30 hrs after conception. Then gradually, new cells are added faster rate. it starts dividing into 4,8,16 and then sub-divided into many cells. Finally, a cluster of many cells is formed which is known as "Morula". by the fourth day, 60-70 cells exist that form a hollow, fluid-filled ball, called a blastocyst. The next division of cells is within this cluster where a small cavity is formed and gets into a stage of the "Blastula stage". The cells on the inside called the embryonic disk will become a new organism, the outer ring provide protective coverage. This travels to the uterus and gets implanted. Sometimes, it gets implanted into the fallopian tube which is called tubal/ ectopic pregnancy. The tube gets ruptured due to the growth of the embryo which leads the bleeding. In such cases, the embryo is removed by surgery.

Implantation, sometimes between the 7 and 9 days, it occurs: the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and established a connection with the mother's blood vessels. This blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining. surrounded by the women's nourishing blood. When implantation takes place there are some hormonal changes that prevent menstruation which lets women know that she has conceived. At first, the protective outer layer multiplies the fastest. A membrane called amnion is formed that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. It helps to keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the mother's movement. A yolk sac also appears. It produces blood cells until the developing liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function. The events of these 2 weeks are delicate and uncertain. As many as 30% of zygotes do not make it through this phase. In some, the sperm and ovum do not join properly. By preventing implantation in these cases, nature eliminates most prenatal abnormalities in the very early stages of development.

The placenta and Umbilical cord- By the end of the second week, another protective membrane, called Chorion, surrounds the amnion. From the chorion, tiny finger-like villi, or blood vessels begins to emerge. As these villi burrow into the uterine walls, a special organ called placenta starts to develop. By bringing the mother's and embryo's blood close together, the placenta will permit food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away. A membrane forms that allow these substances to be exchanged but prevents the mother's and embryo's blood from mixing directly. The placenta is connected to the developing baby by the umbilical cord. which develops in further stages. The umbilical cord contains one large artery that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two veins that remove waste products. The force of blood flowing through the cord keeps it firm, much like space-walking astronauts, floats freely in its fluid-filled chamber. By the end of the Period of Zygote, the developing organism has found food and shelter in the uterus. These dramatic beginnings take place before all but the most sensitive mother knows that she is pregnant.

Period of Embryo- [3-8 weeks] The period of embryo lasts from implantation through the eight weeks of pregnancy. In this period, the internal organs and body structures of the embryo develop. During these brief 6 weeks, the most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork for all body structures, and internal organs are laid down. Because all parts of the body are forming, the embryo is especially vulnerable to interference in healthy development. But the fact is that embryonic growth takes place quickly, over a short time span, limits opportunities for serious harm to occur. Growth Of Embryo-

Last half of the first month- In the first week of this period, the embryonic disk differentiates into 3 layers of cells, which are:-

Ectoderm [outer layer]- It forms the skins, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, brain, spinal cord, etc. All surface parts of the body developed from this layer.

Mesoderm [middle layer]- It forms the skeleton, circulatory system, reproductive system, i.e. the parts that surround internal areas of the body are formed from these layers.

Endoderm [inner layer]- It forms the lungs, digestive system, urinary tract. i.e. Formation of internal body parts. The period of an embryo is marked by the development of vital organs and other body structures called 'organogenesis'. These three layers give rise to all parts of the body. At first, the nervous system develops faster. At 3 and a half weeks, the top swells to form a brain, the production of neurons begins inside the neural tube. While the nervous system is developing, the heart begins to pump blood around the embryo's circulatory system, and muscles, backbone, ribs, the digestive tract start appear. At the end of 1 month, the curled embryo consists of millions of an organized group of cells with specific functions, although it is only 1/4 of an inch long. The Second Month- In the second moth grow continuos rapidly. The eyes, ears, nose, jaw, neck form. Tiny buds become arms, legs, fingers, and toes. Internal organs are more distinct. The intestine grows, the heart develops separate chambers, and the liver and spleen take over the production of blood cells so that the yolk sac is no longer needed. This changes the body proportion of the embryo. Now inch long and one-seventh of an ounce in weight, the embryo can already sense its world. In response to touch particularly in the areas of the mouth and on the soles of the feet. And it can move, although its tinny flutters are still too light to be felt by the mother.

3] Period of Foetus [9 weeks till birth]-

Lasting until the end of pregnancy, the period of the fetus is the "growth and finishing" phase. During this longest prenatal period, the developing organism begins to increase rapidly in size.

Growth Of Foetus-
Stage of fetal development.

*The third month- In the 3rd month, the organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected. The brain signals and in response, the fetus kicks, bends its arms, form a fist, curls its toes, open its mouth, and even such the thumb. The tiny lungs begin to expand and contract in an early rehearsal of breathing movement. By 12 weeks, the external genitals are well-formed, and the sex of the fetus is evident. Other finishing touches appear, such as fingernails, toenails, tooth buds, and eyelids open and close. The heartbeat is now stronger and the doctor can hear through a stethoscope.

Prenatal development is divided into trimester or 3 equal periods of time. at the end of 3 months, the first trimester is completed. The two more must pass before is fully prepared to survive outside the womb.

* The second Trimester- Between 17 and 20 weeks age, the new being has grown large enough that its movements can be felt by the mother. In the uterus, the fetus is fully covered with white cheeselike substances called Vernix. It protects the skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid. A white, downy hair covering called lanugo also appears over the entire body, helping the vernix strick to skin.

At the end of the second trimester, many organs are quite well developed. In brain development, all neurons are now in place. No kore will be produced in the individual's lifetime. However, glial cells, which supports and feed neurons, continue to increase at a rapid rate throughout the remaining months of pregnancy, as well as after birth. The 20 weeks old fetus can be stimulated as well as irritated by sounds. And if a doctor has reason to look inside the uterus with fetoscopy, fetuses try to shield their eyes from the light with their hands, indicating that sense of sight has begun to emerge. Still, a fetus born at this time cannot survive. Its slings are quite immature, and the brain is yet to developed to the point at which it can control breathing movements and body temperature.

*The Third Trimester- The final trimester of the pregnancy differs from the previous 6 months in that if born early, the fetus now has changed for survival outside the womb. It is because called the age of Viability. It occurs sometimes between 22 and 26 weeks. If born between 7 and 8 months, breathing would still be a problem, and oxygen assistance would be necessary. Although the respiratory center of a brain is now mature, tiny air sacs in the lungs are not yet ready to inflate and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. At this time, the fetus responds more clearly to sounds in the external world. The fetus reaches with a forceful startle. By 28 weeks, fetuses blink their eyes in reaction to nearby sounds. In the last weeks of pregnancy, they learn to prefer the tone and rhythm of their mother's voice.
During the final 3 trimesters, the fetuses gain more than 5 pounds and grow 7 inches. As it fills the uterus, it gradually becomes less active. In 8 months, a layer of fat added under its skin to assist with temperature regulation. The fetus also receives antibodies from the mother's blood that protect it from illnesses that could be dangerous to the newborn, whose immune system will not work well until several months after birth. In the last weeks, most fetuses assume an upside-down position, because of the shape of the uterus and because the head is heavier than feet. The growth of the fetus starts to slow, and birth is about to take place. The length is about 50 cm and the weight is 2600 to 3500gm. Skin is smooth and pink, digestive, respiratory, circulatory system are fully developed. Baby is fully developed and capable of living in the outside world.

Importance of Fetal period- Major parts of the body are completed un a rudimentary form. Since the nervous system is maturing, mental growth may be affected, if there are any adverse conditions. Any deficiency in nutrition can cause unsound teeth and jaw face defects. The danger of miscarriages depends on prenatal conditions. Moreover the attitude of the mother, her anxiety, etc. can affect the birth and delivery process.

Overview- The vast changes that take place during pregnancy are usually divided into three trimesters. In the period of the zygote, the tiny- one called fertilized ovum begins to duplicate and implants itself in the uterine lining. Structures that will feed and protect the developing organism begins to form. During the period of the embryo, the foundations for all body tissues and organs are rapidly laid down. The longest prenatal phase, the period of fetal development, is devoted to growth in size and completion of body systems.

Planning of Parenthood, importance of having children, age of becoming parents, and information about Reproductive system.

2020-04-11T20:22:00.003+05:30

The prenatal period refers to the period from conception to the birth of a child. The fertilization of the ovum [egg cell] by the sperm is a starting point of new life. A sperm penetrates into the egg cell which is known as fertilization or conception. The average length of time to complete the prenatal development is about 36 weeks from the date of conception. During this type, a single cell zygote develops in a series of stages into a full-term baby. Before discussing prenatal development let's discuss some major points of parenthood. We already discussed the factors influencing child development, Hereditary and environmental factors that support healthy growth as well as those cause permanent damage. Then we will study about prenatal period marks an important transitional phase in the lives of expectant parents.

Why Have Children?

The reason for having children is dependant on the couple only. In India, children are very important for married couples. In India, marriage and family are an important social institution. as the primary function of marriage in India is to procreate and upbringing of children. The main aim of marriage is to establish a family. Earlier the children are very important for any couple and childless couple especially women are treated as taboo for society and treated as evil. But as the status of women changed a lot of changes one can be observed in the family patterns. Nowadays, a couple can decide their parenthood, or whether they want to become a parent or not, they can also go for a sterilization process. The earlier couple decided to have more children as it becomes their working hands and boosts the family's economic conditions. But nowadays, the number of children is decreased and a couple decided to have single children's families or two children or childlessness. Effective birth control techniques help to avoid accidental parenthood and help in family planning. The reason for the desire of children is different for every couple. For some, it is family pressure, religious needs, for a growing family, the couple believes that children can increase couple love and some believe that it is not true.etc. for certain couples having children means extra burden and responsibilities, loss of freedom, financial strain are the biggest disadvantages of parenthood for many couples. So there are various pros and cons of parenthood. But nowadays, many couples are making personal choices about becoming parents.

Benefits and cons of Parenthood

Benefits·

· Giving and receiving warmth and affection

· Experiencing the stimulation and fun that children add to life

· Learning to become less selfish and to sacrifice.

· Being accepted as a responsible and mature member if the community

· Experiencing new growth and learning opportunities that add meaning to life

· Gaining a sense of accomplishment and creativity from helping children grew

· Helping in old age

Cons

o Loss of freedom, being tied down

o Financial strain

o Fear that children will turn out badly

o Worries over children’s health, safety, and wellbeing.

o Loss of Privacy

o Risks of bringing up children in a world plagued by crime, war, and pollution

o Reduced time to spend with husband or wife

o Interference with career, mainly of the mother.

o Lots of adjustment difficulties related to money, the Sex life of parents, household work, social adjustments, etc.

How large the family is?

Earlier having children in India is directly connected with the economy. Too many working hands means lots of financial help. But in modern times where the family pattern is nuclear so couple prefers, single or 2 children. Those who live in a joint family may prefer more than 2 kids. But many researches have proved that it is a benefit for children to grow in small families. Parents who have fewer children are more patient and useless punishments. They also have more time to devote to each child's activities, school work, and other special needs. Together these findings may account for the fact that children who grow up in smaller families have somewhat higher intelligence test scores, do better in schools, and achieve independence earlier.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the one-child family

Advantages

Mentioned by Parents	Mentioned by Children
· Having time to pursue one’s own interests and career.	· Avoiding sibling rivalry
· Less financial pressure	· Having more privacy
· Not having to worry about “playing favorites” among children.	· Having a closer parent-child relationship.

Dis-advantages

Mentioned by Parents	Mentioned by Children
· It is difficult to distinguish between healthy attention and overindulgence/over protection.	· Not getting to experience the closeness of a sibling relationship.
· Having only one chance to practice healthy parenting skills.	· Feeling too much pressure from parents to succeed.
· Being left childless in case of a child’s career, after child’s marriage or child’s death.	· Difficult to share everything with parents because of the generation gap.
	· Career-oriented parents make the child feel lonely and indulge in bad habits.

Best time for having Children?

If we talk about Indian couples, as we already read that the main aim of marriage is family planning. An earlier, when child marriage was high at the peak at that time, parents think that as soon as a girl achieves puberty it is a sign as she is ready to give birth to the child, that's why child marriage practice a lot. But due to Industrialization, Urbanization, lot's of technological advancements changed the mindset of the people. Many doctors proved that 23 to 25 was the ideal age of becoming a mother. Many women also become a mother in the late '30s.

Nowadays, many couples are putting off childbearing until their careers are well established and they know they can support a child. Older parents may be somewhat less energetic than they wee at ana earlier age, but they are financially better off and more emotionally mature. Yes, fertility does decline with age. Older women who want to have children may find it more difficult to conceive, and also a greater number of miscarriages occur with advancing age. the couples who decide to put off child-birth until well into their 30 or early 40 do risk the possibility that they may not have children. Many couples nowadays, as women are empowered and are career-oriented so they mainly opt for adoption or Surrogacy.

Prenatal Period:-

prenatal period refers to the period from conception to the birth of a child. The fertilization of the egg cell, ovum by the sperm is a starting point of the new life. A sperm penetrates into the egg cell which is known as fertilization or conception. Prenatal development refers to the process in which a baby develops from a single cell after conception into an embryo and later a fetus.

