always struggle to introduce any kind of sustainable systems. The priority of education always
falls short in front of food, housing, jobs and political optics.
Being a relatively young nation its resources are limited especially when compared to its
population. In 2010, one-third of Bangladesh’s population consists of children under the age of
15 with the literacy rates of barely above 50%. Can you imagine how many kids here are not
being educated? Imagine the potential that is being wasted here.
Education in Bangladesh
The countries education system is subsidize and divided into 3 tiers; Primary, Secondary and
Higher Secondary levels. With the much needed education reforms Bangladesh conforms to
Education For ALL (EFA) objective which made free primary education a constitutional right of
every kid between the ages of 6 to 10.
The current education levels are further divided into 5 parts.
 Primary
 Junior Secondary
 Secondary
 Higher Secondary
 Tertiary

Education Grade Level Ages Certified as Type
Primary 1-5 6-10 PEC Free
Junior Secondary 6-8 11-13 JSC Free
Secondary 9-10 14-16 SSC Free
Higher
Secondary

11-12 17-18 HSC Free
Tertiary Professional 18+ – Paid
English and Arabic are the most commonly taught language courses in schools and otherwise.
Quality of Education of education is also of grave importance. Bangladesh has a bunch of
universities for providing professional education. But the rate of students that pass out of HSE
level and that end up in universities is drastically different. This is not even counting the ones
that fall out in primary and secondary levels.
The question is with so many institutes and all the free education at state’s expense why are
children in Bangladesh not getting proper education?
Vulnerabilities of Educational Plans

With all the governmental attempts to educate the children in Bangladesh, The results are
nowhere near to favorable. The failure to get the literacy level to some acknowledgeable high is
mostly attributed to inefficiency of the services and the inadequate politics. In addition to these
issues children’s basic rights are not realized very much. Here is a list of factors that are
continuous contributors in illiteracy of Bengali children.
Poverty
About half of the children in Bengal grow up in the most abject poverty. They suffer the lack of
most basic necessities of life like food, housing etc. The subject of education is simple too
farfetched for them. There are more than 60 million children live in Bangladesh, and only half of
them are able to afford education. According to a survey conducted in 2010 the poverty in
Bangladesh was 31.5. A latest survey revealed poverty rate of rural areas was 26.4% and for
urban areas 18.9%. Then there are those suffering from extreme poverty with a rate of 12.9%.
Poverty is the biggest factor affecting majority of young Bengali children. Among the major
reasons for poverty, there is high unemployment rate, absolute scarcity of access to a healthy
diet, health services, and an education. Insufficient financial resources to overcome this poverty
are making the matter worse day by day.
Health
A troubling number of children in Bangladesh are malnourished. This mainly hits the poor
families where food is scarce and the prospects to feed themselves easily are nonexistent. 41%
of the kids under the age of 5 years are malnourished. Though this rate has come down, but is
not enough to make a consequential difference so far.

Then there are floods and natural disasters making their day to day life a challenge. The families
of rural areas of Bangladesh are the ones that are most affected by these severe conditions
which has completely compromised their food security.
Access to clean and drinkable water is also a huge issue especially when combined with
inappropriate sanitation facilities, the lack of these propagates waterborne diseases such as
Diarrhea.
Vaccination is also a sore topic for the health condition s of children in rural area. This is mainly
due to the absences of medical services. Parents with difficult or no access to medical centers
have simple stopped vaccinating their young kids. Only 0.6% of kids suffering from malaria get
anti-malarial drugs.
Infant Mortality
The 41% mortality rate (as per UNICEF survey) for the kids aged less than five is very troubling
in Bangladesh. 44% of these children are males and 38% are females. These rates have been
diminished greatly but still remain at an unacceptable high. The parents of sick children have no
idea what to do and where to turn in case of a medical emergency. The infant mortality rate of
2012 was 33%. The country suffers drastic lacks in pediatrics services and qualified personnel to
dispense the facilities where they are available. These are the kind of problems that can be
easily resolved if the local authorities promote health services and focus on training more
hospital personnel.
Identity
A lot of Bangladeshi children are denied their right of identity at the time of their births as their
parents neglects to report the birth of their child to authorities. If there is no birth certificate, a
child’s right to identity is not acknowledged or respected. Therefore they are not even
recognized as full citizens and cannot even cast a vote or any other right. They are basically
invisible in their own community.
According to UNICEF only 30.5% of child births got registered during 2005 -2012.
Unregistered children make good fodder for abuse, such as forced child labor, prostitution,
early marriage, smuggling and trafficking, etc.
Education
In Bangladesh, education is free and appointed mandatory for children between 6 and 10.
However, there is a huge range of children unable to avail this facility due to problems like child
laborer, handicapped children, native children, etc. Their right to education is generally

violated. The boys from poor families are the pinnacle of this injustice as they have to abandon
education to bare the financial responsibilities of their families. This is the biggest drawback in
poor communities.
A third of professors teaching without diplomas speak about the quality of education these
already under-privileged students are getting. The schools lack proper infrastructures, separate
sanitary facilities for girls, adequate ventilation and lighting, book and stationary supplies etc.
Children being physically abused by their teacher and girls are often sexually harassed at school
or on their way to school are also contributing in their avoiding the issue at all.
Here are some stats on education from 2008 to 2012 in Bangladesh by UNICEF:
Pre-primary school participation and gross enrolment: male 26.8%
Pre-primary school participation and gross enrolment: female 26.1%
Primary school participation & survival rate to complete: admin data 66.2%
Secondary school participation and net enrollment ratio: male 42.8%
Secondary school participation and net attendance ratio: male 42.9%
Secondary school participation and net enrollment ratio: female 50.6%
Secondary school participation and net attendance ratio: female 47.0%
Mobile phone users per 100 population 63.8
Internet users per 100 population 6.3
According to these only half of the students enrolled in primary and secondary schools are even
attending schools. No access to internet is definitely hindering their ability to connect, learn
and compete with the world.
Child Abuse
Children in Bangladesh, whether they belong to public or private establishments and rich or
poor families, undergo violence and negligence. In schools, they are mistreated by teachers.
Even people in authority like Police are using excessive force towards juvenile offenders.
Bangladesh has the norm of corporal punishment and degrading treatments allowed by both
law and society.
Child Marriages

Among all the girls under the age of 15, one-third is married away as a usual practice in
Bangladesh. Suffice it to say the girls under 15 are the most vulnerable. Bangladeshi custom
requires dowry, which is paid in installments in poor families. Until it is paid in full these young
girls are at risk of physical and mental abuse. There are cases of girls being murdered in case of
non-payment or paying inadequate sums.
2008 to 2012 stats by UNICEF for child marriage rate:
Child marriage: male 17.5%
Child marriage: female 8.1%
Child marriages also have repercussions on these girls health, development, and their rights.
Married at such a young and innocent age, they have limited social interaction and capabilities.
The strain of pregnancy at this age puts their health and the health of the child at mortal risk.
Child Labor
With gross abundance of poverty, parents are forced to put their children to work at an age
when they are not even able to understand financial responsibility. They are generally
employed in hard works are often underpaid. Their labor includes working in construction,
battery recycling, road transport, car repair shops, and tobacco factories.
2008 to 2012 stats by UNICEF for child labor rate:
Child labor: male 17.5%
Child labor: female 8.1%
No education added with miserable health conditions, long work hours, low salary, no food,
etc. has made survival a challenge. Additionally, they risk being subjected to prostitution,
discrimination and physical or sexual abuse.
Juvenile Justice
In Bangladesh, juvenile offenders are treated very poorly while they are in custody. A lot of
them never even get to juvenile courts and are sentenced by ordinary courts which are not able
to care for their minor status. Children serving time along with adults are generally at the mercy
of their adult fellows and their young impressionable minds suffer big time.
Bangladesh law delivers harsh ruling which is a huge setback for kids as children less than 15
years old are being sentenced to life behind bars and less than 18 are being sentenced to death.
Child Trafficking

Children from Bangladeshi communities that are poor and under-privileged are at high risk of
being sold by their very own parents. The reason behind is that they are convinced of migration
benefits: secure wages, better living conditions, etc. Yet the reality is not always so giving.
These children are exploited, sold to middle-east as boy-jockeys, girls are generally employed as
domestic servants yet subjected to prostitutes. So many children under the influence of
traffickers work in the streets.
Freedom of Opinion
In Bangladeshi culture, children rarely have the chance to voice they opinion of even concerns.
The pattern is that their parent or guardian commands full authority over their life and future.
The children cannot participate in any household decisions to the extent that they don’t even
get a say in whether or not they should go to school. Similarly, these mi ors are giving no legal
standing and their voices are never the part of legal and administrative proceedings even when
they are about them.
Politics
The political disarray in the country is the huge contributor towards the fact that there is barely
any infrastructure to make it even possible to attempt educating these kids. A lot of schools are
either established in reclaimed building or kids are taught under a tree or in a hut. They never
have enough books and writing supplies between them to practice and learn properly.
Education is supposed to be a priority especially in the underdeveloped countries because it is
the most direct way to bring in house sources to constitute in building a country’s future. But
the political adaptation of ignorance has failed to acknowledge the potential in the country. The
people with power to make a difference do not see the need of proper and sustainable
education as a priority.
With all these factors working against any attempts to educated and alleviate their living
standards and life prospects it will be in vain. What do you think are the chance of a child born
in a poor family how has not been vaccinated against the abundance of diseases all around
them and suffer a variety of abuses all the while being denied any education and forced to
support their family financially.
We know that kids in Bengal need education just like any other kids in developed countries. It is
understandable that they are going to have to cover a huge gap to match up to the level of
western children. It is a fact that educating a generation of today’s children is going to directly
influence the prospects of their country in global scales. Let us see if the kids in Bangladesh
actually want to get education.

