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An inexhaustible source of energy: Cell Karpen

2010-10-30T15:25:00.000-07:00

"Cell-temperature thermoelectric uniform" was imagined and created by physicist Nicolae Vasilescu - Karpen and his prototype works continuously for 6 decades.
Cell Karpen has gold electrodes (shiny) and platinum black (porous) immersed in high purity sulfuric acid. Regarding the operation, the views "experts" are divided: some say that the cell can not exist because it calls into question the second principle of thermodynamics, others say that in reality does not contradict the principle cell (energy conversion) nor the principle of zero (thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment) in the generalized formulation. The latter conclusion would be that Karpen cell operates using only ambient heat.
After assessing Professor Solomon, president of the French Society of Physics, Romanian scientist invented the cell and after half a century people have come to the moon with it.

Nicolae Vasilescu - Karpen was born in Craiova on 28 November 1870.
Here are the College "Carol I" and proves to be a brilliant student.
He continued training at the National School of Bridges and Highways in Bucharest which he graduated in 1891 as head of the class, almost 21 years.
Work for three years as an engineer at the Public Works Department, then go to Paris to attend the School of Electricity in 1900 he graduated in parallel with that, also in Paris, and University courses, Faculty of Sciences, who licensed in 1902 in the specialties of physics, mechanics and mathematics.
In 1904 he obtained his Ph.D. in physics with a thesis "Recherches sur l'effect électrisés Magnetique des corps en mouvement", held at the Sorbonne. In the same year he became professor at the University of Lille in the Department of Electrical Engineering.
A year later, in 1905, returns home and opens the Electricity and Electronics, National School of Bridges and Highways in Bucharest. Makes studies and projects for the school to be transformed into the Polytechnic School. The university rector of this institution for 20 years until 1940.
June 5, 1919 - became member of the Romanian Academy for the June 6, 1923 to become member and honorary member of the Société Française des électriciens.
1941 is the year that is awarded the title of Doctor Honoris Causa of the Polytechnic University of Bucharest.
On March 2, 1964, in Bucharest, the scholar goes leaving behind a vast scientific work, and now operated without being recognized.

Fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts energy resulting from a chemical reaction into electrical energy. It is about ensuring the generation of electrons and their movement in a certain sense. Originally, the term refer to a single element consisting of two electroozi and an electrolyte.
Cells were found to have worked with over two millennia ago. Cells in Baghdad (they were discovered hundreds of these devices) are important examples of the ancient knowledge (controversial because some "experts" do not support what is not written in the book of history).Modern history (known) of the cells begins with the experiments of Luigi Galvani (1786) or Alessandro Volta (1799). Other scholars have contributed to the improvement of cell: John Daniell (1836), William R Grove (1839), Gaston Plant (1859), Georges Leclanche (1866), Hermann von Helmholtz (1879), Thomas Edison (1901) and enumeration can continue with tens and hundreds of scientists (physicists, chemists, institutions, etc.), but what it should be noted is that no history of fuel cell or Romanian written or written by anyone else, it neither mentions Nicholas Vasilescu - Karpen!

The literature Karpen cell meets (very slowly) and as the cell or cell K VK. This file, say "experts" is a concentration cell, despite the fact that the inventor named a "uniform temperature thermoelectric cell. And unlike what is called a cell concentration which has two boats with different electrolyte concentrations, Karpen cell consists of two cells in series. These serve a little engine that drives a microswitch, so that half of the rotation of the rotor circuit is open and the other half is closed. This geared motor is powered pulsed ½ duty cycle, half period of rotation, allowing the other half cell to regenerate, to recharge the energy consumed.And the thing that makes 60 years.

Karpen Cell can not study, may not even be seen.
Karpen Cell only operates using ambient heat, it is safe or throat.
Karpen cell was classified as cell concentration or from a misunderstanding of the phenomenon, either from ignorance, of course, be deliberately misleading so it can not be replicated widely used. It is believed however that it is used, but unproven, the space agency and military applications.
Disinformation is filled with extremely poor information. Old articles have disappeared, the remaining ones contain conflicting information, many errors and they use the "lose-after" such as re-baptism of the inventor: thus it can be found as the Hornbeam or Carpani.
The location is believed to be cell Karpen museum vault, but platinum and silver can be very good and the neck of a pharmacist or a Euro.
Nicolae Vasilescu - Karpen discovered something no one should know. In the "Annales de l'Academie Roumaine" in 1944 he wrote the article "Theorie Nouvelle des piles Electriques. Role des électrons. Piles are used mainly from contredisant thérmodynamique"(new theory of electric cells. The role of electrons. Cells that contradict the principle of the Second Law of Thermodynamics). Why is it so hard to rid us of outdated concepts, the misconceptions indoctrinated, the mental blocks, the first letter of the manual printed edition in 1956? After Newton had followed Einstein, but there are few who know it.
And one final conclusion: Romania is the only Romanian hostile intelligence development.

BACIU FOREST

2010-10-29T12:22:00.000-07:00

An hour of walking on the outskirts of Cluj-Napoca, Hoia passing, we highly controversial in Baciu forest.
We expect to see from the first trees grown in bizarre shapes, but they have shown us only after we have put in Poiana Rotunda tents and started to explore. It was hot outside. Day did not move anything in the woods and the wind blew often. It may feel a curious press and the sporadic presence of many entities of a forest. The stories say that the forest would contain a gate with Baciu uncertain destination, the lake and forest area was formed over a cemetery. True, you can hear many stories, of which the protagonists and the other planets.

Spring is still about an hour to walk from Poiana Rotunda, and the spring is doing a piece of road to a place with a striking intensity, where the three concentric circles (formed by the wrinkling of the earth), with soil burned in the middle. The outer circle has five points scored by the line of five trees, of which 2 are each dublii (ie instead of a single trunk, the tree has two, merge). In northern leopard, outside the circle is a raised piece of land that resembles a sort of grave but considering his height and that is in the north, makes me think I should be ruled to have played a role altar (north is usually a cardinal point of the altar in some pagan rituals).

Strange events can occur both night and day. In two expeditions in which I participated, light or darkness is not a guarantee.

And yet, on the first day, going after water, turning away from its source near Baciului keys, give a Santa that moves slowly limping very slowly, the forest road. Her eyes looked into blue open goal, but we also fixed in a strange way. I welcomed the thought that someone got a sheepfold nearby. He stopped and asked us a voice how to get settled in Cluj. We thought it was strange that he did not have anything, no place, no backpack. I explained the easiest way to get there: on the trail machines (wheel tracks left in the ground). It was way longer, but had no way to lose. To do so would have to go through Poiana Rotunda, where they have met with others, so do not worry we did we would not get out. The old man thanked us, and he went on, limping. When we returned to the tents, had never seen anyone else on the road. The old man has not reached the clearing that day, nor in the next. Watching us during the spring, I found him, was as would be gone. The evening, one that had been the source told us that under the gaze of the old man looked and felt in all corners of the inside.
During the day, clearing the last group of Romanian and American scientists have warned us not to spend the night in the woods. Later we were visited by a couple with one child, two have done yoga in the center of clearings round. We do not have bothered us, we did not bother them. The child was given a bicycle in the neighborhood. When you have to leave, and they warned us not to stay overnight because of radiation and forest spirits that dwell there. They left before the insert. We do not have listened indemnele and stayed three nights, the first expedition.
He came at night, I did fire, we ate well. Around us were heard steps and saw strange eyes rustling green-light, in the woods, moving around the glades. Nobody went to investigate. The next night, after two of us met with a wolf has attacked happened the same stage with the eyes, but with more intense movement. Beams fell trees of oak trees without being around. At 4, I slept all the fire. On the third night, when darkness has made us the idea to move to circle the earth as described above. We packed the dark, with only a small flashlight and went through a forest. That night walk me through all states, and at one time, this seemed to be a challenge. At midnight we finally arrived and we put the tents. That night we heard heavy steps and a teeth chattering outside the tent. When I looked, I saw no one and nothing.During sleep, the person you were calling me in circles in the tent, insisting. I refused. Morning, the person no longer remember anything said. We all woke up with an unexplained headache intensity.

A second expedition in which I attended lasted one day and one night when I caught a fierce storm. The day we walked through the woods and found a number of holes, ranging in length to the length of a grown man a child. I found an explanation for them. We camped in the clearing all round, but this time I could not make fire as night had begun to rain. Four of us took refuge in the tent, rain, and I and another man I was outside, walking on a stretched nylon. After a while, we went into the tent. The rain has stopped, and when I went all out, to our surprise, nylon rollers run was packed, which we had not done since I left in the rain. Logs near the fire failed attempt were moved several feet toward the forest, without being blown by the wind (there were large wood).

Around us the same phenomenon occur green eyes. I counted there were about 10 pairs. It moves at a much faster rate than in the first expedition. If they had an approximate height of one meter, then the unique pair of red eyes in the forest was discovered about two meters.We were watching them, or rather analyzed. I thought for sure someone is having our behavior, especially when someone in the group was terrified by an enormous smile that he saw red eyes attached.Sky have their own light, so I could see at night without much difficulty.

And started to rain. 4 went into the tent, and a man I have left out, to make sure that everything is okay. At one point, two intangible areas have well defined cut a path through the grass and they approached us, the other a 1-meter and 3 meters from where I stood. They stationed a few seconds, after which they cut a new path back to the forest. The fact that we were enthusiastically showed us two of us, but he shook least four others.

As everything around us intensifies, something very strange happened: those who had some internal problems reported pain in the respective organs. That lasted a good while, until the rain has increased even more and I went together to the tent. Stand right at the opening, I saw something that, in my opinion, marked the climax of the evening: something like fog, but the density of steam began to enter the clearing of part of the forest. A half-filled meadow and kept coming, in large walls, vertical. In clearing half could not see anything because of this odd cups and the other is clear. There seemed to be fog because fog has that odor and no steam because steam has a density so that was not present in the phenomenon we are witnessing. After a while the accumulation of 'fog' in half the meadow, above the center was formed as a huge sphere in that matter, after which everything flowed and the clearing that was clear. I could not see anything around, and noises intensified. A man, however, said he sees the walls above the fog. He had a dubious status for the circumstances. Since we're clearly not seeing what he saw. Then we decided that we can close the tent and try to sleep. It was already late. I hung up the tent, we locked eyes, while I started hearing a very hoarse growl. I thought it was the tent, suspecting that someone is in the mood for jokes. Others have told me that it comes out. Not sure, I opened the tent and walked out. More intense noise coming from the side of the tent, indeed, outside. Looking with a flashlight, I found nothing. I slept all, hoping that the spirit of the forest have not bothered with anything so bad events that happen less happy purposeful.

The next day, everything was as if nothing had happened. I looked around the glade after an hour traces in the mud, but I found nothing to suggest the passage of animals or humans.

All these events have convinced me that Baciu forest has a spirit all her own, a spirit that must be respected and not be challenged or invaded abusive. It is an unpredictable place, which may surprise, but it can also scare. It is a challenge which the island can learn, but it is one that should not be taken easily. Many who were there, the story of a call that still attracts unnatural by Baciu forest.

BUCOVINA MONASTERIES CODE

2010-10-28T22:13:00.000-07:00

The man sanctifies place

Even if we think we know everything about the country in which we are born, can be easily contradicted. Earth still has his secrets,his secrets places waiting to be discovered, photographed, explored.