The average length of time for prenatal development to complete is 36-38 weeks from the date of conception/Fertilization. During this time, a single cell zygote develops in a series of stages into a full-term baby. In order to understand the above process, we need to understand the male and female reproductive system and its functioning.

Fertilization is the process by which sperm and ova combine to create a single cell called a zygote. Fertilization occurs within 24 hrs after the ovum moves to the tube. The sperm are contained in a fluid called semen, which deposited at the neck of the womb during intercourse. The sperm is drawn up into the fallopian tube by hormonal attraction and muscular contraction. The sperm secrete an enzyme that disappears wall from around the ovum, once sperm reaches to ovum it penetrates the cytoplasm. This leads to change in the membrane of the ovum in such a way that no other sperm can now enter it. Fertilized ovum slowly travels to the uterus and moves for 5-6 days in the uterus to find a place it gets implanted in the uterus walls of the uterus. This process is known as Implantation. The yolk sac is formed around the ovum cells until the implantation is completed as it provides nourishment to the ovum. Once the implantation process is over, yolk Sac disappears.

In order to understand the above process, we need to understand the male and female reproductive system and its functioning.

Male Reproductive system

The male reproductive system consists of penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles.

Penis- Penis is a Latin word meaning tail. It is the main sexual organs made of glans, shaft, and root. It is composed of spongy like tissues. The urethra passes through the penis i.e. it is surrounded by erectile tissue. When the tissue becomes engorged with the blood the penis becomes erect and rigid. The root is attached to the wall of the abdomen; the body is the shaft, and the glans are the cone-shaped end of the penis. The glans, which is also called as head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called the foreskin. The opening of the urethra, the tube that transports semen and urine, is the time of the glans. The penis also contains a number of sensitive nerve endings.
Scrotum- The scrotum is a loose pouch-like sac of the skin, on either side of the penis. It contains the testicles [testes], as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum act as a climate control system for the testes. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than the body temperature.
Testes- They lie in the scrotum, the two major functions of testes are:-to produce sperm and to produce male hormone- testosterone. Inside the testes are a number of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These are responsible for producing sperm cells.

Male Reproductive System
Epididymis- It is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testis. It helps in the transport and storage of the sperm cells that are produced in the testes. The function is to bring the sperm to maturity since the sperms that emerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual intercourse, contractions force the sperm into the vas deference. The average length of the epididymis in 20 feet.
Vas deferens- A continuation of Epididymis. It travels from epididymis into the pelvic cavity, just behind the bladder. It joins the prostrate, receiving secretions from the seminal vesicle, the prostate, and bulbourethral glands. The vas deference opens into the urethra. It transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculations.
Urethra- The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In males, it has the additional functioning of ejaculating semen, when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.
Prostate gland- It is a walnut-sized structure that is located below the urinary bladder in from of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to ejaculate. It also helps to nourish the sperm. The urethra, which carries the sperm to be expelled during orgasm, runs through the center of the prostate gland.
Seminal vesicles- It is situated on the side or near the base of the bladder. Their ducts pass through the prostate and into the urethra. The seminal vesicles store sperms and produce a sugar-rich fluid [fructose] that provides sperms with a source of energy and helps with the sperm's motility. The fluid of seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculations.

Female Reproductive System

A female reproductive system is created to carry out certain functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called ova. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tube. After conception, the baby develops in the uterus which is a safe and favorable environment, before it makes the way into the outside world. If fertilization does not take place than menstruation occurs, [ the monthly shedding of the uterine lining]. The female reproductive system also produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle. Female reproductive includes external and internal structures. To enable the sperms to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from the infectious organisms. The main external, organs of the female reproductive system include:

Labia majora- The labia majora encloses and protects other external reproductive organs. It means large lips, After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair.
Labia minora- It means small lips, They lie just inside the labia majora, and surrounded the openings to the vagina and urethra.
Clitoris- Labia majora and Labia minora meet at what is called the clitoris, which is very sensitive to stimulation and becomes erect.

The female internal organs consist of pf Ovaries/gonads, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina.

Female Reproductive System

Uterus- It is a small hollow muscular organ. Its size and shape are of inverted pear. Placed at the top of the Vagina. It is placed between the bladder in front and rectum behind. Its width is 5cm, the length is 7.5cm and the thickness is 2- 2.5cm. The weight of the uterus is 50-60 grams.
Vagina- It is a hollow tube. its length is around 7-10 cm. The upper part of Vagina is divided into anterior, posterior, right and left lateral. At the lower end of fold known as HYMEN, It receives the erect penis during intercourse. It allows the passage of menstrual flow. It serves as a birth canal. The function od Vagina is to absorb the sperm of men during intercourse, to expel menstrual shedding and to give birth to a baby.
Fallopian and uterine tubes- To the right and left of the uterus are two tubes; each is 10-12 cm long. The tube is narrow where it enters the uterus and wide at its outer end close to the ovary. The muscles in the tube are arranged such that the contents are squeezed into the uterus. The outer end has a number of fingers like projections which stretch towards the ovary and pick up the egg cell. Fertilization occurs in the tube after which the fertilized egg is passed into the uterus.
Ovaries- Ovaries lie on each side of the pelvis, near to the outer end of the uterine tubes. Ovaries are connected to the uterus by an ovarian ligament. They are hollow almond-shaped. The length is 3 cm, width 2 cm, and the thickness is 1 cm. Ovaries serve two functions, #They produce egg cell ova and # Produce female hormone- estrogen and progesterone.

Each ovary contains about 200 thousand ova in early life but they decrease with age and disappear after menopause. Apprx, around 400 actually develop and released at monthly intervals into the uterine tubes from the time of menarche till menopause.

14 Myths about teachers in India.

2020-04-08T17:13:00.001+05:30

Status of teachers in India [Earlier][Contemporary]
Teachers play a very important role in shaping any countries future by educating children. In India, teachers have given a very respected position called them Guru in ancient time but now the importance of teachers become less because of Technology. When we talk about the early period during the period of Mahabharata Ekalavya an archer, he cut his thumb for Dhronacharya, his Guru [teacher] for presenting as Gurudhakshana [teaching fees]. Earlier students give lots of respect to the teachers and for seeking education did a lot of hard work and also the house chores of their gurus. But when we talk about now, the role and status of teachers have changed a lot. As in this competitive world, the teacher had a lot of stress because every parent wants their children to score good marks and this creates pressure for the teacher. Other changes in the respect which teacher received earlier are missing because, a lot of social media platforms, create memes and funny videos related to teacher's image, which somehow portrait the wrong image about teachers. Woman as a sexy teacher and all such images. Which shaming the teaching profession. The teaching field is totally changed and a lot of crime which performs by a teacher like Man assaults lady teacher inside the classroom, held, Police book music teacher for abusing a 17-year-old student and many more.

So let's discuss 14 Myths about teachers in India.

Woman and Teaching:- The biggest myths about the teaching field is it is connected by gender. In India, before independence women have to face a lot of restrictions like social restrictions, women not allowed to do jobs but after independence, due to struggle of many social reformers and due to industrialization and urbanization lot of changes had come in the status of women they are allowed to do jobs and but also they have to do the household work they can do a job like teacher but they not abe to choose professions like a police officer, pilot, engineer all these are dominant by the man only. The jobs like teaching and nurse are some jobs for women, which is fixed for the woman. This is stereotypes selection of job make the woman to only selected that jobs like teaching and so many women for achieving financial independence and to support in families economic upliftment they engaged in teaching field but not have that interest. This is how many women engaged in teaching and it becomes woman-dominated. Then as time changed, the limitation regarding professions are limited, many males can also have teaching institutes where they engaged in teaching, and women can be also in Army, Navy and all. So this is the biggest myths, Teaching is meet for woman only.
Being a teacher is so easy:- People believe that teaching is a very easy profession as compared to any other profession so not much importance is given to teachers. But in reality, teaching is the toughest profession and this is the profession that gives birth to the Future doctors, pilot Engineers, etc.
. Underestimate job:- People think that teacher only needs to teach nothing else they have to do but, in reality, the teacher plays a very important role in everyone's life as a childhood teacher school teachers, it can be music teacher, Yoga teacher any teacher they play a very important role in our future. For e.g., I want to give an example of mine. I had a Math teacher she hit me very badly for no reason that experience make me hate maths subject and this is the reason I hate math.
No importance of teacher in the development process of the child:- It means the parents who believe that teacher has no role in child development, and also teacher who feels the same is the biggest myth. As in development process teachers plays an important role, it can be social, moral, motor, language, creativity anything as we spend precious time of early years in school and teachers are the one who makes an effort to sharpen in our skills and knowledge and creativity through lots of activities. That's why pre-school teachers play a very important role in a child's life. They set the base for child further education.
High payment scale- Many choose the teaching profession because it gives a high salary and provides economic supports. But it is also a myth the fact is totally opposite to this. This job was too much work and less salary. In India is pay-scale was very low it starts from 5000-6000 for the freshers there are no Jobs available for a fresher. Recruitment in govt. schools are really difficult.
Teachers are very strict:- We always have such negative images of teachers, thanks to all those memes, and youtube videos who portrait such images about teachers. I personally believe that not all teachers have the same nature. Some teachers are very punctual and want their students to achieve success so they are strict so their students to work on time. The nature of every teacher differs.
Teaching is a very relaxing and comfortable job:- Other degree holders believe that teachers have the only a job to teach from a book, take attendance, check papers and be relax no work pressure to home. But in reality, it is actually the opposite it is a very stressful job, the teacher has a lot of pressure on the head to complete portion make the student do well in the exam. This long hours job, back to back classes, stand and teach, pressure on the vocal mechanism, pay attention to every student, make sure they able to understand, special attention to slow learners, this creates mental pressure on teachers.
Teachers have favorites:- Yes I agree with this, but again not all teachers are the same, there are teachers who have their favorites who are very active and energetic. Some teachers use their students to do their work and some treat everyone the same.
Teachers do only teaching:- It's not like that teacher are also engaging in a lot of activities in school colleges apart from teaching they have to prepare the students for annual days, for many competitions, preparing mark sheets and so on. As time changes the role of a teacher is also change it is not limited to the classroom.
Teachers forget their students:- I think not all the teachers do so. It may be because of their age they can forget student's face, but there are some teachers who remember their students by name or surname.
Less-educated can also become teacher:- The biggest myths which I heard the most is anyone can become a teacher. No specific qualifications are required and so on. The need for specific qualification is not much required in an earlier time when no such importance is given to education, but now education is very important and Technology makes everything complicated for primary teacher 1 year to complete the graduation it's compulsory and has to pass certain exams as well.
Technology makes teachers life easier:- As everyone knows Technology has its bone and bane. Everyone will concentrate on bone, but also this technology has it's negative effect as well. In the teaching field, Technology makes their work more complicated, now teachers are replacing through the smart-classroom and become secondary in the classroom.
Teachers know everything:- Teachers are also a human being, not a machine, through their experiences their knowledge becomes wider and wider. They also need to prepare for their concepts, they also give exams.
Teachers believe in Rote learning:- Offcourse not, teacher explain their concepts very well to their students and they make sure the concept of every child is clear. The teaching style of every teacher is different.

This is 14 Myths about teachers in India. which we discussed today in this post.

ECCED- Introduction to Early Childhood care Education and Development.

2020-04-06T20:21:00.001+05:30

Each one of us is aware of the latest trend of sending very young children to pre-schools and daycare right from the age of one and a half years or maybe even a little before. Earlier this was a rarity, something unheard of. Our parents and grandparents often wonder what these young babies can learn at such a young age. This is a debatable subject. One cannot dispute the fact that the early years, especially two and a half to six, are the foundation years, critical years and impressionable years. Whatever we impart to children at this age stays for life. This concept helps the child build his self-identity and to provide a stimulating environment, full of the enriching experiment. Today, the focus is not much on teaching but on active learning.

We all as ECCED professionals have this huge responsibility of training young impressionable minds and giving our nation robust and well- balanced individuals.

Let's start this journey of ECCED together.

What is Education?

Education is a process through which knowledge/ skills are gained either naturally/ spontaneously or through training.

What is intelligence?

Intelligence is a part of education. It is the mental ability to think logically, reason out, process the knowledge received, solve problems and adapt to the environment one is in. We have a fixed IQ [Intelligence Quotient]; however, with the right training and environment, we can help children achieve their real potential.

Key aspects of Education

Earlier, Latin thinker John. L believed that children were blank slates but in modern times this belief has changed and children are no more blank slates. They do possess prior knowledge due to increased exposure to the world than before. There is an explosion of information in today's world and the world has become smaller thanks to technology. We, therefore, cannot underestimate the prior knowledge children may already have. There are two ways to approach ECCED, one is teacher-centric and the other one is child-centric. In a teacher-centric approach, the teacher designs plans and executes her ideas, thoughts, and lessons using her materials. In child centric method, the teacher focuses on the interest, response and prior knowledge of her class and accordingly plans her lessons for active learning. The teacher can make learning more effective if she interacts with children, is sensitive to her children's interests, needs, and capabilities. She would need to evaluate her teaching styles.

What is Early Childhood Care Education and Development?

