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I want to take biology in 11 as my stream so it will help me to clear UPSC exam?

2020-11-17T00:23:00.003+05:30

UPSC conduct various exams like UPSC IAS , CDS , UPSC (CMS) Combined Medical Services Examination and various scientist post etc.

If you want to prepare for UPSC IAS, PCS or IFS then taking biology as your stream in class 11 may be helpful only for optional subject in mains exam but biology is not main subject of prelims and compulsory subject of mains.

The syllabus of prelims contains Indian history, geography, politics, economic and current affairs as the main subject.

But, if you are preparing for the Combined Medical Services Examination, biology will be the main subject.

The UPSC CMS consist of two papers each Paper carrying a maximum of 250 marks. Each Paper will be of two hours duration.

Syllabus of Paper‐I

(a) General Medicine including the following:

(i) Cardiology

(ii) Respiratory diseases

(iii) Gastro‐intestinal

(iv) Genito‐Urinary

(v) Neurology

(vi) Hematology

(vii) Endocrinology

(viii) Metabolic disorders

(ix)Infections/Communicable Diseases

a) Virus

b) Rickets

c) Bacterial

d) Spirochetal

e) Protozoan

f) Metazoan

g) Fungus

(x) Nutrition/Growth

(xi)Diseases of the skin (Dermatology)

(xii) Musculoskelatal System

(xiii) Psychiatry

(xiv) General

(xv) Emergency Medicine

(xvi) Common Poisoning

(xvii) Snake bite

(xviii) Tropical Medicine

(xix) Critical Care Medicine

(xx) Emphasis on medical procedures

(xxi) Patho physiological basis of diseases

(xxii) Vaccines preventable diseases and Non vaccines preventable diseases

(xxiii) Vitamin deficiency diseases

(xxiv) In psychiatry include – Depression, psychosis, anxiety, bipolar diseases and Schizoprenia.

(b) Paediatrics including the following ‐

(i)Common childhood emergencies,

(ii) Basic new born care,

(iii) Normal developmental milestones,

(iv) Accidents and poisonings in children,

(v) Birth defects and counseling including autism,

(vi) Immunization in children,

(vii) Recognizing children with special needs and management, and

(viii) National programmes related to child health.

Syllabus of Paper II

(a) Surgery

(b) Gynaecology &

Obstetrics

Medicine

Syllabus of Paper ‐ II

(a) Surgery

(Surgery including ENT, Ophthalmology, Traumatology and Orthopaedics)

(I) General Surgery

i) Wounds

ii) Infections

iii) Tumours

iv) Lymphatic

v) Blood vessels

vi) Cysts/sinuses

vii) Head and neck

viii) Breast

ix) Alimentary tract

a) Oesophagus

b) Stomach

c) Intestines

d) Anus

e) Developmental

x) Liver, Bile, Pancreas

xi) Spleen

xii) Peritoneum

xiii) Abdominal wall

xiv) Abdominal injuries

(II) Urological Surgery

(III) Neuro Surgery

(IV) Otorhinolaryngology E.N.T.

(V) Thoracic surgery

(VI) Orthopedic surgery

(VII) Ophthalmology

(VIII) Anesthesiology

(IX) Traumatology

(X) Diagnosis and management of common surgical ailments

(XI) Pre‐operative and post operative care of surgical patients

(XII) Medicolegal and ethical issues of surgery

(XIII) Wound healing

(XIV) Fluid and electrolyte management in surgery

(XV) Shock patho‐physiology and management.

(b) GYNAECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS

(I) OBSTETRICS

i) Ante‐natal conditions

ii) Intra‐natal conditions

iii) Post‐natal conditions

iv) Management of normal labours or complicated labour

(II) GYNAECOLOGY

i) Questions on applied anatomy

ii) Questions on applied physiology of menstruation and fertilization

iii) Questions on infections in genital tract

iv) Questions on neoplasma in the genital tract

v) Questions on displacement of the uterus

vi) Normal delivery and safe delivery practices

vii) High risk pregnancy and management

viii) Abortions

ix) Intra Uterine growth retardation

x) Medicolegal examination in obgy and Gynae including Rape.

(III) FAMILY PLANNING

i) Conventional contraceptives

ii) U.D. and oral pills

iii) Operative procedure, sterilization and organization of programmes in the urban and rural surroundings

iv) Medical Termination of Pregnancy

I Social and Community Medicine

II Concept of Health, Disease and

Preventive Medicine

III Health Administration and Planning

IV General Epidemiology

V Demography and Health Statistics

VI Communicable Diseases

VII Environmental Health

VIII Nutrition and Health

IX Non‐communicable diseases

X Occupational Health

XI Genetics and Health

XII International Health

XIII Medical Sociology and Health Education

XIV Maternal and Child Health

XV National Programmes

XVI Management of common health problems

XVII Ability to monitor national health programmes

XVIII Knowledge of maternal and child wellness

XIX Ability to recognize, investigate, report, plan and manage community health problems including malnutrition and emergencies.

(B) PERSONALITY TEST – (100 marks):

Candidates who qualify in the computer based examination will be called for Interview/Personality Test to be conducted by the Union Public Service Commission. The Interview/Personality Test will carry 100 marks.

The Interview for Personality Test will be intended to serve as a supplement to the computer based

examination for testing the General Knowledge and ability of the candidates in the fields of their academic study and also in the nature of a personality test to assess the candidate’s intellectual curiosity, critical power of assimilation, balance of judgement and alertness of mind, ability for social cohesion, integrity of character, initiative and capability for leadership.

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020

2019-07-02T01:04:00.001+05:30

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020 : 01 July 2019

Boost Your Preparation level for UPSC 2020

Q1) Which of the following statement correctly describe the term "GOES-16" seen in the news recently?

A. A space mission to search for evidence of life in Goldilocks zone.

B. A new satellite developed by NASA to monitor environmental catastrophe.

C. A weather satellite designed to detect flashes of lighting.

D. A potentially hazardous Asteroid expected to fly by the earth in near future.

Ans : (C)

Explanation : The GOES-16 satellite is designed to detect the flashes of lighting. It saw an asteroid over the caribbean water 170 miles south of Puerto Rico. As the asteroid entered the atmosphere, the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organisation's Infra sound station in Bermuda detected "airwave" associated with the blast.

Q2) Consider the following statements related to the record of evidence of Deaf and Dumb Rape Victim

A. Evidence of Deaf and Dumb victim shall be recorded without considering the provision of section 119 Evidence Act.

B. As per the provision of section 119 Evidence Act, when the witness is unable to communicate verbally, the court shall take the assistance of interpreter or a special educator in recording the statement, and such statement shall be videographed.

Which of the following statement(s) given above are correct?

Ans : (B)
Explanation : The Supreme court has described the mode of taking evidence when the witness is deaf and dumb are -
# If the witness is able to read and write, it is desirable to record his\her statement giving questions in written and seeking for answer in written.
# In case when witness is unable to read and write, his\her statement can be recorded in sign language in aid of interpreter if found necessary.
# In case the interpreter is provided, he should be person of same surrounding but he should not have any interest in case and he should administered oath.

Q3) Consider the following statement regarding to Photon therapy-

1. It uses photons rather than x-ray to treat cancer .
2. At high energy, photons can destroy cancer cells.
3. It can also be combined with x-ray radio therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy.

Which of the above given statement(s) are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only.
B. 1 and 3 only.
C. 2 and 3 only.
D. 1, 2 and 3.

Ans : (D)
Explanation : Like x-ray radiation, photon therapy is a type of external beam therapy.It is aware of advances in photon therapy, a type of radiation therapy, which is also called photon beam therapy. It uses photons rather than x-ray to treat cancer. At high energy, photons can destroy cancer cells.

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020 : 02 July 2019

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020

2019-06-30T00:24:00.001+05:30

Most Probable questions for IAS prelim 2020 : 30 June 2019

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Q1) Consider the following statement about "TRIFED".

1. TRIFED is an organisation under Ministry of Tribal Affairs, engaged in marketing development of Tribal products including Tribal art and craft under brand name "TRIBE INDIA".

2. "Go Tribal Campaign" launched by Tribes India to widely promotes the use of Tribal Products.

3. TRIFED joins the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi by introducing Khadi Kurta and Jacket in association with "I am Khadi foundation"

4. Global launch of "Tribe India" through Amazon Global Selling, under which Tribe India and Amazon Global Marketing launched Tribe India product globally through Amazon.com

Which of the following statement(s) given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Ans : (D)

Explanation : The Minister of State for Tribal Affairs, Smt. Renuka Singh launches the "Go Tribal Campaign" of Tribe India to widely promote the use of Tribal Products. The Minister also launched the "Tribe India" globally with Amazon global selling.

