Essays for students

The curse of bribery

2012-01-31T22:17:00.002-08:00

The curse of bribery

In French the word ‘bribe’ was originally used for a piece of bread given to a beggar. Now, this word has nothing to do with beggars or pieces of bread. Bribe is the money or some other thing, offered to someone in order to get illegal and undeserved favours.

Bribe is offered only to those who hold some office of importance and influence, and can oblige their clients. Sometimes bribe is offered willingly, sometimes it is received forcibly. Sometimes you bribe an officer for getting an undue advantage, sometimes you have to pay this compulsory fee for obtaining your right.

Bribery is perhaps the greatest curse that corrupts a society. It is dishonestly, deceit and coercion. Those who accept or demand and those who offer bribes are the enemies of the people and the country. They sin both against Allah and man. They break the laws of the country and deny the people their rights. They encourage injustice and dishonesty.

The government that is run by corrupt officials is the worst of all forms of government. The government is responsible for administering the country and not destroying it. The first duty of the government is to look after the welfare of the people. If its officials treat the people badly and cruelly in order to get bribes, there is no use of the government.

No one wants to part with his money. If he gives it to some official, he does so because he is forced to do it. He may do so for getting what is not his or he is forced to buy an officer’s attention for getting his right.

If we want to establish Islamic system of social justice in Pakistan, evils like bribery will have to be wiped out as soon as possible. Bribery is a curse of unjust society and it causes further injustice.

A person who accepts or demands bribery is a dangerous person. He looks after his own selfish interest only, and ignores all other things. He does not believe in any principle or values. He has no place in a free and just society. He must be eliminated the sooner, the better.

TECHNICAL EDUCATION

2012-01-31T22:17:00.000-08:00

TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Technical education means specialized training in the fields of technology, industry or mechanics. Its aim is to provide instruction and training in skills that have a practical and immediate utility. It is not concerned with the spiritual, moral, intellectual and cultural aspects of personality. Its aim is to train skilled and efficient workers engineers, mechanics and builders etc.

The engineers, builders and mechanics are the most useful and essential section of an industrial society. Ours is an age of industry and mass production. In our part of world where industrialization is just beginning, the need for technical workers is all the more pressing. Even agriculture which has been our major occupation will not prosper if modern ways of cultivation are not employed. It is possible only if our framers are trained to use agricultural machines. Thus they will be able to do more work in less time and give their bent backs a well deserved rest.

Technical education is not only necessary, but also the answer to the problems of our expanding economy. It produces doers and workers; and the workers, not clerks and idlers are the people who make real and important contribution to the welfare of society. Naturally society must honour them and pay them better wages.

Unfortunately, we have not appreciated the changing circumstances. Our Youngman still hanker after office jobs. They hesitate to learn practical skills and dislike working in factories. But the offices are full and there are only a few white-collar jobs available every year. If all the Youngman are to be employed in useful work, they must shed their prejudice against manual work. Society must also learn to respect those who work with their hands for its material welfare. It should know that technical education is of vital importance for the countries of the third world who are struggling to enter the industrial age.

Our educationists have realized the need for technical education. More and more technical institutions should be established if we want our country to progress and prosper.

STUDENTS AND POLITICS

2012-01-30T22:39:00.001-08:00

STUDENTS AND POLITICS

Whether or not students should take part in politics is a controversial matter. While some regard it to be permissible, even desirable, others think it to be very harmful. Let is study the case in some of its details.

Those who favour the proposition argue that students are an important part of a country’s intelligentsia. They are educated, sensible people, fully knowing what is good or bad for their country. They have vigour, energy and patriotic zeal that can be of great service to a nation. Their services for the establishment of Pakistan, for example, are unforgettable. It is also said that since it is they who will be controlling the state-affairs tomorrow, we should let them have a practical experience of it today. Lastly, it is held that taking part in politics will make them mature and more responsible.

Arguments on the other side seem to be equally strong. If is maintained that students are young and, therefore, emotional and highly inflammable. They are, thus, incapable of cool analysis and unbiased thinking. Moreover, they are immature. They are also easily exploitable and can be misguided by selfish politicians. It is claimed that the recent world-wide student agitation, which started in France and continued in Italy, America, Japan, India and Pakistan was caused by politicians who succeeded in making students their tool. Above all, however, the duty of students is to concentrate on their studies, the neglect of which will be harmful to them.

How do the students themselves think on the subject? They, too, are divided into two groups, supporting either of the two opposite views.

A disinterested approach towards the subject makes one feel that there is some truth in both the views. College students are certainly more educated than 80% of the population, but they are also emotional by nature. While they may not be allowed to indulge in politics at the cost of their studies, it is unreasonable to cut them absolutely off from the country’s political developments.

Students are rightly expected to spend most of their time in study during this period, their chief aim should be to get knowledge and prepare themselves for the practical life. They should acquire as much knowledge as they can. They should aware of the events happening all around them. Active participation in political activities is not to be recommended at this stage. However, in a national emergency as during the Pakistan movement they may be permitted to enter the political field, because then the nation needs them.