Let’s compare the education of a child in Bangladesh with Western, Scandinavian, Nordic and
Asian countries:
Western
Kids in USA or UK have proper access to school and are provided with competent education
guidance through professional counselors. Their teachers are highly qualified and there is
abundance of learning materials along with easy access to internet. They have everything
needed to excel in any field of education they choose because they not only have facilities; they
have choices and the freedom to exercise their will. USA has the 5 th largest literacy rate and UK
is 8 th position.
There are no fields of education that these kids cannot pursue. There are even special camps to
give them a leg up in competitive exams. The education standard is exemplary and
extracurricular are carefully designed to assist with future job prospects.
The universities are spread far and wide and competition is high to get in especially in Ivy
League. The education at this level is expensive but there are a bunch of scholarships. The
vocational institutes are amazing the diplomas are earned with proper experience and training.
There is no lack of awareness in the access of education and there are open communication
channels between parents, students and teachers.
Finland
Children in Finland start schooling from the age of 6 in pre-schools which is basically a practice
run for real school. The attendance is 2 to 3 times a week at this stage.
At the age of 7 they start primary school for six years and learn basic skills like maths, mother
tongue, some sciences, physical education, music and arts. They learn foreign languages
generally English, German or French in 3 rd grade. From 5 th grade children choose one or more
foreign languages to study further, Swedish or German usually.
At the age of 13 after primary school kids start lower secondary school for 3 years. At this stage
children study maths, mother tongue, English as first foreign language, Swedish or German as
second foreign language, religion, history, social studies, biology, geography, chemistry, physics,
arts, music, domestic science and needlework. They can choose to study additional foreign
languages like German, French or Russian. This is Finnish basic schooling.
Basic school leads to secondary school or vocational school as per student’s preferences.
Secondary school duration is 3 to 4 years. The education model is mainly theoretical. Added
subjects include philosophy or psychology. At the end of the school year students take
matriculation examination and proceed to university or polytechnic institutes. Vocational

schools also have 3 to 4 year duration. After that students are ready to work professionally.
Some of the popular professions are teacher, engineer, psychologist, designer and artist.
Sweden
Children in Sweden attend school at 6 years old. The schools are mostly government operated
and but there are a few private ones too. Students are in same class till 6 th grade and then they
go to another school for secondary education.
Students don’t get any marks for their work till 8 th grade as the mode of education is “personal
development dialogues”. The reason for not having a grading system at this stage is to avoid
competition and stress among students. From 8th form to 9th form the students are tested and
graded twice a year.
The secondary schools in Sweden allow the students to choose their own professional learning
field. There are 17 national programs available for students: Child and Recreation, Construction,
Electrical, Vehicle engineering, Energy, Arts, Business, Administration, Handicrafts, Hotel,
Restaurant, Catering, Industry, Foods, Media, Use of Natural resources, Natural Science,
Medicine, Health Care, Social Science and Technology.
Secondary school students do not pay for bus tickets, lunch or books but they have to pay for
notebooks and pencils and you also receive a stipend per month. After graduating, the grades
are added and divided to calculate overall value, which is used when applying for higher
education or the students have to take a national university aptitude test to gain an admission.
The Folk High School is unique in Sweden, which has more freedom to form any kind of courses.
Higher education is considered imperative in Sweden which is why it is free. The expense of
books and accommodation etc for every Swede are bore by a special study loan, which is a lot
better than usual bank loans. Due to this style people with not enough income can still educate
themselves.
Sweden has beautiful infrastructure for schools with single-storey schoolhouses. The
environment is friendly and there is no bullying among the students.
Norway
Children in Norway start going to school when they are 6 years old and study in mother tongue
Norwegian till primary school and in the lower secondary. English learning is compulsory from
the primary level they must take second foreign languages like German or French. The teaching
method also includes practical project work which is an effective way of learning. The teachers
are competent, qualified and passionate. Primary and lower secondary education works as

unified school system. A single national curriculum is followed throughout the country to
promote same standard of education, knowledge, culture and values.
In the secondary school children can choose to study in any field they like:
Arts, Crafts, Design, Agriculture, Fishing, Forestry, Hotel Management, Food-Processing Trades,
Sales and Service, Health Care, Social Care, Mass Communication, Music, Dance, Drama, Sport
Sciences, Physical Education, Building, Construction, Woodworking, Engineering, General or
Business Studies
Students can also go to vocational training centers and learn any trade. Vocational training is
offered both at school and at the workplaces. The certification for which can be gained by one-
year apprenticeship, followed by one year of productive work experience.
There are 6 universities in Norway offering higher education. They are special because they give
freedom to students to make their own course.
In Norway exchange are welcomed. Norwegian students take part in international projects and
organizations to stay in competition with the world.
India
The education at the levels Primary and Middle (lower primary (Standards I to V) and upper
primary (Standards VI to VIII)) is free in India. Children start Primary education at the age of 6
and by the age of 14 they end Middle/Upper Primary education. Schooling is available at state-
run facilities as well as at private schools. Depending on the financial status the selection is
made between the 2. The standard of education and facilities at governmental schools are few
and far between. The infrastructure is also lacking. The multiple regional languages are the
instruction medium for most primary schools and English as learned as a secondary language
beginning by 3 rd grade.
The secondary education is a two year cycle referred to as General/Lower Secondary School, or
‘Standard X’, and Upper/Senior Secondary School, or ‘Standard XII’. Education at this stage is
also free but private schools are preferred at this level. Public examinations system is in place to
promote children to grade 11 and university level studies General curriculum mainly consists of
three languages (including the regional language, an elective, and English language),
Mathematics, Science and Technology, Social Sciences, Work/Pre-Vocational Education, Art,
and Physical Education. Secondary schools are affiliated with State boards which administer the
Secondary School Certification.

Depending upon the SSC results, students are granted access to Senior/Upper Secondary
School. Upper Secondary Schools offers a choice in preferred fields like science, commerce, and
arts/humanities.
Young people whom do not pursue tertiary education, or fail to finish secondary school can get
admissions in vocational instituted to get professional education. These institutes are privately-
owned vocational schools. The standard of education is not as well specialized as it is in United
States institutes rather it is a broad overview employment application.
Bangladesh
The Education system in Bangladesh consists of three systems which are; General Education,
Madrassah Education and Technical (Vocational) Education.
Each of these Education systems are divided into four levels
 Primary level (up to 5 years in length, from ages 6 to 10)
 Secondary (up to 6 years in length, from ages 11 to 17)
 Tertiary (Varies in length from person to person, from all ages post-secondary)

Bangladesh Education diagram

This diagram shows the structure of Bangladesh education system, it displays three types of
education: General (Primary, Secondary), Madrassah/Islamic Studies (shown by the rankings on
the left ‘Ebtadayee’, ‘Dakhil’, ‘Alim’, ‘Fazil’, ‘Kamil’) and also Tertiary education (post-
secondary).
The general education system is shown to be following the norm of most education systems.
When compared to a country in the first-world e.g. England, both countries’ education system
structure is very similar from ages that the system is catering for to the level of education
granted. While no structure is deemed to be flawless, it can be suggested, even acceptable to say,
that Bangladesh’s youth learning achievements are not simply due to its countries system
structure. To evidence this, it is common knowledge that other countries with a similar or the
same structure are achieving better results (particularly in the first-world).
When looking at Madrassah/Islamic studies, the diagram does not give much information away
as to what it can lead to in terms of qualifications, but it is interesting to note that the first rank
(Ebtadayee) can be studied alongside Primary Education but after both have been passed,
students can no longer pursue both goals, as shown by the splitting of the education structure and
the rankings from Junior-Secondary and Dakhil onwards. This leads to the suggestion that data
obtained of student success rates in Bangladesh are not as in depth due to students choosing to
leave secondary education for Islamic studies. However obtaining accurate data on the number of
students with respective Islamic rankings can be near-impossible due to the informality of
obtaining these ranks as the ranking system is not seen as an ‘official’ education system ranking
but rather a ‘popular’ one to be enrolled into. (Note: some students will feel that enrolling onto
Madrassah studies is required as a way to bring honor to the family as well as to become a more
pious individual, thus making them feel it is not their choice but they must still do it.)
Ideal
Availability and access to proper education has to be a compulsory part of literary reform. In
fact it should be made a part of constitution with punishment for making kids do anything else
then study in order to bring about some real change that actually matters more than just the
statistics. Till such a time comes we need to call on the people with resources, ability and
willingness to be our partners in support the future of these underprivileged children by
providing them a sustainable education system. Just an education system is not going to cut it.
There are some basic necessities of delivering education to this underprivileged nation:
 Infrastructure
(SMM, 2012)

 School supplies like boards, chairs etc
 Qualified teachers
 A standardize course outline
 Books and learning material
 Access to internet
 School uniform
 Stationary supplies
 Commute expense and stipend
 Guidance counselors
 Talent and need based scholarships
In addition to these basic requirements, the government has to take a few steps too. Some of
these are necessary to reduce the vulnerabilities affecting the access of education for both girls
and boys.
1. A health reform is needed to reduce infant mortality, malnourishment etc. A serious
undertaking of developing and imposing an automated birth registration system has to
be the highest priority. But until that miracle a qualified doctor visiting schools
established by the efforts of our partners could at least ensure that the kids who make it
of the school get medical attention.
2. Children rights have to be established and imposed. The guidance counselors could also
play the part of guiding the youth with their constitutional right. Since all change comes
with the spreading of awareness, change here is definitely possible. It would be in the
best interest of all the children in Bangladesh if the country adhered to International
Convention on the Rights of the Child.
3. Involving local citizen as point person to communicate to the parents that education is
in their best interest. The information campaigns have to be about what can be made
out of the worst situations.
4. We need to bring the future that is currently happening in the west to the people of
Bangladesh so they can see and compare for themselves how bad their life standard and
expectations are compared to where they could so if only they chose to educate their
kids instead of binding them in tradition and lifestyle of their forefathers.
5. Progress has to be made in the area of participation. The country drowned in poverty
cannot allocate too many resources to improve the rate of education. Which is why, it
falls to us people with resources and a little bit of willingness to help our fellow human
being out at least of have their own standing in their country. All of this is possible with
a simple but thoroughly implemented education system.

Sources
SMM, I. (2012). The flow diagram of education structure of Bangladesh. [online] E-
varsityadmission.blogspot.com. Available at: http://e-
varsityadmission.blogspot.com/2012/01/flow-diagram-of-education-structure-of.html [Accessed
26 Nov. 2018].
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bangladesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#Education

Children of Bangladesh

https://bdnews24.com/economy/2017/10/18/poverty-rate-has-dropped-to-24.3-percent-bbs-
survey
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312353/
https://skidos.com/children-education-nordic-countries/
https://fedena.com/blog/2014/01/10-countries-high-literacy-rate-world.html
https://miksike.ee/docs/referaadid2006/education_nordic_countries_siimkornel.htm

The post Sample Academic Research Paper on Education in Bangladesh appeared first on Essay Homework Help.