The Joint Collaboration between Tribe India and Amazon, provides the Tribal Products available to about 190 countries and will help in establishing export market of Tribal Product worldwide.

Q2) India's first "Substantial Development Goal" dashboard is launched by

A. Reserve Bank of India.

B. Ministry of Home Affair.

C. Ministry of Statics and Programme Implementation .

D. World Bank.

Ans : (C)

Explanation : The Ministry of Statics and Programme Implementation (MoPSI) launched India's first Substantial Development Goal dashboard. The dashboard is a National Platform that pulls together reliable data from over 100 data sects, portals and sectors on to one an easy-to-use, intuitive platform, to power better informed decision making on the SDG's. It has been developed in partnership with the UN in India, DFID India and Social Cops.

Q3) Consider the following statement regarding the provision of National AYUSH Mission (NAM)

1. Cultivation and Promotion of Medicinal plants.

2. Setting up of up to 100 bedded integrated AYUSH Hospitals.

3. Setting up of new state government AYUSH educational institutions in the states where it is not available.

Which of the statement(s) given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1, 2 and 3

D. 1 and 3 only.

Ans : (D)

Explanation : The National AYUSH Mission (NAM) inter-alia make provision for the following-

#Setting up of up to 50 bedded integrated hospitals.

# Up-gradation of state government educational institutions.

# Up-gradation of exclusive state government AYUSH hospitals and dispensaries.

# Cultivation and Promotion of medicinal plants.

# Co-location of AYUSH facilities at Primary Health Centers (PHCs), Community Health Centers (CHCs) and District Hospitals (DHs).

Most Probable questions for IAS prelim 2020 : 01 July 2019

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020

2019-06-28T01:50:00.000+05:30

Most Probable questions for IAS prelim 2020 : 28 June 2019

Boost Your Preparation level for UPSC 2020

Q1) Consider the following statements about Luni river -

a) Luni originates from the Naga hills of the Aravalli range in Rajasthan's Ajmer district.

b) Luni does have fresh water during the first hundred kilometers but turns salines as it reaches Balotra in Barmer due to rich salt content of the surface.

c) Luni flows into the Thar Desert and meets its end in Barine.

d) Luni gets drained into the Arabian Sea.

Which of the following statements(s) given above is/are correct?

A. 3 only

B. 1,2 and 3 only

C. 1, 2, 3 and 4

D. 1 and 2 only.

Ans : (B)

Explanation : Luni flows into the Thar Desert and meet its end in Barine, located at the north-eastern part of the Marsh called the Rann of Kutch in Gujrat, without flowing into any larger body.

Q2) Consider the following statements about pro-tem speaker

A) Pro-tem speaker is temporary speaker appointed for a limited time just after the election of lower house of parliament until the new-speaker is elected.

B) A pro-tem speaker is chosen with the agreement of the members of the Lok Sabha and legislative assembly.

C) The main duty of the pro-tem speaker is to administer the oath of office to new members of the house.

D) Once the new speaker is elected, the office of the pro-tem speaker cease to exist.

Which of the following statement(s) given above is/are correct?

A. 1 and 3 only.

B. 1 and 2 only.

C. 2 and 3 only.

D. All of the above.

Ans : (D)

Explanation : Pro-tem speaker is chosen for the conduct for the conduct of the house when the Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies have been elected and the vote for the speaker and deputy speaker has not taken place.

The main duty of the pro-tem speaker is to administer the oath of office to new members of the house. He also enables the House to elect the new speaker.

Virendra Kumar, seven term member of parliament, sworn in as the pro-tem speaker for the presiding of first session of 17 Lok Sabha

and administer the newly elected MPs.

Q3) The Dantiwada dam and Sipu dam are built on which of the following river?

A. Mahanadi.

B. Baitarani.

C. Luni.

D. Subarnarekha.

Ans : (C)

Explanation : The Dantiwada dam, Sipu dam and Jaswant Sagar dam are built on the Luni river.

The Jaswant Sagar Dam in Pichiyak near Bilaara in Jodhpur district

is one of the prominent landmarks along the Luni river. It was built by Maharaja Jaswant Singh in 1892. The lake surrounding the dam is one the largest artificial lake in India.

Q4) Which of the following correctly defines the Atal 1, Atal 2, Atal 3 and Atal 4 -

A. Medium range ramjet supersonic missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft and land.

B. There are Indian advanced heavy weight anti-submarine torpedo, developed by Naval science and Technology of DRDO.

C. These are the names of newly discovered four Himalayan peaks near Gangotri glacier.

D. These are the nuclear capable submarine launched ballistic missile with a range of 750 km.

Ans : (C)

Explanation : These are the newly discovered Himalayan peaks near Gangotri glacier. The peaks are located at 6,557 m, 6,566 m, 6,160 m and 6,100 m on the right flank of Gangotri glacier.

UPSC Prelim 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय

2019-06-26T13:30:00.000+05:30

UPSC IAS प्रारंभिक 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय: 26 जून 2019

"प्रभावशाली" कछुआ अरुणाचल प्रदेश में खोजा गया

एक सुंदर कछुआ जिसे "प्रभावित" नाम दिया गया था, अरुणाचल प्रदेश में प्रतिष्ठित किया गया है। निचले सुबानसिरी जिले के यजली क्षेत्र में इम्प्रूव्ड कछुआ (मनौरिया प्रभाव) वन विभाग के हेरपेटोलॉजिस्टों की एक टीम और दो एनजीओ - हेल्प अर्थ एंड टर्टल सर्वाइवल एलायंस द्वारा पाया जाता है।

# भारत में कछुओं का यह पहला रिकॉर्ड है, जो गिनती में पाँच और गैर-समुद्री चेलोनियन की गिनती को 29 तक ले गया है।

# चेलोनियन सरीसृप का एक आदेश है जिसमें कछुए, इलाके और कछुए शामिल हैं।

# भारत प्रभावित एशियाई कछुओं की खोज तक केवल एशियाई वन कछुआ (मनोरिया सम्राट) का घर था।

# एशियाई वन कछुआ, जो मुख्य भूमि एशिया में सबसे बड़ा है, केवल उत्तर पूर्व में पाया जाता है, जो चेल्सी की अन्य 28 प्रजातियों में से 20 हैं।

# नर प्रभावित कछुआ मादा से छोटा होता है जिसकी लंबाई 30 सेमी होती है।

# यह मनोरिया प्रजाति एशियाई वन कछुआ के आकार से एक तिहाई है।

विकलांगता पेंशन पर अब कर लगेगा

वित्त मंत्रालय द्वारा जारी अधिसूचना के अनुसार, सैन्य कर्मियों के लिए विकलांगता पेंशन जो सामान्य रूप से सेवा से सेवानिवृत्त हो गए और अमान्य नहीं हुए, अब कर लगाया जाएगा।

# 24 जून को जारी अधिसूचना में, केंद्रीय प्रत्यक्ष कर बोर्ड (सीबीडीटी) ने कहा कि, "ऐसी कर छूट केवल सशस्त्र बलों के कर्मियों को ही मिलेगी, जो शारीरिक विकलांगता के कारण सेवाओं से अमान्य किए गए हैं या जिनके कारण वृद्धि हुई है। ऐसी सेवाओं और कर्मियों के लिए नहीं जो सेवानिवृत्ति या अन्यथा पर सेवानिवृत्त हो चुके हैं ”।

# विकलांगता पेंशन दो प्रकार की होती है - युद्ध और सामान्य। युद्ध विकलांगता 100% विकलांगता के मामले में तैयार अंतिम वेतन का 60% है और सामान्य विकलांगता 100% विकलांगता के मामले में पिछले वेतन का 30% है।

# यह विकलांगता के कम प्रतिशत के लिए आनुपातिक रूप से कम हो जाता है।

NITI Aayog का स्वास्थ्य सूचकांक: दूसरा संस्करण

NITI Aayog के हेल्थ इंडेक्स के दूसरे संस्करण के अनुसार, 21 बड़े राज्यों में स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में सबसे अच्छा प्रदर्शन करने वाले राज्य के लिए केरल फिर से सूची में सबसे ऊपर है, जबकि उत्तर प्रदेश ने सबसे खराब प्रदर्शन करने वाले टैग को बनाए रखा।