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SMUGGLING

2012-01-30T22:38:00.001-08:00

SMUGGLING

Smuggling means illegal import or export of goods without the permission of the government and without paying custom duties. It is thus a very serious crime. It harms not one or two persons but injures the welfare of the whole nation. It is a pity that all of us know this; still some of us are engaged in this dangerous activity and most of us are encouraging it in one way or another.

In a society, people are individually and collectively responsible for the welfare of the society. The laws of a country are made for the good of its inhabitants. They are made to ensure peace and prosperity of the country. If some persons break these laws, they are acting against the good of all citizens.

A person, however rich he may be, cannot buy everything he sees in the shops. In the same way a nation cannot import all the things of the world. If Pakistan imports goods from another country, it has to pay in gold or goods. Thus what we import depends on the amount of goods we sell in the foreign countries. Our exports are limited. Naturally we can import limited and selected number of goods. We cannot afford to impost things that are unimportant or useful only for a few persons. We should import things that are very much necessary for us. We should import things that are essential for our progress.

Pakistan imports machines, steel and other such things necessary for our industry. Those things that are made in the country are generally not imported. Luxury goods like big cars, expensive cloth, cosmetics etc. are imported in a small quantity. Very high custom duty is levied on such imports and few persons can pay the price of these things.

Many persons are tempted by things made in foreign countries. This why foreign goods like cloth, watches, crockery etc. are smuggled into the country. Their price is paid in food and gold which are smuggled out.

Smuggling can be stopped only if very strict laws are made and they are enforced without fear or favour.

POLLUTION

2012-01-19T00:59:00.002-08:00

POLLUTION

In the last two or three centuries science has made great progress. It has given man the knowledge and power to control the resources of earth, and use them as he wishes. We are living in the age of a continuous industrial revolution. We have built vast industries that are producing large quantities of good and machines.

We like to think that we have achieved what no previous age was able to attain. There is much truth in this claim. We produce all sorts of goods, from chewing gum to space ships. We are ready to conquer other planets. Is this the golden age man has been dreaming of for centuries?

A little thinking, however, will tell us that it is not. We have certainly made a great progress, but let is consider the cost of this progress.

Millions of factories in all parts of world are sending huge quantities of carbon dioxide and other poisonous gasses into the atmosphere. This is not the whole story. They are pouring continuous streams of harmful chemicals into the rivers of the worlds. Every hour our cars, buses and airplanes are discharging deadly poisons into our atmosphere.

The result is that our atmosphere, especially over large industrial areas has more poison then oxygen. Fish and other forms of life living in water are dying fast.

The food crops irrigated with poisonous waters also become poisonous. From them the poison enters into the bodies of human beings, and causes various diseases.

The toxic chemicals we release in the atmosphere are damaging the Ozone Layer above the earth. It is the Ozone gas that protects us from certain very harmful rays of the sum. These rays cause skin cancer, and many other diseases.

The most horrible form of pollution is produced by nuclear waste. This is only a brief account of what we have done to this earth and its atmosphere.

NEWSPAPERS

2012-01-19T00:59:00.000-08:00

NEWSPAPERS

In a democratic society, the public must have accurate information and free access to all points of view. If the government is to be really representative of the people. Of all the agencies that perform this function. The newspapers are the most powerful. To give accurate information about the current events is the first purpose of the newspapers. They help their readers in acquiring a thorough knowledge of the events happening around them.

Newspapers also promote education and learning. Arts, literature and religion claim equal space with the current events. Events in the social, political and economic fields are, to a great extent, the result of the ideas and pressure of powerful groups of people who fight for their own interests. The problems of the present have their origin in the past. Newspapers make an attempt to supply all the information and knowledge required by the readers to understand contemporary problems. Let us remember that much of the news, and particularly views, are controversial. Opinions differ and they must differ in a democracy. The people who control a newspaper have their own views. Naturally they wish to express their views.

The newspapers are important, not only as a means of spreading news but also for influencing public opinion. Every newspaper expresses its policy in its editorial page. Its readers at least a great section of them are influenced by the editorial comments. It is reasonable to believe that most of the readers buy the newspaper with which they agree. Certainly a newspaper with a large circulation is very powerful. Unfortunately, some of the newspapers do not limit their views to the editorial columns. They let their opinion color and bias the news.

Newspapers are at the mercy of their readers, for newspaper publishing is a business and must fetch at least reasonable profit. Much of the profit comes from advertising and only the newspaper with a large circulation can attract a large number of advertisements. So a newspaper has to respect the tastes and inclinations of its readers. Now most of the readers are interested in exciting and sensational news; murders, riots, scandals and abductions appear more interesting then serious educative material. Newspapers flash such stories across the front page. In this way they become guilty of being vulgar and harmful.

Freedom of the press means freedom from all sports of pressures. The press should not become an instrument of vested interests. If the newspapers are fulfill their purpose of distributing accurate information and educating the public mind, they should remain free from government interference, the advertisers’ influence and a particular group’s vulgar tastes.