One of the most famous and popular tourist destinations in Romania is the cultural and Bukovina. For a long time, this place has inspired real cultural pilgrimage. Even if these places annually receive many visitors, monasteries have agreed not to reveal secrets in front of curiosity even specialists.
One of the biggest mysteries remains the color formula used in monasteries, wall paintings: red-brown Moldovita monastery, famous Voronet blue, green or red-ocher Arbore Monastery of Humor.

Formula lost legends such string inspired colors, spectacular view of the fact that they managed to play almost perfectly to the colors of nature.
Absolution formula mystery challenge is even greater, as these colors have proven to be very resilient to weather and especially ruthless against time.
In a chronicle dating from the reign of Stephen the Great to found a notice gave researchers hope: Painters - Artists received a lot of plum brandy barrels, much more than they could consume or sell. High consumption of this beverage among painters, has led scientists to believe that unraveling the mystery lies elsewhere: Laboratory studies have confirmed this drink in the plaster walls and mixing colors.

Another mystery that connects five of the Bucovina monasteries, is playing biblical characters wearing those weather port, with traditional crafts site, which is quite strange to the time when these paintings were executed. Typical weather was very strict religious observance about Byzantine heritage.
Monastery Sucevita Moldavian feudal arts summit, was imagined as a fortress that can not be trashed by the pagans. It is painted inside and outside, except a piece of wall. Legend says he left unpainted after a scaffolding fell and died a painter buried under its debris.

Dragomirna monastery in the middle surrounded by a belt torsade, which divides into two parts the facades. Using architectural artifice arm that supports a dual interpretation. The Holy Trinity and the dogma reminiscent of the three Christian virtues: faith, hope and love. Historical significance is motivated by the desire of the Metropolitan-founder, control of the first union realized the mighty Michael, who thus sought to inspire a call to unity of the three Romanian countries.

The walls of these monasteries are true works of art, and open letters of our forefathers for generations to come. Living uncertain times, under Ottoman threat continues, the walls of these monasteries were turned into an illustrated Bible, becoming a witness to the faith of the Romanian people.

Architecture

Although many have fallen prey to gloom of oblivion, the genius of these artists has been popular in direct connection with the creative spirit of the Romanian people and especially failed to show strong bond created between the population of these places and nature. She was the muse of Romanian artists, and they raised it in poems, songs, and their colors.
Romanian architectural style is well represented stars in this period: Voronet monastery is termed as "the Sistine Chapel in northern Moldova."
Dragomirna monastery is surrounded by high walls for protection, rare look at a monastery, giving it the appearance of a mysterious medieval castle.

Arbore Monastery, whose painting "exudes an air of sincerity" is a secular phenomenon represented in the Romanian medieval art, something rarely possible in a holy sanctuary.
St. John the New Monastery meets a complex mixture of styles and eras, which no longer figures in any other monastery in northern Moldova.

A-why exactly is the emblem of the Romanian monastic architecture of Bull head.
It also other, is common pieces of Gothic civil architecture combined with Moldovan.
Moldovan painters created masterpieces that time worthy of being placed alongside other major achievements of European art. The creation of these frescoes hidden mysteries that have not been deciphered left even after more than 500 years of their production.

FactsOne of the most famous is the commemoration of 400 years when the building's foundations Stefan cel Mare in 1871. Celebrations were held at Putna and among those present there were Mihai Eminescu, John Slavici and Ciprian Porumbescu.

In 1975, Bukovina receives prestigious award for "Pomme d'Or" from the International Federation of Journalists and Travel Writers.
Monasteries Arbore, Humor, Moldoviţa Pătrăuţi, Probota Voroneţ Suceava and were included, since 1993, the list of UNESCO world cultural heritage.

TROVE- MYSTERY "LIVING STONES"

2010-10-25T13:15:00.000-07:00

A world of stone

Near the road that connects Ramnicu Valcea of Targu Jiu Valcea village Costesti, nature has created some of the most amazing stone carvings. Bizarre shapes, or millimeter-sized man, continues to emerge as people exploit the sand quarry.Around balatrucilor or Dorobantilor, as the locals call him again was a real tissue folklore: some say that the boulders would have supernatural origins, others would be evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations higher. The fact is that no scientists have failed so far to unravel the mystery entirely trovanti formation, and all I can do now is to imagine that trying to verify them in the laboratory.They argue that the party named in the literature and sandstone concretions would be over 6 million years old and would have occurred due to local cementing sand against a possible seismic activity.

The mysterious world of trovanti, deal Kogayon Association, which administers the Costesti, the world's only museum dedicated trovanti. Here are exposed outdoors, an area of one hectare, over one hundred sculptures of nature. Kogayon Association President, Arch. Barry Stoican, says that "the Costeşti appear on a small space, Trove very different in form, composition and size." Valcea formations differ slightly from the general rule: the very large surface "rise" like, smaller stones. Trovantii here are not the only ones in the country. Such stones are found Feleac Hill (County), on the village Casolt (Sibiu), Buzau Mountains, but in Hasdat (SUA). Main purpose of the Natural Reserve Museum Trovantilor says dr. Barry Stoican, is to protect these geological ensemble: "In the past, some were used Trove probably as building stone. Now they no longer are in danger. There are laws that allow us to take action. " Moreover, almost half of the project budget is used to help visitors understand the importance of protecting the stones.

Trovantii, actually "growing stones"?

Locals have their opinions about trovanti, whom they also called "living stones. " Some argue strongly that after a long rain of small Trove come out wet sand and rocks actually grow larger. Experts have not confirmed this myth: "In the world of mineral crystals only grow. Trovantii are basically a bunch of pebbles of different sizes, from submilimetrice up to centimeter, connected by a carbonate cement. I mean, a sandstone or conglomerate, depending on the size of pebbles, "said dr. Barry Stoican, in the opinion which "growth story is unrealistic. We can say, even as trovantii shrink due to natural processes of erosion. "

A phenomenon that fascinates the whole world

In Romania and to New Zealand to Antarctica and Greenland, trovantii evoke awe and admiration. Although they are easily recognized even by lay persons, they differ greatly in size, color or consistency and may have the most diverse forms, for example sphere, disk, cylinder ... Interesting are spherical red rocks of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, located in North Dakota, USA, because they were so colorful in their composition iron. While reaching up to 3 meters in diameter concretions here could be considered dwarf beside the Faiyum Depression, Egypt, reaching up to 9 feet and appear to be the largest in the world. Sandstone concretions are found in South Africa, China, Australia, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Russia, Kazakhstan, Spain, France and Czech Republic.Americans trovantii them in Colorado, Wyoming, California, Arkansas, Montana and New York.

A "LOST" CIVILIZATION : GUMELNITA

2010-10-25T12:02:00.000-07:00

In the below we mean to present a historical and chronological survey of Gumelniţa culture in NE Romanian Plain. This subject raised controversy, as some archaeologists (Vl. Dumitrescu, N. Harţuche, P. Haşotti, V. S. Bejlekci) consider that in this part of the Romanian Plain developed a regional aspect of the large Gumelniţa – Kodjadermen – Karanovo VI cultural area, while other archaeologists (Gh. Ştefan, E. Comşa, M. Petrescu – Dîmboviţa, I. T. Dragomir, T. Passek, V. Sorokin, H. Todorova) assigned the Gumelniţa settlements in this area of the Romanian Plain to a distinct cultural aspect named Aldeni II / Stoicani – Aldeni / Bolgrad – Aldeni.

A. Explaining the syntagm “North-East Romanian Plain”

        The Romanian Plain is a much larger space than it is usually perceived, spanning three historical provinces: Oltenia (Little Wallachia), Muntenia (Wallachia) and Moldova (Moldavia).
          The syntagm North-East Romanian Plain first of all means the north and east ends of the Romanian Plain, named Bărăgan. The Bărăgan runs further to the north of the Siret – Danube confluence, upwards along the valleys of the Siret, Bârlad and Prut, up to the north of the great lakes in Bessarabia. Thus, the south of Moldova, by its physical, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological and ecological aspects is a prolongation of the Bărăgan.
          In conclusion, the North-East of the Romanian Plain means the Bărăgan Plain and its contiguous zones, that is the space bordered to the south by the river Ialomiţa, to the east by the Danube, to the west by the Curvature Sub-Carpathians and to the north by an imaginary line linking the localities of Mărăşeşti – Tecuci – Cahul – Taraclia – Izmail. The unity of this space is given by the Danube and its tributaries. It is not by chance that the Romanian Plain is called by geographers the Plain of the Danube.
          In this space, the Danube is joined by long tributaries, such as the Ialomiţa, Călmăţui, Buzău, Siret, Bârlad, Prut. These rivers link the Plain of the Danube, and, especially the Bărăgan, to the Curvature Sub-Carpathians (by the Ialomiţa and Buzău), to the Central Moldavian Plateau (by the Siret, Bârlad and Prut), and to the Buceag Steppe it is linked by the great lakes north of the Danube (Cahul, Ialpug, Cătlăbug).
          Due to the Danube and its tributaries – Ialomiţa, Buzău, Siret, Bârlad, Prut – the Bărăgan practically includes the entire north-east Muntenia and south Moldova, a space whose geographical unity is conferred by the Danube.

B. Stratigraphy. Division into Periods

          The stratigraphy issues do not seem to be complicated, as many settlements with more dwelling layers, as well as settlements with a single dwelling layer, which provides the outline of a correct image of the cultural evolution. It should be mentioned that in all the researched settlements the dwelling layers were identified due to the dwelling complexes (especially dwellings).
          Until now we have researched settlements with a single dwelling layer – such as those of Cireşu, Spiru Haret, Râmnicelu, Drăgăneşti – Tecuci, Puricani, Gura Idrici, Igeşti – Scândureni, Nagornoye. Some of these settlements can be dated to the Gumelniţa A1 phase – those of Cireşu, Drăgăneşti – Tecuci; other settlements can be dated to the Gumelniţa A2 phase – those of Spiru Haret, Puricani, Nagornoye, Râmnicelu.; in a few settlements we uncovered  archaeological material which, typologically and stylistically, can be dated both to the Gumelniţa A1 phase and Gumelniţa A2 phase – it is the case of those of Igeşti – Scândureni, Gura Idrici, Trestiana II.
          In most settlements researched we uncovered tow Gumelniţa dwelling layers – like those at Lişcoteanca – Moş Filon, Movila Olarului, Movila din Baltă, Brăiliţa, Vulcăneşti, Lopăţica, Aldeni, Ozernoye. In almost all these settlments, the lower dwelling layer can be dated to the Gumelniţa A1 phase, while the upper dwelling layer can be dated to the Gumelniţa A2 phase. An exception is the settlement of Brăiliţa, where both dwelling layers belong to the Gumelniţa A2 phase, but in the upper layer we uncovered also pottery with analogies in the Gumelniţa B1 at Sultana, Măgura Gumelniţa and Căscioarele – Ostrovel.
          However, also settlements with more then two Gumelniţa dwelling layers were researched – those at Stoicani, Suceveni, Însurăţei – Popina 1. In this case, the stratigraphical situation is the following:
          a) at Însurăţei – Popina 1, four dwelling layers can be dated to the Gumelniţa A2 phase and at least one dwelling layer belongs to the Gumelniţa A1 phase;
          b) at Stoicani, in our opinion, the six dwelling layers have the following cultural dating – tow dwelling layers can be dated to the Gumelniţa A1 phase (layers 6 and 5); a dwelling layer comprises archaeological material that, typologically and stylistically, can be dated both to the Gumelniţa A1 phase and the Gumelniţa A2 phase; however, typical the Gumelniţa A2 phase pottery prevails (layer 4); two Gumelniţa A2 phase layers (layers 3 and 2), but in layer 2 we uncovered also pottery that has analogies in the Gumelniţa B1 layers at Sultana and Măgura Gumelniţa;
          c) at Suceveni three dwelling layers were identified: the lower layer is typical of the Gumelniţa A1 phase; the intermediate layer comprises archaeological material that, typologically and stylistically, belong both to the Gumelniţa A1 phase and Gumelniţa A2 phase; however, the archaeological material typical of the Gumelniţa A2 phase prevail; the upper layer comprises archaeological material typical of the Gumelniţa A2 phase, that have close analogies to the settlments of Stoicani (layers 3 and 2) and Brăiliţa (the upper layer).
          It can be noticed that in most settlements there are dwelling layers that comprise archaeological material belonging both to the Gumelniţa A1 phase and Gumelniţa A2 phase, which definitely proves a  cultural evolution during the Gumelniţa A1 and A2 phases.  The presence of the settlements with a single dwelling layer comprising archaeological material belonging both to the Gumelniţa A1 phase and Gumelniţa A2 phase, typologically and stylistically, in our opinion, confirms the fact that the Gumelniţa settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain had the tendency to evolve culturally from the Gumelniţa A1 phase to the Gumelniţa A2 phase.