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Memes play different roles in modern culture to convey different information from
person to person ridiculously. They can create for opportunities the parents can talk to their
teenage kids about important issues such as war possibility or the disease pandemics. For
instance, a viral meme that shows two hands slicing a lemon fruit with a caption-“me preparing
for the coronavirus”. Despite the struggle of the health workers to obtain a cure for the disease
that has killed many people, the meme ridicules on a beer branded Corona to suggest that there is
no important need to get worried. On the internet, memes use images to show humour, celebrate,
or reprimand current events and a known culture. Consequently, memes have created a method
on how teenagers communicate in the modern digital world. Teens obtain news through memes
shared on Instagram and Snapchat, unlike the parents and teachers who mostly rely on Facebook
and Tweeter for news reports. As a result, there is the existence of a gap in how the teens and the
elderly understand and react to the same news events. Memes present a chance to discuss
definitions of unhealthy and healthy behavior in families since nowadays adolescents are
exposed to more technology than the previous generations. Therefore, adults need to guide the
teens on their behavior. Parents should keep on reminding their kids that memes can be created
by any person, even those that intend to spread information that is meant to bring the conflict in
society.
Social media has hugely played a role in political campaigns and politics at large.
Various individuals have discovered an opportunity through social media platforms to express
their beliefs in politics in a manner that is entertaining, funny, and accessible. Memes are a
unique tool for expressing those beliefs. A meme can be a video or an image with a text that is
partially altered to create reactions on various circumstances. Memes have been used in
discussing politics through entertainment which can draw a lot of attention to the people

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(Heiskanen & Benita 12). As many young citizens learn and mould their opinions on social
platforms and memes basis, less action is left from traditional news sources in sharing political
information. Young voters use memes through social media as a political tool as they are
showing huge turnouts in campaigns. Sometimes memes tend to seem as silly internet time
dwellers, it has come to be a powerful tool for communication. Humour is a vessel hugely used
to engage the masses in places that have little public interests. The viral and fast spread of
memes makes it a powerful tool for effectively shaping the image of the public of different
election campaigns candidates.
Religiously oriented memes on the internet are spread through various messages and
interpretive practices of religion in the modern era to trend a religion online hence creating an
interesting understanding of the living religion. New media is taking part in spreading the
process of people enacting and expressing their religious beliefs. Religious based memes create
an image and language of a secular and a sacred assembled online to portray personalized insight
of a religion. Memes provide a vessel where the users can make meaning and sense of what they
believe by the creation of religious visual expressions (Burroughs et al. 357-377). These are as a
result reshaped by other people by reinterpreting the memes within their personal experiences
and understandings.

The shift of culture to socialism has become apparent regardless of the birth of
memes. Little is done by memes to combat the increasing behavior towards a life of online, thus
encouraging a change from reality. Both polarization and fractionalization are got online among
ideological groups that are different. The identity-driven characteristic of memes makes them a
strong tool for marketing. The destroying aspect of memes and the culture of the internet is that

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the methods used to market commodities as items for consumers and lifestyle have been
embraced for campaign personalization across the face of social life. The marketing team can
analyze the calculations that end up with the best meme to sell, for example, a movie, though it
will not beat a thing made by a younger teen.
Memes usually last for a limited period since they appear and vanish with no time. Most
of the adorable cultural ideas are transmitted throughout the world by memes. They linger for
some time in social media such as Facebook then they disappear unless they are reposted. From a
digital perspective, meme’s death is not a mysterious phenomenon than its birth. The death of
memes is caused by a gradual lack of interest and people becoming tired of them. ROFLCon,
convection about internet memes brought a change in the character of the culture of memes
started through Facebook and Twitter. It was indeed the end of an era that was defined by
subgenres such as Doge and LOLcats. It was fearful that some memes would betray a particular
community that viewed memes as an intellectual asset of their own. “Wistfully nostalgic for the
slower-speed good ol’ days,” Wired’s Brian Barrett reported Poole’s quote. “These days, memes
spread faster and wider than ever, with social media acting as fuel for mass distribution,” Andy
Baio wrote. Poole and Baio portray that something crucial in memetics is lost when they are
shared with a larger mass of people. Memes extinction will be caused by social networks.
Provided that creativity continues within the world, memes are not getting to extinction. The
vanishing of memes is the beginning of the creation of other new material for more memes.
Memes from the internet seem to remain alive but individual memes vanish faster. Overexposure
of memes is partially to blame for their disappearance since alone it cannot account for lifespan
varied amongst the memes that are concurrent. Some memes last longer than the others. Looking
memes as jokes can help to get answers to why some memes vanish and when is the return of the

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others. Elise Kramer, an anthropologist, points out that jokes can never be unpacked or
explicated but memes with jokes draw more attention to people. The guardian’s Elena pointed
that, “when it comes to memes, there’s a rule: it is dead as soon as the think pieces come out.”
She directly equates memetics to the fun by pointing that memetics stop being funny as soon as
they go mainstream since jokes get less funny once they are explained. Observing jokes as
artefacts of culture, researching individuals are concerned with both plotting the life cycle of a
joke and a context of a society that causes the public to engage in a particular joke at a specific
time. For example, lightbulb jokes came as a result of a joke of ethnicity in the 1960s. Many
lightbulb jokes looked to be an opinion on some economic, social, and cultural positions even
though they do not cross racial status or ethnicity. Memes draw and maintain the attention of the
people at a particular period since something on that period creates a situation that makes a
meme enticing. New contexts lead to the creation of new memes as the old ones diminish
through the changes in contexts. Distance and time can help in evaluating reasons why some
memes drew more attention to people and others disappeared quickly while others stayed.
Cultural, economic, and political moments that we live in can provide the reasons provided the
memes can be remembered.
Memes can be used for educational purposes as they have philanthropic value, which in
sophisticated contexts, can enhance critical thinking. Since memes are ridiculous, students might
not realize they are indeed learning. Skills such as critical thinking and creativity are used by
students when creating memes. Complex dialogue can be sparked by memes because they deal
with social issues or events which are current. Students still, gain skills of technology in the
process (Nowak et al. 73-79). Memes can reinforce what is being taught in the classroom or
online unit that indicates current lessons. As a result, excitement is also generated about things

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that are being taught. Students can increase their vocabulary by creating memes by defining and
using new words. The creation of excitement on new topics by introducing memes. The memes
will also help the teacher draw the attention of the students. The teacher gets to know the
students by asking them to create their memes about themselves. Therefore, memes can aid
relieve stress through jokes, connection to individuals with mutual opinions.
Silly memes have an impact on society through a change in culture in the same way as of
evolution in biology but in a different vessel. The brain is the medium where memetic evolution
occurs through natural selection. Silly memes convey jokes over serious topics on death and
suicide which have been considered normal by the society of today. Empathy on sensitive issues
has ceased as through social media, a person can solely take an instance of school shootings to
make young scholars find humour and laugh about it (Baysac et al. 267-281). Using memes as a
basis of giving glory to social problems can have detrimental impacts on people’s psychology. It
feels like society has lacked respect for its problems since it normalizes serious things like
depression and suicide instead of finding methods for a solution.

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Works Cited
Baysac, Paulo Emmanuel G., and Paulo G. Emmanuel. "Laughter in class: Humorous memes in
21st century learning." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 6.2 (2017): 267-281.
Burroughs, Benjamin, and Gavin Feller. "Religious memetics: Institutional authority in
digital/lived religion." Journal of Communication Inquiry 39.4 (2015): 357-377.
Heiskanen, Benita. "Meme-ing electoral participation." European journal of American
studies 12.12-2 (2017).
Nowak, Jakub. "Internet meme as meaningful discourse: Towards a theory of multiparticipant
popular online content." Central European Journal of Communication 9.16 (2016): 73-
89.
Varis, Piia, and Jan Blommaert. "Conviviality and collectives on social media: Virality, memes,
and new social structures." Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the
Periphery 2.1 (2015): 31-31.

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CHAPTER TWELVE REVIEW 3
People tend to operate above the law, such as a politician and a civil servant. In contrast, others
such as well-connected businessmen may belong to a brutal system that runs above the law, and
all these forms of corruption will have later consequences. Today it may be impossible to bring
these people into Justice, but when the moral law is God’s law, no individual will escape it. Each
person will face judgment from God. Each individual will have to take the consequence of their
sin unless one repents their sins and accepts the forgiveness and eternal life that Jesus offers.
Jesus can forgive because he became the sacrificial Lamb of God and took the sin of the world
upon himself.
Your thoughtful response or reaction to the ideas outlined in the chapter (e.g., Do you
agree with the author on how the cultural issue gets framed?
I agree with the author that corruption has made many countries to live with poverty. The
most developed countries are ranked least in terms of corruption. Reason being that they were
the first to receive the Bible that had a deep meaning of God’s law before the Bible got translated
into other languages, hence some incidents of changing some parts.
Is something missing?
Nothing is missing about the effects of corruption. According to the author’s perspective
and the Christian view since the consequence of corruption is given.
Do you agree with the Christian response?
I agree regarding the eighth commandment.
Is such a response realistic?
Yes, it is realistic because corruption is a sin. Every sin without repentance is punishable,
even if it is not in this world.
CHAPTER TWELVE REVIEW 4
Does the discussion in your selected chapter align with or challenge your views about
Christianity?
My view about Christianity is that each individual should obey the Ten Commandments.
The eighth commandment forbids not only those thefts and robberies that are punishable by the
courts, but all forms of covetousness are prohibited. Corruption is one of the avarice then should
be punished.
Have you seen examples of this in “real life?”
Everything today has been all about corruption. Graduates are spending their lives at
home been jobless. One is required to bribe to get a job; hence without this capability to bribe, it
means been jobless.

CHAPTER TWELVE REVIEW 5

References

Mangalwadi, V. (2012). The book that made your world, How the Bible created the soul of western civilization. Thomas Nelson.

The post Sample Theology Essay Paper on Chapter Twelve Review of Corruption and Bible appeared first on Essay Homework Help.

Informatics is a discipline that constitutes the typification, impartation of information and
its processing in original systems which are designed (Baker et al., 2016). It has cognitive,
computational and aspects of the society. The main aspect of informatics is the changing of
information be it through communication or computation or whether by artifacts or organisms.
Informatics thus combines information science and how the information system is engineered.

Information technology is the incorporation of computer usage and other devices that are
physical, to form, store, protect as well as transferring all data forms that are electronic (Westrup,
2017). It is mainly used in operations of enterprises in contrast to technologies that are used for
entertainment purposes or for personal fulfillment. Its use in commerce constitutes both
telephony and technology in computers.

Nursing informatics is a specialization that coordinates the science of nursing with
numerous information management with the sciences of analytics in order to determine, state,
control and impart the information and knowledge in the field of nursing (McGonigle &
Mastrian, 2015). It supports patients, consumers, nurses and the healthcare team who are
professionals in the field in making decisions in all responsibilities to attain their set goals.
Stakeholders are also supported by the nursing informatics in order to fulfill their objectives.