The term early childhood care education and development refers to the holistic [all round growth and development of the child] in the critical/foundation years. As per NAEYC [National Association for the Education of Young children], this age span is from birth to 8 years. As per India's NPE {National Policy of Education}, ECCED is the training given from 2 and a half to 8 and a half years.
However, the growth and the development of the child start at conception itself and therefore, care starts from conception. ECCED is the training given at an impressionable age span- between 2 and a half to 6 years. This is because during these foundation/critical years the growth and development are so rapid that whatever is learned is retained for life. These are the teachable moments for the language, concepts, habits, nutrition etc. Research also has proved that maximum brain development [parts of the brain], occurs by the age of 6. In the early years, the brain establishes connections and pathways rapidly; however, processing information like an adult still requires experience and training.

Why has ECCED gained so much importance over the years?

Over the years, there is a sudden boom in the preschool industry. Generations ago, children used to grow with 5-10 children in the same house when the joint family system existed. With nuclear families on the rise and a single child concept; one has to depend on pre-schools to create such an environment for young children. Apart from this, other socio-economic drivers include, increasing disposable income due to working parents, lack of time and space in cities, stress and rise in the number of working/educated women. There is also increased awareness of importance of pre-schools.

What are the aims and objectives of ECCED?

The questions that the purpose of sending children to a pre-school.

Is it just another gimmick to put pressure on children?

How does it benefit children?

Many parents feel that they turned out quite all right without having attended any pre-schools. So the question is If one decides to send their child to a pre-school what should ideally be the outcome.

Definition of a Preschool:

A pre-school is a place where around 20-30 children spend 2-3 hrs each day, under the supervision of trained teachers.

Broad aims/objectives of ECCED or a preschool:

The single main motto of a preschool is to provide opportunities to the child to explore/ grow from within nature and to help him connect with the environment.

The child also establishes his self-identity in the first two years of his life.

To ensure that the child develops holistically in key areas or domains [social, emotional, cognitive, physical, sensory, language and creative development]

Key objectives of ECCED and pre-school Education.

To develop good physique, sound muscular co-ordination and basic motor skills of the child.

To develop positive healthy habits and to develop useful basic self-help skills necessary for personal life such as dressing themselves, toilet-training, eating and hygiene.

To develop desirable social attitudes, manners. To develop healthy group participation by making the child sensitive to the rights and privileges of being a member of a social group and to encourage him to co-operate, share and take care of property belonging to him as well as others.

To stimulate the child to think and question about his immediate environment. To help him understand the world in which he lives and to develop new interests through opportunities to explore, investigate and experiment.

To make play an integral part of the learning process and provide foundation for academics in the future.

To imbibe in the child, independence and creativity by providing him with sufficient opportunities for self- expression.

To develop emotional maturity in the child by guiding him to express, understand accept and control his feeling and emotions. Build self-identity and a positive self-concept in the child.

preschool education attempts to provide children with an enabling and conducive environment which is often lacking, particularly in urban areas, where child cannot run and play. It also assists in preparing children for formal education in future.

Domains/Aspects of Child Development.

Growth and development occur in different aspects of human beings. The interdisciplinary study of Child Development is vast. For the purpose of the study and to make it more orderly and convenient it is divided into various domains or aspects. These aspects are mainly physical, motor, cognitive, social, emotional and moral development. These all aspects are interrelated and interconnected with each other and for proper development and growth of the child parents and teachers have to aware of every domain/aspect. These aspects are as follows.

ECCED- Domains of Child Growth and Development.

Physical Development.

The rapid growth of different parts of the body and their capacity to function is Physical Development. It is regarding the development of the body and its parts. Changes in body size, brain development. changes in body proportion, development of sensory capacities, the functioning of various body systems are all parts of physical development. It is important to know how children grow physically as physical development is connected with other domains and it can affect the development of other domains directly or indirectly. Although physical growth follows similar patterns in all children, the rate of development differs from individual to individual. It is also different from one stage to another stage.

Motor Development.

Motor development means controlled movements of the body through the coordination of muscles and nerves. It is the development of the body and muscles. Children learn and acquire many skills through motor muscles, which are of two types of fine motor and gross motor. Fine motor is smaller muscles involve pincer grasp and the gross motor is the involvement of larger muscles. Fine motor skills are the involvement of holding a pencil, crayons, holding the spoon, eating food, etc. Gross motor skills mean using larger muscles of hand and legs for running, jumping, playing, etc. Motor development is the development of control over bodily movements through the coordinated activity of the nerve centers, the nerves, and the muscles. There are specific years to acquire motor skills and for that Childhood is called ideal age for learning skills because children's bodies are more flexible and can easily acquire skills.NOTE- In order to make children acquire motor skills easily and have proper physical growth and development, it is the duty of parents and teachers to provide opportunities that promote muscles co-ordination for both muscles, for gross motor -jumping, hopping, ball play, outdoor games and for fine motor there are coloring, cutting, pasting, lacing, beading . in order to develop their muscles skills their are indoor and outdoor play very important. Motor development and physical development are greatly dependant on each other and connected.

Language Development.

Every means of communication in which thoughts and feelings are expressed to convey meaning to others, such as speaking, sign language, gestures, and facial expressions. Language development plays a very important role in children's social development. For enhancing language development certain skills and activities like to enable children to listen, speak, read and write, encourage object talk, free conversation, picture talk, drama, word/letter games, stories, poems/rhymes/songs, drawing, pretend play can help a lot. There are four components of language -Listening, speaking, Reading and Writing. Language is developed only when more and more opportunities are given to listen first. Encourage children to express verbally in the form of speech, reading and then eventually writing.

Cognitive Development.

The ability to think/reason and become aware of one's environment/surroundings. Cognition is closely related to intelligence. Can a young child think logically and have a reason? This is a question that we often ask ourselves. Young children can achieve cognitive abilities gradually and they gain understanding first about what is presented to them in real concrete form. A younger child would know about apple when he looks, feels, sees, tastes the apple. An older child can just by imagination without seeing an apple describe an apple as he has already known about apple. Cognitive development is a development of a wide variety of thought processes and intellectual abilities including attention, memory, acquisition of academic and everyday knowledge, problem-solving, imagination, creativity and the uniquely human capacity to represent the world through language. Parents and teachers can promote cognitive development such as puzzles, riddles, games related to concept-based lessons, field trips, role play, concreate experiments, books, sensory play with equipment, quiz, etc.

Moral Development

Moral development occurs in two distinct but interrelated phases i.e. the development of moral behavior and development of moral concepts. It is the development of behavior that conforms to the standard of the group with which the individual is identified. There are rules of behavior to which the members of a culture are accustomed to and which determines the expected behavior patterns of all group members. Learning to behave in the right way, distinguishing between right and wrong and the development of the conscience is gradually learned.

Social Development

The ability to behave and adjust according to the expectations of the society, including conforming to a group standard, morals, and traditions. It means acquisitions of ability to behave in accordance with social expectations. This is known as Socialization. Becoming socialized involves processes such as learning to behave in socially approved ways, playing approved social roles and development of social attitude. Every social group has its own standard of approved behaviors for its members. Children must learn that standard and behave accordingly. There are certain opportunities that promote social development such as, group activities/games, moral stories, celebrations, drama, etc.

Emotional Development

The ability to identify, express and control emotions. It refers to the development of emotions and how they affect personal and social adjustments. It is very essential to study this domain of development because emotion plays a very important role in everyone's life from infancy to old age. The various aspects such as positive and negative emotions, emotional expressions, control over expressions and emotions and emotional maturity are studied. For promoting Emotional development there are role-plays of different emotions, emotions charts, music, art, craft, clay, drama, puppets/dolls, stories, sand/water play, free play, pretend play are opportunities.

Creative Development

The ability to imagine and form original ideas through exploration and discovery; leading to some new achievement in painting, drama, music, building blocks, etc. Teachers should provide opportunities that promote their creativity such as drama, dance, music, free play, blocks, drawing, painting, craftwork, free drawing, activities, music, puppets, dressing dolls, construction toys, etc. In order to build imagination in the child, there should be enough scope of self-expression with minimum interference. There should be no pressure on creating a perfect manner.

Sensory Development

The ability to use one's senses [touch, sight, smell, hear, listen] to gain and process knowledge. many types of research had proven that sense is the doorways to acquire knowledge/ experience in young children as they can't think logically. No wonder they always argue to use senses of touch-tactile, see-visual, hear-auditory, smell-olfactory and taste-stereognosis. Senses are the natural way of learning. For developing skills, especially cognitive it is essential to make children actively use all their senses to gain knowledge about the world. This is called a multisensorial approach. Teachers and parents, provide opportunities like different pictures for sight, listening to music/story, sound boxes for hearing, identifying various objects by their smells, touching hard and soft, heavy light objects for senses of touch.

Child Growth and Development. Part 2

2020-04-03T20:30:00.000+05:30

As we already learned about meaning and definition of Growth and Development and also we had learned about Heredity as a factor that influenced the growth and development of the child at the time of conception and after birth as well. so today we are going to discuss the other major factors which influenced growth and development.

Environmental surroundings.

Development is also influenced by many external factors or environmental factors. The doctors focus on the prenatal environment for development in earlier stages and external factors for development in later stages.
Pregnancy divided into 3 periods, Prenatal, Peri-natal, and postnatal.

# Prenatal is before the birth of a child, it includes 3 trimesters each of 3 months {9 months pregnancy are prenatal period}

# Perinatal is a period during the birth of a child.

# Postnatal is the period after the birth of a child.

1- Prenatal environment.

The prenatal environment depends upon various factors such as age, hormonal levels, diet, health, the emotional state of mother and drugs, alcohol and medicines consumed by the mother during pregnancy. If any of these factors are in an unfavorable condition, it leads to developmental defects and impairments in a child.

2- Postnatal environment.

During the postnatal period, external environment factors are more active and influential, as the individual is continuously interacting with their environment. The environmental experiences and responses soon after birth and during the early stages of life have long-lasting effects on the child's self-concepts, personality, behavior, emotionality, social relationships, etc.

Surroundings are divided into three layers or categories.

Immediate surroundings include the individual and his home and family

the surrounding outside the family includes neighbors, peers, school, etc.

larger surrounding includes the culture, community, etc. which is not directly effect but have indirect effects. As family values, behavior patterns are influenced by culture and surrounding society. These values and norms are transferred to children through parents. Children develop language, behavior, and attitudes accordingly.

In the early years of a child, the child spent time with family at home only so this plays an influential factor. The home environment, housing conditions, socio-economic status, family size, diet, health services, parent's education, and attitude towards children, parenting styles are directly related to a child's socio-emotional and personality development.

During late childhood, the child spends more time at school. The schools, teachers, peers play an important role in development. The school inculcates habits, values, attitudes in children. School teachers play various roles as mothers substitutes, motivators, facilitators, protectors in the process of his development. Peers and classmates influence the development of social skills, motor skills, emotionality, cognitive skills, etc.

Society as a larger surrounding also has a direct or indirect impact on the child's development. The social, cultural, religious and moral values in the outside world indirectly influence the parent-child relationship. Social changs due to globalization, industrialization are responsible for some better opportunities for development as well as for some hazards for development.

3] Maturation and Learning

Researches have shown that maturation and learning are important factors that affect the development of physical and mental traits.

Maturation is the unfolding of characteristics that are already present in the individual as a result of his genetic endowment. These characteristics develop with age to its optimum potential.

Phylogenetic functions.

Crawling, creeping, sitting, walking, etc. are known as phylogenetic functions. These functions are acquired with age and do not require training. They are not much influenced by the factors in the external environment.

Ontogenetic functions.

These functions involve activities such as swimming, riding a bicycle, dancing, etc. are dependant on training. These functions are influenced more by environmental factors such as training, practices, and opportunities available. Even though these traits are acquired by training, a certain level of maturation is essential, without which training will not be fruitful.



Learning is the development that comes from exercise and effort. Through learning, children acquire competence in using their heredity resources. Some learning comes from practice, the mere repetition of an act, by training or imitation and conditioning. This lead's to a change in a person's behavior. Learning can be planned activity or it may also take place by unplanned or sudden environmental experiences.

Learning through observation and imitation- A child learns various behavior by observing and imitating others in the surrounding environment.

Learning through practice -Certain skills are achieved by practice and repetition of the same act. Such learning can be long-lasting. e.g. Skipping over the rope.

Learning through training- Learning can also be gained through purposeful and deliberate training. Planned and selective exercise can be used to train a child. Children are trained to develop social skills, motor skills, etc.

Maturation and learning are interrelated.
Certain skills are not be obtained without a required level of maturation even if a child is given a lot of learning opportunities. There is a concept of 'readiness' i.e. being or prepared for acquiring or learning certain skills.

Teachable moments.

When a child shows a physical and mental readiness for acquiring certain skills, it is an ideal stage for teaching him or her, a particular skill. Skills thought after acquiring readiness are learned faster and more effectively. e.g. For the development of writing skills a child needs physical readiness in the form of eye-hand coordination and finger muscle control to hold a pencil. A child also needs mental readiness in the form of an ability to understand and remember the alphabet. A readiness influenced by a number of factors like physical growth, experience, exposure to the environment, social and emotional stability, etc. Children of the same age do not necessarily have the same stage of learning skills.

According to researchers, there are three criteria, which indicate teachable moments for a child's state of readiness.