          Further on,  we are going to present a few stratigraphical data, meant to clear up the relationships between the Gumelniţa culture and its predecessors.
          In the north-east of the Romanian Plain, until now, 28 Gumelniţa A1 settlmenets were researched. Out of these, 20 settlements (representing 71.42%) were founded on places that earlier were not inhabited, and 8 settlements (representing 28.57%) overlap Boian – Giuleşti dwelling layers.
          In the settlements of Aldeni – Gurguiul Balaurului, Largu – Popină, Suceveni – Stoborăni, Lişcoteanca – Satnoieni, Moş Filon, Movila din Baltă, Însurăţei – Popina 1 and Popina 2, the Gumelniţa A1 dwelling layer overlaps a Boian – Giuleşti dwelling layer. That reality made I. T. Dragomir and N. Harţuche state that in the north-east of the Romanian Plain, the Gumelniţa culture emerged against a Boian – Giuleşti cultural background, that in this geographical area had a longer evolution.
          In our turn, we pointed out on another occasion, that in the north-east of the Romanian Plain the Boian – Giuleşti culture lasted longer, as it evolved synchronously with the Precucuteni 1, Turdaş 2, Vinca C1, Boian – Vidra phase, Hamangia 2 cultures. Therefore, a question can be raised: can talk about a participation of the Boian – Giuleşti phase (that lasted longer in the north-east of the Romanian Plain) in the genesis of the Gumelniţa culture in this geographical area?
          During the current stage of researches, one cannot maintain the hypothesis according to which in the genesis of the Gumelniţa culture, in the north-east of the Romanian Plain, participated also the population in the settlments of Boian – Giuleşti in that space. We can argue by the following:
          a) the typological and stylistical analysis of the Gumelniţa A1 pottery uncovered in the settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain, do not point to a Boian cultural legacy (nor Boian – Spanţov, and least of all, Boian – Giuleşti legacy); mpst Gumelniţa A1 pottery and pottery fragments uncovered in this geographical area have the closest analogies to the Gumelniţa A1 pottery uncovered in the tells at Medgidia, Ovcarovo, and Durankulak, and to those in the Sava – late phase cultural phases uncovered in the tells at Sava and Goljamo Delcevo, as well as to those in the Mariţa – late phase layers uncovered in the tells at Drama – Medjumekja and Azmaska Mogila;
          b) there are no differences between the Gumelniţa A1 archaeological material in the settlments, that overlap a Boian – Giuleşti dwelling layer and the Gumelniţa A1 archaeological material in the settlements founded on land that earlier was not inhabited;
          Even if the stratigraphical situation proves that, in certain settlements, the Gumelniţa A1 dwelling layer overlaps a Boian – Giuleşti dwelling layer, one cannot talk about a filiation link between the Boian – Giuleşti phase cultural manifestations in the north-east of the Romanian Plain and the Gumelniţa – phase A1 culture in the spece geographical area, as even a short typological and stylistic analysis obviously contradits that.
          The data available in the current stage of researches allow us to state that between the end of the Boian – Giuleşti phase cultural manifestations in the north-east of the Romanian Plain and the beginning of the Gumelniţa – phase A1 culture there is a chronological gap. Taking into account that 20 out of the 28 Gumelniţa A1 settlements are newly founded, we may consider that the population who founded the Gumelniţa A1 settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain "colonized" that geographical area, coming from the south (very likely from Dobrudja and north-eastern Bulgaria).

C. Cultural Evolutions

As indicated by the stratigraphical data and the results of the typological and stylistic analysis of the archaeological material, the Gumelniţa culture in the north-east of the Romanian Plain developed both in the Gumelniţa A1 and Gumelniţa A2 phases.
It should be said that the Gumelniţa settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain do not develop synchronously. That is why further on we are going to present this situation:

a) most settlements begin their evolution in the Gumelniţa A1 phase continuing also in the Gumelniţa A2 phase – those of Aldeni, Gherăseni, Suceveni, Lişcoteanca, Stoicani, Vulcăneşti, Însurăţei;

b) two settlements exist only in phase A1 – those of Cireşu and Drăgăneşti – Tecuci;

c) a few settlements begin by the end of phase A1 and continue in the phase A2 – it is the case with those of Gura Idrici, Igeşti – Scândureni, Trestiana II;

d) there are also settlementsthat begin at the level of the Gumelniţa A2 phase, and evolve over its entire period – like those of Brăiliţa, Nagornoye, Puricani.

D. Relative and Absolute Chronology Data

1. Relative chronology data.

The archaeological finds revealed the relationships of the Gumelniţa culture in the north-east of the Romanian Plain with the contiguous cultural areas:

a) Precucuteni III pottery fragments were uncovered in the Gumelniţa A1 layers at Lişcoteanca, Stoicani, Drăgăneşti – Tecuci, Lopăţica and Vulcăneşti;

b) Hamangia III pottery fragments were uncovered in layer 6 (the lower one) of the settlement of Stoicani, that belongs to Gumelniţa A1 phase;

c) Gumelniţa A1 pottery fragments were uncovered in the Precucuteni III settlements at Traian – Dealul Fântânilor, Târpeşti, Bernaşovka, Hanska, Alexandrovka, Isaiia, Târgu Frumos;

d) in the settlement of Cireşu (belonging to Gumelniţa A1 phase) they uncovered Cucuteni A2 pottery fragments, while in the settlement of Igeşti – Scândureni, the Gumelniţa archaeological material was discovered in association with the Cucuteni A2 pottery material;

e) the Cucuteni A3 pottery fragments were uncovered in the Gumelniţa A2 dwelling layer of Brăiliţa, Lişcoteanca and Însurăţei (a similar situation can be encountered at Hârşova and Carcaliu).

Starting from the realities mentioned above, one may state that in the north-east of the Romanian Plain, the Gumelniţa A1 phase starts its existence when in Moldova the Precucuteni – phase III culture develops, and later, in the Gumelniţa A2 phase evolves synchronously with the first two stages of Cucuteni A phase.

In the Gumelniţa A2 phase one can distinguish an evolution, somehow different, for the south of Moldova and the north of Muntenia:

a)the expansion towards the south of the Cucuteni A3 stage leads to the disappearance of some Gumelniţa settlements in the basin of the Prut river – it is the case with the settlements of Gura Idrici, igeşti – Scândureni, Puricani, Mănăstioara, where the Gumelniţa A2 dwelling layer overlaps a Cucuteni A3 dwelling layer; further to the south, the Gumelniţa settlements continue their existence , as they are contemporaneous to the new Cucuteni A3 settlements (fact proven by the occurrence of Cucuteni A3 pottery fragments in the Gumelniţa A2 settlements);

At the Cernavoda I – Cucuteni A4 cultural layer, a southward expansion of the Cernavoda 1 culture leads to the disappearance of the Gumelniţa culture, not only in the north-east of the Romanian Plain, but also from the entire Muntenia between the Siret and Argeş rivers, but also from Dobrudja.

At the end of this subchapter we point out the following synchronisms:

- Gumelniţa A1 = Precucuteni 3 = Cucuteni A1 – A2;

- Gumelniţa A2 = Cucuteni A3 = the beginning of the Cernavoda 1 culture.

2.2.Absolute chronology data

For the Gumelniţa settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain, we have few 14C data, but we can use the data available for the contemporaneous Gumelniţa settlements, as well as the data available for the contiguous cultural areas.

GUMELNIŢA A1 CULTURE			PRECUCUTENI CULTURE
SETTLEMENT	date 14C b.c.	date 14C cal BC	SETTLEMENT	date 14C cal BC
Vulcăneşti	3860 ± 150	-	Poduri	5040 - 4555; 4730 - 4550
Lişcoteanca -Movila Olarului	3690 ± 50	-	Luka Vrubleveckaja	4774; 4703
Ovčarovo	3715 ± 60	-	CUCUTENI A2 CULTURE
Varna	-	4695 - 4545	SETTLEMENT	date 14C cal BC
Poljanica	-	4595 - 4545	Mărgineni	4518 - 4398; 4510 - 4365
Sava	-	4695	Malnaş Băi	4576 - 4465; 4457 - 4240

Starting from the data mentioned above, we consider that in the north-east of the Romanian Plain the Gumelniţa A2 phase evolved between 4700/4650 - 4500 cal BC.

GUMELNIŢA A2 CULTURE			CUCUTENI A3 CULTURE
SETTLEMENT	date 14C b.c.	date 14C cal BC	SETTLEMENT	date 14C b.c.	date 14C cal BC
Vulcăneşti	3350 ± 50	-	Hăbăşeşti	3360 ± 80	-
Ovčarovo	3735 ± 60; 3575 ± 60; 3470 ± 60	-	Drăguşeni	3405 ± 100	-
Căscioarele - Ostrovel	3725 ± 100; 3459 ± 100	-	CERNAVODA I CULTURE
Hârşova - tell	-	4361	SETTLEMENT	date 14C b.c.	date 14C cal BC
Durankulak	-	4235 - 4150	Dereivki	3465 ± 90	3865 - 3550
Varna	-	4350 - 4150	Hârşova - tell	3430	4045

Starting from the data mentioned above, we consider that in the north-east of the Romanian Plain the Gumelniţa A2 phase evolved between 4500 - 4000 cal BC.

E. Historical Evolutions

Starting from the data mentioned above, we shall try to review the Gumelniţa settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain.

The fact that some Gumelniţa A1 settlements overlap Boian – Giuleşti settlements raise the issue of the beginnings of the Gumelniţa culture in the north-east of the Romanian Plain and its relationships with the Boian culture in this part of Romania.

The Boian culture populates the north-east of the Romanian Plain in the Giuleşti phase. The Boian – Giuleşti settlements continue their existence in that area up to the Boian – Vidra cultural layer and, very likely, turns into a regional aspect, which is proven by the uncovering of some Boian – Vidra pot fragments in the Boian – Giuleşti settlements of Lişcoteanca, but also by the uncovering of some Precucuteni II pottery fragments in the Boian – Giuleşti settlements of Brăiliţa.