Comparison of informatics, information technology, and nursing informatics

Informatics is mainly concerned with the processing of any data type. On the other hand,
information technology is used in enterprises and does not include technologies of entertainment.
The nursing informatics is mainly concerned with the processing of data in the nursing field in

INFORMATICS 3
order to attain some set goals. These three definitions are similar in they are all used to process
data.

How informatics enhances patient care and nursing professional practice and any
improvements in informatics strategies.

In the recent world, the ability to apply communication and information technology is
increasing in a rate that helps to improve the nursing quality. Nurses are able to communicate
with their patients and also interact with the technology of information more often. The
utilization of technology will create a good attitude in the productivity of nurses.

It is, however, significant to include nurses in the designing of the systems in order to
enhance the healthcare quality and thus change the culture of the nurses in this particular regard.
In this, nurses should be trained or have knowledge of information technology (Baker et al.,
2016). They should also have the skills in the computer as well as in informatics. This will aid
them to make the best decisions on the utilization of technologies. The nurses should also be
ready to use the information technology that is quality-based in the caring of their patients. They
should adopt this information technology to their daily lives.

INFORMATICS 4
References

Baker, E. L., Fond, M., Hale, P., & Cook, J. (2016). What Is “Informatics”?. Journal of Public
Health Management and Practice, 22(4), 420-423.

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (Eds.). (2015). Nursing informatics and the foundation of
knowledge. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Westrup, C. (2017). What’s in Information Technology? Issues in Deploying IS in Organisations
and Developing Countries. In Information technology in context: Studies from the
perspective of developing countries (pp. 112-126).

The post Sample IT Paper on Informatics appeared first on Essay Homework Help.

Firstly, the possession of guns in public places can increase the risk of gun violence.
Hartargues that consumption of alcohol can result in gun violence, thus allowing possession of
firearms in sports stadiums and bars can accelerate the risk of gun violence (5). Gun legislation
would reduce gun-related crimes. Hence, more laws should be enacted to regulate the possession
of guns in public places, which often result in crimes.
Secondly, enacting laws to control guns can reduce the rate of gun deaths and homicide.
A survey conducted by Nemerovshows an increase in murders and unintentional deaths.
Consequently, guns were the primary source of these deaths. An increase in the suicide rate
results from an increase in firearm ownership. Therefore, enacting laws that regulate gun
ownership is vital to reduce firearm suicide.
Notably, in the united states, five women are killed with guns every day. The probability
of killing women during domestic violence increases tremendously, with the presence of a

Surname 2

firearm. A study conducted by Rapchakshows that 86% of women were murdered with firearms
by their partners. American women are prone to homicide and domestic violence; thus, guns
should not be legalized in the united states.
In conclusion, guns should not be legalized in the united states to reduce gun-related
violence, deaths, and crimes. Policy implementation concerning firearm possession would help
reduce the chances of firearm injuries.

Surname 3

Works Cited
Hart, Frank. "Gun Control–Outreach vs. Legislation." (2018).
Nemerov, Howard Ross. "Yes, it's time to talk about gun control." It's Time to Talk About Gun
Control (May 22, 2018) (2018)
Rapchak, Marcia. "Pros and Cons of Controversial Issues." Reference Reviews (2013)

The post Sample Argumentative Essay Paper on Should Guns Be Legalized in the US? appeared first on Essay Homework Help.

IMPACTS OF CRIME ON COMMUNITY 3
decline in numbers of some communities (Blumstein, 2018). These may result to declining of a
community.
Evidently, crime has some major impacts of the society such as declining, distrust among
members, underdevelopment and many others. However, the society can decrease the rate of
crime by teaching good morals, improving street lighting and creating job opportunities to the
unemployed.

IMPACTS OF CRIME ON COMMUNITY 4

References

Blumenstein, A. (2018). Estimation of crime rates from arrest records. Heinonline.
Collins, J. E. (2015). Impacts of crime. 303. New York: Macmillan.
Hirsch, & Gottfiedson, M. (2015). A general theory of crime .JSTOR.

The post Sample Research Paper on Impacts of Crime on Community appeared first on Essay Homework Help.

Surname 2
governments issued social distancing rules. Industries will try harnessing their
production to trim their revenue expenditures. In Chemical Industry, for example, the
production will shrink by 1.2 percent (Nicola et al., 19). Such effects will continue to
affect industries until the world arrives to a lasting solution.
Learning is integral to a society, Coronavirus disease has made it difficult for
learners go to school. The fear of the disease spreading has pressed governments to
close all schools. There have been various social-economic effects of closure of
educational facilities. For example, in some countries schools provide free meals to their
students. Such students are suffering from hunger with the virus prompting closure of
learning facilities (Nicola et al., 21). Learners from poor background are likely abandon
their studies to fill the gaps of their loved ones who died of the virus (Nicola et al., 21).
Students with poor background will struggle to raise their upkeep money, which may
result to them ceasing their studies. Poor network coverage and low technology
capabilities will affect learning, as most governments announced that they shall be
airing the educational materials using technological means, rural areas are yet to have a
capable internet supply, and this makes access to educational resources difficult (Nicola
et al., 21). Therefore, students from disadvantaged areas will have a difficult time when
learning resumes.
Financial sector has been on the receiving end of the virus. Reports indicate a
declined use of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) worldwide, which has led to
decreased transactions (Ozili 9). Use of credit cards has substituted ATMs, minimizing
the spread of the virus. Financial technology companies have experienced low
revenues (Ozili 9). Online shopping has increased in the last couple of months due to
the strict movement restrictions measures. Credit risk among banks and other financial
facilities has increased with loans evasions looming (Ozili 9). Certainly, the virus has
affected financial industry, considering the fear factor associated with the pandemic,
only a solution to the virus that will solve the issues within financial industry.
The strict measures associated with the pandemic have affected the various
macro level units causing serious implications to the world’s economy. The future
repercussions of the disease remain unknown, but at a short run, the disease has
affected the world’s economy essentially. One can argue that the disease has changed
our lives and it is accurate to say that the disease will have a lasting impact on our lives.
Social distancing and isolation measures will affect our interactions in the society both
now and in future. Coronavirus disease’s psychological impact will likely last for years to
come.

Surname 3

Works Cited

Ozili, K. et al. “Spillover of COVID-19: impact on the global economy.” EBSCO host, doi:
10.2139/ssm.3562570. pp. 9-10. Accessed 28 th May, 2020.
Nicola, M. et al. “The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19
Pandemic: A Review.” International journal of surgery (London, England), S1743-
9191(20)30316-2, 16 Apr. 2020, pp. 15-23. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018.
Accessed 28 th May, 2020.
Leslie, J. et al. “Long haul lockdown: Three scenarios for the impact of coronavirus on
the UK economy.” https://voxeu.org/article/three-scenarios-impact-coronavirus-

The post Sample Research Paper on The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic appeared first on Essay Homework Help.

RESEARCH PAPER ON CYBERSECURITY
 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CYBERSECURITY.
The implementation of cybersecurity is not only useful in the academic sector or in a
district school somewhere, it is similarly very useful in the other sectors of the economy.
Cybersecurity is a very important aspect because it cuts across everything that concerns the
protection of our sensitive information either at the organization level or at the individual level.
Personal information, the intellectual property government and company information is a very
important asset that should always be protected from persons that are not authorized to access it.
Besides the education sector where the system could be hacked into and the data erased or grades
changed, the implementation of cybersecurity in the health sector is also very critical (Jacobs et
al. 2019).
In the health sector, the most crucial information that is stored involves the patient
treatments and their personal illnesses. In the hospital institutions, due to the advancement in
technology, one doctor can conduct a diagnosis from one point and send it to another point. If the
hospital system is weak, then it would be easy for the malicious attackers to send malicious files
into the system and the process of sending information from one point to another would spread
the virus. It is therefore very critical for the hospital systems to be implement the cybersecurity
measures. Cybersecurity cases are on the rise, the connection to the cloud storages for sensitive
and confidential information if not done properly, then it would be an easy target for the
attackers to get access to the information and use it for their personal gains.
The society at large is now part of the ever-dynamic technology and the only way to
ensure things run smoothly and safely is be ensuring the implementation of the cybersecurity
guidelines. The personal information that is supposed to be kept confidential is now being posted
on the social media. The introduction of cloud storages such as Dropbox and Google Drive has
attracted people into storing their information there. Whether an individual or a business,
reliance on the computers is undeniable (Jacobs et al. 2019). This makes every sector prone to
the cybersecurity threats. In the banking industry, if the cyber security implementation is not
taken into consideration, then there would be no money safety, the attackers would hack the
accounts and transfer the money to their accounts. This will lead to loses in the banking industry
and eventually affect the whole economy (Kido et al. 2020).
The transport sector is also not left behind in the cybersecurity war. The system that is
being used to control traffic could be hacked into and the whole traffic control becomes a mess,
the order on the roads will be disrupted and accidents may even occur. It is therefore important to
ensure the implementation of cybersecurity. One of best way of ensuring the implementation of
the cybersecurity is by creating awareness (Lee et al. 2018). If the masses are aware of how this
threats and attacks occur, then they will be in a position to control them before they even occur.
For example, ransomware, in most cases, takes place through sending links, if the computer use
is aware of this, he or she is likely to avoid clicking on the link.
 APPLICABILITY OF THE GENERAL DETERRENCE THEORY
The General deterrence theory is a theory whose origin can be tracked back to the
ancient philosophers. These philosophers included Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. These