Interest in learning- The child shows interest in learning by his behavior or desire to be taught.

Sustained interest- When a child has readiness, he shows sustained interest in learning even when he meets obstacles or experience setbacks.

Improvement- When a child has thought certain skills after acquiring readiness or at the right teachable moment, he shows improvement with the practice of that skills. If a child is forced to learn before reaching the teachable moment, he faces problems in developing those skills hence less improvement is seen.

4] Nutrition

An individual's body requires nutritious food for proper growth and development. Food which provides nutritions like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, etc.adequate amount is called nutritive food. At a younger age, when development and growth rate is faster so the child requires nutrition in a high amount requires food in proper quality and quantity. If the child does not get adequate quality and quantity of food, he may face lots of health-related issues at a later part of his/her life. He faces a condition called "malnutrition", which affects their growth and development process. Malnutrition leads to stunted physical growth, less activity level, delay in reaching teachable moment, poor stamina and poor health status.

5] Endocrine Glands.

Endocrine is ductless glands which are situated in different parts of the body. These glands are not connected by any duct, hence they are called ductless glands. These glands secrete certain chemicals substances called hormones. These hormones play a very important role in maintaining body metabolic processes, which are called 'Homoe-stasis'. Hormones influence the regular functioning of the body, behavior, emotions, etc. These hormones are directly released in the bloodstream and they are circulated to specific parts of the body for performing body function.

Name of the gland.

Location

Hormone

Function

Pituitary

The base of the brain attached to the hypothalamus

Growth hormone

1.       Promote growth

2.       Reabsorbs water from kidneys

3.       Controls the function of other glands

4.       Responsible for onset of maturity

Thyroid

In the neck

Thyroxin [protein and iodine]

Affects rate of:-

1.       General growth

2.       Bone development

3.       Circulation

4.       Function of reproductive organs and muscle development.

Pancreas

Situated in the abdomen, below the stomach.

Insulin

1.       Regulates carbohydrates

2.       Secreting juices for digestion.

Adrenals

On top of Kidneys

Adrenaline, Fight/Fight emergency hormone.

1. An important role in sexual maturity

2.       Controls mineral substances

3.       Prepares the body for action.

Parathyroid

Lie on either side of thyroid

Parathyroid hormone

Controls use of Calcium and Phosphorus.

6] Illness-

Health status is one of the major factors influencing growth and development. Children whose health status is good to have better development status. Children who frequently fall sick are generally smaller in size. Certain illness is natural as per age like respiratory infections are common during teething and babyhood. this can't have any effect on growth and development but severe illness may stunt a child's growth.

7] Physical defects

There are different types of physical defects that are caused by a number of different conditions. Some defects are congenital i.e. present at birth, which are mostly caused by genetic defects or harmful conditions during prenatal development. Defects are mostly permanent like any sensory defects or physical defects. Some defects are acquired after birth due to any incidents, or any side effects of medicines, etc. Children suffering from such defects have physical disabilities, less acceptance in society, lesser opportunity to explore and learn, which affect their overall developmental pace.

8] Rest, Sleep and Excercise.

Rest and sleep are necessary for the maintenance of body energy and for the normal functioning of the body. Sleep helps in maintaining the physio-chemical equilibrium of the body. If a child does not get sufficient rest/sleep and his sleep cycle is disturbed, he may suffer from fatigue, loss of energy, lack of concentration, mood swings, and illness.

Exercise is equally important to maintain the body and vital functioning of the internal systems. Adequate exercise helps in developing muscle tissues, which improve the motor skills of a child. Excercise provides opportunities to vent out extra energy in the body and brings control to the behavioral reactions. It helps in improving appetite and other metabolic processes in the body. A child engaging in regular exercise is generally more healthy, active and adaptive.

9] Culture.

It is a broad term that includes the family environment, surrounding social environment, religion, and value system. There are various cultural patterns all over the world. Culture varies with geographical locations, socioeconomic status, race, religion, etc. This variety of cultural patterns represents the child-rearing of parents, experiences, and opportunities provided to children and values inculcated in them. It mainly affects on Child's psychological development.

Part 1 of Child Growth and Development ... Click here

Child Growth and Development.

2020-04-03T20:28:00.000+05:30

Index-

# Meaning of Growth and Development

# Factors influencing growth and Development

Meaning of Growth and Development.

Human growth and development is a continuous and dynamic process. This process goes on throughout one's life. There are constant changes in the individual from conception to old age. These changes are very complex. Development begins at the time of conception and continues until death. The field of Human Development is a scientific study of these changes.

Definitions of Growth and Development.

People believe that growth and development have a similar meaning. But this term has very specific and different characteristics.

Growth refers to quantitative changes such as growth in heights, weights, etc. The term growth is used for changes that can be measured in numbers and amount, e.g. Changes in weight, height, number of teeth, etc. It is easy to measure and one can easily measure the changes in heights, weight, etc.

Development refers to quantitative as well as qualitative changes such as changes in structure, functioning, or organization of processes, information, etc. Development is a series of progressive, continuous and systematic changes towards the goal of maturity. Development is a more broad term that includes growth in size, height, and weight as well as qualitative changes in the capacity of thinking, skills, and abilities. These changes are progressive which refers to the direction of the changes towards maturity. These changes continue from conception to death. They are systematic i.e. they occur in a specific order. Once the change is not possible without its prior specific change.

In the process of human development both these terms "growing" and "developing" are applicable.

Difference between Growth and Development.

Growth	Development
1] Growth refers to changes in particular aspects of the body	1] Development involves an organism as a whole.
2] Growth refers to change in size resulting from the multiplication of cells or an increase in intracellular substances.	2] Development refers to the maturation of structure and function.
3] Growth refers to the quantitative changes; e.g. increase in height and weight, etc.	3] Development refers to both qualitative and quantitative changes; e.g. changes in memory, reasoning ability.
4] Growth may not be always progressive.	4] Development is a progressive series of orderly and coherent changes.
5] Growth does not continue through-out life.	5] Development is a continuous process. It starts at conception and continues until death.
6] The changes caused by growth is measurable. E.g. Growth in height and weights can be measured.	6] Development includes both qualitative and quantitative changes that are not directly measured, but can be observed.
7] Growth may or may not bring about development e.g. child growing in height may not show maturity and high reasoning ability.	7] Development is also possible without growth. E.g. A child lagging behind in the growth of height may show very good reasoning ability.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development.

It is interesting to note that each individual is characteristically different. Any two children of the same age are not similar in their body type, skin color, posture, and behavior. Even two siblings are not exactly the same. There is a lot of diversity not only in their physical characteristics but also in their behavior. Many experts suggested that this diversity has resulted because of lots of environmental and biological factors that influence the process of development at different aspects across the life span.

Following are the factors which affect growth and development:-

Heredity

This is an important factor that influences development from the prenatal stage. It is genetic endowment inheritance from biological parents at the time of conception. When the ovum and sperm unite, they endow the organism with a genetic makeup that influences a wide range of characteristics such as the color of skin and hair, height, weight, health, intellect, etc. Ovum and sperm called gamete cells. Each of these cells has 23 chromosomes in its nucleus. Amongst these 23 chromosomes, 22 chromosomes are called "Autosomes" and one chromosome is called "Sex chromosomes". These chromosomes are like filaments that contain a number of genes. These genes are the functional units of heredity. Each gene has its particular place and its particular function in inheritance. This arrangement of genes on chromosomes is known as "Genome" or genetic disposition.

When the ovum and sperm unite at conception, the ingredients of 23 pairs of chromosomes are provided for the new organism which will develop. When the chromosomes unite, the genes are paired i.e. every gene is one of the pairs of chromosomes is paired with the gene in another chromosome. If the paired genes are similar in their performance, the characteristics which they influence will appear in the child. If they are dissimilar, their different effects may combine to produce slightly altered characteristics.

Dominant and Recessive genes.

The genetic transmission of characteristics in human beings is a very complex process. This depends on the characteristics of genes. There are some genes which may dominate the other and are called "dominant genes". Some genes which remain present in the genotype but do not show their effect or characteristics are called "recessive genes" The recessive gene will remain and may be evident in a later generation.

The number of chromosomes donated by each parent is 23, each resulting in 23 pairs in the developing child, the grouping of these chromosomes is largely a matter of chance and explains why one child in the family strongly resembles the mother, while another resembles his father.

Heredity is also responsible for some inborn genetic defects. During the process of fertilization, there is a possibility of chromosomal mutation, such as getting an extra chromosome or getting one less chromosome or losing a part of chromosomal filament, which leads to many inborn defects and abnormalities in a child.

Description- This is part 1 of Child Growth and Development, for 2 part visit here.

बाल विकास के 7 आवश्यक डोमेन।

2020-04-01T19:07:00.000+05:30

जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने कहा कि बच्चे बगीचे में कलियों की तरह होते हैं और उन्हें सावधानीपूर्वक और प्यार से पोषित किया जाना चाहिए, क्योंकि वे देश के भविष्य और कल के नागरिक हैं।

बच्चे किसी भी देश के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण संसाधन हैं। बच्चे न केवल उस देश का भविष्य बनाते हैं, बल्कि वे मानव जाति का भविष्य हैं। वे महत्वपूर्ण स्तंभ हैं जिनके साथ कोई भी अपना भविष्य बना सकता है, इसलिए भविष्य को मजबूत बनाने के लिए हमें अपने स्तंभ को मजबूत बनाने की आवश्यकता है। वे ही हैं जो देश को रहने के लिए मजबूत और अनुकूल स्थान बनाने जा रहे हैं। इसलिए अगर हम अपने भविष्य को मजबूत बनाना चाहते हैं तो हमें वर्तमान पर भी ध्यान देने की जरूरत है। हमें बच्चे के वर्तमान, उनकी वृद्धि और विकास पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने, उनकी आवश्यक आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने और उन्हें भविष्य के लिए तैयार करने की आवश्यकता है।

बाल विकास का अर्थ
बाल विकास अध्ययन का एक विशेष क्षेत्र है जो गर्भाधान के समय से किशोरावस्था तक बच्चे की वृद्धि और विकास के साथ ही चिंता करता है।
शब्द विकसित होता है मेंटल का मतलब होता है परिपक्वता और सीखने के परिणामस्वरूप होने वाले परिवर्तनों की एक प्रगतिशील श्रृंखला। विकास का तात्पर्य है गुणात्मक परिवर्तन। इसका मतलब यह है कि विकास में किसी की हाइट में इंच जोड़ने या वजन में किलो बढ़ाना शामिल नहीं है। इनमें बोलने की क्षमता, व्यवहार में परिवर्तन, रुचियां, समझ, आदि जैसे बदलाव शामिल हैं।
लॉरा बर्क के अनुसार, बाल विकास अध्ययन का एक क्षेत्र है जो मानव की गति को समझने और किशोरावस्था के दौरान गर्भाधान से बदलने के लिए समर्पित है।

बाल विकास के डोमेन / पहलू।

विकास और विकास मानव के विभिन्न पहलुओं में होते हैं। बाल विकास का अंतःविषय अध्ययन विशाल है। अध्ययन के उद्देश्य के लिए और इसे अधिक व्यवस्थित और सुविधाजनक बनाने के लिए इसे विभिन्न डोमेन या पहलुओं में विभाजित किया गया है। ये पहलू मुख्य रूप से शारीरिक, मोटर, संज्ञानात्मक, सामाजिक, भावनात्मक और नैतिक विकास हैं। ये सभी पहलू आपस में एक-दूसरे से जुड़े हुए हैं और बच्चे के माता-पिता और शिक्षकों के समुचित विकास और विकास के लिए प्रत्येक डोमेन / पहलू से अवगत हैं। ये पहलू इस प्रकार हैं।

शारीरिक विकास।

शरीर के विभिन्न भागों की तेजी से वृद्धि और कार्य करने की उनकी क्षमता शारीरिक विकास है। यह शरीर और उसके भागों के विकास के बारे में है। शरीर के आकार, मस्तिष्क के विकास में परिवर्तन। शरीर के अनुपात में परिवर्तन, संवेदी क्षमताओं का विकास, शरीर की विभिन्न प्रणालियों के कार्य शारीरिक विकास के सभी अंग हैं। यह जानना महत्वपूर्ण है कि बच्चे शारीरिक रूप से कैसे विकसित होते हैं क्योंकि शारीरिक विकास अन्य डोमेन के साथ जुड़ा हुआ है और यह प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से अन्य डोमेन के विकास को प्रभावित कर सकता है। यद्यपि शारीरिक विकास सभी बच्चों में समान पैटर्न का अनुसरण करता है, विकास की दर अलग-अलग से अलग-अलग होती है। यह एक अवस्था से दूसरी अवस्था में भी भिन्न होता है।