The long life of the Boian – Giuleşti settlements must have been a reality. The issue is to what extent the Boian communities in the north-eastof the Romanian Plain participates in the emergence of the Gumelniţa in that area. The typological stylistic analysis of the Gumelniţa A1 pottery material proves that the Boian communities and the Gumelniţa A1 pottery material have no filiation links. The fact that the Gumelniţa A1culture does not include Boian – Giuleşti archaeological material suggests that between the two cultures there is a chronological gap.

The population who founded the Gumelniţa settlements arrives in the north-east of the Romanian Plain having their own well established lifestyle. To maintain this we argue that there are no differences between the Gumelniţa A1 material in the settlements that earlier had not been inhabited.

We mention that the Gumelniţa settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain were assigned by E. Comşa, M. Petrecu-Dîmboviţa and I. T. Dragomir to the Stoicani – Aldeni culture. Agreeing with N. Harţuche, Vl. Dumitrescu and V. S. bejlekci we consider that, in our turn, the Gumelniţa settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain belongs to the great Gumelniţa – Kodjadermen – Karanovo VI complex.

In spite of that, during the Gumelniţa A1 phase we can point out certain peculiarities, but that we consider legacies of the Mariţa culture, that next to the Boian culture – Spanţov phase, participated in the Gumelniţa culture genesis.

The Gumelniţa culture settlements in the north-east of the Romanian Plain cease, as a matter of fact the entire Gumelniţa culture in Muntenia and Dobrudja, in the Gumelniţa A2 phase. It is interesting that almost all the settlements cease all of a sudden. The researches conducted in the Gumelniţa layers duirng the Gumelniţa A2 phase at Lişcoteanca and Însurăţei prove that these settlements were fired or abandoned.

The fact that after the Gumelniţa A2 settlements ceased to exist, no stable settlements were uncovered. At the same time they uncovered some Cernavoda 1 pottery fragments, some isolated graves and a cemetery at Brăiliţa, which proves that in the north-east of the Romanian Plain, after the Gumelniţa settlements ceased to exist, north-Pontic shepherd tribes established themselves and this way emerged the Cernavoda I culture.

In the end, we may state that the Gumelniţa tribes come to the north-east of the Romanian Plain with a well established lifestyle. The end of the Gumelniţa settlments must have been violent and dramatic, as the population in these settlements was forced to withdraw under the ‘shock’ from the north-Pontic Cernavoda I tribes, but, very likely, also under the pressure exerted by the Cucuteni A3 tribes.

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A LOST EUROPEAN CULTURE, PULLED FROM OBSCURITY

2010-10-25T10:13:00.000-07:00

Before the glory that was Greece and Rome, even before the first cities of Mesopotamia or temples along the Nile, there lived in the Lower Danube Valley and the Balkan foothills people who were ahead of their time in art, technology and long-distance trade.

For 1,500 years, starting earlier than 5000 B.C., they farmed and built sizable towns, a few with as many as 2,000 dwellings. They mastered large-scale copper smelting, the new technology of the age. Their graves held an impressive array of exquisite headdresses and necklaces and, in one cemetery, the earliest major assemblage of gold artifacts to be found anywhere in the world.

The striking designs of their pottery speak of the refinement of the culture’s visual language. Until recent discoveries, the most intriguing artifacts were the ubiquitous terracotta “goddess” figurines, originally interpreted as evidence of the spiritual and political power of women in society.

New research, archaeologists and historians say, has broadened understanding of this long overlooked culture, which seemed to have approached the threshold of “civilization” status. Writing had yet to be invented, and so no one knows what the people called themselves. To some scholars, the people and the region are simply Old Europe.

The little-known culture is being rescued from obscurity in an exhibition, “The Lost World of Old Europe: the Danube Valley, 5000-3500 B.C.,” which opened last month at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University. More than 250 artifacts from museums in Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania are on display for the first time in the United States. The show will run through April 25.

At its peak, around 4500 B.C., said David W. Anthony, the exhibition’s guest curator, “Old Europe was among the most sophisticated and technologically advanced places in the world” and was developing “many of the political, technological and ideological signs of civilization.”

Dr. Anthony is a professor of anthropology at Hartwick College in Oneonta, N.Y., and author of “The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World.” Historians suggest that the arrival in southeastern Europe of people from the steppes may have contributed to the collapse of the Old Europe culture by 3500 B.C.

At the exhibition preview, Roger S. Bagnall, director of the institute, confessed that until now “a great many archaeologists had not heard of these Old Europe cultures.” Admiring the colorful ceramics, Dr. Bagnall, a specialist in Egyptian archaeology, remarked that at the time “Egyptians were certainly not making pottery like this.”

A show catalog, published by Princeton University Press, is the first compendium in English of research on Old Europe discoveries. The book, edited by Dr. Anthony, with Jennifer Y. Chi, the institute’s associate director for exhibitions, includes essays by experts from Britain, France, Germany, the United States and the countries where the culture existed.

Dr. Chi said the exhibition reflected the institute’s interest in studying the relationships of well-known cultures and the “underappreciated ones.”

Although excavations over the last century uncovered traces of ancient settlements and the goddess figurines, it was not until local archaeologists in 1972 discovered a large fifth-millennium B.C. cemetery at Varna, Bulgaria, that they began to suspect these were not poor people living in unstructured egalitarian societies. Even then, confined in cold war isolation behind the Iron Curtain, Bulgarians and Romanians were unable to spread their knowledge to the West.

The story now emerging is of pioneer farmers after about 6200 B.C. moving north into Old Europe from Greece and Macedonia, bringing wheat and barley seeds and domesticated cattle and sheep. They established colonies along the Black Sea and in the river plains and hills, and these evolved into related but somewhat distinct cultures, archaeologists have learned. The settlements maintained close contact through networks of trade in copper and gold and also shared patterns of ceramics.

The Spondylus shell from the Aegean Sea was a special item of trade. Perhaps the shells, used in pendants and bracelets, were symbols of their Aegean ancestors. Other scholars view such long-distance acquisitions as being motivated in part by ideology in which goods are not commodities in the modern sense but rather “valuables,” symbols of status and recognition.

Noting the diffusion of these shells at this time, Michel Louis Seferiades, an anthropologist at the National Center for Scientific Research in France, suspects “the objects were part of a halo of mysteries, an ensemble of beliefs and myths.”

In any event, Dr. Seferiades wrote in the exhibition catalog that the prevalence of the shells suggested the culture had links to “a network of access routes and a social framework of elaborate exchange systems — including bartering, gift exchange and reciprocity.”

Over a wide area of what is now Bulgaria and Romania, the people settled into villages of single- and multiroom houses crowded inside palisades. The houses, some with two stories, were framed in wood with clay-plaster walls and beaten-earth floors. For some reason, the people liked making fired clay models of multilevel dwellings, examples of which are exhibited.

A few towns of the Cucuteni people, a later and apparently robust culture in the north of Old Europe, grew to more than 800 acres, which archaeologists consider larger than any other known human settlements at the time. But excavations have yet to turn up definitive evidence of palaces, temples or large civic buildings. Archaeologists concluded that rituals of belief seemed to be practiced in the homes, where cultic artifacts have been found.

The household pottery decorated in diverse, complex styles suggested the practice of elaborate at-home dining rituals. Huge serving bowls on stands were typical of the culture’s “socializing of food presentation,” Dr. Chi said.

At first, the absence of elite architecture led scholars to assume that Old Europe had little or no hierarchical power structure. This was dispelled by the graves in the Varna cemetery. For two decades after 1972, archaeologists found 310 graves dated to about 4500 B.C. Dr. Anthony said this was “the best evidence for the existence of a clearly distinct upper social and political rank.”

Vladimir Slavchev, a curator at the Varna Regional Museum of History, said the “richness and variety of the Varna grave gifts was a surprise,” even to the Bulgarian archaeologist Ivan Ivanov, who directed the discoveries. “Varna is the oldest cemetery yet found where humans were buried with golden ornaments,” Dr. Slavchev said.

More than 3,000 pieces of gold were found in 62 of the graves, along with copper weapons and tools, and ornaments, necklaces and bracelets of the prized Aegean shells. “The concentration of imported prestige objects in a distinct minority of graves suggest that institutionalized higher ranks did exist,” exhibition curators noted in a text panel accompanying the Varna gold.

Yet it is puzzling that the elite seemed not to indulge in private lives of excess. “The people who donned gold costumes for public events while they were alive,” Dr. Anthony wrote, “went home to fairly ordinary houses.”

Copper, not gold, may have been the main source of Old

Europe’s economic success, Dr. Anthony said. As copper smelting developed about 5400 B.C., the Old Europe cultures tapped abundant ores in Bulgaria and what is now Serbia and learned the high-heat technique of extracting pure metallic copper.

Smelted copper, cast as axes, hammered into knife blades and coiled in bracelets, became valuable exports. Old Europe copper pieces have been found in graves along the Volga River, 1,200 miles east of Bulgaria. Archaeologists have recovered more than five tons of pieces from Old Europe sites.

An entire gallery is devoted to the figurines, the more familiar and provocative of the culture’s treasures. They have been found in virtually every Old Europe culture and in several contexts: in graves, house shrines and other possibly “religious spaces.”

One of the best known is the fired clay figure of a seated man, his shoulders bent and hands to his face in apparent contemplation. Called the “Thinker,” the piece and a comparable female figurine were found in a cemetery of the Hamangia culture, in Romania. Were they thinking, or mourning?

Many of the figurines represent women in stylized abstraction, with truncated or elongated bodies and heaping breasts and expansive hips. The explicit sexuality of these figurines invites interpretations relating to earthly and human fertility.

An arresting set of 21 small female figurines, seated in a circle, was found at a pre-Cucuteni village site in northeastern Romania. “It is not difficult to imagine,” said Douglass W. Bailey of San Francisco State University, the Old Europe people “arranging sets of seated figurines into one or several groups of miniature activities, perhaps with the smaller figurines at the feet or even on the laps of the larger, seated ones.”

Others imagined the figurines as the “Council of Goddesses.” In her influential books three decades ago, Marija Gimbutas, an anthropologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, offered these and other so-called Venus figurines as representatives of divinities in cults to a Mother Goddess that reigned in prehistoric Europe.

Although the late Dr. Gimbutas still has an ardent following, many scholars hew to more conservative, nondivine explanations. The power of the objects, Dr. Bailey said, was not in any specific reference to the divine, but in “a shared understanding of group identity.”

As Dr. Bailey wrote in the exhibition catalog, the figurines should perhaps be defined only in terms of their actual appearance: miniature, representational depictions of the human form. He thus “assumed (as is justified by our knowledge of human evolution) that the ability to make, use and understand symbolic objects such as figurines is an ability that is shared by all modern humans and thus is a capability that connects you, me, Neolithic men, women and children, and the Paleolithic painters in caves.”

Or else the “Thinker,” for instance, is the image of you, me, the archaeologists and historians confronted and perplexed by a “lost” culture in southeastern Europe that had quite a go with life back before a single word was written or a wheel turned.