RESEARCH PAPER ON CYBERSECURITY
philosophers had a believe that almost every is attracted towards achieving pleasure an all the
pleasant things that life has to offer, on the other side, they also had a believe that whenever there
is pain involved, the human mind always tends to avoid the process that yields the pain. The
human mind would therefore be attracted to the activities that generate pleasure and avoid the
activities that bring pain. They therefore put down this theory, the deterrence theory. The
deterrence theory is a legal theory. The intention of the theory is to send a message to all persons
about committing crimes (Taddeo, 2018).
This theory was meant to send a message that the law is against people committing
certain kinds of acts in the society. Deterring means discouraging. Preventing the general public
from committing illegal activities through attraction of certain types of penalties is the intention
of the general deterrence theory (Taddeo, 2018). This theory comprises of three components that
are thought to curb crime; the first component is that of certainty, it involves increasing the
likelihood of being punished. The second component is that of increasing the swiftness to which
a person who commits a crime is punished and lastly increasing the amount of punishment that
the offender gets.
Putting this theory into practice, it is likely to be very crucial when it comes to the
cybersecurity sector. If the three components of the general deterrence theory are put into
practice, then the number of cybercrimes would reduce significantly. Increasing the amount of
punishment, the rate at which the punishment is offered and the chances of being punished would
act as a very critical tool to reducing the number of cyber threat issues. It is common knowledge
that almost every human being fear punishment, this is because cause pain. The imposition of
strict punishments to the attackers of the systems and the actual punishment of some of them
would create fear amongst the potential hackers. The actual punishing of the attackers would be a
way of sending the message to the potential hackers that if at all they also try the same thing, the
same fate will befall them, they will have fear and retreat.
 COMPARISON OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS.
Security of the systems is a major concern to the systems in almost all the sectors.
Majority of the IT personnel in the institutions encounter challenges that relates to the security of
the sensitive information or data of their systems. Because of the technological advancements,
the information technology has been put on a high alert. The most sophisticated cyber attacks
such as the malware, phishing and even the artificial intelligence on a high risk of attack by the
hackers (Randall & Kroll, 2016). The education sector has not been left out, the attackers have
found this sector very vulnerable and they have managed to access the systems and change the
grades of erase some data.
1. Comparisons in the implementation and adoption.
Adoption simply means the conversion between a system that is being used to the
system that is intended to be used in an organization. In an event where an organization is using
an outdated system, then it may be necessary to introduce a new system that works more
perfectly and efficiently. In this case, the new system will have to be adopted into the
organization for it to be fit for usage. On the other hand, implementation refers to the after-sale

RESEARCH PAPER ON CYBERSECURITY
activities that are conducted so as to make a software or hardware function properly in its new
environment (Jeffries et al. 2017). Implementation activities include evaluation of the
requirements, configuring the system, personalization of the settings, integration etc. This
findings are similar to the other researchers who have also confirmed that the adoption of a
system occurs when an organization is using an outdated system, and because of the
technological advancement, a need arises to bring a new system that could cater for the current
operations that are more demanding than the old system can handle. This could be in terms of the
load of tasks or even in terms of security features (Jeffries et al. 2017).
The other researchers have also come into conclusion that when it comes to
implementation, for it to be successful, then the different departments that are involved need to
conduct a number of tasks. Organizations must bring onboard professionals who have the ability
to successfully implement a system because in an event where the persons that are involved mess
up or are not accurate enough then the system will have a lot of errors and weaknesses. If a
system starts having vulnerabilities at its initial stages, then the system will not survive at all.
However, the other researchers have been very particular about the strategy of adoption which
according to them should be decided upon before the adoption itself starts. According to them,
the adoption strategy should be founded on what is supposed to be achieved by the system upon
implementation (Erturk & Arora, 2017).
They are also in agreement that the major types of adoption include the big bang
adoption, parallel adoption and the phased adoption, in which in the big bang approach, the new
system that is being brought into the organization is supposed to be adopted wholesomely at the
same time, in the parallel adoption, the old system and the new system are run simultaneously at
the initial stages and in the phased approach, the system takes stages until it is fully adopted in
the organization. The IT professionals in the education sector could take advantage of the new
security features to protect their data. However, according to these other researchers, the priority
in the adoption of the new system should based on the long-term goals to be achieved by the
system. They outline the following goals as the priority goals;
 Potential requirements that are very critical in making the system work efficiently- In an
event where there are some critical requirements that are need so that the system is able
to function properly and effectively, then the big bang adoption strategy is the best option
that the IT professionals could go for (Mwinuka et al. 2017).
 There is need for controlling the risks that may be involves- According to the researchers,
in the choice of the type of approach to use, the need to reduce the possible risks must be
considered before the selection of the adoption strategy. For this case, the professionals
could go for the phased and parallel approach which are very important in the
minimization of the involved risks (Mwinuka et al. 2017).
 The nee to bring change- The organization must be very ready to accept the changes that
will be brought by the new system. It would be very difficult for the adoption to take
place where the organization itself is not ready for the changes.
 The rate of change- The other researchers had it that the new system is tailored to meet
up to the expectations of the new changes in the operations of the organization, there

RESEARCH PAPER ON CYBERSECURITY
must be a pace set at which the organization will change so that it meets its new changes
and needs.

2. Comparisons in the implementation of the cybersecurity
From my research, the society at large is now part of the ever-dynamic technology and
the only way to ensure things run smoothly and safely is be ensuring the implementation of the
cybersecurity guidelines. The personal information that is supposed to be kept confidential is
now being posted on the social media. In the health sector, the most crucial information that is
stored involves the patient treatments and their personal illnesses (Jacobs et al. 2019). In the
hospital institutions, due to the advancement in technology, one doctor can conduct a diagnosis
from one point and send it to another point. If the hospital system is weak, then it would be easy
for the malicious attackers to send malicious files into the system and the process of sending
information from one point to another would spread the virus. The transport sector is also not left
behind in the cybersecurity war. The system that is being used to control traffic could be hacked
into and the whole traffic control becomes a mess, the order on the roads will be disrupted and
accidents may even occur. This research is in agreement with the findings of the other
researchers who support the fact that without the implementation of the cybersecurity measures,
then all the industries starting from the education sector to the health sector to the transport
sector would adversely be affected.
However, according to the other researchers, in as much as the cybersecurity is a
threat to all the industries, they describe it as a wakeup call for the industries to be responsible
for their own actions. They attribute this reasoning to the fact that there are some organizations
that have completely ignored the cybersecurity measures and when they are attacked, they start
playing the blame games (Lee et al. 2018). Some refuse to adopt the new security measures
because of the security risks that are associated with the new technology forgetting that it is even
riskier not to advance their systems. According to the there are other organization that would
ignore the cybersecurity measures because they fear the fee that is involved. Failure to
implement the cybersecurity measures could lead to the complete downfall of the whole
organization. Some attackers would take advantage to ask for ransom through the ransomware.
3. Applicability of the deterrence theory.
The findings from the other researchers about the general deterrence theory is quite
similar. It was coined by philosophers. These philosophers had a believe that almost every is
attracted towards achieving pleasure an all the pleasant things that life has to offer, on the other
side, they also had a believe that whenever there is pain involved, the human mind always tends
to avoid the process that yields the pain (Taddeo, 2018). The human mind would therefore be
attracted to the activities that generate pleasure and avoid the activities that bring pain. This
theory was meant to send a message that the law is against people committing certain kinds of
acts in the society. Preventing the general public from committing illegal activities through
attraction of certain types of penalties is the intention of the general deterrence theory.

RESEARCH PAPER ON CYBERSECURITY
My findings being similar to those of the other researchers, this theory could be
brought into actual implementation in scaring the attackers from conducting their malicious acts.
This could be by way of punishing any hacker that interferes with any system or even by
bringing rules that obligate the system managers to implement the security measure lest they also
het punished for failure to do so. This legal tool could be very useful in reducing the number of
cases. However, some researchers indicated that the act of scaring people not to do some things
does not apply to all the persons. Since the theory also talks about people being attracted to
things that bring pleasure, there are some people who find pleasure in harming others. The theory
could not therefore be very much applicable as to some extend it has not taken into
considerations on what to do concerning such kind of persons. It is up to the organizations to
organize themselves and embrace the implementation of cybersecurity measures. In an event
where the system is outdated, then they must adopt and implement a current one.

RESEARCH PAPER ON CYBERSECURITY

REFERENCES

Randall, K. P., & Kroll, S. A. (2016). Getting Serious about Law Firm Cybersecurity. NEW

JERSEY LAWYER, 55.

Jeffries, M., Phipps, D. L., Howard, R. L., Avery, A. J., Rodgers, S., & Ashcroft, D. M. (2017).
Understanding the implementation and adoption of a technological intervention to improve
medication safety in primary care: a realist evaluation. BMC health services research, 17(1),

196.

Erturk, E., & Arora, J. K. (2017). An exploratory study on the implementation and adoption of

ERP solutions for businesses. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.08329.

Lee, S., Lee, S., Yoo, H., Kwon, S., & Shon, T. (2018). Design and implementation of
cybersecurity testbed for industrial IoT systems. The Journal of Supercomputing, 74(9), 4506-

4520.

Jacobs, P., von Solms, S., Grobler, M., & van Niekerk, B. (2019, July). Towards a Framework
for the Selection and Prioritisation of National Cybersecurity Functions. In ECCWS 2019 18th
European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security (p. 229). Academic Conferences and

publishing limited.

Taddeo, M. (2018). The limits of deterrence theory in cyberspace. Philosophy & Technology,

31(3), 339-355.

Mwinuka, L., Mutabazi, K. D., Graef, F., Sieber, S., Makindara, J., Kimaro, A., & Uckert, G.
(2017). Simulated willingness of farmers to adopt fertilizer micro-dosing and rainwater
harvesting technologies in semi-arid and sub-humid farming systems in Tanzania. Food security,

9(6), 1237-1253.

Popescu, S. (2018). REFERENCES FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AND PERMANENT NAVAL
CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY. In International Scientific Conference Strategies XXI-
Volume 1 (pp. 192-197). ” Carol I” National Defence University Publishing House.
Kido, Y., Tou, N. P., Yanai, N., & Shimojo, S. (2020, March). sD&D: Design and
Implementation of Cybersecurity Educational Game with Highly Extensible Functionality. In
Future of Information and Communication Conference (pp. 857-873). Springer, Cham.

The post Sample Research Paper on Adoption and Implementation of Cybersecurity appeared first on Essay Homework Help.