Newspapers, if they are tempted to earn more and more money, cause a tremendous harm. There are people who will pay a king’s ransom to control the policy of a newspaper with a large circulation.

The intelligent reader cannot take as correct and honest all the news and the views of a newspaper. He will analyse for himself all he reads, before forming his opinions.

DEPRESSION

2012-01-19T00:58:00.003-08:00

DEPRESSION

The world of human beings is not a fairyland, and life is not a perpetual picnic. Here happiness does not grow on trees, and wishes do not always come true. One has to accept life as it is, with all its joys and all its sorrows. It takes courage and an understanding of the nature of life and human condition to do so.

Man, in spite of all his achievements, is still a human being, not superman. He is a creature of emotions and sentiments. Certain things make him happy, and certain things make him sad. A little bird chirping in the early morning may fill his heart with joy. And the autumn wind shaking last dead leaves from the trees may move him to tears.

Everyone feels a little sad, a little worried, a little depressed at times. There is nothing wrong with it. It is as natural as feeling happy. There is no harm in being dejected for a little while. Depression is a natural reaction against a sense of loss, a personal misfortune, or the death of dear one. This is the normal kind of depression.

This normal, natural depression shows that we are capable of feeling and caring. It shows that we are not robots, and the hurry of this machine age has not deprived of the human qualities. It helps us to adjust to the changing realities of life. It brings acceptance.

However, when the state of dejection persists, of life with all its joys and sorrows. It becomes a real depression, some kind of mental disorder.

It is not always easy to distinguish between normal and abnormal depressions. The chief difference is intensity and duration.

Normal depression does not produce radical changes in one’s thinking and behavior. The feeling of sadness may disturb one’s sleep for a few nights, or cause him to skip a meal or two, or neglect the routine of life for some time. But loss it intensity as time goes by. Life reasserts itself, and everything falls into place once again.

The abnormal depression, called endogenous depression, is generally not related to any actual event or loss. If it has a cause, its intensity is excessive in proportion to the apparent cause. This abnormal depression is a sign of some kind of mental disorder. Some patients lose contact with reality and suffer from delusions. Others may become insensitive to events around them. Lose interest in eating and other physical activities.

Abnormal depression may be produced by psychological causes or changes in brain anti depression drugs electro-shock therapy and psychotherapy are effective cures.

CO –EDUCATION

2012-01-19T00:58:00.001-08:00

CO –EDUCATION

Co-education means the education of boys and girls together. In recent years some of our colleges have adopted this system. Some people favour this system and want to introduce it in all schools and colleges. They say that this system is very useful. They give many arguments in support of their views. Their main argument is that in a poor and backward country like Pakistan it is impossible to maintain separate institutions. Therefore, co-education should be adopted and the existing colleges and schools should be opened to girls.

The supporters of co-education also say that in a progressive society, men and women should come closer. Co-education would provide an opportunity to the young men and women to understand each other. This would be very helpful to them in their future life. It would also be good for the progress of the country. Another argument is that co-education would raise the standard of education, because it will promote competition among boys and girls.

In fact, the supporters of co-education talk of its benefits in such a manner as if it were the only road to heaven.

A little thought would expose the hollowness of their arguments. Everyone who has visited even a couple of colleges and schools knows that all of our institutions are frightfully overcrowded. The girl’s schools and colleges, too, are overcrowded. Hundreds of new educational institutions are needed. If some of these are reserved for girls, it would not then the consideration of economy could have been partly valid.

The second argument, too, is false. If young men and women cannot understand each other in their homes and families, then they would not be able to do so in the college. Why is it that one feels that one can understand the fair sex only if one meets one’s neighbor’s daughter?

The system of co-education will not raise educational standards. Temptation of flirting is stronger than the urge for reading textbooks. Co-education will create many problems not only for the students but also for the teachers. A temptation does not distinguish between the students and the teachers.

The real reason why some people support co-education is that they like western culture. They want to be more English than the English. Because the west has co-education, they must have it, too. But we have to consider whether our religion, our culture, our circumstances allow us to adopt co-education. Certainly not.

If co-education were inevitable, one would agree to it. But it is not a necessary evil. And there is no reason that we should patronize everything with a foreign name. our young men and women need education, and not co-education.

ATOMIC ENERGY FOR PEACE AND PROSPERITY

2012-01-19T00:57:00.001-08:00

ATOMIC ENERGY FOR PEACE AND PROSPERITY

Atomic energy can be used in many ways and for many purposes. It can also be used to bring peace and prosperity to the whole of this earth. It can also be used to destroy this world and its inhabitants. It can do anything. It can perform miracles if we have the power and wisdom to use if only for peaceful purpose. If we do not possess that much wisdom, man has not many years to live on this earth.

Today, atomic energy produces electricity for use on earth and in space. This electric power is produced by nuclear reactors. A nuclear reactor is an advanced type of furnace or a machine which uses uranium or some other atomic fuel to produce heat. This heat is then converted into electricity.