# केरल, जिसे 74.01 का कुल स्कोर मिला, उसके बाद आंध्र प्रदेश (65.13), महाराष्ट्र (63.99), गुजरात (63.52), पंजाब (63.01), हिमाचल प्रदेश (62.41), जम्मू और कश्मीर (62.17), कर्नाटक ( 61.14) और तमिलनाडु (60.41)।

# उत्तर प्रदेश 28.61 के स्कोर के साथ सूची में सबसे नीचे रहा। सूची में सबसे नीचे के राज्य बिहार (32.11), ओडिशा (35.97) और मध्य प्रदेश (38.39) थे।

# रिपोर्ट "स्वस्थ राज्य, प्रगतिशील भारत" - राज्यों और केंद्रशासित प्रदेशों की रैंक तीन राज्यों में रैंक है - बड़े राज्यों, छोटे राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों "समान संस्थाओं के बीच तुलना सुनिश्चित करने के लिए"।

# सूचकांक राज्यों और केंद्रशासित प्रदेशों को रैंक करता है। नवजात मृत्यु दर, अंडर-फाइव मृत्यु दर, नवजात शिशुओं के बीच जन्म के समय कम वजन का अनुपात, कार्यात्मक कार्डियक केयर यूनिट वाले जिलों का अनुपात, पूर्ण टीकाकरण कवरेज और जिला अस्पतालों में खाली पड़े विशेषज्ञ पदों के अनुपात सहित 23 स्वास्थ्य संबंधी संकेतकों के आधार पर।

# रिपोर्ट में कहा गया है कि आठ सशक्त कार्रवाई समूह राज्यों में से केवल तीन राज्यों राजस्थान, झारखंड और छत्तीसगढ़ ने समग्र प्रदर्शन में सुधार दिखाया।

पैरोल

पैरोल एक कैदी को सजा के निलंबन के साथ रिहा करने की एक प्रणाली है। रिलीज सशर्त है, आमतौर पर व्यवहार के अधीन है, और समय-समय पर अधिकारियों को समय-समय पर रिपोर्टिंग की आवश्यकता होती है।

# पैरोल को एक सुधारकारी प्रक्रिया माना जाता है, और प्रावधान (फरलो के साथ) को जेल प्रणाली को मानवीय बनाने की दृष्टि से पेश किया गया था।

# भारत में, पैरोल और फर्लो को 1894 के कारागार अधिनियम के तहत कवर किया गया है। कई हत्याओं या गैरकानूनी गतिविधियों की रोकथाम अधिनियम के तहत दोषी कैदी पैरोल के लिए पात्र नहीं हैं।

# चूंकि जेल राज्य का विषय है, इसलिए राज्य सरकार का कारागार अधिनियम उन नियमों को परिभाषित करता है जिनके तहत पैरोल दी जाती है। राज्य सरकारों की पैरोल नियमों पर अपनी कैदी रिहाई है।

# पैरोल राज्य कार्यकारी द्वारा दी जाती है - जेल अधिकारी राज्य सरकार को रिपोर्ट सौंपते हैं- और सक्षम प्राधिकारी मानवीय विचार पर पैरोल के अनुदान पर अंतिम निर्णय लेता है।

# अगर पैरोल को खारिज कर दिया जाता है, तो दोषी उच्च न्यायालय को सक्षम प्राधिकरण के आदेश को चुनौती दे सकता है।

# इसके अलावा, नियमित पैरोल के अलावा, अधीक्षक उभरते मामलों में सात दिन की अवधि तक पैरोल भी दे सकते हैं।

# मोटे तौर पर एक समान लेकिन सूक्ष्म रूप से अलग-अलग अवधारणा बिल्कुल खराब है, जो लंबे कारावास के मामले में दी जाती है। फर्लो को अधिकार के मामले के रूप में देखा जाता है, किसी भी कारण से समय-समय पर परवाह किए बिना और केवल कैदी को परिवार और सामाजिक संबंधों को बनाए रखने के लिए सक्षम करने के लिए।

# पैरोल सही का मामला नहीं है और पर्याप्त केस करने पर भी उसे कैदी से वंचित किया जा सकता है।

Most Probable topics for UPSC Prelim 2020

2019-06-26T13:13:00.000+05:30

Most Probable topics for UPSC IAS Prelim 2020 : 26 June 2019

"Impressive" tortoise discovered in Arunachal Pradesh

A tortoise considered beautiful enough to to be named "impressed" has been dicovered in Arunachal Pradesh. The Impressed Tortoise (Manouria impressa) in Yazali area of lower Subansiri district are found by a team of Herpetologists from the Forest Department and two NGO's - Help Earth and Turtle Survival Alliance.

# This is the first record of tortoise in India, taking the count to five and the non-marine Chelonian count to 29.

# Chelonian is an order of reptile that includes turtles, terrapins and tortoises.

# India was known to be the home of only the Asian Forest Tortoise (Manouria emys) until the discovery of the impressed tortoise.

# The Asian Forest tortoise, the largest in mainland Asia, found only in the north east, as are 20 of the other 28 species of Chelonians.

# The male impressed tortoise is smaller than the female which is 30 cm in length.

# This Manouria species is one-third the size of the Asian Forest Tortoise.

Disability pension will now be taxed

According to the notification issued by the Finance Ministry, Disability pension for military personnel who retired normally from service and not invalidated will now be taxed.

# In the notification issued on June 24, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) said that, "Such tax exemption will be available only to armed forces personnel who have been invalidated from services on the account of bodily disability attributable to or aggravated by such services and not to the personnel who have been retired on superannuation or otherwise".

# Disability Pension are of two type - War and Normal. War disability is 60% of the last salary drawn in case of 100% disability and normal disability is 30% of the last salary drawn in case of 100% disability.

# It goes down proportionally for lower percentage of disability.

NITI Aayog's Health index : Second edition

According to the second edition of NITI Aayog's Health Index, Kerala again tops the list for the best performing state in the health sector among the 21 large state, while Uttar Pradesh retained the worst performer tag.

# Kerala, which got an overall score of 74.01, was followed by Andhra Pradesh (65.13), Maharashtra (63.99), Gujarat (63.52), Punjab (63.01), Himachal Pradesh (62.41), Jammu and Kashmir (62.37), Karnataka (61.14) and Tamil Nadu (60.41).

# Uttar Pradesh continued to be at bottom of the list with its score falling to 28.61. Other states at the bottom of the list were Bihar (32.11), Odisha (35.97) and Madhya Pradesh (38.39).

# The report "Healthy States, Progressive India"- Report on rank of States and UT's has rank in three categories - larger States, smaller States and Union Territories "to ensure comparison among similar entities".# The index ranks the States and Union Territories based on 23 health-related indicators, including neonatal mortality rate, under-five mortality rate, proportion of low birth weight among new borns, proportion of districts with functional Cardiac Care Units, full immunisation coverage and proportion of specialists positions vacant at district hospitals.

# The report added that among the eight Empowered Action Group States, only three States - Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh - showed improvement in overall performance.

PAROLE

Parole is a system of releasing a prisoner with suspension of the sentence. The release is conditional, usually subject to behaviour, and requires periodic reporting to the authorities for a set period of time.

# Parole is considered a reformative process, and the provision (along with furlough) was introduced with a view to humanising the prison system.

# In India, parole and furlough are covered under the Prison Act of 1894. Prisoners convicted of multiple murder or under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act are not eligible to parole.

# Since prison is a subject of the state, the Prison Act of a particular state government defines the rules under which Parole is granted. State governments have their own Prisoner Release on Parole Rules.

# Parole is granted by the state executive - jail authorities submits the report to the state government- and competent authority takes the final decision on grants of parole on humanitarian consideration.

# If Parole is rejected, the convict can move the High Court challenging the order of the Competent Authority.

# Also, apart from the regular parole, the superintendent can also grant parole up to a period of seven day in emergent cases.

# A broadly similar but subtly different concept is furlough, which is given in case of long imprisonment. Furlough is seen as a matter of right, to be granted periodically irrespective of any reason and merely to enable the prisoner to retain family and social ties.