Source : The New York Times

ANCIENT CURSES

2010-10-12T14:07:00.000-07:00

Another outstanding discovery was made in other metropolis of the province to Apulum.A tablet of lead, with curses written in Latin, about 2000 years old, was discovered by archaeologists of the National Museum of Unification in Alba Iulia on one site on the outskirts of town. The discovery was made by Elijah and George Lascu Bounegru.Bracket curse tabellae defixiones in Latin, is done on a sheet of lead, small, like a deck of cards. After the run was scratched, and the state in which was discovered by archaeologists.
"We did not realize what is at first, considering the present form. During the restoration process and after consulting a bibliography on funerary discoveries in the province of Dacia, I realized that we have a song special and extremely rare, "said archaeologist George Bounegru. The piece was discovered in a tomb on the Hill Furcilor inhumation under a skeleton.Archaeologists also in Alba Iulia and Cluj have resumed in summer 2008 archaeological site work represented by a consular residence of the governor of the three Gauls. The most important archaeological discovery in the excavations of this year is a marble statue of the goddess of the hunt, Diana. "Divinity is represented in the movement to the left, your left foot flexed and bent folds of her dress right. It is a very good quality piece of art and represents a second statue of the goddess, discovered Apulum yet," said Viorica Rusu, an archaeologist at National Museum of Transylvania in Cluj.

APULUM CITY !

THE LAST DACIAN KING

2010-10-12T13:48:00.000-07:00

Craivii Stone, the last refuge if the kingResearch the Dacian Fortresses Craivii Stone, Orastie Mountains, have uncovered a very rich set of offerings to archaeological Dacian divinities. It's about pottery, iron and bronze brooches, glass objects of adornment (beads), pieces of bronze ware Romanian world, harness parts, arrows, bone remains - all date the first century before Christ."Temple is the site of the Stone Craivii richest inventory Dacian world," said archaeologist Cristinel Plant. The rectangular house of the city were discovered two new skirting, along with other six known so far. Base stone plinths are wooden columns and have claimed 60 cm in diameter, respectively 10 to 20 cm in thickness. Craivii stone fortress of defense system was part of the capital, Sarmizegetusa.
After the fall of the Fortress of Suceava, in 106, after the siege led by Emperor Trajan, the Dacian king Decebal took refuge here. Later, he left the city and caught the Romans, lest it committed suicide not to become prisoners.

ABOUT ROMANIA !

PREHISTORIC CITY

2010-10-12T13:37:00.000-07:00

One of the most important sites in the first part of the Iron Age reveal its secrets with an investigation based on the magnetic field remains. Thus, Romanian and German archaeologists have made the city a ground magnetometer research Hallstatt from Santana, Arad county, which allowed the identification of prehistoric structures. Although the city is known for almost half a century, it still hides many secrets.Hallstatt earth Citadel is four miles from the town of Santana, and the fortress area, approximately oval shape, is more than 78 hectares. It is one of the largest prehistoric fortified settlement. Research has found, first, the existence of a cemetery that belongs to the first part of the copper age. It Tiszapolgar culture, about 4000 BC Then there is a settlement that dates from the late Bronze Age, ie from about 1200 BC, and the first fort built in the early Iron Age, built by the Thracians. "Magnetometer survey at Santana allowed the identification of prehistoric structures, such as the first two waves, ditches and palisades - a defensive fortification - a road located inside the fortress and numerous wooden buildings," said Victor Sava, an archaeologist at Arad Museum Complex.
All of the prehistoric period dating single spear of wood found in Romania. It is a piece of property, discovered by accident in the territory of a locality near the town of Alba Iulia, which contains a piece of wood about 3000 years old. Specialist in prehistoric Assoc.Horia said Ciugudean bronze spearhead is dated approximately between 1200 and 1000 BC "Having a piece of wood from a lance bronze handle with a length of over 3000 years, Romania is absolutely sensational," said Horia Ciugudean.

PREHISTORIC ERA !

STRANGE PLACES IN BUCEGI

2010-10-12T13:24:00.000-07:00

Bucegi Mountains in Romania are some of the most beautiful and mysterious mountains of the planet. This location is energy and this energy always occurs even if the sites are visited at different time intervals. For example on May 23, 2009 in White Valley, a place called "The Rock" digital camera (Canon A 520 with alkaline batteries LR6) a group of people who visit the area, reset their own time, which should not normally happen without some action of the device settings. After they left the area, the digital camera has returned to normal. The device Sony DSC - H2 2800 Cordless could not be started, even if the persons concerned have replaced the batteries with new ones. On October 23, 2009 another group of people went to visit the cottage "Shut Diham" Bucegi mountains located in the forest. After about 20 minutes walk saw a parallelepiped-shaped stone, which looked very good with a tombstone. At about 6 feet above was another stone. So far, nothing special. But when a group of people stood near the first stone was a photograph, they managed to make only two pictures, because all eight batteries that he had been downloaded in a fraction of a second. Stone is 330 cm long, 120 cm wide and 66 cm thick. After about 10 minutes after they left the place, battery operated normally.Moreover, people who were part of the group, especially women began to feel sick, as if something had left without power, had dizziness and loss of balance. This state lasted about an hour. Then came a group of people in an area with many trees that formed a sort of clearing within 7-8 stones that were "hot" in which only one was cool. While on the road quite a wind blow cold, it was very hot inside the clearing. Beginning to explore the area, people have seen in a part of a pyramid of land clearing about 1.8 meters tall and 3-4 feet in diameter.These people more in this area had been some weeks ago and wanted to convince because they felt that it was true, they returned, this time a larger group of journalists who were taken from different newspapers and Romanian. From this group of people who were members were trained in terms of paranormal phenomena, but also skeptics who do not believe until you see it.

So on October 30, 2009, on a terribly cold and a sharp wind, this group of people went to this place for research. After going through a journey of 6 km through the forest reach the place where the stone and started taking photos. But after the first three pictures, the batteries were downloaded again from all cameras and mobile phones. They placed a compass on the stone and found that it is perfectly oriented towards the four cardinal points, with lower sides for N and S. They went to the other seemed to be stone monument at the end of the first stone, because these stones are placed as such as a tomb. There were no disturbances took place, but the device a single person in the group started making pictures with flash, although it was not activated. Later it was found that although the image was made from the side as the stone monument, stone framed picture be perfect, as was done in front. When a group of women in rock has mobile phone, it suddenly lost the signal, and when raised on rock and less distant, the signal returned. Same thing I have found formations of stones and clearing of trees formed. They are arranged in an odd shape and appear to be cast, with perfect regular forms that we find only in geometry (cube, parallelepiped, semicircle, trapezoid, tetrahedron).

The entire park area is surrounded by a wall. Is there was a settlement, a temple or a fortress? So far nobody knows the answer. The fact is that there is something going on because the woman who touched the stone when she sat on her mobile phone, he began to feel sick. What happens? When they reached the clearing again noted that the inside temperature was significantly warmer than outside, although in late October in Romania is already very cold, especially in the mountains. They made some shots, and one of them is quite disturbing. The right pyramid is clearly visible a ghostly appearance.To complete the documentary, the same team returned to the mountains on a spring day in 2010, equipped with everything needed, cameras, cameras and many batteries. But the new batteries have been downloaded and nothing worked properly. It is clear that geotelurice anomalies are very strong in this area.

These may affect electronic equipment and systems besides live. Local residents, avoid the stones to pass along with their animals because they say they require sacrifice and sooner or later one of their cattle died. Story or not, something sure is happening in this area.There are many questions which arise. Are we able to unravel these mysteries? We got it at that level of knowledge that enables us to decipher the mysteries that can lead us to the primordial information creation, to the divine spark?

OBSCURE MYSTERIES !

CLIMATE

2010-10-01T09:28:00.000-07:00

Delta falls in the area with temperate semiarid steppe Pontic specific. Flat water and very large spaces covered with vegetation to varying degrees, interrupted by islands marine sandy fields, comprise a specific active area of the delta and adjacent lagoons, quite different from the Pontic steppe.

It reacts to the active surface total radiation received and the general circulation of the atmosphere resulting in a mosaic of microclimates. Total radiation varies between a minimum of 3.5 Kcal / cmp recorded in winter and a maximum of 17 Kcl. / cmp, in July. Depending on the intensity of activity centers to install the main barrel specific weather conditions: mild winter days (when the active center of north-eastern European barrel), cold winter days with strong winds (when acting anticiclonii North Atlantic), summer days hot and dry (when acting North Atlantic cyclones), rainy summer days (when the Mediterranean air interacts with the cold north-west Europe).

Duration of sunshine is high, the multiannual average is 2250 hours, but can get to 2600 during the nebulosity. The temperature is distributed unevenly on the surface of the delta.
Multi-media show temperature increases from west to east. At the tip of the Delta (Tulcea) average annual temperatures of 10.94 C is the river delta (Gorgova) of 10.96 C, on the seashore (Sulina) of 11.05 C and the Black Sea (Platform Gloria) of 11.86 C.

Average daily high amplitudes reflect differences due to the nature of the active area: the Gorgova varies between a maximum of 9 C (July) and a minimum of 3.8 C (in December), from Sulina between 2.8 C (July) and a , 4 C (in november) and Gloria station between 2.3 C (July) and one C (in December and February). Sums actual annual average daily temperature viscosity approaching 1600 C. Biggest air humidity rates in Romania. The humidity in winter varies between 88 - 84% to 85% and 89 Gorgova Sulina and St. George, and in summer, between 69-71% at Gorgova and 77-80% at Sulina and Saint Gheorghe. Rainfall is low in quantity and decrease from west to east because of the effect of specific surface active delta and the Black Sea. On entering the Danube Delta (Tulcea) multianula is registered an average rainfall of 450 mm, and at Sulina, 360mm. In the biggest part of the Delta fall between 350 and 400 mm rain, and the delta coast and most of the lagoons, less than 350 mm.

The snow is thin and short periods of time, only in severe situations.Such winters situations were spent in the years 1928-1929, 1953-1954, 1941-1942, 1984-1985, near the shore when the sea froze for 45-60 days. The dominant winds blow from the northern sector alternative to the southern sector, the most intense wind acceleration occurring in the winter and transition seasons. Seasons are very unevenly distributed in the Danube Delta Area. On entering the delta, Tulcea, averages 90 years reveals that there are 142 days of summer and 60 winter days and the springs were almost equal during autumns. At the same average annual Sulina show 145 days of summer and only 15 days in winter, and springs are longer (122 days) than the autumns (83 days).

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HISTORY OF THE DANUBE DELTA

2010-10-01T09:13:00.000-07:00

I. Location, stretching

Danube, springing from Germany, collecting tributaries from ten countries and across the four capitals, after a journey of 2860 miles, at the mouth to form a delta on the Black Sea.

Reported in Romania, Danube Delta is located in SE country lirma shaped Greek letter "A" (the delta) and is limited to the SW of the bridge. Dobrogea, passing north across the border with Ukraine and the Black Sea's. Danube Delta is crossed by the parallel 45 ° N lat and long maridianul of 29 °. E

Surface, together with Rasim-Sinoe lagoon complex is 5050 km, of which 732 km are in Ukraine.Delta itself has an area of 2540 km, an area of 40m annual increases, due to the 67 million tons of silt deposited by river.

II. Genesis, evolution, present and future

The Delta, started in Quaternary glaciation vurniana in having two distinct phases:
- A phase of marine regression caused when mainland shore was more withdrawn and have left the Danube arms visible in the current continental shelf canyons
- A phase that followed a golf transgressions. Antipa issued haven hypothesis and continued Zencovici VP admits the presence of a bay by marine currents crossed by transverse ridges and turned into a haven. Danube has gathered this space, given a low of ~ 70 cm high. Calmatarea further led to the current issue.