At present electricity produced by atomic energy is not as cheap as that obtained through conventional means. But as the nuclear reactors become more efficient and economical, they will be able to produce electricity at much less cost. It is hoped that in future huge amounts of electricity will be provided by the nuclear reactors.

It is not electricity alone that we can get from the atom. The reactors also make radio-isotopes. There radio-isotopes emit radiation. They are used in agriculture, medicine and industry. The radio-isotopes are often called the silent servant of man.

Today more than thirty different radio-isotopes are used for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Many dreadful diseases like cancer are being successfully treated with radio-isotopes.

In agriculture, radio-isotopes are playing a very important part in producing better crops. With the help of radio-isotopes food can be stored for a long time; without the danger of damage or deterioration.

In industry, radio-isotopes are used in a thousand ways to improve the quality of goods. The research on atomic energy is going on. In future many new peaceful uses of this energy will be found. The day is not far off when atomic energy will be used in space ships, the aircraft, the sea ships, the railway train and so many other things.

Atomic Energy

2012-01-19T00:56:00.001-08:00

Atomic Energy

The use of atomic energy promises vast possibilities for the mankind. In the beginning of this century, Einstein advanced the theory the other. He said that the atom contained vast stores of energy that may be used in thousand ways.

The problem was how to tame the atom and obtain and use its energy. In 1938 Hahn and Stresemann succeeded in splitting the nucleus of an atom of Uranium. Later, It was found that the process of splitting the atom released enormous amounts of energy. Then on 2^nd December, 1942, scientists succeeded in obtaining the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.

Today’s reactors which obtain energy from the atom are not very efficient machines. They harness only a fraction of the total energy available in the atom. Even this energy which is actually obtained from the atom is enormous. It is estimated that energy in one pound of uranium is equivalent to that of three million pounds of coal.

The research in the mysteries of the atom is going on in many countries of the world. It is hoped that before long better and more efficient reactors will be built. These will be able to obtain atomic energy at an economical cost. Atoms provide compact from of fuel which provides a vast amount of energy and it also lasts longer.

Knowledge Is Power

2011-12-07T05:17:00.001-08:00

The proverb ' Knowledge is Power ' is as true today as it was in the past. in fact, it is knowledge that distinguishes man from animals.
Man is physical weaker than many animals. He cannot run fast as fast as a panther. He cannot see as far as an eagle can. His sense of smell is weaker than that of a dog. He can not carry as heavy loads as some beasts of burden do. He cannot fight tigers and lions with his bare hands.
Yet he has managed to become the most powerfull creature on earth. His power comes from knowledge, not from physical strength.
Man has the ability to acqure knowledge , preserve it in books and thus pass it on to the coming generataions. This has given him the power the control the forces of nature , and use them for his benefit. It is, however, necessary for man kind to use this knowledge and power wisely. If we use our knowledge wisely, we can create a better and safer world than the world of today.
With the help of knowledge, the man discovered, invented and learned many things. He invented many things to improve transportations like vans, ships, airoplanes, train etc.With the help of knowledge man has discovered the secrets of matter. Man turned in to energy and most usefull form of energy is atomic energy and electricity.Means of communication, means of tansportation and invented of new and best medicines, all these things are due to the knowledge.
Knowledge and power alone cannot bring happiness to mankind. Unfortunately, we have not used our knowledge for the benefit of entire mankind. Those persons and nations who happened to possess knowledge and power in the past used it for creating personal and national empires by conquering more lands and enslaving more people.
Our knowledge has not enabled us to banish war that has plagued man from the very beginning. In reality, we have used the immense knowledge acquired in the past two or three centuries to make war more and more horrible and devastating. The present century that has seen man reaching the moon, and exploring the deep space has also seen two world wars in which millions of people were killed. It has also seen the United State of America dropping the most horrible weapon of war, the atomic bomb, on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. These wars were stated by western nations who pride themselves on bieng the most advance and civilized nations of fthe world.

Judicial review in USA

2011-12-05T21:26:00.001-08:00

Judicial review in USA

In USA like other countries the supreme court decide of different cases. But the Supreme Court of USA has also another power and authority which is very important and unique is called " Judicial Review ".
“Judicial Review " is the principle and authority which give the Supreme Court of USA the power of reject or abrogate any law which is made by Congress or states. According to this power Supreme Court of USA reject or abrogate any law which is not suit or conform to the constitution of USA or apposite the constitution of USA or violate the Constitution .
The U.S. Constitution does not mention judicial review. This power, however, was used before 1787 by courts in several of the American states to overturn laws conflicting with state constitutions. In 1789 the Congress of the United States passed the Judiciary Act, which gave federal courts the power of judicial review over acts of state government. This power was used for the first time by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hilton v. Virginia (1796).