# Parole is not a matter of right and may be denied to a prisoner even when he makes out a sufficient case.

UPSC Prelim 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय

2019-06-25T23:10:00.000+05:30

UPSC Prelim 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय: 25 जून 2019

कॉफी पीने से मोटापे से लड़ने में मदद मिल सकती है

एक अध्ययन के अनुसार, कॉफी पीने से शरीर में वसा से लड़ने वाले प्रतिरक्षा को बढ़ावा मिल सकता है, जो मोटापे और मधुमेह से निपटने की कुंजी हो सकता है।

# शुरुआत में केवल शिशुओं और हाइबरनेटिंग स्तनधारियों को जिम्मेदार ठहराया गया था, यह हाल के वर्षों में पता चला कि वयस्कों में भूरे रंग के वसा भी हो सकते हैं।

# अध्ययन मानव में उन घटकों को खोजने के लिए किया जाता है जो "ब्राउन फैट" कार्यों पर सीधा प्रभाव डाल सकते हैं, जो ऊर्जा के रूप में कैलोरी को जल्दी से जलाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।

# वैज्ञानिकों को यह पता लगाने की आवश्यकता है कि क्या कॉफी उत्तेजना के रूप में कार्य कर रही है या यदि कोई अन्य घटक है जो भूरे रंग के वसा के सक्रियण में मदद करता है।

शुक्राणु बाहरी स्थान में व्यवहार्यता बनाए रखता है

एक अध्ययन के अनुसार, मानव शुक्राणु बाहरी अंतरिक्ष में पाए जाने वाले विभिन्न गुरुत्वाकर्षण स्थितियों के भीतर अपनी व्यवहार्यता को बनाए रखता है जो एक छोटे एरोबैटिक प्रशिक्षण विमान (CAP10) का उपयोग करके किया जाता है, जो अल्प-अवधि हाइपो-ग्रेविटी एक्सपोज़र प्रदान कर सकता है।

# प्लेन ने 20 पैराबोलिक युद्धाभ्यासों को अंजाम दिया, प्रत्येक परबोला के लिए 8 सेकंड का सूक्ष्म गुरुत्वाकर्षण।

# शुक्राणु विश्लेषण में एकाग्रता, गतिशीलता, जीवन शक्ति, आकृति विज्ञान और डीएनए विखंडन शामिल थे।

संयंत्र विरोधाभास आहार

पुस्तक के अनुसार, द प्लांट विरोधाभास: द हिडन डेंजरस इन हेल्दी फूड्स जो बीमारियों और वजन का कारण बनता है, अमेरिकन कार्डियोलॉजिस्ट डॉ। स्टीवन आर गुंडली द्वारा लिखित, परिसर है कि व्याख्यान, स्वाभाविक रूप से गेहूं जैसे खाद्य पदार्थों में पाया जाता है (ग्लिसन एक लेक्टिन है) , सेम (विशेषकर राजमा, मूंगफली), आलू, नट्स (विशेष रूप से काजू), रात की सब्जियां (बैंगन, टमाटर, मिर्च) "खाद्य दुश्मन" हैं।

# लेक्टिंस पौधों में पाए जाने वाले प्रोटीन होते हैं जो उन्हें शिकारियों से बचाते हैं, इसलिए वे छिलके में पाए जाते हैं।

# हमारे शरीर के भीतर, वे सूजन का कारण बनते हैं, जो तब कई अन्य स्थितियों की ओर जाता है, मुख्य रूप से ऑटोइम्यून बीमारियां (जब प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली अतिसक्रिय हो जाती है और स्वस्थ कोशिकाओं पर हमला करती है: अस्थमा, रुमेटीयड्स गठिया, सोरायसिस, कुछ के बीच)।

# ये हार्मोन और पोषक तत्व व्यवधान हैं (वे शरीर को पोषक तत्वों को अवशोषित करने से रोकते हैं), जो, ओवरटाइम, सिस्टम में कहर का कारण बनता है।

# किण्वन और अंकुरित भोजन में लेक्टिन के स्तर को कम करता है।

आसियान ने समुद्र के कचरे से निपटने का संकल्प लिया

ओशन कंजरवेंसी रिपोर्ट, 2017 के सर्वेक्षण के अनुसार, सिर्फ पांच एशियाई देशों - चीन, इंडोनेशिया, फिलीपींस, वियतनाम और थाईलैंड में हर साल समुद्र में समाप्त होने वाले आठ मिलियन टन प्लास्टिक कचरे में से आधे से अधिक डंप होते हैं।

# दक्षिणपूर्व एशियाई देशों के संगठन (आसियान) की बैठक में नेताओं को समुद्री कचरे से लड़ने पर "बैंकॉक घोषणा" पर हस्ताक्षर करने की उम्मीद है, जो "समुद्री मलबे को रोकने और महत्वपूर्ण रूप से कम करने" का वादा करता है।

Most Probable topics for UPSC Prelim 2020

2019-06-25T23:02:00.000+05:30

Most Probable topics for UPSC Prelim 2020 : 25 June 2019

Drinking Coffee may help fight obesity

According to a study, Drinking coffee may stimulate the body's own fat-fighting defences, which could be the key to tackling obesity and diabetes.

# initially only attributed to babies and hibernating mammals, it was discovered in recent years that adults can have brown fats too.

# The study is carried out in human to find components which could have a direct effects on "Brown Fat" functions, which play a key role in how quickly we can burn calories as energy

# Scientists needs to ascertain if coffee is acting as the stimulus or if there's another component helping with the activation of brown fat.

Sperm retains viability in outer space

According to a study, the human sperm retains its viability within the different gravitational conditions found in the outer space which is performed using a small aerobatic training aircraft (CAP10) , which can provide short-duration hypo-gravity exposure.

# The plane executed 20 parabolic manoeuvres, providing 8 seconds of micro-gravity for each parabola.

# The sperm analysis comprised of concentration, motility, vitality, morphology and DNA fragmentation.

The plant paradox diet

According to the book, The Plant Paradox : The Hidden Dangers in Healthy Foods that causes Diseases and Weight Gain, written by American Cardiologist Dr, Steven R Gundry, premises that the lectins, found naturally in foods such as wheat (gluten is a lectin), beans (especially rajma, peanuts), potatoes, nuts (especially cashew), nightshade vegetables (brinjal, tomato, peppers) are "edible enemies".

# Lectins are protein found in plants that protect them from predators, so they're most likely to be found in the peel.

# Within our bodies, they causes inflammation, which then leads to many other conditions, mainly autoimmune diseases (when the immune system gets hyperactive and attacks healthy cells : asthma, rheumatoids arthritis, psoriasis, among a few).

# These are hormone and nutrient disruptors (they prevent the body from absorbing nutrients), which, overtime, causes havoc in the system.

# Fermenting and Sprouting reduces lectin level in foods.

ASEAN vows to tackle ocean waste

According to the survey of Ocean Conservancy report, 2017, just five Asian countries - China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand dumps more than half of the eight million tonnes of plastic waste that ends up in ocean every years.

# Leaders at the meeting of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are expected to sign a "Bangkok Declaration" on fighting maritime waste, which promise to "prevent and significantly reduces the marine debris".

UPSC IAS 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय

2019-06-25T10:39:00.000+05:30

UPSC IAS 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय: 24 जून 2019

लीची विष: सैकड़ों बच्चों की मौत का कारण

बिहार में एक्यूट इंसेफेलाइटिस सिंड्रोम (एईएस) अब तक सौ से अधिक बच्चों की जान ले चुका है। अधिकांश मौतों का श्रेय निम्न शर्करा स्तर (हाइपोग्लाइकेमिया) को दिया गया है।

तीव्र एन्सेफलाइटिस सिंड्रोम

वायरस या बैक्टीरिया के कारण होने वाला मेनिनजाइटिस, वायरस के कारण होने वाला इंसेफेलाइटिस (ज्यादातर जापानी इंसेफेलाइटिस), बैक्टीरिया के कारण होने वाला एन्सेफैलोपैथी, सेरेब्रल मलेरिया और स्क्रब टाइफस को सामूहिक रूप से एक्यूट इंसेफेलाइटिस सिंड्रोम कहा जाता है।

# एन्सेफलाइटिस एक जैव रासायनिक मूल है, जबकि अन्य स्थितियां रोगाणुओं के कारण होती हैं। एन्सेफैलोपैथी हाइपोग्लाइकेमिया से संबंधित है और इसलिए इसे हाइपोग्लाइकेमिया एन्सेफैलोपैथी कहा जाता है।

एन्सेफलाइटिस और हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी के बीच अंतर

# इंसेफेलाइटिस वाले बच्चों में आमतौर पर ब्लड शुगर का स्तर सामान्य होता है लेकिन हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी वाले बच्चों में कम होता है।

# दोनों के बीच सबसे महत्वपूर्ण अंतर मस्तिष्कमेरु द्रव में सफेद रक्त कोशिकाओं की उपस्थिति है।

# एन्सेफलाइटिस में, मस्तिष्कमेरु द्रव की प्रति इकाई मात्रा में अधिक सफेद रक्त कोशिकाएं होती हैं, जो मस्तिष्क में सूजन के प्रतिबिंब में होती हैं।

# हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी में, श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाओं में कोई वृद्धि नहीं होती है, इसलिए मस्तिष्क में कोई सूजन नहीं होती है।

अल्पपोषित बच्चों के लिए विष अधिक खतरनाक क्यों है?