Seen from the hills of Tulcea, the Danube Delta is crossed by a green expanse of silver stripes.

Delta is a plain in training, with an average altitude of 50 cm, consisting of: positive relief (ridges, and islands) and negative relief: the Danube arms, canals, brooks, marshes, swamps and lakes.

Delta is 13% of land surface and is represented by:
River-banks, which accompany the Danube arms are oriented west-east direction, with heights of 0.5-5m
Maritime-oriented ridges on the north-south, is remarkable Letea with 124m altitude - maximum altitude delta Caraorman Saltings, Ivancea Dranov, etc..
Mainland banks, which represent remnants of land predeltaic: Chilia and Stipoc.

Annual quantity of silt brought by the Danube, plus the remains of dead organisms, dust, wind, etc.. Will make the percentage of land to grow at the expense of negative relief.

III. Historico-geographical Certifications

The first historical news about the Danube Delta has left us a Greek Herodotus, "father of history" describing the Persian fleet into Delta Darius, who had stayed after Histria (515-513 BC), Polibiu (sec. III - II BC) describes a space with sand banks between which arms were water, travel (c. BC) indicates that there were seven branches between islands, and resumed idea Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy, etc.. Testimony of living area there is the century II BC-AD.

In sec. XV, Country Romanian and Moldova and Dobrogea lose Danube mouths as they have been conquered by the Ottoman Empire and thus, until the second half. Nineteenth century, the Delta was a "terra incognito." Detailed studies on the delta were by geographers Vaslan George Constantin Bratescu naturalist Grigore Antipa.

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FLORA AND VEGETATION

2010-10-01T08:55:00.000-07:00

   Recent research has led to the identification of 955 species of wild cormophytes, including:
   Eurasian elements (28%)
   Eastern (24%)
   European (14%)
   cosmopolitan and adventive.

  From an environmental perspective only a quarter of species (26%) are related to the aquatic environment (hydrophilic, hydrophilic and higromezofile), the rest being mesophilic, xerophyte, eurifile, halophile, psamofile. Give the keynote reed, bulrush, willow, floating plants (water lilies, cornacii, sickle). Find refuge in the delta several rare species, such as Ephedra distachya, Carex colchica, Nymphaea candida, Convolvulus persicus.  The Danube Delta reed swamp vegetation predominates, occupying approx. 78% of the total area. The main species reed, bulrush, sedge, mixed with dwarf willow and many other species.

   The specific area is given by the following species: Salicornia bed marinus Juncus, Juncus littoralis, Plantago horn. Riverside coppices are forests of willow, ash, alder, poplar, which grow on river levees are periodically flooded and are being developed within 6% of the total area. Specific river delta, where they note the characteristic landscape. Encounter four types of water meadows: riverside coppices growing on low river levees, flooded most of the year and consist mainly of Salix alba and Salix fragilis, the highest levees formed by water meadows grow Salix alba, Populus alba, Populus canescens , the highest increase river levees rarely flooded water meadows consisting of poplar (Population and P.alba canescens), plus species planted: black poplar hybrids Pennsylvania American maple and ash, a type of park is rarely Arinişul (Alnus glutinosa dominated) appearing on river levees in the delta Marine. Sandy grassland steppe vegetation spread over 3% of the delta, developing especially Letea, Caraorman and salt fields.Here are the dominant species Festuca Bekeri, Secale sylvestris, Carex colchica, Ephedra distachya.

   Grassland vegetation mesofile grind grow on 3% of total delta area, especially on river banks subject to periodic flooding. Predominant Glyceria maxima, Elytrigia repens. Aquatic vegetation in lakes, and backwaters holds 2% of the total delta. For specific submerged vegetation species Ceratophyllum submersum, Myriopyllum verticillatum, Potamogeton sp. Helodea floating canadensis is more varied. Predominant Lemna minor, Salvinia natans, Spirodela polyrrhiza, jelly Nymphoides, Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans. Emersion vegetation is dominated by reed (Phragmites australis), cattail (Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia), bulrush (Schoenolectus lacustris). Vegetation grown on sandy bushes on the fields of marine and marine shores activity extends only 1% of the total area and the delta are dominated by Tamarix ramosissima, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Hippophae rhamnoides. Letea forests and Caraorman are traces of steppe, locally called hasmace with gray oak (Quercus pedunculiflora), English oak (Q. robur), Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), aspen (Populus tremula), elm (Ulmus foliacea) , and climbing plants Periploca graeca, Vitis silvestris, Hedra helix. Represents only 0.8% of the total area of the Danube Delta.   Specific format large reeds, reed is a 1 to 1.6 m thick layer consisting of a mat of rhizomes of reeds and roots of other aquatic plants mixed with organic debris and soil. Initially fixed, floating off the bottom of the saltmarsh and swamps turning into floating islands with different sizes which, pushed by wind, moving water surface.

   Reeds ( plaur ) vegetation differs from the rest of reeds. Reed (Phragmites australis) grows here in the best conditions, being higher and thicker. Along with reed sedge meet, mint, water fern (Nephrodium thelypteris), water hemlock, knot grass, dwarf willow, and climbing plants Calystegia sepium and Solanum dulcamara. On plaur pelican colonies are formed and curly. Also on plaur living wild boar, raccoon dog, muskrat, otter, mink, fox.

DANUBE DELTA !

DANUBE DELTA PARADISE

2010-09-27T16:03:00.000-07:00

Delta is a paradise for fauna. Here lives 98% of European aquatic fauna, entire fauna of odonata, the aquatic lepidoptera, mollusks and gastropods from Europe and here they find refuge as rare mammals lutreola Mustela, Lutra lutra and Felis silvestris. Vertebrates which, by their presence give specific note fauna of the delta. Amphibians are represented by two strange species and six species of anuria, with 8 species and reptiles, mostly snakes (4 species).

Fish are present in 65 species, mostly freshwater (60%), the remainder migrating spring in the Black Sea. Among these latter, sturgeon and mackerel are important, both scientifically and economically.

Birds are the ones that have created the fame of the Delta, known since the beginning of the century as an avian paradise. Fame is due to the 327 species that can be met in the delta and that represents 81% of the fauna of Romania.Of these 218 species nest, the remaining 109 species passing through the delta and different periods of time remaining in autumn, winter and spring.
Seabirds are the most numerous: 81 species nest here and 60 species pass through the delta, a total of 141 species, representing 82% of European aquatic fauna. Aquatic fauna of the Danube Delta is made up of a core of old species are well adapted to the aquatic environment, plus, cosmopolitan species and species accessories. Core avifauna is composed of 75 species whose life is linked to the presence of water. They are grouped into five main ecological types: species closely related to water, strictly stenotope (dip, mirabelle, furtunari, pelicans, cormorants, spoonbills), species of reeds (all species of aquatic paseriforme) shore species (herons, spoon herons, spoonbills), hydrophilic vegetation species rich meadows with reeds (ralide), species of marine shores (some laride).
Many species, especially of ducks, geese, gulls, frequently occur in different biotopes. Accessory species are those that integrate secondary aquatic fauna, becoming increasingly numerous since the transformation of aquatic ecosystems. Riverside coppices are populated by Silvia, Flycatcher, filomele, Pitigoi, finches, which are added during the nesting ducks, cormorants and herons. In Letea forests and 64 species nest Caraorman nemoral typical forest avifauna (Silvia, blackbirds, woodpeckers, măcăleandru, Pitigoi, starling, and tailed (Haliaetus albicilla), the kite brown dwarf eagle, osprey, etc.. Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) was introduced through colonization rapidly developing population. In sandy steppe meadows are specific partridge, quail, lark, Stone Curlew (Burchinus oedicnemus). The delta villages, in addition to households, are common Collared Dove, House Sparrow, Swallow , stork, swallow.A number of aquatic species during the nesting involves forming clusters of nesting colonies in space are generally small. Causes of association are related to the scarcity of nest building surfaces, and the benefits of the presence of a large number of birds in the defense nests with eggs or chicken. Nesting colonies have always been a great attraction of the delta. Thousands of nests built on the meadows of willow branches or reeds, infernal noise, the specific atmosphere of other geological eras, biting flight of thousands of birds feed their chicks, bird colonies transformed into a paradise not only for ornithologists, but also of any loving nature.

In the Danube Delta are several types of colonies: herons, spoon bills, herons and cormorants, pelicans and cormorants, gulls, and the avoazete knock-back, the Black Tern, the terns. Pelican colony strictly protected area full-Buhaiova Rosca is the largest in Europe and is an example of a mixed colony *. This is associated with several thousand pairs of white pelicans, with tens to hundreds of pairs of Dalmatian pelican and cormorant sea in a landscape which is reminiscent of Jurassic Park. Access is allowed only near the colony specialists who have obtained special permits.

DANUBE DELTA !

ANCIENT INITIATION

2010-09-27T14:53:00.000-07:00

What is initiation? All ancient texts equals the neophyte taking to the road map to reach the "second birth." Any true initiation as it has a triple structure Rene Guénon's view, fundamental to graduate. But Bucegi archetypal house and he gives us a structure on three levels which makes it become the archetypal symbol of initiation zamolxiene. First level and lowest is Ialomita cave or cave where neophyte Zamolxe dying for the world to be born a second time from the earth in order to securely come to know the secrets of heaven. This last phase of initiation, the knowledge of heavenly mysteries, spiritual was the supreme achievement of man in the Eastern tradition but also in the West, at least the early Middle Ages (see legend Grail legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table).

I said that the temple of Bucegi is structured on three levels and that these levels represent the three stages of initiation authentic. Thus, once the neophyte was born the second time in his cave Zamolxe after a prior instruction on the second level, Plateau Old Women, which first made, we are finally at the third level (the altar or sanctuary Principal threefold pillar of heaven), reaching divine initiation, the World Center.That means all the traditions of ancient Dacia, and the Dacians, and not only them, saw the chief of the world Kogaion center, axis, pole Piedmont. This Hiperboreus Axis, Axis Mundi is composed of three peaks adjacent: Gavan, Omu and Avoided Peak.

I said that Kogaion, huge natural temple, is an archetypal symbol, a model. Model for what? Model for all the ancient temples of mystery religions about which involved a second birth.

Therefore, the Trinitarian structure of the temple construction is found in the Bucegi Christian churches that are divided into the narthex, nave and altar. As Egyptian temples and the Greek "three divisions of the Egyptian temple remain forever" Constantin Daniel's opinion.

ABOUT ZAMOLXE !