In 1803, the power of judicial review was used for the first time by the U.S. Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional (Mar bury v. Madison).As we know that the constitution of USA is superior law of the country. In his opinion for the Court in Mar bury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall explained and justified the exercise of judicial review to strike down an unconstitutional act of Congress or states. He wrote, "Certainly all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law of the nation, and consequently the theory of every such government must be that an act of the legislature repugnant to the Constitution is void. This theory is consequently to be considered, by this court as one of the fundamental principles of our society" .
Merits and maturities (elegance) and Demerits and immaturities.
The Power of Judicial Review of Supreme court has different views and thoughts of different peoples. It has its own merits, significent, excellences and qualities as well as defects, demerits, immaturities and raw nesses. Some people like it and some dislike this theory. I am trying to state its merits and demerits briefly with the help of some main points.
Merits and maturities:People and Philosopher who like and support “The Power of Judicial Review of Supreme court" praise it and describe their arguments about it. These are their main arguments:
1 .Protection and safety of constitution:The judicial review protects and cares the constitution of USA. The constitution of USA is superior law of the country. Supreme Court rejects the law of congress or states which violate the constitution and not suit the country. So it protects the constitution of USA. As Lord Brice said “Supreme Court is an alive voice of constitution ".
2 . Protection and safety of democracy:The Power of Judicial Review of Supreme court protects and save democracy. The Supreme Court rejects the law which is against the constitution of USA and in constitution there is safety of democracy.
3 . Check and balance:The protectors and supporters say that Judicial Review create check and balance in departments and governments institutions as administration and legislative institutions. Supreme Court prevents and stops the institutions to make laws of their free will or consent.
4 . Restriction and prevention of dictatorship:The Power of judicial review enables the Supreme Court to restrict the dictatorship of any person, institution or state. It rejects the law of congress or states which violate or opposite the constitution of USA.
5 . Protection and safety of human rights:The protectors and supporters say that the power of judicial review protects and guard the human rights. In the constitution of USA, these human rights are mentioned. If any law goes apposite or violates these rights, Supreme Court rejects it with the help of power of judicial review because it is also against or violates the constitution auto-matically.
6 . Strength of Federal Gove:There is another quality and perfection which is described by the protector of judicial review is that power of judicial review can strengthen and powerful the federal government. It rejects the law which is against the federal govt.

7 . Enhancement and enlargement of dignity and honor of USA:The protectors and supporters of power of judicial review say that this power of Supreme Court enhancement and enlargement of honor and dignity of USA in the world.
8. Protection and safety of National and Collective interests:Protection and safety of National and Collective interests is also very important point described by the supporters of judicial review. Supreme Court rejects the law which is against any national or collective interest because the national interests are very important, basic and major thing in the countries.
9 . Care about opinion of public or common people:The protectors and supporters of power of judicial review say that another quality of this power is that it does not harmful and injurious to public opinion but it care and protect the opinion of public and common people. Those who say that it is not good for public right, they are wrong because Supreme Court never reject the law which is beneficial for public and nation. It prevents or rejects only those laws which are harmful for national and public interests.
10 . Supremacy of Supreme Court:As we know that justice is very important for any society or country. Supreme Court is the main source of justice in country. The country in which judicial setup is strong and powerful can get high position and dignity among the countries. So, this power give supremacy to supreme court which is also good for public as well as the country.
11. Principle of judicial care:Initially (in beginning) Supreme Court rejects many laws without any main reasons but after few years Supreme Court made a principle for itself which is called “Principle of judicial care ". After this principle, Supreme Court only reject those law which is actually violate or apposite the constitution of USA or national interests.
These are the main arguments and points which are given by supporter of judicial review. In USA, this power of judicial review is not rejected because of these qualities. We cannot find any opponent of this authority of Supreme Court in USA in these days vary easily.
Demerits and immaturities.
Some people do not like the judicial review and Militate and oppose the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review. They describe some demerits and abuses of judicial review. I state some of their arguments briefly in form of main points.
1. Not mentioned:As we know that it is not mentioned in the constitution of USA. Therefore, the opponents of judicial review say that it is not mentioned in constitution so it is not acceptable and practicable. It is made by some judges on their own free will and consent.
2. Undemocratic:Opponents of judicial review say that it is an undemocratic system because a law which is made by many members of congress or states and these members are also selected by the whole country or state of USA is rejected and terminated by only 5 or 7 judges of Supreme Court of USA. It is an undemocratic and unpractical system and power of Supreme Court.
3. Conservativeness (olden): There is another demerit or abuse of judicial review is described by opponents of this system is that it is an olden or antiquated system because the judges are appointed for their whole life and they do not change their decisions which they announced earlier despite of fault in decision or imperfection.
4. Hurdle and obstacle in the way of progress:Opponents of judicial review system say that it create hurdle and obstacle in the way of progress of the country. Congress or states pass a law for progress and prosperity of the country and countrymen but Supreme Court reject the law because of it is not according the constitution or violates the constitution of USA. So it is necessary for the members of congress and states that they should have constitution in their mind not personal purposes or motives at the time forming law.
5. Dictatorship of judges:There is another demerit of this system described by the opponents of judicial review is that it create dictatorship in the mind of judges. They catch on and comprehend themselves superior of all people because of power of judicial review.
6. Personal rancor or enmity:Some time judges reject the law only because of personal rancor or enmity. They have enmity or rancor of some members of congress or states so they reject the law which passed by them. It is also an argument of the opponents of this system.
7. Superior house of USA:The opponents of judicial review system say that because of this power Supreme Court has become the third house in USA and this is superior to other two actual houses senate and House of Representatives. Supreme Court has the power of reject or terminates the law of Congress as well as states of USA.
8. Against national interests:
There is another argument which is described by the opponents of judicial review system is that it is not useful and profitable for the country because with the help of this power Supreme Court reject any law. The selected members are not against national interests and they do not pass any law which is against national interests. But Supreme Court reject the law only because of it is not according to the constitution. They do not keep in mind national interests.
9. Opposite the theory of separation of powers:As we know that there is another theory which is used in USA is separation of powers. It means that three main institutions Judicatory, Administrator and legislature not to interrupted in their works. But the power of judicial review give the authority for interrupted the works and authorities of both other institutions.
10. Rancor and Enmity between institutions:
People who oppose judicial review system argue that this power of Supreme Court create rancor and enmity between Judicatory and legislature. If congress or state’s legislative pass a law which is rejected by Supreme Court then conflict or rancor is natural thing to come in the mind of both parties.
Conclusion: There is nothing in the world which is bad or good for itself but this is its uses which make him bad or good. This review system also has same situation. If Supreme Court use it only for country then it is very good but if Supreme Court uses it and keeps their own interests in mind, it is worse for country as well as countrymen.
But we know that after principle of judicial care, Supreme Court never use it against national interests and judges keeps national interests, safety, progress and dignity in their mind instead of their own interests or conflicts.
So we can say it is very useful and beneficial for the country of USA.