RESEARCH PAPER ON UNPROTECTED DATA.
Literature review.
According to Fransisco Garcia and Maurice Dawson, in their research on unprotected data
conducted in 2019, psychological and information warfare has been profound over the years. This
information is acquired by attackers or hackers who tend to use it for their personal gains. Once the
attacker gains access to the company or individual’s data, he or she utilizes the data to his or her
advantage. In the organization setup, this information gained by the attacker may be used to
psychologically torture the organization so as to get a first hand in a competitive advantage. The
government can also engage in the information and psychological warfare with other countries in an
attempt to beat the other countries into economic growth. When it comes to individuals this data is
used to subdue the person into blackmailing and ransomware. The blackmailed person will not be in a
position to deny the attacker anything they are in need of because of this vulnerability. The intention of
the attacker is to place the organization or the individual at a lower bargaining level such that he or she
gets the upper hand.
This data can also be misused. It can be subjected to other means for which it was not
intended for. Companies have gone digital nowadays due to the technological advancement and as a
result most of them have developed software and applications to ease the work of the client or
customer. This step has been greatly received from the customer end. However, with some of this
companies, the intention is not to offer convenience to the customers but rather to gain information
from them which they will either use to sell or to utilize in improving its services. Either way, the benefit
goes to both parties except in cases where the company is malicious. If the company is malicious then it
may end up using the customer’s information for its personal gains which are harmful to the customer.
It is advisable for companies to act in good faith and always stay up to date with the cybersecurity
regulations to avoid collision with the laws.
FINDINGS.
Information warfare.
Information warfare has turned out to be a very effective tool of warfare of the 20 th century.
This tool is used to attack the psychological operations. It creates an image that favors one side and
undermines the other. This makes the undermined party to have some psychological retreats at the
expense of thinking that the other party is more powerful or stands a better chance. This method can be
very instrumental in bringing a difference between success and failure if used very well not only in the
battlefield but in any other sector.
Basically, information warfare is a way for protecting your own information by attacking
someone else’s information by the use of computers which are very instrumental in this whole thing.
Traditionally this was just left to imagination and people could only think of such kind of warfare
(Aldrich, 1996). In the recent years, information warfare has become a very powerful too which is being
used not only by the government but also by companies in a bid to defeat their competitors or
adversaries. It is a very calm way of claiming victory without necessarily going to the war itself. It
demoralizes the opponent and forces him or her to submission though psychological torture. The
government sometimes uses this tool to strengthen its economy. For instance, in the United States,
there is a cooperation between the Federal Bureau of Instigations, the National Intelligence Service and
private companies to create information protection programs (Elbirt, 2003).

RESEARCH PAPER ON UNPROTECTED DATA.
This information warfare could have impacts on individuals, globally and at a corporate level.
At the individual level the attack is directed towards a private person or a group of persons and they
result to blackmailing, extortion and harassment. The individual information is collected and later used
for blackmailing or ransomware (O’Gorman & McDonald, 2012). At the corporate level the information
is stolen and used to disrupt the competitor’s operations. Databases are the greatest assets in in
providing information warfare if they are not properly safeguarded. This has created the need for
implementing and coming up with stringent measures to protect the information from unauthorized
access. This way the information warfare is reduce and fair competition is maintained.

All source intelligence.
Open source intelligence tools which are readily available are one of the ways in which an
organization or company’s data may be analyzed. In is a very important tool of analyzing which could
provide very critical information about a company. This data is available to the public. This means that
the information can be accessed without the need to ask for permission from anyone and used to come
up with reports (Stalder & Hirshi, 2002). Accessing this data and generating a report gives the attacker a
chance to device his or her attack in an intelligent way that would actually affect the said company or
organization since the attack is from a point of knowledge. There are online systems that have made the
analysis of open source intelligence so easy. Once the attacker has made his or her analysis, it will
become very easy to study the organizations trend and most of the organization’s activities will be
easier to predict using the same open source intelligence. This can also happen to individuals. Once this
happens, the organization or the individual’s information is at the hand of the attacker and a weakness
would have been created making them vulnerable to exploitation.
Data misuse.
With this new and advanced technology that is ever changing, there is a lot of information
being distributed around, either online or offline. The most interesting and shocking thing about this
information being spread all over is that it has significant value. Some organizations have started placing
themselves strategically in a position that they are able to create value out of the rightful extraction of
data or at the misuse of data. Companies have gone digital and have gone to an extent of creating
mobile applications to ease the lives of their clients or customers. But then sometimes the idea behind
this creation of applications is to be able to sell certain information to these customers (Ahmed, 2004).
Sometimes it is not about making their lives more comfortable and convenient to access certain
services, but rather its about getting to know them. Extract useful information from them and sell it.
This is an initiative taken by the company for its own purpose but because of how the customers view it
from their end, they become so comfortable with it and give all the necessary information to the
organization which in return the organization will monetize and improve its services.
Personal Identifiable information is very important in an organization. The benefits accrued
from it are double especially in the marketing industry. For example, an online store that sell alcohol
would collect information from their customers on gender and nationality, this may not impact on the
profitability of the company, but if the company decides to collect information on their age, then they
will be aware of the age limits to target with their products. In an attempt to avoid the expenses that are

RESEARCH PAPER ON UNPROTECTED DATA.
related to maintaining of serves, small companies have opted for cloud storage as an alternative for data
storage and sharing.

Stolen data location.
Poorly coded websites and poor security practices place an organization at vulnerable state of
having its data accessed by the unauthorized persons who may use it for malicious intent. For example,
when a picture is taken, one could use intelligence analysis to tell a lot about the camera ranging from
the latitudes and longitudes. There is a huge amount of information that is hidden in the layers of deep
and dark web. Ost Search engines do not have access to these layers. The only route and means of
locating these webs is by the use of Uniform Resource Locator (URL). There is an estimation of about
96000 deep web sites existing alongside over 75000 terabytes of data (Patel et al. 2007).
Locating a deep website is very difficult, you must know the exact URL for the website in
order for you to trace it unlike the other sites which are easily located on the standard search engines
without typing the whole URL. Dogpile and DuckDuckGo are some of the massive databases that
compile huge amount of data from search engine. They allow you to search for a variety of different
information at the same time. They can allow for almost 50 search engines to be searched with the
entry of such terms and the click of a button. However, these metadata cannot access the data in the
deep web also. Special engines such as TORCH and Onion URL are used to locate deep webs. This is
because they do not act like the traditional search engines. TOR networks act as personal and private
networks and they function as semi-autonomous networks for purposes of private browsing and
accessing of sites.
Deep web and dark web are not the same. These two are independent of each other. TOR can
be used to access the dark web search engines that index the deep web. Deep websites can be accessed
using the traditional browsing methods as long as you know the URL but as for dark websites you will
have to use TOR. The Onion Reuter (TOR) became well known around the world when a man by the
name Edward Snowden started exposing the United states government about what it was doing with its
citizens’ data. This news spread around the world. People were very curious to know the method or the
tool that was used to access such information and it happened to be TOR. TOR can used without the
need for installation especially on windows and Mac. After this initial development of TOR, it was
further advanced by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARP). Over the years there has
been exploitation of TOR users but this has not hampered its usage.

RESEARCH PAPER ON UNPROTECTED DATA.
Web-targeted warfare.
There has been a discovery that YouTube and YouTube Kids has become vulnerable and unsafe
as there are some promoters that are targeting the psychology of kids (Kaushal et al. 2016). Initially the
target group was the adults but due to the technological advancement this has been disregarded and
anyone, whether a child or adult, is vulnerable to these attacks. These promoters come up with certain
clips which entice their target people to do something or to avoid something. In most cases the prompt
is to do what favors them. Checking the Open Web Application Security Project, you will realize that
over the last 10 years web application weaknesses have been present (Wichers, 2013). One such
weakness is the Common Weakness Enumeration.

Conclusion.
Misuse of data and information has become a common phenomenal in the 20 th century. There
has also been lack of knowledge or ignorance on the means or ways of dealing with this demerit.
Internet has allowed the traditional techniques that were used in warfare to be civilized, advanced and
modernized and used intelligently. This change is still under evolution as it has to take care of the needs
of the ever-changing technology of the internet of things and 5G internet access network. The minimal
or lack of cybersecurity regulations and protections has created way for attackers and hackers to take
advantage of companies and organizations and individuals who do not have the technical knowhow of
dealing with such vulnerabilities. This is coupled up with the weak laws that that do not have a
comprehensive regulation on such attacks making the attackers to attack and get away with it.
Coming up with strong laws and regulations in the cybersecurity sector could deter these
malicious attackers from exploiting these vulnerable organizations and individuals. Similarly, those in the
Information Technology industry should be able to come up with stronger ways or mechanisms of
protecting their information from being accessed by the unauthorized persons. This is a department that
a company should invest in since it can make or unmake the company or it may give all the individual’s
information to these persons who may use it for the wrong intent. Companies or organizations and
individuals need to keep track and be in the know of the cybersecurity rules and regulations. If a
company is collecting information from its clients, then it must ensure that it is acting in good faith and
avoid malicious usage of such information.

RESEARCH PAPER ON UNPROTECTED DATA.

References.

Wichers, D. (2013). The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), Top 10-2013. OWASP

Foundation.

Elbirt, A. (2003). Information Warfare: Are you at risk? IEEE Technology and Society Magazine. Vol. 22.

Issue 4,13-19.

O’Gorman, G. & McDonald G. (2012). Ransomware; A growing menace. Retrieved from

http://iisit.org/Vol14/IISITv14p087-099Ali3400.pdf.

Stalder, F. & Hirshi, J. (2012). Open Source Intelligence. First Monday. Vol 7, Issue 6.1-8.
Kaushal, R. Saha, S. Bajaj, P. & Kumaraguru, P. (2016). Kids Tube: Detection, characterization and
analysis of child unsafe content and promoters on YouTube. 14 th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security

and Trust, 157-164,

The post Sample Research Paper on unprotected data and the psychological and information warfare appeared first on Essay Homework Help.

} are applicable in precise proration

concerning probability and statistics.
iii. Group o or set {0,1} is natural grouping and its application is in computational
Mathematical analysis appertaining to group of numbers leads us to will check into Set
theory
Definition: a set is a group or collection of distinct elements. Set’s are represented by capital
letters and are bracketed with curly brackets. Example D= {a, f, m, o, e, r, f} and N= {4, 9, 16,
25, 36}, Set D and N is a set of distinct letters and number respectively. Numbers can be group
or collected according to specific property, for instance this is a set {1, 4, 9, 16} is of numbers
related because they are perfect squares.
Function of sets is used in algebraic analysis especially in analytical operation of grouping of
various elements in categories that appertain to a certain property.