मोटर विकास।

मोटर विकास का मतलब मांसपेशियों और तंत्रिकाओं के समन्वय के माध्यम से शरीर के नियंत्रित आंदोलनों से है। यह शरीर और मांसपेशियों का विकास है। बच्चे मोटर की मांसपेशियों के माध्यम से कई कौशल सीखते हैं और प्राप्त करते हैं, जो दो प्रकार की ठीक मोटर और सकल मोटर हैं। फाइन मोटर छोटी मांसपेशियां होती हैं जिनमें पिनसर ग्रैस्प शामिल होता है और सकल मोटर बड़ी मांसपेशियों की भागीदारी होती है। ठीक मोटर कौशल में एक पेंसिल, क्रेयॉन, चम्मच को पकड़े रहना, भोजन करना आदि शामिल है। सकल मोटर कौशल का अर्थ है दौड़ने, कूदने, खेलने आदि के लिए हाथ और पैरों की बड़ी मांसपेशियों का उपयोग करना। मोटर विकास पर नियंत्रण का विकास है। तंत्रिका केंद्रों, तंत्रिकाओं और मांसपेशियों की समन्वित गतिविधि के माध्यम से शारीरिक हलचल। मोटर कौशल हासिल करने के लिए विशिष्ट वर्ष हैं और उसके लिए बचपन को कौशल सीखने के लिए आदर्श युग कहा जाता है क्योंकि बच्चों के शरीर अधिक लचीले होते हैं और आसानी से कौशल प्राप्त कर सकते हैं।

ध्यान दें- बच्चों को आसानी से मोटर कौशल प्राप्त करने और उचित शारीरिक विकास और विकास करने के लिए, माता-पिता और शिक्षकों का कर्तव्य है कि वे ऐसे अवसर प्रदान करें जो मांसपेशियों को मजबूत करने के लिए दोनों मांसपेशियों के समन्वय को बढ़ावा दें, स्थूल मोटर के लिए- humping, hopping, ball play , आउटडोर खेल और ठीक मोटर के लिए रंग, कटाई, पेस्टिंग, लेसिंग, बीडिंग हैं। उनके मांसपेशियों के कौशल को विकसित करने के लिए उनके इनडोर और आउटडोर खेल बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं। मोटर विकास और शारीरिक विकास एक दूसरे पर बहुत निर्भर हैं और जुड़े हुए हैं।

भाषा विकास।

संचार के प्रत्येक साधन जिसमें विचारों और भावनाओं को दूसरों तक पहुँचाने के लिए व्यक्त किया जाता है, जैसे बोलना, सांकेतिक भाषा, हावभाव और चेहरे के भाव। बच्चों के सामाजिक विकास में भाषा का विकास बहुत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। भाषा के विकास को बढ़ाने के लिए कुछ कौशल और गतिविधियाँ जैसे कि बच्चों को सुनने, बोलने, पढ़ने और लिखने, ऑब्जेक्ट टॉक, मुफ्त वार्तालाप, चित्र वार्ता, नाटक, शब्द / पत्र के खेल, कहानी, कविता / कविता / गीत, ड्राइंग, नाटक का नाटक करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करना। बहुत मदद कर सकता है। भाषा के चार घटक होते हैं -Listening, बोलना, पढ़ना और लिखना। भाषा तभी विकसित होती है, जब पहले सुनने के लिए अधिक से अधिक अवसर दिए जाते हैं। बच्चों को भाषण, पढ़ने और फिर अंततः लिखने के रूप में मौखिक रूप से व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करें।

संज्ञानात्मक विकास।

सोचने / तर्क करने और किसी के परिवेश / परिवेश के बारे में जानने की क्षमता। अनुभूति का बुद्धिमत्ता से गहरा संबंध है। क्या एक युवा बच्चा तार्किक रूप से सोच सकता है और इसका कोई कारण है? यह एक ऐसा सवाल है जो हम अक्सर खुद से पूछते हैं। छोटे बच्चे धीरे-धीरे संज्ञानात्मक क्षमताओं को प्राप्त कर सकते हैं और वे वास्तविक ठोस रूप में उनके सामने प्रस्तुत किए गए ज्ञान के बारे में पहले से ही समझ हासिल कर लेते हैं। एक छोटे बच्चे को सेब के बारे में पता होगा जब वह सेब को देखता है, महसूस करता है, देखता है, स्वाद लेता है। एक बड़ा बच्चा सिर्फ एक सेब को देखे बिना कल्पना कर सकता है क्योंकि वह सेब के बारे में पहले ही जान चुका है। संज्ञानात्मक विकास विभिन्न प्रकार की विचार प्रक्रियाओं और बौद्धिक क्षमताओं का विकास है जिसमें ध्यान, स्मृति, अकादमिक और रोजमर्रा के ज्ञान का अधिग्रहण, समस्या-समाधान, कल्पना, रचनात्मकता और भाषा के माध्यम से दुनिया का प्रतिनिधित्व करने की विशिष्ट मानव क्षमता शामिल है। माता-पिता और शिक्षक संज्ञानात्मक विकास को बढ़ावा दे सकते हैं जैसे कि पहेलियाँ, पहेलियां, अवधारणा-आधारित सबक से संबंधित खेल, क्षेत्र यात्राएं, भूमिका निभाना, गुप्त प्रयोग, किताबें, उपकरण के साथ संवेदी खेल, प्रश्नोत्तरी आदि।

नैतिक विकास

नैतिक विकास दो अलग-अलग लेकिन परस्पर संबंधित अवस्थाओं में होता है यानी नैतिक व्यवहार का विकास और नैतिक अवधारणाओं का विकास। यह व्यवहार का विकास है जो उस समूह के मानक के अनुरूप होता है जिसके साथ व्यक्ति की पहचान की जाती है। व्यवहार के नियम हैं जिनके लिए संस्कृति के सदस्य आदी हैं और जो सभी समूह सदस्यों के अपेक्षित व्यवहार पैटर्न को निर्धारित करता है। सही तरीके से व्यवहार करना सीखना, सही और गलत के बीच अंतर करना और अंतरात्मा का विकास धीरे-धीरे सीखा जाता है।

सामाजिक विकास

समूह की मानक, नैतिकता और परंपराओं के अनुरूप समाज की अपेक्षाओं के अनुसार व्यवहार करने और समायोजित करने की क्षमता। इसका अर्थ है सामाजिक अपेक्षाओं के अनुसार व्यवहार करने की क्षमता का अधिग्रहण। इसे समाजीकरण के रूप में जाना जाता है। सामाजिककृत बनना सामाजिक रूप से स्वीकृत तरीकों से व्यवहार करना, अनुमोदित सामाजिक भूमिकाएं निभाना और सामाजिक दृष्टिकोण के विकास जैसी प्रक्रिया शामिल है। हर सामाजिक समूह के सदस्यों के लिए अनुमोदित व्यवहार का अपना मानक होता है। बच्चों को उस मानक को सीखना चाहिए और उसके अनुसार व्यवहार करना चाहिए। ऐसे कुछ अवसर हैं जो सामाजिक विकास को बढ़ावा देते हैं जैसे, समूह की गतिविधियाँ / खेल, नैतिक कहानियाँ, समारोह, नाटक, आदि।

भावनात्मक विकास

भावनाओं को पहचानने, व्यक्त करने और नियंत्रित करने की क्षमता। यह भावनाओं के विकास को संदर्भित करता है और वे व्यक्तिगत और सामाजिक समायोजन को कैसे प्रभावित करते हैं। विकास के इस क्षेत्र का अध्ययन करना बहुत आवश्यक है क्योंकि बचपन से बुढ़ापे तक हर किसी के जीवन में भावना बहुत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक भावनाओं, भावनात्मक अभिव्यक्तियों, अभिव्यक्ति और भावनाओं पर नियंत्रण और भावनात्मक परिपक्वता जैसे विभिन्न पहलुओं का अध्ययन किया जाता है। भावनात्मक विकास को बढ़ावा देने के लिए विभिन्न भावनाओं, भावनाओं चार्ट, संगीत, कला, शिल्प, मिट्टी, नाटक, कठपुतलियों / गुड़िया, कहानियां, रेत / पानी के खेल, मुफ्त खेल, नाटक खेलना के अवसर हैं।

धन्यवाद

The Stages of Child Development and basic needs of the children and ways to meet them.

2020-03-31T21:43:00.000+05:30

Children are like buds in a garden and should be carefully and lovingly nurtured, as they are the future of the nation and the citizens of tomorrow,' said Jawaharlal Nehru.

Children are very important resources for any country. Children re not only the future of the country they are the future of mankind. They are the important pillars with whom one can build their future, so for making are future strong we need to make our pillar strong. They are the ones who are going to make the country strong and conducive places to live. So if we want to make our future strong so need to focus on the present as well. We need to focus on child's present, their growth and development, cater to their essential needs and prepare them for the future.

Meaning of Child Development

Child development is a specialized area of study which concerns itself with the growth and development of a child right from the moment of conception to adolescence.
The term development means a progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation and learning. development implies qualitative changes. This means that development does not consist of adding inches to one's hight or increasing kg in weight. These include changes in abilities like learning to speak, changes in behavior, interests, comprehensions, etc.

According to Laura Berk, Child development is a field of study devoted to understanding human constancy and change from conception through adolescence.

Stages of Child Development

The total life span is divided into eight stages or period, which is known as Stages of development. Each of which is characterized by certain developmental and behavioral characteristics. This stage helps to study all phases of growth and development. The life span is divided into the following stages:-

1] Prenatal Period [from conception to birth]

This is the first developmental period in the life span. This nine months period is the most rapid phase of change; during which a one-celled organism is transformed into a human baby. Greater growth and development takes place during this time.

2] Infancy and Toddlerhood [Birth to 2 years]

Infancy is sub-divided into neonatal stage {birth to 15 days}, infancy {15 days to 18 months} and toddlerhood {18 to 24 months}. It is a period of various adjustments and helplessness. As infants grow, they learn many skills such as walking and talking and they become more independent.

3] Early childhood [2-6years]

in this stage, children show some characteristics like egocentrism, and more independent, active, energetic, curious, and ready to explore and experiment. This period is also known as the "Preschool" period. After this children are ready to go to formal school.

4] Late Childhood [6-12 years]

During this stage, physical growth is slow but steady. Physical changes take place in the last one or two years. Being the school stage, children continue mastering the language, writing, play, social and school skills.

5] Adolescence [12-20years]

This period is the bridge between childhood and adulthood. The beginning of this period is puberty leading to sexual maturity. Quest for identity begins, thoughts are more logical and abstract. The Peer group has a greater impact on their life. An adolescent chooses a career and prepares for the world of work.

6] Young Adulthood [20-40 years]

This is entering into adulthood. Long term goals are set up in fields such as career, family, and society. Important issues at this stage are getting an occupation and getting married. Young adult realizes responsibilities towards both.

7] Middle Adulthood [40-60 years]

This period is usually tranquil and satisfying. Individual personality traits are generally stable over time. It is a time of achievement, evaluation and also known as the period of 'empty nest' as children stay away from home due to job or they leave home after marriage, but look for personal guidance. Retirement takes place at the end of this stage.

8] Late Adulthood [60 years till death]

There is a decline in many physical functions. Strength, decrease in energy, loss of memory, difficulty in mobility, loss of hearing capacity, are all problems which elderly facing is due to aging. reduce income is a major problem in this period as a lot of medical expenses are there. It also a period of loneliness, because the death of a spouse gets a burden to another spouse which makes the partner lonely.

Needs of the Children and Various ways to Meet Them.

The needs of every child are different as per their needs and their stage in which they are. It depends on the age and developmental stage in which the child is in. catering of Children's needs is the most important responsibility of the parents, caregivers, and society. whether her needs are physical, mental or social in nature, they all contribute to a child's overall development. In order for their proper growth and development needs of children must be met from time to time. Because they are helpless and dependent on elders, its duty of elders to fulfill their all needs. There is a hierarchy of needs that is put forth by Abraham Maslow known as "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs". It is in the form of pyramids beginning with physiological needs at the bottom, moving through the middle level of emotion and the social needs and ultimately reaching out to the needs of self-actualization and transcendence. This hierarchy of needs gives a clear picture of the needs of young children.

Physiological or physical needs.

These are basic survival and life-sustaining needs. Fulfillment of these needs is very essential at all stages in the life span of human beings. They are;-

1- Food

Adequate, healthy, nutritious and balanced food is a basic necessity of any child. Changes in quality and quantity of the food as per the growing age are required for proper growth and development of children. Parents and caregivers should fulfill these needs for the appropriate and healthy development of the child. Health and nutrition affect both physical and mental growth. In the early years, poor nutrition may affect the development of the baby.

2- Clothing

Comfortable clothing as per the changing season is one of the essential needs of the children. They need clothing for protection from the weather.

3- Shelter

Along with food and clothing, shelter is one of the essential needs of the children in the early years. Children should be provided with a secure home for their protection and safety.

4- Health

Regular health/medical checkup during the prenatal and postnatal period is very essential. hygienic habits, cleanliness, proper food, clean surrounding, the balance between rest and exercise promote good health.

5- Prevention from illness

At a young age, children are susceptible to disease and illness. Therefore, the immunization schedule as per doctor's advice must be followed. Immunization to fight against the illness and diseases at the proper time and adequate dosages are required. Also, children should get proper medical treatment during their sickness.

Psycho-social needs.

Young children need warm and loving adults in order to cater to their psychosocial needs. Children should be able to develop a stable and continuous relationship with people around. Therefore, security, affection, emotional support, etc. are necessary for healthy psycho-social development.