The Curse Of Bribery.

2011-12-05T20:30:00.001-08:00

In French the word " bribe '' was originally used fir a piece of bread given to a begger. Now, this word has nothing to do with beggers or pieces of bread. Bribe is the money or some other thing, offered to someone in order to get illegal and undeserved favours.

Bribe is offered only to those who hold some office of importance and influence, and can oblige their vlients. Sometimes bribe is offered willingly, sometimes it is received forcibly. Sometimes you bribe an officer for getting an undue advantage, sometimes you have to pay this compulsory fee for obtaining your right.

Bribery is perhaps the greatest curse that corrupts a society. It is dishonesty, deceit, and coercion. Those who accept or demand and those who offer bribes are the enemies of the people and their country. They sin both against Allah and man. They encourage injustice and dishonesty.

The government that is run by corrupt officials is the worst of all forms of government. The government is responsible for administering the country and not destroying it. The first duty of the government is to look after the welfare of the people. If its officials treat the people badly and cruely in order to get bribes, there is no use of the government.

No one wants to parts with his money. If he gives it to some official, he does so because he is forced to do so. He may do sofor getting what is not his or he is forced to buy an officer's attention for getting his right.

Bribery is a curse of unjust society and it causes further injustice.
A person who accepts or demands bribery is a dangerous person. He looks after his own selfish interest only, and ignores all other things. He does not believe in any principle or values. He has no place in a free and just society. He must be eliminated as soon as possible, if he does not avoid it.

Bribery is not liked in any society. One who offer or accept it, they snatch the right of other people who are ielligble and give to those people whose are not fit or illigble for those rights. Islam also stressed upon the steps to stop it.
According Islam, Both who take and who give are in Fire Of Hell. Not only in Islam but all other religions also forbade and dislike it.

No society or country can not make prosper and progress with the existense of bribery in their society. Bribery can be stopped only if very strickt laws are made and they are enforced without fear or favour.

Dengue(in urdu)