अल्पपोषित बच्चों में, आरक्षित ग्लूकोज को यकृत में ग्लाइकोजन (ग्लूकोज पॉलीसेकेराइड) के रूप में संग्रहित किया जाता है। जब भी, ग्लूकोज का स्तर नीचे जाता है, ग्लाइकोजन को ग्लूकोज में तोड़ दिया जाता है और उपयोग के लिए रक्त में परिचालित किया जाता है।

# अल्पपोषित बच्चों में पर्याप्त ग्लाइकोजन रिजर्व की कमी होती है जो ग्लूकोज में टूट सकता है।

# इसलिए, कुपोषित बच्चों में प्राकृतिक तंत्र रक्त में ग्लूकोज के स्तर को ठीक करने में असमर्थ है, जिससे हाइपोग्लाइकेमिया हो सकता है।

# आम तौर पर, जब जिगर में ग्लाइकोजन रिजर्व समाप्त हो जाता है या पर्याप्त नहीं होता है, तो शरीर फैटी एसिड (गैर-कार्बोहाइड्रेट ऊर्जा स्रोत) को ग्लूकोज में परिवर्तित कर देता है।

# लीची विषाक्त पदार्थों की उपस्थिति में, ग्लूकोज में फैटी एसिड का रूपांतरण बीच में ही रुक जाता है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप कोई ग्लूकोज उत्पन्न नहीं होता है और शरीर से निम्न रक्त शर्करा का स्तर ठीक नहीं होता है।

विष कोमा और यहां तक कि मौत का कारण कैसे बनता है?

जब विष फैटी एसिड रूपांतरण को ग्लूकोज मिडवे में रोकता है, तो एमिनो एसिड जारी होते हैं जो मस्तिष्क कोशिकाओं के लिए विषाक्त होते हैं। अमीनो एसिड के कारण मस्तिष्क की कोशिकाएँ सूज जाती हैं जिसके परिणामस्वरूप ब्रेन एडिमा हो जाता है। नतीजतन, बच्चे आक्षेप, गहरी कोमा और यहां तक कि मौत से पीड़ित हो सकते हैं।

हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी का उपचार

एक पूर्ण और पूर्ण वसूली प्राप्त की जा सकती है यदि हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी वाले बच्चे लक्षणों की शुरुआत के बाद घंटे के घंटों में 10% डेक्सट्रोज के साथ संक्रमित होते हैं।

# 10% डेक्सट्रोज़ का उपयोग न केवल रक्त शर्करा को सामान्य स्तर पर पुनर्स्थापित करता है, बल्कि अमीनो एसिड के उत्पादन को भी रोकता है जो शरीर की कोशिकाओं को ग्लूकोज में फैटी एसिड में बदलने के प्रयास को बंद करके मस्तिष्क की कोशिकाओं के लिए विषाक्त है।

# डेक्सट्रोज़ जलसेक के साथ, 3% खारा समाधान को संक्रमित करने से मस्तिष्क की कोशिकाओं के एडिमा को कम करने में मदद मिलती है।

कुपोषित बच्चों के लिए लीची का विष खतरनाक क्यों है? यह हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी की ओर कैसे ले जाता है?

# लीची में मेथिलीन साइक्लोप्रोपाइल ग्लाइसीन (MCPG) नामक एक प्राकृतिक रूप से पाया जाने वाला विष होता है। अतिकुपोषित बच्चे, जिनके पास दिन के समय लीची होती है और खाली पेट बिस्तर पर जाते हैं, उच्च जोखिम में होते हैं।

# सुबह-सुबह ब्लड शुगर को कम करने की सामान्य प्रवृत्ति है। शरीर का प्राकृतिक तंत्र चीनी के स्तर को सामान्य स्थिति में लाने के लिए किक करता है।

# जिगर में आरक्षित ग्लाइकोजन को पहले ग्लूकोज में परिवर्तित किया जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया को ग्लाइकोजेनोलिसिस कहा जाता है।

# एक बार ग्लाइकोजन रिजर्व समाप्त हो जाने के बाद, फैटी एसिड ग्लूकोज में परिवर्तित हो जाता है। फैटी एसिड को ग्लूकोज में बदलने की प्रक्रिया को ग्लूकोनोजेनेसिस कहा जाता है।

# MCPG टॉक्सिन फैटी एसिड को ग्लूकोज मिडवे में परिवर्तित करता है, जिससे एमिनो एसिड निकलता है जो मस्तिष्क की कोशिकाओं के लिए विषाक्त होता है।

UPSC Prelim 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय

2019-06-25T10:20:00.000+05:30

UPSC Prelim 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय: 25 जून 2019

इबोला का इलाज निप्पा वायरस से भी बचाव कर सकता है

निप्पा वायरस संक्रमण का एकमात्र वर्तमान उपचार एक मोनोक्लोनल एंटीबॉडी है जो अभी भी प्रायोगिक है।
# इबोला और निप्पा वायरस अलग-अलग वायरल परिवारों से संबंधित है, लेकिन रेमेड्सविर (एंटी-वायरल ड्रग), जिसे गिलियड साइंस द्वारा बनाया गया है और जिसे जीएस -5734 भी कहा जाता है, दोनों के खिलाफ प्रभावी है।
# यह रेस्पिरेटरी सिंकाइटियल वायरस के खिलाफ भी प्रभावी है, जो दुनिया भर के बच्चों को संक्रमित करता है।
# प्रयोगशाला में पाले जाने वाले चूहे या कोशिकाओं में, दवा ने दो अन्य महामारी के खतरों - लासा बुखार और MERS कोरोना वायरस के खिलाफ भी कुछ प्रभाव दिखाया है।
# दोनों वाइरस के बाहरी आवरण अलग-अलग हैं लेकिन उनके पोलीमरेज़ (जीनोम की नकल करने वाले एंजाइम) जो रेमेडेसिविर के लक्ष्य समान हैं।
# निप्पा वायरस, जो एन्सेफलाइटिस और निमोनिया का कारण बनता है, लगभग 70% मामलों में घातक है और जानवरों से पकड़ा जा सकता है या लोगों के बीच फैल सकता है।
# उपरोक्त अध्ययन NIAID और रोग नियंत्रण और रोकथाम केंद्र द्वारा संयुक्त रूप से किया जाता है।

केरल में लड़ाई से लड़ने के लिए एक संघर्ष

केरल के कृषि मंत्री वी। सुनील कुमार 6 जून को त्रिशूर में एक अस्पताल खोलने वाले थे, जिसमें "पारंपरिक भारतीय चिकित्सा, होम्योपैथी, पारंपरिक मूल चिकित्सा, प्राकृतिक चिकित्सा, जर्मन, कोरियाई और चीनी उपचार विधियों" का मिश्रण था।
# विरोध प्रदर्शन में सबसे आगे सीएपीएसयूएलई (अभियान अगेंस्ट स्यूडो साइंस यूज़िंग लॉ एंड एथिक्स) के कार्यकर्ता थे, केरल शाश्वत सहतिया परिषद (केएसएसपी) की एक पहल।
# CAPSULE का विचार तब उठाया गया जब सामाजिक कार्यकर्ताओं के एक समूह ने एक डॉक्टर के खिलाफ कानूनी लड़ाई शुरू की, जिसने प्रमुख समाचार पत्र में एक विज्ञापन दिया जिसमें मधुमेह, कैंसर और थायराइड की समस्या का इलाज करने का दावा किया गया।
# ड्रग्स एंड मैजिक रेमेडीज (आपत्तिजनक विज्ञापन) अधिनियम 1954 की धारा 3 और 4, चिकित्सा उपचार या चिकित्सा के उस विज्ञापन को भी रोकती है जो किसी विशेष बीमारी को ठीक करने का दावा करता है।
# CAPSULE द इंडियन मेडिकल एसोसिएशन और आयुर्वेद मेडिकल एसोसिएशन ऑफ़ इंडिया जैसे संगठनों के साथ मिलकर काम कर रहा है।