Below are illustration of binary operation of union denoted by “  ” and operation of intersection
denoted by “  ”
a) Operation of union denoted by “  ”.Definition: Union operation of sets is collection or
grouping of all elements contained either set or in both concerning sets and avoiding double

listing of coexisting elements or repetitive existence of an element or elements in the
concerning sets.
Example
Set Z= {k, h, e, f, m} and another set X={c, y. f. m, r, s}.
Union of Z and X that is },,,,,,,,{srycmfehkXZ note that f and m are listed once
b) Operation of Intersection denoted by 
Definition: intersection of two sets contains only elements in both sets in our case only
elements in set Z and X

Example:
Set Z= {k, h, e, f, m} and another set X={c, y. f. m, r, s}.Intersection of Z and X that is
},{mfXZ
Two Sets can be added even with aid of tuple which is systematic additional of elements in sets
according to order of arrangement.
Exercise 2
i. Go back to the example with two coordinate systems, and verify by hand that addition
produces the same result.
In coordinate system addition of sets that is a coordinates containing elements of x axis and y
axis produces same result meaning the result has same tuple as the constituents added because
tuple being the number of elements is a set. In addition of two points as tuples like (4, 3) + (5,
7) = (9, 10).We illustrate this by first considering 1 dimension and additional operation is on
number line. First on x axis point (4, 0) is moved to point (5, 0) which is then moved to point
(9, 0). And on still1D dimension on y axis point (0, 3) is moved to point (0, 7) which is the

moved to point (0.10). Verification by hand from point (4, 3) to point (9, 10) move 5 units by
hand from 4 and get 9 on x-axis and move 7 units from3 by hand and get 10 thus the resulting
coordinate (9, 10) has x coordinate and y coordinate and this has same tuple as in point (4, 3)
and point (5, 7).The result (9, 10) is same as the previous one.
ii. How would you prove that addition produces the same result regardless of coordinate
system?
This is proven with aid moving vectors. Vector heading to (4, 3) from 0 and vector from 0
heading to (5, 7) when added give results (9, 10) this operation is illustrated as

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10
9
7
5
3
4

This is the mathematical legitimate additional operation of vectors.
iii. By the rules above, we aren't allowed to change the orientation of an arrow when it's
moved for addition. Why is that? What would go wrong with the theory if we allowed
the direction to change?
Changing orientation of the moving arrow or vector for purpose of additions is not
allowed because the arrow drawn between (5, 7) and (9, 10) doesn’t exist as a tuple and if
orientation is changed it will not give correct result

3.1 Vectors-
a. Exercise 3: Why is it true that the orientation (angle), except for flips, is unchanged
by scalar multiplication?
Generally orientation of the vector is unchanged my scalar multiplication, in additional.
There is special vector0= {0, 0, 0} which is 0 additive. Orientation (angle) of flip changes
by negative scalar multiplication stretch and Negative scalar multiplication stretch

negate the values of coordinates and the direction linearly shifts to negative quadrant of
the Cartesian plane thus orientation is changed. Flips direction is likely to be an
orientation (angle) of 180 0 (angles on a straight line).

3.2 Linear Combination
4: Exercise:
Download LinCombExample.java and DrawTool.java. Then, examine the code
in LinCombExample to see how vectors and arrows are drawn. Then, draw the
remaining arrows to complete the parallelogram.

OEFG is the parallelogram
/ Instructions:
// 1. Read the code in main() to understand how DrawTool is used.
// 2. Compile and execute to see.
// 3. Draw the remaining arrows to complete the parallelogram.
public class LinCombExample {
public static void main (String[] argv)
{DrawTool.display ();
DrawTool.setXYRange (-10,10, -10,10);
DrawTool.drawMiddleAxes (true);
double[] u = {6,4};
double[] v = {1.5,6};
double[] z = {7.5,10};
DrawTool.drawVector (u);

DrawTool.drawVector (v);
// Alternatively: DrawTool.drawArrow (0,0, 6,4);
DrawTool.setArrowColor ("blue");
DrawTool.drawVector (z);
// INSERT YOUR CODE HERE: (Use DrawTool.drawArrow())
class DrawObject {
double x,y; // For Points, one end of lines,
// and top-left of ovals/rectangles.
double x2,y2; // For the other end of lines, arrows.
double width,height; // Forrectangles.
double a, b, c; // For the line ax+by+c=0
BasicStroke drawStroke = new BasicStroke (1.0f);}
// What we draw: points, lines, \\rectangle.
static java.util.List<DrawObject>lines, rectangles,
// Animated versions: these will clear between successive frames.
static java.util.List<DrawObject> animPoints, animLines, animOvals,
animRectangles, animLabels;
static double minX=0, maxX=10, minY=0, maxY=10; // Bounds.
static int numIntervals = 10; // # tick marks.
static int pointDiameter =7.5; // Size of dot.
// GUI stuff.
static JPanel drawArea = new DrawTool ();
static Dimension D; // Size of drawing area.
static int inset=60; // Inset of axes and bounding box.
// Static initializer.
static{rectangles = Collections.synchronizedList (new
ArrayList<DrawObject>());
public static void drawLine (double x1, double y1, double x2, double y2)
{drawLine (x1, y1, x2, y2, false)}
public static void drawArrow (double x1, double y1, double x2, double y2)
{drawLine (x1, y1, x2, y2, true);}
public static void drawVector (double x, double y)
{drawLine (0, 0, x, y, true);public static void drawVector (double[] x)
{drawVector (x[0], x[1]);}
public static void drawLineFromEquation (double a, double b, double c)
{// Draw the equation ax+by+c=0 in the available range.
DrawObject L = new DrawObject ();
L.color = lineEqnColor;
L.a = a; L.b = b; L.c = c;
L.sequenceNum = currentSequenceNum;
L.drawStroke = drawStroke;
synchronized(eqnLines) { eqnLines.add (L); }
drawArea.repaint ();}
public static void drawLin
public static void drawRectangle (double x1, double y1, double width, double
height)
{
DrawObject R = new DrawObject ();
R.color = rectangleColor;
R.x = x1; R.y = y1; R.width = width; R.height = height;
R.sequenceNum = currentSequenceNum;
R.drawStroke = drawStroke;
if (animationMode) {synchronized(animRectangles) { animRectangles.add
(R); }}else {synchronized(rectangles) { rectangles.add (R); }drawArea.repaint
();} public static void drawImage (int[][][] pixels, int startX, int startY)

{} );}cPane.add (drawArea, BorderLayout.CENTER);drawArea.addMouseListener
(new MouseAdapter(){public void mouseClicked (MouseEvent
e){handleMouseClick(e);
}
public void mouseReleased (MouseEvent e){handleMouseReleased (e);}});
void drawOvalOrRectangle (Graphics g, DrawObject R, boolean isRect)
{if (R == null) {return;}
if ((sequencingOn) && (R.sequenceNum!=currentSequenceNumDisplay)) {
return;}
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
g2.setStroke (R.drawStroke);
int x1 = (int) ( (R.x-minX)/(maxX-minX) * (D.width-2*inset) );
int y1 = (int) ((R.y-minY) / (maxY-minY) * (D.height-2.0*inset) );
double x = R.x + R.width;
double y = R.y – R.height;
int x2 = (int) ( (x-minX)/(maxX-minX) * (D.width-2*inset) );
int y2 = (int) ((y-minY) / (maxY-minY) * (D.height-2.0*inset) );
if (isRect) {
g.drawRect (inset+x1, D.height-y1-inset, x2-x1, y1-y2);}else {
g.drawOval (inset+x1, D.height-y1-inset, x2-x1, y1-y2);}}
// Remove this line to leave arrow head unpainted:
g2d.fillPolygon(tmpPoly);}
private int yCor (int len, double dir) {return (int)(len * Math.cos(dir));}
private int xCor (int len, double dir)
{return (int)(len * Math.sin(dir));}
void drawImage (Graphics g, DrawObject I){

// Instructions:
// Compile and execute.
import java.util.*;
public class LinCombExample {
public static void main (String[] argv)
{Function G = new Function ("g(x) vs x");for (double x=0; x<=6.283; x+=0.1) {
G.add (x, g(x));}
// Draw the curve.
G.show ();}
static double g (double x)
{// Array of coefficients (scalars in the linear combination).
double[] alpha = {0, 1.0, 0, -0.16666666666666666};
// Here, f_1(x) = x, f_2(x) = 0, f_3(x) = x^3.
double g = alpha[1] * x + alpha[3] * Math.pow(x,3) ;
return g;}}
Exercise 5: Download LinCombExample2.java (you already have DrawTool). Write
code to implement vector addition and scalar multiplication, and test with the example
in main().
// Instructions:
// 1. Write code to implement vector addition and scalar multiplication
// 2. Then compile and execute.

public class LinCombExample2 {
public static void main (String[] argv) {
DrawTool.display ();
DrawTool.setXYRange (-12,12, -12,12);
DrawTool.drawMiddleAxes (true);
double[] u = {6,4};
double[] v = {1.5,6};
double alpha = 1.5, beta = 2;
double[] z = add (scalarMult(alpha, u), scalarMult(beta,v));
DrawTool.setArrowColor ("blue");
DrawTool.drawVector (z);}
static double[] add (double[] u, double[] v)
{/ INSERT YOUR CODE HERE}
static double[] scalarMult (double alpha, double[] v)
{// INSERT YOUR CODE HERE}}
Exercise 6: Download LinCombExample3.java. The double-for loop tries to systematically
search over possible values of α,β to see if some combination will work. Write code to see if
the linear combination αu+βv is approximately equal to z
// Instructions:
// Try values of n=3, n=5, n=7, n=13 in the function g().
// Do the same after changing the intervalEnd to Math.PI.
import java.util.*;public class LinCombExample3 {
public static void main (String[] argv){double totalError = 0;
double deltaX = 0.1;
double intervalEnd = 2*Math.PI;
for (double x=0; x<=intervalEnd; x+=deltaX) {
double errorAtX = Math.abs (g(x) – Math.sin(x));
totalError += errorAtX * deltaX;}
System.out.println ("Total error: " + totalError);}
static double g (double x)
{// Array of coefficients (scalars in the linear combination).
double[] alpha = {0, 1.5, 0, -0.1819178256658966614, 0, 0.007545573338983125,
0, -1.847412689841269839E-6, 0, 2.6857319228185884E-4, 0, –
1.69871083854125764E-8, 0, 2.69822585583682161E-10};
// How many terms to include: Start with n=1.5, then change to n=7.5,
// n=6, then n=10.
int n = 4;
double g = 0;
for (int k=0; k<=n; k++) {g = g + alpha[k] * Math.pow (x, k);}
return g;}}
Exercise 7: Solve the above problem by hand: are there values of α,β such
that αu+βv=z when u=(1,4), v=(3,2) and z=(7.5,10)?