2011-12-04T21:37:00.001-08:00

Globalwarming

2011-12-04T20:18:00.001-08:00

The Problem of Global Warming
Global warming ,according to the US Geological Survey site is an increase of the earth's temperature by a few degrees resulting in an increase in the volume of water which contributes to sea-level rise (US Geological Survey, 2008). Another definition of global warming, by the US Environmental Protection Agency, is an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate (Climate Change, 2006). Global warming is a problem for several reasons.
Our world depends on a certain climate. When temperatures gets too warm or too cold there are many species and plants that can not survive. According to the EPA, “Our health, agriculture, water resources, forests, wildlife and coastal areas are vulnerable to global warming and the climate changes it will bring. (Environmental Protection Agency, 2000)” As temperatures rise so do instances of malaria and west nile disease. These diseases thrive in hot environments. That is not the only danger global warming has on our health. People with cardiovascular problems would have added problems because of the heat. Elderly and children could die because of heat. A multitude of health problems would be exacerbated not to mention what global warming would do to our agriculture, which would escalate the incident of malnutrition.
Many of our vegetables such as Cabbage, Carrots, Cauliflower and Lettuce just to name a few grow in cooler temperatures. If temperatures continue to rise then there are many vegetables that would not be able to grow to maturity. In addition, most vegetables are started out as seedlings in the spring when the temperatures are still just starting to warm. If we do not have the cooler temperatures then how do we start out these plants. Other than vegetables a rise is temperatures would cause problems with other plants as well. This fact also reflects on our wildlife.
Heats kills many cooler weather plants each year in the summer but normally they come back each year because of seeds that have survived through the heat. If the temperature did not turn off cooler, these plants would eventually become extinct. The complete loss of a species of plants is bad enough but add to that facts that there are many animals that depend on certain types of plants and what you have is a catastrophy. As stated by World Wildlife Fund (WWF) “The golden toad (Bufo periglenes) and the harlequin frog (Atelopus varius) of Costa Rica have disappeared as a direct result of global warming. (Nature at risk - the impacts of Global Warming, 2006)” Animals such as polar bears live in cold regions and have begun to migrate to smaller and smaller areas. If the cold regions cease to exist then so do certain species. These are just a few of the problems that are caused by global warming. The important thing is what has been done and what can we do, not only on a grand scale but also the little things that will help out.
Causes of Global Warming and What We Can Do
Manufacturing plants produce a lot of smog into the atmosphere that helps contribute to the greenhouse gases. This became a problem during the Industrial Revolution.
In 1955, the government decided that this problem needed to be dealt with on a national level. The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, was the first in a series of clean air and air quality control acts which are still in effect and continue to be revised and amended. (Fleming & Knorr, 2008) In 1963 the United States enacted the Clean Air Act with the Air Quality Act following the next year. These were comprised of many legislative rules and guidelines relating to the amount of pollution that can be produced by a manufaturing plant.
I believe one of the biggest hazards to our environments are automobiles. It is a well known fact that they produce tons of pollution into the atmosphere everyday. I remember when President Bush called for automobile manufacturers to change the way they make cars so that they produced less emissions. One of the biggest ways they have done that is with the new hybrid cars. We also see cars that run on bio-fuel and total electic cars. Even if you can not afford one of the new fuel efficient cars there are still things you can do to help your fuel consumption. Help you fuel consumption and you help the environment. For starters, the first thing that comes to mind is to keep the right amount of air pressure in your tires. Another biggie….don’t speed. Just slow down and go the speed limit. Keeping your air filter will also help. These are things my dad always told me on how to save gas in my car.
One thing we did in my house to help the environment is to change the light bulbs. We changed all of our standard bulbs to compact flourescent lightbulbs (CFL’s). They last a whole lot longer than an average bulb and they use less electricity. I bought General Electric bulbs (6 pack) and the box said that I would save up to $30.00 a year by replacing those six bulbs. On About.com they claim “If every U.S. family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it would eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5 million cars off the road. (West, 2008)
The phrase “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle” comes to mind. This is very good advice. If we can reduce the amount of plastics and other recyclables then we can reduce the amount of garbage in our landfills. As the materials in landfills break down they produce methane, which increases the amount of heat kept in our atmosphere. If businesses would recycle they could save a ton of waste each year. This example, by Joel Makower, is worth noting. A typical office generates about 1.5 pounds of waste paper per employee each workday. (Financial businesses generate more than two pounds.) That's roughly 350 pounds per employee a year—or a total of about 2.5 tons for a small, 15-person office. (Makower, 2008) That is a lot of waste per year that could be recycled. On a smaller scale, we can recycle papers, aluminum cans and plastic. Most cities now have a recycling truck that comes around once a week to pick up recyclables left on the curbside. More than just paper and plastic can be recycled. You should recycle old batteries, computers, cell phones, motor oil, tires and car batteries, just to name a few. A lot of big businesses now offering recycling of their products to help the environment. Some cities have made laws about recycling. Chicago and NYC have passed legislature that requires that certain stores, such as grocery stores, have recycling bins for its customers. The American Paper and Forestry Assn reports that paper recycling is at an all time high with 51 percent of paper being recycled but they are aiming for a goal of 55 percent by 2012. Recycling is a practice that has been around for a long time and one that we have a responsibility to continue.
Energy we use in our homes also helps the buildup of Greenhouse gases because the power companies that produce electricity burn fossil fuels to do so. We all know how to save electricity, by turning off anything you do not need or are not using but a lot of people will not do so. If for no other reason than to save money on their power bills they should turn off lights when they leave a room and turn off appliances they are not using. I, myself, turn off my computer when I leave home in the morning because there is nobody using it so why waste the power. As consumers of this earth we have a responsibility to take care of it.
The Governments Role in the Environment
Our government has enacted legislature to help combat what we American’s do not seem compeled to do ourselves. They enacted the Clean Air Act to control pollution and continue to update it regularly. They have created the US Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of State Office of International Information Programs: Climate Change, and the NOAA Paleoclimatology Program. All of these programs are intended to target the problem of greenhouse gases and pollution. We also have the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Management, National Park Service, and the Natural Resource Conservation Service. So far, this is not enough. It is a good start but they need to do more. We do not need more agencies, we need the agencies we have to do a better job. I am usually the first person to say that the government does not need its nose in everything but we need it now. They have to do more on this issue. Yes, on a small scale we can help individually but we need our government to bring us together as a nation and help fight against global warming. The technology exists for solar power, wind power and renewable fuel resources. We absololutely have to stop relying on fossil fuels for all of our energy needs and look to other resources.
There have been several deveopments that are being worked on at the moment and even more things on a grander scale that can be done. First, the Nation Science Foundation has a project in the works for reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. As they report, they have a goal of “efficiently and economically converting solar energy and water into hydrogen and oxygen fuels.” And this is how it works. The hydrogen and oxygen gases produced will be usable by a fuel cell, where they will react to reform water, generating electricity for powering an electric car or other devices. The gases may also be used as a source of energy after the sun goes down, and will generate a carbon-neutral or oil-free source of energy scalable to meet future global energy demands. (National Science Foundation, 2008) These are the kind of “big plans” we need to change the way we are treating our earth. I sat down and watched Al Gore’s An Inconvient Truth and it was very eye opening. I do not know if more people just do not realize what trouble our planet is in or if they just do not care enough to do something about it. We have no right to take this away from our children and grandchildren.
Conclusion
From the time I was a child I loved to go camping. There is something about getting away from it all and just enjoying nature in its truest form. I would feel true sadness if my ancestors could not enjoy our planet as we have. The smell of the grass and flowers, the excitement kids feel over creepy crawlies they find on a nature walk, the feel of a cool breeze on a hot summer day. We should want these things for future generations to enjoy. As I have said before, we have an obligation to take care of our planet. If we do not take care of our environment then we should not expect it to take care of us.