TARTARIA - A CONTROVERSIAL DATING

2010-09-04T12:37:00.000-07:00

Dating about three tablets, archaeological documentation is still not 100% sure.Tărtăria tablets seem to belong migrations Vinca civilization, one of the oldest European culture with a known length of about eight centuries, when such a writing system was used not only in southeastern Europe but also in the area of the proto-Sumerian civilizations. Meanwhile, other scientists have dated the artifacts in the third millennium BC V and VI the second half of the first millennium BC. According to them, tablets are the first attestations of a European ancient writings. In present days, the controversy continues. But what really happened to Tartaria? A further analysis of the findings, made after he made more light on this case.
In fact, the tablets have never been analyzed using radiocarbon, but this has not prevented the legends to be born around the subject. According to Romanian archaeologists, tablets cant be dated by C14 treatment because they were unwittingly subjected. It seems that archaeologist Nicholas Vlassa archaeological site is not in the moment of discovery that took place several hours before completion of the excavation. Tablets were soft and covered by limestone due to moisture. In order to strengthen one of the restorers decided to dry them in the oven located in the museum laboratory, but the temperature and baking time remained unknown. After this treatment, tablets could not be subjected to C14 dating, because of heat stress compromise the quality of the clay, essential if a carbon analysis. Many domestic and foreign archaeologists complain that Vlassa not photographed artifacts when he unearthed it and refused to cooperate with his colleagues, while avoiding to give too many details about his discoveries in the reports that regularly draw be content to repeat the same information as the news.
Lack of photos at the website and especially difficult to locate even today, combined with other factors such as the inability to precisely date plates, difficult to identify a powerful civilization in the Danube basin could to "produce" written 1000 years before Sumer, all these factors has prompted generations of archaeologists and historians to doubt the role that the tablets could play precise determination chronology and ask questions about their true Birth place of civilization.

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TARTARIA - MYSTERIOUS MILADY

2010-09-04T12:23:00.000-07:00

Bones unearthed in the same archaeological site, which was originally thought to belong to a man aged between 35 and 40 years, proved to be a woman about 55 years, an age that is rarely touched on 7000 years ago. Judging from the cult objects around the skeleton, the archaeologists found that it was a wife or even a female shaman. Around remnants of human bones were found 26 terracotta figurines, three alabaster figures, together with three plates of clay. In his opinion Marco Mellini, Director of the Prehistory Knowledge Project and member of the World Rock Art Academy, Rome, the woman christened Tartaria Milady was not a high priest or a shaman, but analysis indicates that bones were not burned by incineration alternative shoulder, originally proposed, has been excluded and that a possible act of cannibalism. Roman archaeological Vlassa was first issued earlier theory based on documentation of the Danube cannibalistic ceremonies conducted in order to communicate with gods and spirits. Cannibal act version was rejected after examining the bones, because they were broken off naturally, without being crushed or burned. Mellini's theory is supported by the fact that bones were buried in a ritual cannibalistic banquets while the human remains were thrown animals.

Tartaria's Milady

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TARTARIA - ATTEMPTS TO DECIPHER

2010-09-04T12:11:00.000-07:00

Most archaeologists and historians have approximated the development tablets around 5500 BC, making them older than 7000 years. Thus, a simple mathematical calculation pushes written language invented more than a millennium than initially thought and change all his birthplace, in Mesopotamia in the Danube basin. It is possible that a civilization has been formed in the Balkans with a millennium ahead of other, more famous and powerful, like those of Sumer and Egypt? For more than half a century, Tărtăria tablets and symbols they wear are in the center of the debate about the "incubators" spatial and temporal handwriting and the first houses of European civilization.

The appearance of the oldest writings known to date, a place which was not taken into account as a possible cradle of civilization, has led to the development of a series of assumptions in an attempt to explain their origin.Some archaeologists have attempted to demonstrate that Tărtăria tablets are due to the influence of Sumer.Strange is that the symbols on the board very much resemble those used by Sumerians in written communication. In this case, it was assumed that the symbols were borrowed from them, and locals have taken to mot-mot without knowing their significance. But scientists are even contradicted by history as the period around 5500 BC, Sumerian writing does not exist or, if any, evidence to support this have not been found yet.Historians have even tried to unravel their meaning, but reading them in Sumerian. This trial was not likely to rekindle things because, interpreted as signs of the tablets go in front of another dilemma: how could you explain the appearance of the name God Saue, par god Usmu known Sumerian culture?

Experts from the Russian Academy of Sciences concluded after analyzing the material that tablets are a part of a widespread system of writing, of local origin. In their view, a board listing the six totems which coincide with the manuscript of ancient Sumerian city -Nasr Djemdet. Read circular clockwise motion contrary, shows the proto-Sumerian "NUN.KA.S.UGULA.PL.IDIM.KARA.I." translated: "In (the) rule for lips fortieth ( mouth) after God Saue the oldest ritual (was) burned. It's the tenth. Interpretation of Russian scientists leave, but instead of interpretations, so far there was no academic consensus on the meaning of icons.
The general opinion is that these forms of writing could not occur in isolation, but could only be developed within a strong culture and widespread, thus closing the mystery of three tablets could be provided only by studying the entire complex Turdas-Vinca, of which is connected and tartar. Totems present on a sign not only of the Sumerian strikingly resemble, but are arranged in the same sequence. Graphic signs could be coincidence, but their sequence is not random. A number of observations indicate a common origin of religious concepts and Djemdet Tartaria area-Nasr. Writing on the board is ideographic, like the Sumerian, as there are still signs syllabic and grammatical index and Usmu god is represented as the Sumerians. Interpretation of round tablet indicates that it contains brief information on ritual killing and burning of a priest.

However, researchers are wondering how it is possible that the inhabitants of ancient Sumerian Tartariei to write yet when he found himself on Sumer. Russian researcher Boris Perlov believes that the Sumerians and Babylonians were just some good students, taking pictographic writing of the Balkan peoples and then turning it in cuneiform writing. According to its inventors were even writing the Balkan people, not Sumerians.

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TARTARIA - DISCOVERIES

2010-09-04T11:47:00.000-07:00

In 1961, archaeologist Nicholas Vlassa initiated an archaeological site near the village Tartaria in an area known for the frequency with which the remains of pottery and ancient artifacts come to surface, leaving the impression that they were planted there. Despite a hesitant beginning, the efforts of archaeologists and expectations were rewarded when removing the light of three clay tablets that were soon to shake the scientific world. The fact that all she could change the course of ancient history, has led many scientists to look with suspicion these artifacts of clay seems too fragile to sustain such a burden. Tablets were not the only triumph of archaeologists. Together with them were dug and 26 of clay or stone figurines, a bracelet made of shells and some human bones, at first sight, seemed to belong to an adult male.
Shortly, the entire attention of the experts was seized by three tablets, two of which were rectangular and one round. symbols were represented only one side, and the one presented rectangular hole, not random, say archaeologists. Two of these plates are covered with pictographic signs to play old texts, with over a millennium earlier similar to those found in Djemer-Nasr, Kis and Uruk in Sumer, dating from around 3300 BC date artifacts recovered human remains from the same place with him made by archaeologists to suspect that the remains belong to a man vase of society then, a priest, shaman or a psychic.
What was an epochal discovery for both Danubian culture and civilization and for the whole of Europe, has become a hot topic of controversy, not resolved until today remained although increasingly many archaeologists seem to confirm their age and historical importance of these artifacts.

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KOGAION - SACRED MOUNTAIN OF THE DACIANS

2010-08-30T10:23:00.000-07:00

On the sacred mountain of the Dacians was much talk but researchers have not yet managed to reach a consensus regarding its location. Some are of opinion that this would be massive ancient sacred Bohemians, again others say that this massive so revered as the ancient preelene Bucegi mountain.What is right? Starting to judge by law exclusivism, only one of two opinions can be true! That is why? I see the extent that we allow documents!
I will ask apology from the start, for now I will not treat this problem very comprehensive sacred mountain but will draw attention to matters that can not be overlooked. Depending on your interest but I will return with another editorial about it.
To show that the sacred mountain of the Dacians - Kogaion - the holy mountain of antiquity, we turn to historical sources mythology, the symbolism and geography! Let's see what existing evidence tell us about Kogaion location - the ancient sacred mountain, considered the center of old traditions and world pole.

Location Kogaion by Strabo's words
Strabo tells us explicitly: "Just this massive has been recognized as sacred and as Getae call it, his name Kogaionon was just named the river flowing along (Geography, VII, 3.5) The same author says that here there is the cave where the high priest's retreat which I named Zamolxis being considered a god himself: "At first he (Zamolxis) was selected high priest of the most revered god of them again after time was considered a god himself. He then withdrew into a cave, inaccessible to others and there spent a long time, meeting people is rare outside, but only with the king and his ministers "
From Strabo's testimony but also draw another conclusion that but we will not discuss in this study.Catehizarea ( catehizare - it is another job to teach the truth of faith and morals ) usually not a Christian because it was practiced from the beginning Zamolxis cult.Therefore, we have testimonies that are not about God but with Zamolxis Zamolxis Priest, elevated to god through catehizare!

V. Kernbach but we fully clear up the argument, following Strabo's text: "Housing if the high priest was in a grotto in Kogaion here in moments sweep came to advise or consult oracles voices probably King Dacians. Greek authors says that priests called Dacia <path by nori>; here seems to result at least as the main sanctuary was reached on a massive clouds "

Strabo we signal the presence of water which flowed along the sacred mountain and indeed, Ialomita river springs near the pole of heaven, mentioned in ancient tradition, consisting of peaks Gavanu, devious and Omu Peak. Avoid bad beyond this plateau Babele feet reaching the cave that bears his name.

Babele - "Old womens"

V. Kernbach and Strabo tell us that Zamolxis withdrew a cave entrance where they had just king and his ministers to keep the tip of mystery in the country's problems. Once reality can be verified in the field.

Sacred grotto reputation that we have a show name, kept the tradition of the furthest point reached her - at the altar. In addition, former name of Ialomita Cave is "Decebal cave" once one of the caves is called just "Decebal room", which shows that if the king-hero, as he used to come here and not only predecessors or Burebista them.

Thirdly, V. Kernbach our attention over "Journey through the clouds", as priests were called Dacians, hence the conclusion that the high priest is based on reaching a massive clouds. It is known that Omu Peak is always shrouded by clouds or above them!. Look, therefore, where there is pre-Hellenic Olympus speaking Hesiod and Homer.

Zamolxe's seat

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BUKOVINA

2010-08-29T16:54:00.000-07:00

Bukovina region was part of the historic principality of Moldavia, the region known as Upper Country, early in its existence. In these territories were first residence of the princes Moldovan, Baia, Siret and Suceava, the famous capital the great king and ruler Stephen the Great and Holy. Moldova name itself comes from the Moldova River, river flowing through the beautiful lands of Bukovina. Grand Prince Stephen, along with his followers, the famous monasteries were built here Moldovita Suceviţa Putna, Humor Voroneţ Probota monasteries which are now on the UNESCO list are considered monuments of global concern.

Between 1775 and 1918, this ancient Romanian kept busy by the Habsburg Empire, the period also dates and names of Bukovina (Buchenland, in German, meaning Country of beech).
In 1849, Bukovina achieve autonomy and became the capital of Grand Duchy in Czernowitz, Romania holding a majority in the Diet, whose president is Eudoxiu Hurmuzachi.

Chernivtsi city (now incorporated into the Ukrainian State) becomes an important cultural center in 1875 is established here Franz Josef University, renowned university in Austria-Hungary.

Great personalities of Romanian culture, study and create here, and composer Porumbescu, the great historian Dimitrie Onciul director of the Romanian Academy, scholar and revolutionist Aaron punch or great national poet, Mihai Eminescu, journalist and politician.

Following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, and the threat exerted by Ukrainian forces, the National Council of Bukovina, met on November 28, 1918 in Chernivtsi, and chaired by the old union decides Iancu Flondor with United Romania Romanian territory. Internationally, this decision was recognized in 1919 by the Treaty of Saint Germain.

Following the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, signed on 23 August 1939, Romania asked the Soviet Union in June 1940, northern Bukovina, as "damages for losses suffered by the Soviet Union after 22 years of Romanian rule in Bessarabia.