म्यूटेशन जो एचआईवी से बचाता है, मृत्यु दर बढ़ाता है

"CCR5" नामक जीन जब सामान्य रूप से काम करता है, तो यह प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली की कुछ कोशिकाओं को सतह पर एक प्रोटीन प्रदर्शित करता है।
# HIV ने उन कोशिकाओं को संक्रमित करने के लिए प्रोटीन को सह-द्वार के रूप में उपयोग करने के लिए चुना है।
# म्यूटेशन प्रोटीन को प्रदर्शित होने से रोकता है और इसलिए एचआईवी संक्रमण के जोखिम को कम करता है।
# जीन के साथ छेड़छाड़ से समस्या हो सकती है और जीवन काल कम हो जाता है।
# दोनों प्रतियों में उत्परिवर्तन के साथ प्रतिभागियों की मृत्यु दर अन्य की तुलना में 20% अधिक थी।

अर्थव्यवस्था में बजट अधिकतम मॉडल

यह एक आर्थिक मॉडल को संदर्भित करता है जो सरकार के साथ काम करने वाले हमारे नौकरशाहों के विशिष्ट व्यवहार को चित्रित करने की कोशिश करता है।
# सरकारी नौकरशाह, इस मॉडल के अनुसार, लगातार धन और अन्य संसाधनों के विस्तार की कोशिश करेंगे जो उनके नियंत्रण में हैं।
# उसके नियंत्रण में संसाधनों की मात्रा जितनी अधिक होगी, उसके लिए इस संसाधन पर निर्भर रहने वाले लोगों की तुलना में अधिक शक्ति अर्जित करने की संभावना अधिक होगी।
# नौकरशाहों के व्यवहार का बजट मैक्सिमाइज़िंग मॉडल पहली बार 1968 में अमेरिकी अर्थशास्त्री विलियम निस्कानन ने "द प्यूक्लियर इकोनॉमी ऑफ़ ब्यूरोक्रेसी" के पेपर में प्रस्तावित किया था।

Most Probable topic for UPSC Prelim 2020

2019-06-25T00:05:00.000+05:30

Most Probable topic for UPSC Prelim 2020 : 25 June 2019

An Ebola cure may also protect against Nipah Virus

The only current treatment for Nipah Virus infection is a monoclonal antibody which is still experimental.

# Ebola and Nipah Virus belongs to different viral families but Remdesivir (anti-viral dug), made by Gilead Science and also known as GS-5734 appears effective against both.

# It is also effective against Respiratory Syncytial Virus, which infect children all over the world.

# In Mice or cells cultivated in the laboratory, the drug has also shown some effectiveness against two other pandemic threats - Lassa Fever and MERS Corona Virus.

# The outer shell of both the Viruses are different but their polymerases (the genome copying enzymes) that Remedesivir targets are similar.

# Nipah Virus, which causes encephalitis and pneumonia, is lethal in about 70% of cases and can be caught from animals or transmitted between people.

# The above study is done jointly by the NIAID and the Center for disease control and prevention.

A CAPSULE to fight quacks in Kerala

Kerala Agricultural Minister V.S Sunil Kumar was scheduled to open a hospital in Thrissur on June 6, that offered a mixture of "Traditional Indian Medicine, Homeopathy, Traditional Native Medicine, Naturopathy, German, Korean and Chinese treatment methods".

# In the forefront of the protests were activists of CAPSULE (Campaign Against Pseudo Science Using Law and Ethics), an initiative of Kerala Sasthra Sahatiya Parishad (KSSP).

# The idea of CAPSULE was raised after a group of social activists launched a legal battle against a doctor who gave an advertisement in the major newspaper claiming to cure of Diabetes, Cancer and Thyroid problem.

# Section 3 and 4 of the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act 1954, also prevent advertisement of Medical Treatment or Medicine that claim to cure a particular diseases.

# CAPSULE is working in association with organisations such as The Indian Medical Association and the Ayurveda Medical Association of India.

Mutation that Protects against HIV raises a death rate

The gene called "CCR5" when it works normally, it lets certain cells of the immune system displays a protein on the surface.

# HIV has co-opted that protein to use as a doorway to infect those cells.

# The mutation prevents the protein from appearing and so reduces the risk of HIV infection.

# The tinkering with gene may cause problems and reduces the life span.

# Participants with the mutation in both copies had a death rate about 20% higher than that of the other.

Budget Maximizing model in economy

This refers to an economic model which tries to depict the typical behaviour of our Bureaucrats who works with the government.

# The government Bureaucrats, according to this model,will constantly tries to expand the amount of money and other resources that are under his control.

# The greater the amount of resources under his control, greater the chance of him wielding power over people who are dependent on this resources.

# The Budget Maximizing model of Bureaucrats behaviour is first proposed by American Economist William Niskanen in 1968, in paper "The Peculiar Economy of Bureaucracy".

Most Probable topic for UPSC IAS 2020 : 24 June 2019

2019-06-24T14:18:00.000+05:30

Scientists decode genomes of "Miracle Plants"

Scientists from the university of Kerala have decoded the genetic makeup of Arogyapacha (Trichopus Zeylanicus) a highly potent medicinal plant endemic to Agastya hills in the Southern Western Ghats.

# The "miracle plants" is known for its traditional use by the Kani tribal community to combat fatigue.

# They also shows anti-oxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, and anti-diabetic properties.

Plants may be spreading superbugs to Human

According to a study, plants based food can transmit antibiotic resistance to microbes living in our guts. Antibiotic-resistant infections are threat to global public health, food safety and an economic burden.

# Spreading of antibiotic resistant superbugs from plants to human is different from plants to human is different from outbreak of diarrheal illnesses caused immediately after eating contaminated vegetables.

# Superbugs can asymptomatically hide in (colonise) the intestines for several months or even years, and escaping, causes an infection.

# The researchers developed a novel, lettuce-mouse model system that does not cause immediate illness to mimic consumption of superbugs with plant-foods.

National Green Tribunal (NGT) forms panel to look into plastic packaging rule

# The NGT constituted the panel comprising representative from the Central Pollution Board, Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) , Bureau of Directorate of Health Services.

# The NGT has constituted an expert committee to ascertain whether norms are required to restrict the use of plastic packaging.

People are ingesting 5 gm of micro-plastic every week

# Across the world, people could be ingesting 5 gm of plastic every week, equivalent to the weight of a debit card.

# Plastic particles have recently been found in fish in the deepest recesses in the ocean and blanketing the most pristine snow in the pyrenees mountains between France and Spain.

# Coming mostly from tap and especially bottled water, nearly invisible to bit of polymer were also found in shellfish, beer and salt.

# On current trends, the ocean will contain one metric tonne of plastic for every three metric tonne of fish.

Indian Medical Council Amendment Bill cleared

The Indian Medical Council (Amendment Bill ) 2019 and the Homeopathy Central Council (Amendment Bill) 2019, both of which had collapsed in 16th Lok Sabha session has approved by the Cabinet.

# The Medical Council Bill is aimed at bringing in transparency and quality in the governance of medical education.

# Homeopathy Central Council (Amendment Bill) 2019, meanwhile, seeks to extend the period for reconstruction of the Central Council from existing period of one year so that the tenure of the Board of Governance may be extended for a further period of one year with effects from May 17, 2019.

# Cabinet on 12 June, also approved the introduction of a Bill to amend the Dentist Act, 1948.

Most Probable topic for UPSC IAS 2020 : 24 June 2019

2019-06-24T03:04:00.000+05:30

Litchi toxin : the reason of death of hundreds of children

Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) in Bihar has so far claimed claimed the lives of over hundred children. Most of the deaths have been attributed to low sugar level (hypoglycaemia).

Acute Encephalitis Syndrome

Meningitis caused by virus or bacteria, encephalitis (mostly Japanese encephalitis) caused by virus, Encephalopathy, cerebral malaria, and scrub typhus caused by bacteria are collectively called as Acute Encephalitis Syndrome.

# Encephalitis is a biochemical origin, whereas other conditions are caused by microbes. The Encephalopathy is associated with Hypoglycaemia and hence called hypoglycaemia encephalopathy.

Difference between Encephalitis and Hypoglycaemic Encephalopathy

# The blood sugar level is usually normal in children with encephalitis but is low in children with hypoglycaemic encephalopathy.