Terrorism

2011-12-04T19:45:00.000-08:00

Terrorism is the systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against governments, publics, or individuals, to attain a political objective. It evolved from numerous attacks in the 20th century, to less frequent but more destructive assaults in the 21st century.
What is terrorism? What does it involve? Who does it involve? In my mind, terrorism is, "evil, horror, and violence. It is the cruelty of killing mass numbers of people for illogical reasons." The Encyclopedia of Britannica describes terrorism as, "the systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against governments, publics, or individuals, to attain a political objective." The FBI further describes it as either being, "domestic or international terrorism; domestic terrorism being the illegal or threatened use of violence within the United-states or without foreign direction in furtherance of political or social objectives; and international terrorism being violent acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United-States, or any state." Clear, precise, and factual; yes. But emotionally correct, no.
Terrorism has struck all through history and around the world. Even in ancient Roman times, emperors such as Tiberius and Caligula dealt with terrorism by using banishment, and execution towards those who opposed their rule. Later in the 1860's a terrorist group called the Ku Klux Klan was formed by Southerners to terrify former slaves and prevent them from voting or run for office. In the 19th century, Western Europeans, Russians, and Americans adopted terrorism, and believed that the best way to get what they wanted was to assassinate people holding high positions of power.
In the 20th century, terrorism went through some great changes. The use of new technology such as automatic weapons and electrically bursting explosives encouraged terrorists to act violently and provided them with an easier way of attacking. At the time, attacks were mainly from groups trying to undermine or overthrow existing political institutions. However, today terrorism exists with different causes and purposes in mind. It has been used in anti-colonial conflicts such as in Ireland, Britain, Algeria and France. It is used when settling conflicts between different groups in possession of homeland such as Palestine & Israel. It is also used in religious disagreements in the case of the Catholics & Protestants in Northern Ireland and in internal conflicts between revolutionary forces and established governments, for example: Malaysia, Argentina, Iran, and Nicaragua.
Terrorism went from numerous attacks in the 20th century, to less frequent but more destructive assaults in the 21st century. The threat of terrorism has now become more deadly. But the Americans soldiers, the freedom fighters as some people call them are fighting back with no mercy. As Herr expresses in his book, "the battle grew into the bloodiest of the spring", "4,000 had been killed... it was another American victory." Over the past couple years; terrorists have developed new tactics such as portable bombs, suicide operatives, and weapons of mass destruction. These have been known to result in hundreds, not to say thousands of people being injured or killed. Some people even become terrorist, or are forced into terrorizing for reasons that they do not even know. As Michael Herr mentions, "Every day people were dying because of some small detail that they couldn't be bothered to observe." Take September 11 2001 into consideration, when two airplanes were hijacked and crashed into the World Trade Center and another into the pentagon. In just two hours, families were torn apart, courage was tested, and the world was shaken forever. The hijackers had probably believed that they were dying on that plane for their country, but sadly did not know the true and exact reason for their presence, or their life for that matter. At the Democratic National Convention, Hillary Clinton said, "I visited Ground Zero right after we were attacked. I felt like I was standing at the Gates of Hell. I hope no American ever has to witness a sight like that again."