Solution

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10
5.7
2
3
4
1


1
4
1024
5.731
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


2
20100
1024
30124

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
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




5.1
64
1044
10224

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


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


It’s confirmed there are values for the said scalars
Exercise 8: Suppose u= (1, 2), v=(3,6) and z=(7.5,10).
Download LinCombExample4.java and draw all three vectors. Then: Use the drawing to
explain why no linear combination of u and v will work.
Solve by hand to confirm the explanation algebraically.
Public static void main (String[] argv)
{DrawTool.display ();
DrawTool.setXYRange (-12,12, -12,12);
DrawTool.drawMiddleAxes (true);
double[] u = {1, 2};
double[] v = {6, 4};
double[] z = {7.5,10};
// INSERT YOUR CODE HERE.}}
The linear combination of vectors u and v gives a vector. Vector (1.5, 6) achieved from
stretching (1,) by scalar 1.5 and (6, 4) is achieved from stretching (3,2) by multiplying by scalar
2 and that is 2(3,2).This linear combination work since the result is a vector

Exercise 9: Now consider u=(1,2),v=(3,6) and z=(4,8). Write code
in LinCombExample5.java to draw these. Is there a unique solution? Explain both
geometrically and algebraically.
public class LinCombExample5 {public static void main (String[] argv) {
DrawTool.display ();
DrawTool.setXYRange (-10,10, -10,10);
DrawTool.drawMiddleAxes (true);
double[] u = {1, 2};
double[] v = {3, 6};
double[] z = {4,8};
DrawTool.setArrowColor ("blue");
// INSERT YOUR CODE HERE.}}
Exercise 10: Finally, consider u=(1,4),v=(3,2),w=(−1,1) and z=(7.5,10). We will ask whether
there is a linear combination αu+βv+γw such that αu+βv+γw=z. Write out the equations
and explain algebraically whether there is a solution. The code
in LinCombExample6.java draws all four vectors. Can a linear combination of any two
of u,v,w suffice to produce z?

public class LinCombExample6 {
public static void main (String[] argv){
DrawTool.display ();
DrawTool.setXYRange (-10,10, -10,10);
DrawTool.drawMiddleAxes (true);
double[] u = {1, 4};
double[] v = {3, 2};
double[] w = {-1, 1};
double[] z = {7.5, 10};
// INSERT YOUR CODE HERE.
DrawTool.setArrowColor ("blue");
DrawTool.drawVector (u);
DrawTool.drawVector (v);
DrawTool.drawVector (w);
DrawTool.setArrowColor ("green");
DrawTool.drawVector (z);}}
A linear combination of any two of u,v,w suffice to produce z?.Yes linear combination of u and
v when stretched by a given scalar suffice to produce z

Exercise 11: The code in LinComb3DExample.java displays the vectors in the above
example. (You need to have the Draw3D jar in your CLASSPATH). Write down the
equations for α,β,γ and solve by hand
public class LinCombExample6 {
public static void main (String[] argv){
DrawTool.display ();
DrawTool.setXYRange (-10,10, -10,10);
DrawTool.drawMiddleAxes (true);
double[] u = {1, 4};
double[] v = {3, 2};
double[] w = {-1, 1};
double[] z = {7.5, 10};
// INSERT YOUR CODE HERE.
DrawTool.setArrowColor ("blue");
DrawTool.drawVector (u);
DrawTool.drawVector (v);
DrawTool.drawVector (w);
DrawTool.setArrowColor ("green");
DrawTool.drawVector (z);}}

Solve α(1,3,1)+β(4,1,0)+γ(3,2,6)=(1,7,8)
Solution



1
44
1342
2
68
816
1
183183
18717611
4711
1716
241803
7213
4711
723
39123
8601
2
3
723
134
8
7
1
6
2
3
0
1
4
1
3
1

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





nsubtractio

Exercise 12: Add code to LinComb3DExample2.java to display the 3D version of the 2D

parallelogram. That is, draw arrows that show the stretched vectors when scaling
by α,β,γ respectively. Then draw arrows from the tips of the stretched vectors to the resultant
vector z.
import org.edisonwj.draw3d.*;
import javafx.application.*;
import javafx.scene.*;
import javafx.scene.paint.*;
import javafx.stage.*;
public class LinComb3DExample2 extends Application {
String title = "Vector example";
void drawingCommands () {
// Type all drawing commands in here.
// The three vectors u,v,w:
d3.setDrawColor (Color.BLUE);
d3.drawVector (1,3,1);
d3.drawVector (4,1,0);
d3.drawVector (3,2,6);
// Example of using drawArrow(). The vector z:
d3.setDrawColor (Color.BLACK);
d3.drawArrow (0,0,0, 1,7,8);
// Stretched vectors:
// Use drawArrow to draw the added stretch.
d3.setDrawColor (Color.GREEN);
// Write here …
// Use drawArrow to draw arrows from the tips of
// the stretched vectors to the final vector z=(1,7,8).
d3.setDrawColor (Color.RED);
// Write here …}
// No need to read further
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Draw3D d3;
void preambleCommands (){
d3.setAmbientLight(false);
d3.setPointLight(true);
d3.setCumulate(false);
d3.setSequencingOn();
d3.setVectorRadius(1);
d3.setArrowRadius(1);}
public void start (Stage primaryStage) {
d3 = new Draw3D ();
Scene scene = d3.buildScene ();
preambleCommands ();
drawingCommands ();
d3.setStart ();

primaryStage.setScene (scene);
primaryStage.setTitle (title);
primaryStage.show (); }
public static void main (String[] argv){
launch (argv);}}
Arrows showing stretch vectors scales by and,

Exercise 13: Suppose now that u=(1,3,1),v=(4,1,0),w=(9,5,1) and z=(1,7,9). We seek α, β,
γ such that αu+βv + γw=z. Write down the equations for α,β,γ and solve by hand. The code
in LinComb3DExample3.java displays the four vectors. Explain geometrically why this is
consistent with your solution.
Geometrically the resultant values of scalars consistent with four vectors since they are scale by
the scalar to get the final values

0,0,9
4404422
84422
202
2733
753
42211
753
327123
9
753
1943
9
7
1
1
5
9
0
1
4
1
3
1
























































3.5   The matrix vector equation
Exercise 14: Apply the matrix A= [a11a12a21a22] to the vector x=[x1x2].
What are the dimensions of the resulting product?

































2
1
222121
212111
2
1
2221
1211

c
c
xaxa
xaxa
x
x
aa
aa

The resulting product has got two dimensions (2D)
Exercise 15: Apply the matrix A= [2−301] to the vector x= [23] to get the
vector y. Then apply B= [120−3] to y to get z. What are y and z? Show your
calculations




































































9
1
,
3
5

9
1
3
5
30
21
3
5
3
2
10
32

10
32

3012

zy
ZyB
y

A

Exercise 16: Download MatrixVectorExample.java and write code to perform the matrix-vector
product. Then confirm your calculations above from the displayed vectors
Multiplication: (u1,u2,…,un)⋅(v1,v2,…,vn)=u1v1+u2v2+…+u n v n
(u1,u2,…,un)+(v1,v2,…,vn)=(u1+v1,u2+v2,…,un+vn)
Example: (1,2,0,3)+(-,5,6)=(1×-5,0×-5+,2×-5+3×6)=(-1,9)
Multiplication: (u 1 , u 2 ,…, un)⋅(v1,v2,…,vn)=u1v1+u2v2+…+unv= 

n
i
iivu
1

Exercise 17: Compute the vector obtained by multiplying x above by the
matrix C= [2−10−3]. Compare with the value of z calculated earlier




































9
1
3
2
30
12

30
12

3012
xC
CC

This value is same as the value of z and all of them are similar because they are column matrix
Exercise 18: Compute the vector obtained by multiplying z above by the matrix C2=
[1.0/2−1.0/60−1.0/3]. Compare with the value of x calculated earlier.























3494.7
15.0
9
1
3333.0
0167.0
5.0

3333.01670.05.03/0.160/0.12/0.12C

The values of product achieved are in column same as the values of x which is also in column
matrix.

Exercise 19: Earlier, you computed the product of A=[a11a12a21a22] with the vector x=[x1x2],
which produces a result vector. Multiply this result vector by B=[b11b12b21b22]. (The result is
admittedly not pretty.)


































222121
2121111

2221
1211

222121
212111

2cbcb
cbcb
c
c
bb
bb

xaxa
xaxa

It true the result is long expression and complex and admittedly not pretty

3.6   Matrix-Matrix Multiplication

Exercise 20: Download MatrixVectorExample2.java and write matrix multiplication code to
make the example work. Confirm that you obtained the same matrix in Exercise 17, and the same
resulting vector.
(U 1 , U 2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,U n )+(V 1 ,V 2 ,…,V n ))=(U 1 +V 1 ,U 2 +V 2 ,…,U n +V n )
Example: (1,2,3)+(4,5,6)=(1+4,2+5,3+6)=(5,7,9)
Multiplication: (U 1 ,U 2 ,…,U n )⋅(V 1 ,V 2 ,…,V n )=U 1 V 1 +U 2 V 2 +…+U n V n = n∑U i V i
The result is a single number.
Example: (1, 2, 3) ⋅ (3, 5, 6) =1×3+1×5+3×5=4+10+17=28
Exercise 21: Consider the matrices
A= [321−235003] and B=[−4101013−21]Let x=(1,−1,2) and
define y=Ax and z=By. Calculate each of y,z and the matrix product C=BA. Confirm
by calculating Cx.




































































































7
9
7
2
1
1
10013
423
1514

10013
423
1514

300
532
123

123
101
014

12106
12106
18159

653

123
101
014

653
2
1
1
300
532
123

CxConfirm
BAC
ByZ
Axy

Exercise 22: Download MatrixVector3DExample.java, then fill in the code (from previous
exercises) to perform matrix multiplication and matrix-vector multiplication. Confirm that the
results match the calculations in the previous exercise.
(U 1 , U 2 ,…,U n )+(V 1 ,V 2 ,…,V n )=(U 1 +V 1 ,U 2 +V 2 ,…,U n +V n )
Example: (1,2,3)+(4,5,6)=(1+4,2+5,3+6)=(5,7,9)
Multiplication: (u1,u2,…,un)⋅(v1,v2,…,vn)=u1v1+u2v2+…+unvn=n∑i=1uivi
The result is a single number.

Exercise 23: Suppose A and B are two n×n matrices. Prove or disprove: AB=BA
























10013
423
1514

369
81226
317
BAAB

I disapprove that AB is not equal to BA

3.7   Non-Square Matrices
Exercise 24: What is the result of
multiplying A=[010−120] and B=[11220−3]? What is Ax when x=(2,3,4)?















































4
3
4
3
2
021
010

33
22
3
2
1
0
2
1
021
010

Ax

3.8   A review of three cases involving equations
Parallelogram edge that is parallel to the (1, 4) line in intersect with line lie on (3,2) which is
possible stretch and where they intersect is a unique point .

References
1. Stuart, J. (1988). Inflation Matrices and ZME-Matrices that Commute with a Permutation
Matrix. SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 9(3), 408-418. doi:
10.1137/0609036.
2. Cambridge Univ Pr. (2016). Matices Intermediate + Eleteca.
3. Zhang, S., & Holzapfel, W. Orthogonal polarization in lasers.

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