These needs are as follows;-

1- Love and affection-

These are the basic emotional needs of every child. Children need unconditional love from adults. If a child feels adults around him are loving and understanding, he will feel secure, friendly and will develop trust. Children need affection which gives them a sense of belongingness.

2- Sense of belongingness-

the basic state of everyone's life that he/she belongs to somebody and that somebody belongs to him/her. Belongingness is the need to love and to be loved and accepted.

3- Acceptance.

Each one needs to be accepted the way he/she is. This means that children need to be accepted with their strengths and weaknesses. They need to be valued for themselves for what they are. They need to be understood and accepted.

4- Security.

It is the sense when one gets a feeling that he is accepted by the people around him. If a person feels that he is being rejected, then it leads to insecurity. Fulfillment of all basic need lead to trust and security.

5- Peers.

To grow with children of the same age is a social need. Children need to have a friend, they need to have a bond with them play with them. Peers can make unique contributions to a child's development in many ways. They learn to share, lead, follow, accept, adjust, and conform to the group.

6- Play-

Play satisfies many needs in a child's life. Every aspect of child development is enhanced through play. Play is children's unique way of experiencing the world and practicing and improving skills. Young children need to play material and toys of different types to manipulate, explore, experiment, and to satisfy curiosity. Infants should be given rattles, soft toys, whereas preschoolers should be provided with building blocks, puzzles, educational toys to develop concepts. Children need to participate in free and spontaneous play, dramatic play, creative play, and constructive play.

7- Developing confidence-

To trust one's self, one's own capacities lead to a sense of confidence. Allowing toddlers to do things on their own, allowing preschoolers to take initiative and to take age-appropriate decisions helps them in developing confidence.

8- Religious needs-

Inculcation of certain aspects of religion can be started at a young age. Celebrations of festivals help them to know the culture, rituals, etc. Children can be given the opportunity to participate and help in small chores during festivals. Such acts would help to satisfy curiosity. They learn and respect the culture and tradition.

Role of parents and caregivers in satisfying the needs.

Accept the children as they are.

Let children experience unconditional love.

learn to identify the needs at different stages and accordingly fulfill them.

give freedom with appropriate limits defined.

Allow children to grow at their own pace, do not nudge children before they are ready.

Provide various stimulation material such as books, toys, puppets, blocks, etc.

Help children to achieve developmental tasks at every stage.

शिक्षक कैसे बनें और शिक्षक या प्रोफेसर बनने के लिए सभी परीक्षाओं में क्या करना होगा?

2020-03-30T21:11:00.001+05:30

भारत में टीचिंग एक बहुत ही सम्मानित जॉब है और किसी भी अन्य जॉब की तुलना में इसे अधिक सम्मान दिया जाता है। शिक्षकों को माता-पिता के रूप में माना जाता है। बच्चा अपने जन्म के बाद से सीखना शुरू कर देता है, विशेषकर माता-पिता के माध्यम से माँ पहली शिक्षिका होती है। जैसा कि अब समय बदल रहा है और जीवन को आसान बनाने के लिए नए संस्थान आ रहे हैं। जैसा कि पहले की महिला को नौकरी करने की अनुमति नहीं थी, उन्हें केवल घर पर रहना पड़ता है और खाना बनाने के लिए घर के सारे काम करने पड़ते हैं, ससुराल वाले, पति और बच्चों की देखभाल करते हैं। औद्योगीकरण, शहरीकरण और आधुनिकीकरण के कारण, महिला भी अपनी स्वतंत्रता और अधिकारों के बारे में अधिक जागरूक थी, इसलिए उन्होंने नौकरी करना शुरू कर दिया, परिवार का पैटर्न भी संयुक्त से परमाणु में बदल गया, इसलिए डेकेयर जैसी नई संस्था उभरी
जो एक वैकल्पिक संस्था के रूप में कार्य करती है परिवार और बच्चों को देखभाल, ज्ञान प्रदान करें। भारत में शिक्षक हमेशा महत्वपूर्ण होते हैं, लेकिन उनकी भूमिकाओं और पैटर्न में बहुत सारे बदलाव हो सकते हैं। पहले की तरह, केवल स्कूल के शिक्षक और प्रोफेसर नोटिस में हैं। लेकिन अब टीचिंग में नए फील्ड जैसे डेकेयर टीचर, डांस टीचर, योग टीचर, प्री-प्राइमरी टीचर, प्राइमरी और सेकेंडरी टीचर, हायर सेकंडरी टीचर, प्रोफेसर और भी कई।
आइए भारत में शिक्षक बनने के लिए योग्यता पर चर्चा करें।

1] पूर्व-प्राथमिक शिक्षक: -

यदि आप एक प्री-प्राइमरी शिक्षक बनना चाहते हैं, जो नर्सरी, जूनियर, और सीनियर को पढ़ा सकते हैं, तो आपको कुछ योग्यता और डिग्री की आवश्यकता होगी।

HSC + Ecce [स्कूल में तैनात]

एचएससी + बी.एड

बीए / B.com / B.SC + Ecced

आपके B.Ed.No विषय को पूरा करने के बाद न्यूनतम योग्यता HSC होनी चाहिए। आपके पास जो भी कला / वाणिज्य / विज्ञान है, आप अपने स्नातक स्तर के बाद भी Ecce कर सकते हैं। यदि आपके पास एचएससी + एकस है तो यह स्कूल के प्रकार पर निर्भर करता है, आपको नौकरी भी मिल सकती है।

2] प्राथमिक + माध्यमिक शिक्षक: -

अनिवार्य और प्राथमिक स्तर के लिए शिक्षक बनने के लिए आपको किसी भी क्षेत्र में स्नातक, बीए / बीकॉम / बी.एससी = 50% [न्यूनतम] पूरा करना होगा।

प्राथमिक स्तर के लिए, आप HSC + B.ED भी कर सकते हैं।

माध्यमिक स्तर के लिए, आपको स्नातक + B.Ed / HSC + BEIED [बैचलर ऑफ एलीमेंट्री एजुकेशन डिग्री] करना होगा।

3] उच्च-माध्यमिक शिक्षक / जूनियर कॉलेज स्तर: -

पोस्ट-ग्रेजुएशन शिक्षक बनने के लिए किसी विशेष विषय में मास्टर डिग्री पूरी करनी चाहिए।

4] सीनियर कॉलेज स्तर: -

स्नातक स्तर के शिक्षक बनने के लिए अपने पीएचडी को पूरा करना चाहिए। डिग्री और नेट, पीजीटी जैसी कुछ परीक्षाएं उत्तीर्ण करें।

५] विशेष शिक्षा शिक्षक

वह शिक्षक जो विशेष आवश्यकताओं वाले बच्चों के साथ व्यवहार करता है।

किसी भी स्ट्रीम, कला / वाणिज्य / विज्ञान में अनिवार्य स्नातक। ग्रेजुएशन के बाद कोई निश्चित डिग्री प्राप्त कर सकता है।

विशेष शिक्षा में डिप्लोमा
विशेष शिक्षा में स्नातक
विशेष शिक्षा में परास्नातक।

कुछ कॉलेजों ने भारत में विशेष शिक्षा में डिग्री की पेशकश की,

1-टाटा सामाजिक विज्ञान संस्थान [TISS]

यहाँ जाएँ

2-इंदिरा गांधी राष्ट्रीय मुक्त विश्वविद्यालय [इग्नू]

3- एसएनडीटी महिला विश्वविद्यालय [ यहाँ जाएँ]

4- भारतीय पुनर्वास परिषद

यहाँ जाएँ

5-एमिटी यूनिवर्सिटी [यहाँ जाएँ

६] नृत्य शिक्षक

यदि आप एचएससी पूरा करने के बाद स्कूल स्तर पर एक नृत्य शिक्षक बनना चाहते हैं, तो आपको नृत्य शिक्षण में कुछ प्रमाणन या डिप्लोमा अर्जित करना चाहिए।

यदि आप कॉलेज स्तर पर एक नृत्य शिक्षक बनना चाहते हैं या अपनी नृत्य अकादमी खोलना चाहते हैं, तो आपको नृत्य शिक्षा में बीए करना होगा [BADE] और नृत्य प्रदर्शन में एमए करने के लिए आपको नृत्य शिक्षा, ललित कला में विशेषज्ञता हासिल करनी होगी। और प्रदर्शन कला।

7] योग शिक्षक

200 घंटे योग शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण पाठ्यक्रम।

अधिकांश लोग कभी-कभी 200 घंटे के RYS [पंजीकृत योग विद्यालय] शिक्षक कोचिंग कोर्स में भाग लेकर अपनी योग शिक्षक यात्रा शुरू करते हैं। योग सिखाने के लिए (अंशकालिक, पूर्णकालिक गहन, देशी या विदेश)। यह 200 घंटे का योग प्रमाणन पाठ्यक्रम दुनिया भर में योग सिखाने और एक महत्वाकांक्षी योग शिक्षक बनने के लिए कदम है। 300hrs भी हैं, और 500hrs योग शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण पाठ्यक्रम उपलब्ध हैं। योग सीखने के बाद किसी को योग शिक्षक / प्रशिक्षक के रूप में पंजीकृत होना चाहिए और किसी की उपयुक्त नौकरी ढूंढनी चाहिए।

भारत में योग शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण पाठ्यक्रम के लिए संस्थान / केंद्र।
1] ऋषिकेशYTTC https://www.rishikeshyttc.com/

पता-निशांत गार्डन रिज़ॉर्ट, लक्ष्मण झूला, गुलाब नगर, तपोवन, ऋषिकेश, उत्तराखंड 2019222

2] क्रांति योग अकादमी https://www.krantiyoga.com/

पता- क्रांति योग बीच रिजॉर्ट हाउस नंबर 135 पटनीम बीच, पटनीम, कैनाकोना, गोवा 403702

३] योगदर्शनम्-मैसूर अष्टांग https://yogadarshanam.org/

पता- 77 / ए, पहली मंजिल, चौथी मुख्य आरडी, तीसरा चरण, गोकुलम, मैसूरु, कर्नाटक 570002

4] जीके राठौड़ योग क्लासेज और शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण।
https://rathodyogaclasses-yogainstructor.business.site/

पता- सुचिधाम, बैंक ऑफ इंडिया के पीछे। डिंडोशी बस डिपो के पास, GOKULDHAM मलाड ईस्ट, मुंबई, महाराष्ट्र 400097

5] एक्सहेल योगा स्कूल https://www.exhaleyogaschool.com/

पता- स्नेह श्रीष्ठी कॉम्प्लेक्स, 2, जज बंगला रोड, बोडकदेव, अहमदाबाद, गुजरात 380054

योग प्रशिक्षण केंद्रों के बारे में अधिक जानने के लिए यहां जाएं

शिक्षक और प्रोफेसर बनने के लिए प्रतियोगी परीक्षाएँ।

1] टीईटी [शिक्षक पात्रता परीक्षा]

शिक्षक पात्रता परीक्षा भारत की राज्य या केंद्र सरकार द्वारा आयोजित एक प्रवेश परीक्षा है। यह परीक्षा शिक्षकों को मानक 1 से 8 तक पढ़ाने के योग्य बनाती है। जो शिक्षक भारत के सरकारी स्कूलों में आवेदन करना चाहते हैं उन्हें इस परीक्षा को अनिवार्य करना होगा। इस परीक्षा में 2 पेपर शामिल हैं- 1 से 5 के लिए पहला पेपर और 6 से 8 के लिए दूसरा पेपर।परीक्षा शिक्षक शिक्षा के लिए भारत सरकार के राष्ट्रीय पाठ्यचर्या की रूपरेखा पर आधारित है और बीटीसी (D.El.Ed), B.Ed, और B.El.Ed सहित शिक्षकों के लिए एक अनिवार्य योग्यता है, परीक्षा देने के लिए पात्र हैं। । उत्तीर्ण होने के लिए अभ्यर्थी को 60% से अधिक अंक प्राप्त करने चाहिए।

2] केंद्रीय शिक्षक पात्रता परीक्षा [CTET]

CTET का आयोजन CBSE बोर्ड [केंद्रीय माध्यमिक शिक्षा बोर्ड] द्वारा वर्ष में दो बार ग्रेड 1 से 8 के लिए शिक्षक पद के लिए किया जाता है। परीक्षा में CTET परीक्षा के दो प्रकार के पेपर शामिल हैं, जिसमें पेपर- I और पेपर- II शामिल हैं। शिक्षक जो कक्षा I-V को पढ़ाने की योजना बनाते हैं, उन्हें I और V को पढ़ाने की आवश्यकता होती है और कक्षा-आठवीं कक्षा को पढ़ाने वाले शिक्षकों को पेपर- II लेने की आवश्यकता होती है। I-VIII कक्षाओं को पढ़ाने की योजना बनाने वाले शिक्षकों को दोनों पेपर लेने की आवश्यकता है। https://ctet.nic.in/webinfo/Public/Home.aspx

3] प्राथमिक शिक्षक परीक्षा [PRT]