# The most important difference between the two is the presence of white blood cells in the Cerebrospinal fluid.

# In encephalitis, there are more white blood cells per unit volume of Cerebrospinal fluid, which in reflection of inflammation in the brain.

# In hypoglycaemic encephalopathy, there is no increase in white blood cells so there is no inflammation in the brain.

Why is the toxin more dangerous for undernourished children?

In undernourished children, reserve glucose is stored as glycogen (glucose polysaccharide) in the liver. Whenever, the glucose level goes down, glycogen is broken down into glucose and circulated in the blood for use.

# The undernourished children lacks sufficient glycogen reserve that can be broken down into glucose.

# Therefore, the natural mechanism in undernourished children is unable to correct the glucose level in blood, leading to hypoglycaemia.

# Normally, when glycogen reserve in the liver is exhausted or is not sufficient, the body converts the fatty acid (non-carbohydrate energy source) into glucose.

# In the presence of litchi toxins, the conversion of fatty acid into glucose stopped midway, as a result no glucose is generated and the low blood glucose level is not corrected by the body.

How does toxin cause coma and even death?

When the toxin stops the fatty acid conversion into glucose midway, amino acids are released which are toxic to brain cells. The amino acids causes brain cells to swell resulting in Brain Oedema. As a result, children may suffer from convulsions, deepening coma and even death.

Treatment of hypoglycaemic encephalopathy

A full and complete recovery can be achieved if children with hypoglycaemic encephalopathy are infused with 10% dextrose with in hour hours after the onset of symptoms.

# Infusing 10% dextrose not only restores blood sugar to normal level but also stops the production of amino acids that is toxic to brain cells by shutting down the body's attempt to convert fatty acids to glucose.

# Together with dextrose infusion, infusing 3% saline solution helps in reducing Oedema of the brain cells.

Why is litchi toxin is dangerous to undernourished children? How does it lead to hypoglycaemic encephalopathy?

# Litchis contains a naturally occurring toxin called Methylene Cyclopropyl Glycine (MCPG). Undernourished children, who have litchis during the day time and go to bed on an empty stomach are at high risk.

# Early morning, there is a normal tendency for blood sugar to dip. The body's natural mechanism kicks into bring the sugar level back to normal.

# The reserve glycogen in the liver is first converted to glucose. This process is called Glycogenolysis.

# Once the glycogen reserve is exhausted, fatty acids is converted to glucose. The process of conversion of fatty acids to glucose is called Gluconeogenesis.

# The MCPG toxin halts the conversion of fatty acids to glucose midway, releasing amino acids which are toxic to brain cells.

Most Probable topic for UPSC IAS 2020 : 23 June 2019

2019-06-23T14:05:00.001+05:30

World largest telescope to be built on scared Hawaiian peak

After years of protest and legal battles, officials have announced that a massive telescope which will allow scientists to peer into the most distant reaches of our early universe will be built on a Hawaiian volcano that some consider sacred.

# Scientists say that summit is one of the best place on earth on earth for astronomers.

# The telescope would be three time as wide as the largest existing visible-light telescope in the world with nine times more area.

# The new telescope will allow astronomers to reach back 13 billion years, to the time just after the big bang, and it will help answers fundamental questions about the advent of the universe.

The extinction of woolly rhino and mammoth

Yak dung analysis helped to map out the vegetation and climate of the past and the connections they have to extinct mega herbivores such as woolly rhino and mammoth.

# The wild yak is an endangered species restricted to the higher Himalaya of the Asia, the Tibetan plateau and parts of North Russia.

# They can tolerate temperature as low as -40 degree Celsius and is associated with the Himalayan tahr and the White-bellied musk deer.

# The examination of dung of woolly yak is the best way to study its diet and the local vegetation.

# The yak preferred a variety of food- simple grass to leave and fruit of woody plants, as a good variety of pollen, spores and phytoliths (silica bodies found in plant) were found in study.

# This indicates that the yak was able to modify its diet according to the climate change in the past.

# The end of Pleistocene epoch (11,700 years ago) and the start of Holocene epoch brought about a change in vegetation and introduced humans.

# Giant mammoth and woolly rhino which used to live with the yak about 18000-20000 years ago were not able to adapt to these changes and thus went extinct.

Scientists edits Chicken gene to make them resistance to bird flu

In the future work, the team hopes to use the gene editing technology, known as "CRISPR", to remove a section of the bird's DNA responsible for producing a protein called "ANP32" on which all flu virus depends to infect a host.

# The death toll in the last flu pandemic in 2009-10 caused by H1N1 strain and considered to be relatively mild.

Banks can offer Cheque books for a no-fruit accounts.

The RBI has allowed banks to offer cheque book facility and other services to the no-fruit account holder, with no any minimum balance for such services required.

# As per the norm of the no-fruits accounts, the facility for four withdrawls from ATM in a month, deposits of cash at bank branch and ATM card or ATM-cum debit card will be available to no-fruit account holder.

The Panda Consumes the diet with highest protein content

# Panda have jaw and teeth characteristics of herbivores but resembles carnivores in their gut and digestive enzymes.

# They consumes the bamboo at a stage when its has highest protein content.

# This puts them on the same bracket as carnivores that obtain 70% of their food from animals.

Most Probable topics for UPSC IAS 2020 : 22 June 2019

2019-06-22T23:22:00.000+05:30

Fruit bats are the natural reservoir of Nipah Virus

Laboratory diagnosis of Nipah virus infection is made using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from throat swabs, Cerebrospinal fluid, Urine, and blood analysis during acute and convalescent stage of the diseases.

# Immuno-histochemistry on tissue collected during the autopsy also confirms the diseases.

# RNA can be isolated from the saliva of infected persons.

# IgG and IgM antibody detection can be made after recovery to confirm Nipah virus infection.

# In Bangladesh and India, the disease linked to consumption of raw date palm sap (toddy) and contact with bats.

# In Malaysia and Singapore, the disease is transmitted from the contact of infected pigs.

HenipaVirus : A genus of family Paramyxoviridae

HenipaVirus is a genus of RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales containing five established species.

# HenipaVirus are naturally harboured by pteropia fruit bats (flying foxes) and microbats of several species.

# Henipavirus are characterized by long genomes and a wide host range.

# The recent emergence of as zoonotic pathogens capable of causing illness and death in domestic animals and human is a cause of concern.

What is Nord Stream 2?

# Nord stream 2 is an expansion of Russia's existing Nord Stream pipeline to Germany across the Baltic sea.

# It is expected to carry 110 billion cubic meter of natural gas per year to Europe where demand is set to rise.

# Ukraine id concerned as Nord Stream 2 and the planned Turk stream connection would eleminate Russia's energy's need to cross its territory potentially exposing the war-torn country to further military incursion by Moscow.

India placed on "Tier 2" in human trafficking report

The U.S State Department has released its 2019 Trafficking in persons (TIP) report, highlighting the need for action against domestic trafficking.

# In 77% of the cases, victims are trafficked within their own countries of residence, rather than across border.

# According to International Labour Organisation (ILO), victims of forced labour were typically exploited within their own countries whereas, victims of sex trafficking likely to trafficked across borders.

# The report categorises countries into three groups based on the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), enacted by U.S legislation in 2000.

# The Categorization is based on efforts to meet minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking.

# India is placed in Tier 2, the countries whose government do not fully meet the TVPA's minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.

# The recommendations for India include amending the definition of trafficking in section 370 of the penal code to "include forced labour trafficking and ensure that force, fraud or coercion and are not required to prove a child sex trafficking an offence" and to establish Anti-human Trafficking Units in all districts with funding and clear mandates.

Most Probable topics for UPSC IAS 2020 :21 June 2019

2019-06-21T11:52:00.001+05:30

WHO writes new prescription to prevent misuse of antibiotics

WHO estimates that more than 50% of antibiotics in many countries are used in appropriately for treatment of viruses,when they only treat bacterial infections or are the wrong choice of antibiotic, which contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

# The WHO issue new prescription - Rx : Keep it simple, to combat the growing menace of antibiotic abuse and burgeoning resistance world wide.

# It aims to increase the proportion of global consumption of antibiotics in the "Access" group to at least 60% and to reduce the use of antibiotics most at the risk of resistance.

# In India, Health Ministry has made it mandatory to display a 5 mm thick red vertical band on the packaging of the prescription - only drug to sensitive people to be cautious while buying these medicines that are widely sold without any prescription.

