This is because of non-cash expenses like asset depreciation which are based on how much was paid for an asset in the past–due to differing rates of inflation, the ratio of “2010 US dollar” to “2000 US dollar” is very different from “2010 Indian rupee” to “2000 Indian rupee”. Assuming higher rates of inflation for the rupee, the operating margin would be higher when reported in rupees, compared to when reported in dollars.

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Self-sufficiency is the road to poverty

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games of production,
games of consumption,
in the end a game is a game

why be picky?

retirement is difficult, and so it is that meaningful play isn’t all that much easier to get right than meaningful work.

I feel like that’s one of the central lessons of The Culture. In a utopia, Iain Banks shows us how in a limitless and needless world, the problems are very much the same.

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Okay, fine, maybe meaningful play is not all that much easier than meaningful work, but it IS easier. The question is whether that is due to others hacking your sense of aesthetics and undermining your free will and things like that. To be truly happy in consumption, you have to find a group of mutually serving people where everyone contributes some atom of meaning, but at that point it’s probably possible to reorganize it into a commercial enterprise anyway.

Point being, I sincerely believe the best things in life are free, or more than pay for themselves.

Optimal conditions:

Specializing to previous case, where i runs from 1 to 2:

Notice that when , , so as disaster becomes ever more unlikely, you would bet a proportion of your wealth up to the loss ratio. This is a reflection of the Kelly criterion’s tendency to never allow anything to go to zero, under any circumstance.

We’ll consider why this is undesirable in some future post. For now, Let’s make most use of the formulation, and try to find good ways of summarizing win/loss ratios and frequencies to fit into the form above.

The terms for each outcome ()  sum to zero for the optimal . Since , These terms are either monotonically increasing or decreasing with depending on the sign of .

The question then is how one would represent the two groups of monotonically increasing and decreasing terms so has to figure out which they net out at. This will be covered in the next post.

Let’s say the 1 time you win, you win $a for each dollar you bet, and the N times you lose, you lose $b for each dollar you bet. By the Kelly criterion, the geometric average rate of gain if you bet of your wealth would be

Setting , you get

Suppose you are asked to flip a coin, and heads you win $3, and tails you lose $1—then , and therefore , i.e., you should bet 25% of your wealth.

If you have a lottery ticket that has a 1 out of 5,000 chance of winning $10,000 that costs $1, and you are only allowed to buy one number, then , and
and you should only bet 0.01% of your wealth at a time.

Conversely, if you were selling a lottery ticket that had 1 out of 10,000 chance of winning $5,000 that cost $1, , and and you should be trying to have about 0.01% of your wealth at stake.

Related: Do not play the lottery unless you are a millionaire

Alas, the futures have no volume. As of today the open interest on the Feb 2010 New York Case-Shiller futures (NYMG10) is 2 (as in the first integer greater than 1).

It’s difficult to make markets when the underlying and the instrument differ so much in liquidity? Granted, SP500 futures are more liquid than the basket of stocks too, but that gap is bridgeable. What differentiates a bridgeable from an unbridgeable gap? What implications does this have for the existence of noise traders?

Money is a store of value. On top of holding money temporarily while exchanging A for B, we also hold money when we haven’t determined what B we want yet. Holding money is preferable to holding A because A might be bothersome to store (e.g., a truckload of sand) or it might become less valuable with time (e.g., a truckload of apples).

The usefulness of money gives rise to a liquidity preference. Keynes enumerated three ways in which money is useful: as a buffer to smooth out short-term volatility (known unknowns) in income and expenditure, for use as emergency reserves (unknown unknowns), and for use in speculation, i.e., using knowledge of prices to buy assets at low prices and sell them at high prices. The first two forms of liquidity preference tend to grow with income, whilst the last is more affected by the interest rate and expectations of future interest rates.

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When the economy is in a state of equilibrium, each party holds a constant amount of money, and it is possible to think of the flow of money as consisting of many cases of multiparty barter, i.e., every dollar flows in a circle, with goods and services flowing in the opposite direction. This money flux is the GDP, and is a measure of economic activity.

Some goods are not directly consumed, and instead are used to produce other goods and services – these are called investment goods. The accumulation of investment goods increases production.

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When stimulating the economy by printing money, one dumps money into certain regions, and that money proceeds to flow outwards from the introduction points. Iff that flow results in the accumulation of investment goods, the economy is successfully stimulated.

The problem in incentive compensation (principle-agent theory) is that of finding , the incentive compensation scheme under which payoff to the owners is maximized. The inputs considered are the utility (including risk adversity) of the manager, , and the relationship of effort to outcome, .

By designing , you want to maximize the incentive (the responsiveness of compensation to managerial effort) while minimizing the actual payoff, all while sharing risk so that the manager is not crippled by the risk involved.

Net-net, it seems to suggest that we don’t want managers that are too rich, since the manager needs to have a significant proportion of his wealth vested in the company (to align risk interests and prevent moral hazard) at the same time the owners are trying not to pay him too much, and hence limit his ownership of the company. In fact, it seems to me that an equitable arrangement always results in the manager’s percentage ownership of the company growing with time, an effect only partially offset by the growth in asset value as a whole. After all, what good reason can a manager give for not wanting to own more of the company they have control of?

The possibility of separating ownership from management is made possible by knowledge of responsiveness of managerial effort to reward (motivation, ) and the responsiveness of asset income to managerial effort (). This knowledge cannot be guaranteed to always be of a form that makes the separation possible.

The marginal prices of the 6 shirts I got were then $80, $80, $40, $80, $20, $40, making for an average price of $56.

Thank god money isn’t everything then. More accurately, thank god prices do not completely represent my desire for things. If everyone had the same desires and productive abilities, then prices would indeed represent desires, but because of the different desires (demands) and productivities (supplies), there is much to gain from exchanging goods I produce with other people.

To the extent that people conform in their desire for scarce items, however, prices are inevitably accurate measures of personal demand, and it’s an endless rat race. To the extent to which prices of things are aligned with the degree what I want them, there is only one way to become happier – to make more money.

      1 SF
     23 4K
    110 FH
    220 FL
    412 ST
   2144 3K
   4706 2P
  42322 1P
  50062 HC

Drawing 7 cards out of a deck 100,000 times, I got

      5 SF
    181 4K
   2595 FH
   3016 FL
   4633 ST
   4907 3K
  17251 HC
  23565 2P
  43847 1P

One-pair becomes the most common hand!

See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_probability