PRT भारत में सरकारी स्कूलों में उपयुक्त शिक्षकों की नियुक्ति के लिए एक परीक्षा है। यह परीक्षा उन प्राथमिक शिक्षकों को शॉर्टलिस्ट करने में मदद करती है जो कक्षा 1 से 5 तक पढ़ाते हैं। इस परीक्षा के लिए, उम्मीदवार को 50% के साथ HSC और 50% न्यूनतम के साथ ग्रेजुएशन उत्तीर्ण किया जाना चाहिए और साथ ही अंग्रेजी और हिंदी दोनों में पढ़ाने में सक्षम उम्मीदवार। उम्मीदवार CTET के लिए भी उपस्थित हुए थे।

4] पोस्ट- ग्रेजुएट शिक्षक परीक्षा [पीजीटी]

पीजीटी उन उम्मीदवारों द्वारा दी जाने वाली परीक्षा है, जिन्होंने अपना पोस्ट-ग्रेजुएशन किया है और बी.एड या एम.एड भी किया है, तब आप स्नातकोत्तर शिक्षक बन जाते हैं और इस परीक्षा को पास करने के बाद 12 वीं कक्षा तक पढ़ सकते हैं।

5] प्रशिक्षित स्नातक शिक्षक [टीजीटी]

टीजीटी एक स्नातक को दिया जाने वाला एक शीर्षक है जिसने शिक्षण में अपना प्रशिक्षण पूरा किया। टीजीटी शिक्षक ग्रेड 1 से 10 तक पढ़ाने के लिए योग्य हैं और सभी विषयों को पढ़ा सकते हैं।

6] राष्ट्रीय पात्रता परीक्षा [TET]

NET टेस्ट को UGC NET के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, यह भारत में विश्वविद्यालयों और कॉलेजों में सहायक प्रोफेसर के पद के लिए योग्य उम्मीदवारों का चयन करने के लिए आयोजित एक परीक्षा है। यह भारत में सबसे कठिन परीक्षा है और उत्तीर्ण अनुपात 3/4% है। नेट परीक्षा विश्वविद्यालयों और कॉलेजों के लिए अनिवार्य है।

7 Essential Domains of Child Development. %%Esslearning%%

2020-03-30T20:43:00.002+05:30

The youngster is like buds in a garden and should be carefully and lovingly nurtured, as they are the future of the nation and the citizens of tomorrow,' said Jawaharlal Nehru.

All Children are very important resources for any country. Children re not only the future of the country they are the future of mankind. They are the important pillars with whom one can build their future. So in this case, for making our future strong, we need to make our pillar strong. They are the ones who are going to make the country strong and conducive places to live. So if we want to make our future strong so need to focus on the present as well. We need to focus on the child's present, growth, and development. Cater to their essential needs, and prepare them for the future.

Meaning of Child Development

Child development is a specialized area of study. Which concerns itself with the growth and development of a child right from the moment of conception to adolescence.

The term development means a progressive series of changes. This occurs as a result of maturation and learning.

Development implies qualitative changes. This means that development does not consist of adding inches to one's hight or increasing kg in weight. These include changes in abilities like learning to speak, changes in behavior, interests, comprehensions, etc.

According to Laura Berk, Child development is a field of study devoted to understanding human constancy. It also related to change from conception through adolescence.

Domains/Aspects of Child Development.

Growth and development occur in different aspects of human beings. For the purpose of the study. To make it more orderly and convenient it is divided into various domains or aspects.

These aspects are mainly physical, motor, cognitive, social, emotional, and moral development. These aspects are interrelated and interconnected with each other. For proper development and growth of the child's parents and teachers have to aware of every domain/aspect. These aspects are as follows.

Essential domains of child development.

Physical Development.

The rapid growth of different parts of the body and their capacity to function is Physical Development. It is regarding the development of the body and its parts.

Changes in body size, brain development. Changes in body proportion, development of sensory capacities, the functioning of various body systems are all parts of physical development. It is important to know how children grow physically.

As physical development is connected with other domains and it can affect the development of other domains directly or indirectly. Although physical growth follows similar patterns in all children, the rate of development differs from individual to individual. It is also different from one stage to another stage.

Motor Development.

Motor development means controlled movements of the body through the coordination of muscles and nerves. It is the development of the body and muscles.

Children learn and acquire many skills through motor muscles, which are of two types of fine motor and gross motor.

Fine motor is smaller muscles involve pincer grasp and the gross motor is the involvement of larger muscles. Fine motor skills are the involvement of holding a pencil, crayons, holding the spoon, eating food, etc. Gross motor skills mean using larger muscles of hand and legs for running, jumping, playing, etc.

Motor development is the development of control over bodily movements. Through the coordinated activity of the nerve centers, the nerves, and the muscles. There are specific years to acquire motor skills.

Children's bodies are more flexible and easily acquire skills in childhood. Therefore childhood is an" ideal age" to learn any skills.

NOTE- In order to make children acquire motor skills easily and have proper physical growth and development. It is the duty of parents and teachers to provide opportunities that promote muscle coordination.

For both muscles, for gross motor -jumping, hopping, ball play, outdoor games. And for fine motor there are coloring, cutting, pasting, lacing, beading. In order to develop their muscle skills, they are indoor and outdoor play very important. Motor development and physical development are greatly dependant on each other and connected.

Language Development.

A language is a form of communication that helps to express thoughts and feelings easily. Which helps to convey meaning to others, such as speaking, sign language, gestures, and facial expressions.

Language development plays a very important role in children's social development.

For enhancing language development certain skills and activities are important. It includes enable children to listen, speak, read and write, encourage object talk, free conversation, picture talk, drama, word/letter games, stories, poems/rhymes/songs, drawing, pretend play can help a lot.

There are four components of language -Listening, speaking, Reading, and Writing. More and More opportunities have to be given to a child for proper language development. Encourage children to express verbally in the form of speech, reading, and then eventually writing.

Cognitive Development.

The ability to think/reason and become aware of one's environment/surroundings. Cognition is closely related to intelligence.
Can a young child think logically and have a reason? This is a question that we often ask ourselves.

Young children can achieve cognitive abilities gradually. Real concrete forms help the child to gain understanding easily.
A younger child would know about apple when he looks, feels, sees, tastes the apple. An older child can just by imagination without seeing. An apple describes an apple as he has already known about apple.
Cognitive development is the development of a wide variety of thought processes and intellectual abilities.
This including attention, memory, acquisition of academic and everyday knowledge, problem-solving, imagination, creativity, and the uniquely human capacity to represent the world through language.
Parents and teachers can promote cognitive development such as puzzles, riddles, games related to concept-based lessons, field trips, role play, concreate experiments, books, sensory play with equipment, quiz, etc.

Moral Development

Moral development occurs in two distinct but interrelated phases i.e. the development of moral behavior and development of moral concepts.

It is the development of behavior that conforms to the standard of the group with which the individual is identified. There are rules of behavior. Which the members of a culture are accustomed to and which determines the expected behavior patterns of all group members.

Learning to behave in the right way, distinguishing between right and wrong, and the development of the conscience is gradually learned.

Social Development

The ability to behave and adjust according to the expectations of the society, including conforming to a group standard, morals, and traditions. It means acquisitions of ability to behave in accordance with social expectations. This called Socialization.

Becoming socialized involves processes such as learning to behave in socially approved ways. It also involves playing approved social roles and the development of social attitude. Every social group has its own standard of approved behaviors for its members. Children must learn that standard and behave accordingly.

There are certain ways to promotes social development such as group activities/games, moral stories, celebrations, drama, etc.

Emotional Development

The ability to identify, express, and control emotions. It refers to the development of emotions and how they affect personal and social adjustments. It is very essential to study this domain of development.
Emotion plays a very important role in everyone's life from infancy to old age.

The various aspects of emotions are like positive and negative emotions. Which includes emotional expressions, control over expressions and emotions, and emotional maturity are studied.

For promoting Emotional development there are role-plays of different emotions, music, art, craft, clay, drama, puppets/dolls, stories, sand/water play, free play, pretend play are opportunities.

बाल विकास का परिचय

2020-03-29T21:15:00.003+05:30

जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने कहा, बच्चे बगीचे में कलियों की तरह होते हैं और उन्हें सावधानीपूर्वक और प्यार से पोषित किया जाना चाहिए, क्योंकि वे देश और आने वाले कल का भविष्य हैं।

बच्चे किसी भी देश के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण संसाधन हैं। बच्चे न केवल उस देश का भविष्य बनाते हैं, बल्कि वे मानव जाति का भविष्य हैं। वे महत्वपूर्ण स्तंभ हैं जिनके साथ कोई भी अपना भविष्य बना सकता है, इसलिए भविष्य को मजबूत बनाने के लिए हमें अपने स्तंभ को मजबूत बनाने की आवश्यकता है। वे ही हैं जो देश को रहने के लिए मजबूत और अनुकूल स्थान बनाने जा रहे हैं। इसलिए अगर हम अपने भविष्य को मजबूत बनाना चाहते हैं तो हमें वर्तमान पर भी ध्यान देने की जरूरत है। हमें बच्चे के वर्तमान, उनकी वृद्धि और विकास पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने, उनकी आवश्यक आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने और उन्हें भविष्य के लिए तैयार करने की आवश्यकता है।

बाल विकास का अर्थ

बाल विकास अध्ययन का एक विशेष क्षेत्र है जो गर्भाधान के समय से किशोरावस्था तक बच्चे की वृद्धि और विकास के साथ ही चिंता करता है। विकास शब्द का अर्थ परिपक्वता और सीखने के परिणामस्वरूप होने वाले
परिवर्तनों की प्रगतिशील श्रृंखला है। विकास का तात्पर्य है गुणात्मक परिवर्तन। इसका मतलब यह है कि विकास में किसी की हाइट में इंच जोड़ने या वजन में किलो बढ़ाना शामिल नहीं है। इनमें बोलने की क्षमता, व्यवहार में परिवर्तन, रुचियां, समझ, आदि जैसे बदलाव शामिल हैं।
लॉरा बर्क के अनुसार, बाल विकास अध्ययन का एक क्षेत्र है जो मानव की गति को समझने और किशोरावस्था के दौरान गर्भाधान से बदलने के लिए समर्पित है।

बाल विकास के अध्ययन के उद्देश्य

बाल विकास मानव विकास के अध्ययन का एक हिस्सा है। क्योंकि शुरुआती वर्ष महत्वपूर्ण हैं और हर बच्चे के जीवन में नींव वर्ष हैं।

1- बच्चों के समग्र विकास का अध्ययन करना।

यह मूल रूप से यह जानना और समझना है कि बच्चे कैसे विकसित होते हैं। छात्र विकास के पैटर्न, विकास के मानदंड, विकास के पहलुओं और बच्चों और बच्चों के अधिकारों को जानेंगे।

2- बचपन से जन्म के शुरुआती वर्षों तक विकासात्मक चरणों से परिचित होना।

छात्र विभिन्न विकास चरणों को जानेंगे जो किशोरावस्था से लेकर किशोरावस्था और उसकी विशेषताओं को कवर करते हैं।

3- बच्चे के विकास को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों को समझना।

आनुवंशिकता, पर्यावरण, पारिवारिक पृष्ठभूमि, सीखने, परिपक्वता, पोषण, आराम आदि जैसे कारकों का बच्चे के विकास पर लंबे समय तक प्रभाव पड़ता है। विकास को बढ़ाने या सही समय पर और सही तरीके से विकास को बढ़ावा देने में मदद करने के लिए इस जानकारी से लैस किया जा सकता है।

4- बच्चों के समग्र विकास को प्रोत्साहित करने और बढ़ावा देने में वयस्क की भूमिका को समझना।

माता-पिता, शिक्षक, देखभाल करने वाले और समाज बच्चों के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं क्योंकि बच्चे अपनी आवश्यकताओं, प्राथमिक या माध्यमिक के लिए वयस्कों पर पूरी तरह से निर्भर होते हैं। बच्चों को उनके समग्र विकास के लिए उत्साहजनक वातावरण प्रदान करना माता-पिता और वयस्कों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका है।

बाल विकास के अध्ययन का क्षेत्र।

किसी भी अनुशासन का दायरा पढ़ाई की गहराई पर निर्भर करता है, यह विकास है और यह पर्यावरण के साथ कितनी अच्छी तरह संबंधित है। इस तरह के मुद्दों पर विचार करते हुए, बाल विकास हालांकि मानव विकास का एक हिस्सा एक अलग अनुशासन के रूप में एक व्यापक गुंजाइश है। चूंकि यह सीधे तौर पर इंसानों के साथ काम करता है, इसलिए इसका व्यापक दायरा है, जिसमें शामिल हैं: -

1- विकास के विभिन्न चरणों का अध्ययन।

इस विषय का ज्ञान प्रसवपूर्व अवधि से प्रारंभिक बचपन के वर्षों तक गहन विकास का अध्ययन करने में मदद करता है। यह हमें बताता है कि कैसे पूरे जीवन काल को विकास के पैटर्न, प्रत्येक चरण की विशेषताओं, मील के पत्थर, जरूरतों आदि को उजागर करने वाली छोटी इकाइयों में विभाजित किया गया है, इससे आगे के अध्ययन में रुचि को बढ़ावा मिलेगा।

2-विकास के विभिन्न डोमेन का अध्ययन।

विभिन्न डोमेन में भौतिक और मोटर, संज्ञानात्मक, मनोसामाजिक, नैतिक और भावनात्मक शामिल होंगे। इन्हें विकास के पहलुओं के रूप में भी जाना जाता है। इन पहलुओं के बीच संबंध सामान्य विकास और व्यवहार के महत्व पर प्रकाश डालता है।