Following these requests, the Crown Council, chaired by Charles II king, he betrays the Romanians in Bukovina and Bessarabia, ceding Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Herta region, without any resistance.

During 1941, the Romanian army, led by Ion Antonescu reconquers territories occupied by the USSR in 1940.

In 1944, the Soviet Union conquered new territory in northern Bukovina, which will be part of this time the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the USSR after the dismantling of an independent Ukrainian state.

Slavizare Soviets commence a process of land, much of the Romanian population was massacred or deported to Siberia (or Fountain massacres of White Meadow).

This process of denationalization and continuing after Ukraine gained independence in 1991. Romanian population of the territory of present state Ukraine is divided by the rulers of Kiev on the basis of geographical area, the Romanian and Moldovans, as there are two names for the same people. Ukrainian State currently leads an illegal political Ukrainisation population, denying the constitutional right of Romanians to study in their mother tongue. Thus, Chernivtsi region, of the 92 Romanian-language schools existing during the Soviet state, there are now only 80.

Instead of helping those oppressed by history vitregiile in 1997, Romanian politicians betray their brothers again, signing a treaty with Ukraine, which recognize the 1944 borders illegally.

In these circumstances, we, we can learn to speak the language our ancestors, we have a duty to think and not to forget those who can not enjoy these rights.

EVERYTHING ABOUT ROMANIA !

ABOUT MARAMURES

2010-08-29T16:22:00.000-07:00

Maramures is a county in Romania, located in northern Transylvania.Maramures is famous because of its picturesque landscapes, green hills and plains, full of flowers and express typical Romanian country life.Here, culture, traditions and lifestyle of peasants have been enshrined.Artisitice main occupations of the locals are sculptatul wood, weaving, pottery, manufacture of masks. Once arrived in Maramures, you really need to take as souvenirs masks depicting various characters from folklore and legends of Maramures.

A tourist attraction in this area is the wooden churches. Gothic churches have a unique style and very much impressed by the Bible scenes painted on interior walls of churches. These churches are not only monuments of art which can be visited, but also places of worship where villagers dressed in traditional clothes, go to pray. There are 36 churches in Maramures old wood, but only eight are part of UNESCO, namely: Barsana, Budesti, Desesti, Ieud, Plopis, Meadows Iza, sedge and Surdesti.

Also in the Maramures region, specifically in the village Sapanta, there is the original "Merry Cemetery", has already become world famous because it offers unique perspective on death. Elements that are so attractive that cemetery are represented, especially by wooden crosses, painted in vivid colors, but predominantly blue. Also, those crosses out a lot carved out by pictures depicting the main characteristic of life of the deceased, they are accompanied by short Poems trick in first person, as a confession of one buried there. So, the famous "Merry Cemetery Sapanta" is a sight worth seeing what particular style because it was created.

EVERYTHING ABOUT ROMANIA !

MOCANITA - A GREAT ADVENTURE

2010-08-27T13:03:00.000-07:00

"Wood" and "water" are two words that best define Maramures. History, tradition and life are carved in wood Maramures churches and gates, and many streams are stretched throughout the area as a cobweb, forming valleys known: Mara, Iza, Viseu and Vaser.

Among these, of particular interest to tourists is the Vaser valley, crossing the mountains of Maramures in the middle of one of the most beautiful and wild landscapes of Romania. Vaser River is about 60 km long, forming a spectacular valley, a canyon, where steep cliffs alternate with dense forests, with beautiful glades and mineral springs.

Vaser valley access point is Viseu de Sus, which is the starting point for Mocăniţa, a steam train, narrow, whose sole purpose is to go to the valley. Rail going along the river Vaser River and is one of the last track railway for steam locomotives, which is still active in Europe, and one in Romania which is still used for the logs down the mountains .Built after World War only to carry wood,Mocăniţa still is used - in surprisingly - the original purpose.

Today, despite his advanced age, the steam engine was never given a task: to carry tourists. Since this place is among the few where one can go in a wagon pulled by steam power every year, oldMocăniţa attracts thousands of tourists from around the world, offering unforgettable trips.

Tourists can go by train up until the end of the valley, and back, enjoying the beauty of nature. It is also possible that they stop on the way at one of the many halts, and to begin a trip through the mountains.

It all starts at the train station Viseu de Sus (Forest Railway or CFF Viseu de Sus Viseu de Sus). As usual this is not a train station, but a forest, there is the passenger platform. The place looks like a warehouse than a wood train station with a strong smell of freshly cut wood.

Early morning, Mocăniţa is ready for the day trip. Both carriages for tourists and the forest are attached to steam engines, are made of wood and water supplies - they are fuel steam engine - and the driver starts the engine. After a long, long train whistle, puff along the road.

Following the river to waterfalls, the first train passes near homes in Viseu de Sus.Then, after nearly seven kilometers, the route enters the forest wild, passing through steep cliffs of the gorge, and making the dark tunnels into mountains.

Silence of nature is interrupted not only by the river rushed and noisy train of pufăiturile and puff, but occasionally, and the sharp whistling of the locomotive. Mocăniţa then easily creep up the steep slopes, often giving the impression that there can advance and that steam power is not sufficient. However, unable to continue the adventure and to carry tourists in picturesque locations.

EVERYTHING ABOUT ROMANIA !

BEAUTIFUL TRANSFAGARASAN

2010-08-27T12:48:00.000-07:00

If I had to make a brief presentation ofTransfagarasan, we summarize the road crosses the Fagaras Mountains (highest elevation mountains in Romania, reaching maximum height in vf Moldoveanu - 2544m) and connects the two main regions, Transylvania, Wallachia.

But we can not sum up just so, with one of Transfagarasan highest altitudes in Europe, namely 2042 meters (Caldarea Ice Balea), spanning two lanes with a length of 92 km and entire route are 27 viaducts and bridges. Between Capra and Balea Lake is the largest tunnel in the country (887m), which crosses Mount Paltinul. Undoubtedly, the most beautiful road Transfagarasan road in Romania and one of the most spectacular in Europe.

Transfagarasan's Crossing manages to combine adrenaline caused by many difficult and winding road, with the fantastic. Harmony level differences, the asymmetry of the place and enchanting landscape, managed to break from reality every creature, living as the most beautiful feeling in nature.

Among the objectives of tourist attractions we can mention Lake and Dam Vidraru Poienari fortress, Balea Lake Balea glacial waterfall.

Balea glacial lakeformed in cirque, is a true wonder of nature, which lies between the Olt and Prince's stone. Balea Lake reaches a length of 360 meters, a width of 240 meters and a depth of 11 meters and is situated at an altitude of 2034 meters. Since 1932, so the entire surface of the lake and about 180 acres around it were declared scientific reserve. It should be recalled that during 2006 and near the lake, was built first ice hotel in Eastern Europe.

Depending on the year, the lake surface can practice different sports. Namely, during the summer you can practice rowing, and during winter, when water freezes, can skate, play hockey or curling.

Balea waterfall, another marvel of nature, is situated in the Fagaras Mountains, concerns of one of the most famous waterfalls in Romania. Balea waterfall is at an altitude of 1234 meters and the water flows from a height of 68 meters.

During the term of the winter, the waterfall can ski down. Summer can be reached by car and rest periods with cable.

Poienari fortress, is recognized as one of the residences of Vlad Tepes (Dracula), a great fortress built in the way of the Ottoman invaders. Being situated on a mountain, the ruins are seen with a panoramic Vidraru Dam and Fagaras. To visit this city is required crossing a road with more than 1000 steps.

Vidraru Dam was built between 1961 and 1966 and for its realization have made great sacrifices, are about 80 dead. Upon completion of dam construction, it is ranked 5th in Europe and 9th place in the world. Tourists can reach the dam from the east side of Lake Vidraru on a road that climbs up to Balea.The left side of the dam can be reached Cumpana depression. Another area is the Landmark Belvedere platform, where you can admire the captivating beauty of the place.

Mount Plesa was famous statue of Prometheus by lightning in his hand, a symbol of electricity. Only a few hundred meters of the dam tourists can go to the House Argeseana "and the pier where the practice of leisure boat racing.

Persons interested in bungee jumping sensations can practice at the dam being arranged higher launch pad.

Vidraru Lake is a lake, with 465 million cubic meters of water, with a length of 10.3 km and a width of 2.2 km, thus accumulating a total area of 870 hectares and maximum depth of 155 meters.Underground power station is situated in massive Cetatuia to a depth of 104 meters and can provide annual energy production of 400 GWh.

EVERYTHING ABOUT ROMANIA !

TRANSALPINA - HIGHEST ROAD FROM ROMANIA

2010-08-27T12:28:00.000-07:00

Myth Transfagarasanul, highest asphalt road in Romania, is about to collapse. Ministry of Transport has allocated money for an old asphalt road called Transalpina, made in Roman times. With a width of 8 meters and 1.5 meters verge on each side, the new road will reach an altitude of 2200 meters, nearly two hundred feet higher than Transfagarasanul, which share 2034 meters reach Balea Lake.

All movement is to revitalize tourism in the mountain counties of Gorj and Valcea. Until now, access to the resort town Novaci Rânca, acclaimed winter sports fans from Oltenia, was very difficult. Without a jeep or a skier could not reach the mountain. Local authorities have managed to get the funds were given three times over the head, and have paved the way to the resort.
"They stopped at the entrance to the resort because while shooting sewer and there was no point for them to pour asphalt, then come in behind them and some break to put the pipes and then to cârpească. How channel was, people do not have nothing and continued work above the station, to the mountain top, for another six kilometers. They reached up to 1900 meters. The work must be done over three years, but if it works
I believe that this pace will end much sooner. I understand that while they began to asphalt and the other from Obârşia Lotru "explained Cornoiu Sabin, chief of the county mountain rescuers. It has already noted an increase in the number of tourists in summer season Rânca. If until now the resort was deserted at the time when he could not ski, now things are different. Daily machinery are seen leading up to the mountain top and hostels occupied and locals during the summer season.

EVERYTHING ABOUT ROMANIA !

everything about romania

An inexhaustible source of energy: Cell Karpen

BACIU FOREST

BUCOVINA MONASTERIES CODE

TROVE- MYSTERY "LIVING STONES"

A "LOST" CIVILIZATION : GUMELNITA

A. Explaining the syntagm “North-East Romanian Plain”

C. Cultural Evolutions

SETTLEMENT

SETTLEMENT

SETTLEMENT

SETTLEMENT

SETTLEMENT

E. Historical Evolutions

A LOST EUROPEAN CULTURE, PULLED FROM OBSCURITY

ANCIENT CURSES

THE LAST DACIAN KING

PREHISTORIC CITY

STRANGE PLACES IN BUCEGI

CLIMATE

HISTORY OF THE DANUBE DELTA

FLORA AND VEGETATION

DANUBE DELTA PARADISE

ANCIENT INITIATION

TARTARIA - A CONTROVERSIAL DATING

TARTARIA - MYSTERIOUS MILADY

TARTARIA - ATTEMPTS TO DECIPHER

TARTARIA - DISCOVERIES

KOGAION - SACRED MOUNTAIN OF THE DACIANS

BUKOVINA

ABOUT MARAMURES

MOCANITA - A GREAT ADVENTURE

BEAUTIFUL TRANSFAGARASAN

TRANSALPINA - HIGHEST ROAD FROM ROMANIA