3-विकास और विकास को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का अध्ययन करना।

आनुवंशिकता और पर्यावरण दो मुख्य कारक हैं जो बच्चे के विकास और विकास को प्रभावित करते हैं। यह विषय विकास पर उनके अनुकूल और प्रतिकूल प्रभाव का अध्ययन करने में मदद करता है। ये कारक बच्चे के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।

4-बाल विकास के क्षेत्र में अपना करियर बनाना।

बाल विकास के बारे में बुनियादी ज्ञान उच्च स्तर पर आगे की पढ़ाई के लिए एक आधार होगा। विभिन्न शिक्षाविदों द्वारा विभिन्न सिद्धांतों, प्रयोगों और नए शोधों का अध्ययन करने के बाद, इस क्षेत्र में कैरियर बनाने का अवसर मिलता है। यह कैरियर सामान्य बच्चों के साथ-साथ असाधारण बच्चों के साथ हो सकता है क्योंकि यह एक सैद्धांतिक आधार प्रदान करता है। बच्चों, युवाओं और उनके परिवारों के लिए सेटिंग्स और कार्यक्रमों की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला में एक पेशेवर के रूप में काम कर सकते हैं। यह बुनियादी ज्ञान उस क्षेत्र में प्रवेश की सुविधा प्रदान कर सकता है। यह अध्ययन एक आधार हो सकता है जिस पर आगे का ज्ञान, कौशल और दक्षता बाल विकास की मूल बातें पेश कर सकते हैं।

5-माता और माता-पिता के लिए उपयोगी।

बाल विकास, विकास और विकास कैसे होता है, आदि का ज्ञान माँ / माता-पिता / शिक्षकों के लिए बहुत आवश्यक है। यह विषय प्रारंभिक बचपन के पूर्व जन्म को कवर करता है जिसके बारे में प्रत्येक माता / पिता / शिक्षक को ज्ञान होना चाहिए। हर चरण में मील के पत्थर के बारे में जागरूकता के साथ, यह भेद करना आसान है कि बच्चा सामान्य है या असाधारण। बच्चों की आवश्यकताओं, और बच्चों के पालन-पोषण के अभ्यास का अध्ययन करके, यह माता-पिता / शिक्षक के रूप में जिम्मेदारी को पूरा करने में मदद करता है और वे आवश्यकता पड़ने पर बच्चों का मार्गदर्शन कर सकते हैं।

धन्यवाद

Introduction of Child Development- Meaning, Objectives, and the scope of Child development.

2020-03-29T20:15:00.000+05:30

Children are like buds in a garden and should be carefully and lovingly nurtured, as they are the future of the nation and the citizens of tomorrow,' said Jawaharlal Nehru.

Meaning of Child Development

According to Laura Berk, Child development is a field of study devoted to understanding human constancy and change from conception through adolescence.

Objectives of Studying Child development

child development is a part of the study of human development. Because the early years are important and are the foundation years in every child's life.

1- To study the overall development of children.

This is basically to know and understand how children develop. The students will learn the developmental patterns, developmental norms, aspects of development and needs of children and children's rights.

2- To become acquainted with developmental stages from birth to early childhood years.

The students will know the different developmental stages which cover infancy to adolescence and its characteristics.

3- To understand the various factors affecting the child's development.

Factors such as heredity, environment, family background, learning, maturation, nutrition, rest, etc. have a long-lasting effect on a child's development. One can be equipped with this information to enhance the development or help in promoting development in the right way and at the right time.

4- To understand the role of the adult in stimulating and promoting the overall development of children.

Parents, teachers, caregivers, and society play an important role in the development of children as children are totally dependent on adults for their needs, primary or secondary. To provide a stimulating, encouraging environment for children for their overall development is the key role of parents and adults.

Scope Of Studying Child Development.

The scope of any discipline depends on the depth of the studies, it's the development and how well it has been related to the environment around. Considering such issues, Child development though part of human development has a wider scope as a separate discipline. Since it directly dealing with human beings it has a wider scope which includes:-

1- Studying different stages of development.

The knowledge of this subject helps to study in-depth development from the prenatal period to the early childhood years. It tells us, how the entire life span has been divided into smaller units highlighting the pattern of development, characteristics of each stage, the milestone, the needs, etc. This would lead to promoting interest in further studies.

2-Studying various domains of development.

The different domains would include physical and motor, cognitive, psychosocial, moral and emotional. These are also known as aspects of development. The interrelation between these aspects highlights the importance of normal development and behavior.

3-Studying the factors affecting growth and development.

Heredity and the environment are the two main factors that affect a child's growth and development. This subject helps to study their favorable and unfavorable impact on the development. These factors play an important role in a child's development.

4-To make a career in the field of Child Development.

The basic knowledge about Child Development will be a foundation for further studies at a higher level. After studying various theories, experiments and new researches by various educationists, one gets the opportunity to pursue a career in this field. This career can be with normal children as well as with exceptional children as this provides a theoretical base. One can work as a professional in a wide range of settings and programs for children, youth and their families. This basic knowledge can facilitate entry in that field. This study can be a foundation on which further knowledge, skills, and competencies can introduce the basics of Child Development.

5-Useful for the would-be mothers and parents.

The knowledge of Child Development, how growth and development take place, etc. is very essential for the mother/parents/teachers. This subject covers prenatal to early childhood about which every mother/parent/teacher should have the knowledge. With the awareness about milestones at every stage, it is easy to distinguish whether the child is normal or exceptional. By studying the needs of children, and the child-rearing practices, it helps in fulfilling the responsibility as parents/teacher and they can guide children as and when required.

How to become a Teacher and what all exams has to be passed for being a Teacher or Professor in India?

2020-03-28T21:02:00.001+05:30

Teaching is a very respected job in India and given more respect as compared to any other job. Teachers are treated as Parents. The child starts learning since his birth, through parents especially the mother is the first teacher. As now the times change and new institutions coming to make life easier. As an earlier woman not allowed to do a job, they only have to stay at home and prepare food do all house chores, take care of in-laws, husband, and children. As due to industrialization, Urbanization, and Modernization, the woman also more aware of their independence and rights, so they started doing jobs, the family pattern also changed from joint to nuclear so new institution like daycare has emerged which act as an alternative institution of family and provide care, knowledge to children. Teachers are always important in India, but there are lots of changes one can observe in their roles and patterns. Like earlier, only school teachers and professors are in notice. But now new fields in teaching like daycare teacher, Dance teacher, Yoga Teacher, pre-primary teacher, primary and secondary teacher, higher secondary teacher, professor and many more.

Let's discuss the Qualifications require to become a teacher in India.

1] Pre-primary teacher:-

If you would like to become a pre-primary teacher, who can teach Nursery, Jr.kg, and Sr.kg so you required some qualifications and degrees.

HSC+Ecce [depand on School]

HSC+B.Ed

BA/B.com/B.SC+Ecced

The minimum qualification has to be HSC than after complete your B.Ed.No matter which stream you have, Arts/commerce/science you can do Ecce after your graduation as well. You can also get a job if you have HSC+Ecce it depends on the type of school.

2] Primary+Secondary teacher:-

for becoming a teacher for the primary and secondary level you compulsory have to complete your Graduation in any field, BA/B.COM/B.SC= 50%[minimum]

for the primary level, you can also do HSC+B.ED.

for the secondary level, you have to do graduation+B.Ed/ HSC+BEIED [Bachelor of Elementary Education Degree].

3] Higher-Secondary teacher/ Junior college level:-

For becoming a Post-graduation teacher one should complete their Master's Degree in a particular subject.

4] Senior College level:-

For becoming a graduate-level teacher one should Complete their Ph.D. degree and pass certain exams like NET, PGT.

5] Special Education Teacher

The teacher who deals with Children with special needs.

compulsory Graduation in any streams, Arts/commerce/science. After graduation one can perceive certain degrees.

Diploma in Special Education
Bachelor in Special Education
Masters in Special Education.

Some colleges offered Degree in Special Education in India are,

1-Tata Institute of Social Science [TISS]

visit here

2-Indira Gandhi National Open University [IGNOU]

3- SNDT Women's University

visit here

4- Rehabilitation Council of India

visit here

5-Amity University

visit here

6-MIER College of Education

visit here

6] Dance Teacher

If you want to become a dance teacher at the school level than after completing HSC, you should earn some certification or Diploma in Dance teaching.

If you want to become a dance teacher at the college level or want to open your dance academy, so you have to do a BA in dance education [BADE] and MA in performing dance you need to have a specialization in dance education, fine arts and performing arts.

7] Yoga Teacher

200 hours Yoga Teacher Training Course.

Most people sometimes begin their yoga teacher journey by attending a 200-hour RYS [Registered Yoga School] teacher coaching course. for teaching yoga (part-time, full time intensive, native or abroad). This 200 hrs Yoga Certification Course is step to teach and become an aspiring yoga teacher across the worldwide level. There are also 300hrs, and 500hrs Yoga Teacher Training courses are available. After learning Yoga one should Register as Yoga Teacher/Trainer and find one's suitable job.

Institutions/centers for Yoga Teacher Training Courses in India.

1] RishikeshYTTC https://www.rishikeshyttc.com/

Address-Nishant Garden Resort, Laxman Jhula, Gulab Nagar, Tapovan, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249192

2] Kranti Yoga Academy https://www.krantiyoga.com/

Address- Kranti Yoga Beach Resort House No 135 Patnem Beach, Patnem, Canacona, Goa 403702

3] Yogadarshanam-Mysore Ashtanga https://yogadarshanam.org/

Address- 77/A, 1st Floor, 4th Main Rd, 3rd Stage, Gokulam, Mysuru, Karnataka 570002

4] GK RATHOD YOGA CLASSES AND TEACHER TRAINING.

https://rathodyogaclasses-yogainstructor.business.site/

Address- Suchidham, Behind Bank Of India. Near Dindoshi Bus Depot, GOKULDHAM Malad East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400097

5] Exhale Yoga School https://www.exhaleyogaschool.com/

Address- Sneh Srusthi Complex, 2, Judges Bungalow Rd, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054

for knowing more about Yoga Training centers visit here

Competitive Exams for becoming teacher and Professor.

1] TET [Teacher Eligibility Test]

Teacher Eligibility Test is an entrance exam conducted by the state or central government of India. This exam makes teachers eligible to teach standard 1 to 8. Teachers who want to apply for Indian Governments Schools have to compulsory clear this test. This test involves 2 papers- 1st paper for standard 1 to 5 and 2nd paper for 6 to 8 standard.

The exam is based on the Government of India's National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education and is a mandatory qualification for teachers including the B.T.C (D.El.Ed), B.Ed, and B.El.Ed, are eligible to take the test. Candidates must score over 60% to pass.

2] Central Teacher Eligibility Test [CTET]

CTET is conducted by CBSE board [Central Board of Secondary Education] twice in a year for teacher position for Grade 1 to 8. Two types of CTET test papers in the exam, which includes Paper-I and Paper-II. Teachers who plan to teach classes I-V to need to give Paper-I and Teachers who plan to teach classes VI-VIII need to take Paper-II. Teachers who plan to teach classes I-VIII need to take both the papers.https://ctet.nic.in/web info/Public/Home.aspx

3] Primary Teacher Exam [PRT]

PRT is an Exam for appointing suitable teachers in Government schools in India. This exam helps to shortlists those primary teachers who teach grades 1 to 5. For this Exam, the candidate should be passed HSC with 50% and Graduation with 50% minimum and also candidate able to teach in English and Hindi both. The candidate also had appeared for CTET.

4] Post- Graduate Teacher Exam [PGT]

PGT is an Exam given by those candidates who are done their post-graduation and also done B. Ed or M.Ed then you become a postgraduate teacher and after passing this exam can teach up to grade 12.

5] Trained Graduate Teacher [TGT]

TGT is a title given to a graduate who completed their training in teaching. TGT teachers are qualified to teach Grade 1 to 10 and can teach all subjects.

6] National Eligibility Test [TET]

The NET test is also known as UGC NET, this is a test conducting to select eligible candidates for the post of Assistant professor in Universities and Colleges in India. This is the toughest exam in India and the passing ratio is 3/4 %. The NET exam is mandatory for Universities and Colleges.

Name of the gland.	Location	Hormone	Function
Pituitary	The base of the brain attached to the hypothalamus	Growth hormone	1. Promote growth 2. Reabsorbs water from kidneys 3. Controls the function of other glands 4. Responsible for onset of maturity
Thyroid	In the neck	Thyroxin [protein and iodine]	Affects rate of:- 1. General growth 2. Bone development 3. Circulation 4. Function of reproductive organs and muscle development.
Pancreas	Situated in the abdomen, below the stomach.	Insulin	1. Regulates carbohydrates 2. Secreting juices for digestion.
Adrenals	On top of Kidneys	Adrenaline, Fight/Fight emergency hormone.	1. An important role in sexual maturity 2. Controls mineral substances 3. Prepares the body for action.
Parathyroid	Lie on either side of thyroid	Parathyroid hormone	Controls use of Calcium and Phosphorus.