# WHO suggested the adoption of "Access, Watch and Reserve", that specifies which antibiotics to used for the most common and serious infections, which on is ought to be available at all time in the healthcare system and those that must be sparingly or reserved and used only as last resort.

Earliest signs of Parkinson's disease in brain finds by Scientists

Scientists reveals that they had found the earliest signs of Parkinson's disease in the brain years before patients showed any symptoms.

# It lead to better screening for at-risk people.

# The Disease is diagnosed by a build-up in the brain of a specific protein, a synuclein, the cause of which is unclear.

# The Serotonin system in the brain of Parkinson's sufferers started to malfunction well before other symptoms occurred.

# Serotonin function was an excellent marker for how advanced Parkinson's disease has become.

Cognitive miser

This refers to the theory of human behaviour which states that the human brain tries to expend the least amount of energy to solve the various problem that is encounter in daily life.

# According to theory, the human brain is similar to a miser who economises when it comes to expending money.

# Such tendency to conserve energy causes human being to arrive at simplistic, and often wrong , solution to issue that might actually require a sophisticated solution requires a significant amount of energy.

G20 agrees to tackle ocean plastic waste

A new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste on the global scale is adopted by the group of 20 Environmental Ministers on two day Ministerial meeting held in Japan.

# One of the top issues was Ocean plastic waste as images of plastic debris-strewn beaches and dead animals with stomach full of plastic have sparked outrage with many countries banning plastic bags outright.

# Japan offers to lead the world in reducing marine plastic trash, including developing biodegradable and other innovations.

# The new framework is aimed to facilitating further concrete action on marine waste, though on a voluntary basis, after the G20 Hamburg summit in Germany adopted the "G20 action plan on marine litter " in 2017.

# Under new framework, G20 members will promote a comprehensive approach to prevent the reduce plastic litter discharge to the oceans through various measures and international cooperation.

Bitcoin use causing huge CO2 emissions

The use of cryptocurrency Bitcoins emits 22 mega tonnes of carbon dioxide annually according to a study.

# For a Bitcoin transfer is to be executed and validated, a mathematical puzzle must be solved by an arbitrary computer in the global Bitcoin network, which anyone can join, rewards the puzzle solver in Bitcoin.

# The computing capacity used in this process is known as Bitcoin mining.

# Researchers in Germany, carried out most detailed calculation of the carbon footprint of the Bitcoin system to date.

Most Probable topic for UPSC IAS 2020 : 20 June 2019

2019-06-20T23:56:00.000+05:30

Cat-fox of Corsica may be a new species

In the forest of northern Corsica, a striped, tawny-coated animal, one of the 16 felines known as "cat-foxes" and thought to be a new species is revealed by two wildlife rangers.

They are wild natural species which are known but not scientifically identified because it's an extremely inconspicuous animal with nocturnal habits.

Carbon Quantum Dots developed from coal will help in Cancer Cell detection :

A team of scientists in Assam has developed a chemical process that turns dirty coal into biomedical dot to help detect cancer cell.

# The team has developed a method of producing Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) from cheap, abundant, low-quality and high sulphur coals.

# CQDs are carbon based nano-materials whose size is less than 10 nano meter.

# CQDs are used as diagnostic tools for bio-imaging, especially in detecting cancer cells, for chemical sensing and in opto-electronics.

# CQDs emits a bluish color with high stability, good-conductivity, low-toxicity, environmental friendliness, and good-optical properties.

# The study was published in the Journal of photo-chemistry and photo-biology.

# According to study, the source material is abundant, low quality Indian coal not directly suitable for thermal electrical production.

Rotten Kid Theorem

According to it, In the presence of parents who care equally about the welfare of all their children, even selfish children within the family may posses a strong incentive to be kind of their sibling.

# This theorem was proposed by American Economist Gary Becker in his 1974 paper, "A theory of social interactions".

# Any harm caused by the selfish children to the other children in the family will push the parents to allocate more wealth to the well-being of the other children and will in turn reduce the selfish child's own share of the family wealth.

Sinha panel for doubling cap on collateral-free loans to MSMEs

Eight member panel of Sinha committee submits report to RBI, suggesting, level to be raised to Rs. 20 lakh to boost fund requirement to the MSMEs sector.

# The RBI formed an "Expert Committee on micro, small and medium enterprises" under chairmanship of former SEBI chairman UK Sinha in January to suggest long term measure for economic and financial sustainability of MSMEs.

# The proposal is to provide the loan under the MUDRA scheme of the central government as working capital and term loans for business enterprises in manufacturing, trading, services and agricultural activities.

# Under the aegis of Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojna (PMMY), MUDRA has created three products : Sishu, Kishore and Tarun to signify the stage of growth, development and funding needs of the beneficiary micro unit/entrepreneur and also provide a reference point for the next phase of growth.

# Under the Sishu scheme, loan upto 50,000 will be offered, from 50000 to upto 5 lakh will be offered under Kishore scheme and and above 5 lakh and upto 10 lakh will be covered under Tarun scheme.

# The Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA) Bank finances the loans, which are offered through commercial banks and financial institutions.

# The state level performance is monitored by state level Banker Committee.

Dispute resolution panel for renewables coming

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has decided to set up a three member dispute resolution committee (DRC) to look into disputes beyond contractual agreement between solar and Wind Power Developers and Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) or state run power giant NTPC.

# This disputes resolution mechanism will cover all those project that would be implemented through or by SECI and NTPC.

the Hindu Analysis : 19 June 2019

2019-06-19T20:54:00.000+05:30

Heritage site status for Coringa mangrove likely

The Andhra Pradesh government has begun the process to get UNESCO's world Heritage Site status for Godavari Mangroves at Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, near Kakinda, touted to be the second largest mangrove in India.

The Environment, Forest, Science and Technology Department has constituted a seven-member committee for fulfillment of norms required for proposing it as a World Heritage Site.

Epistocracy

This refers to a form of political governance where the votes of people who are well informed about politics are weighed more heavily than the votes of the people who have very little political knowledge.

# The idea of epistocracy was first proposed by American Political Scientist Jason Brennan in his book Against Democracy.

# This is in contrast to democracy where everyone's vote is given the same weight despite the large differences in the political knowledge possessed by individual voters.

Tea Board, m-junction in pact for tea e-marketplace

The tea board has inked a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with m-junction limited for introducing a new e-marketplace for tea.

# The initiative is expected to improve cost-effectiveness and price discovery.

# The MoU is to design,develop, implement and maintain the e-auction platform at Jorhat, Assam and mjunction has been appointed as the system integrator.

# The platform is likely to initially handle about 200 million kg, which is grown in the vicinity of Jorhat.

# Through Assam grows the largest quantity of tea in India, it has only one auction centre and the process of production-to-payment takes over a month. mjunction plans to shorten this cycle with features like automated catalogue management.

Private Universities in U.P. to be governed by Umbrella Act

For setting up a private universities in Uttar Pradesh, an understanding that the university will not involve get involve in "anti-national activities of any sort" has to be submit.

# The universities would also have to submit that they would not allow such activities to take place on their on their on their premises or in the name of the University.

# under UPPUO (Uttar Pradesh Private Universities Ordinance), National Integration, Secularism, Social Harmony, International goodwill, Moral building, and Patriotism has been including among the objective of Universities.

# All Private Universities including 27 existing one, would come under the Umbrella Act.

# The Umbrella Act would override all the act as a "controlling body" to monitor and regulate the private universities.

# The new system like to bring uniformity to the fees structure, quality of education, implementation of the UGC guidelines.

# Minimum 75% of teachers appointed to the private universities would be permanent and not contractual and their quality would be monitored online.

# According to Umbrella act, a university in Urban areas should have a minimum space of 20 acres, while in urban areas, they should have 50 acres.

the HINDU ANALYSIS : 16 June 2019

2019-06-17T00:46:00.000+05:30

Eastern Himalayas : a treasure trove of Balsams, yields 20 new species -

Belonging to Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, these plants are highly sensitive to climate condition like extreme drought and extended exposure to sunlight.

# Between 2001 and 2019, Botanists and taxonomists working on impatiens - discovered 23 new species from the eastern Himalayas.

# Impatiens are a group of plants commonly known as Balsams or Jewel-weeds.

# Consisting of both annual and perennial herbs, balsams are succulent plants with high endemism.

# Due to their bright beautiful flowers, these group of plants are of prized horticultural significance.

# The details of new species, including several new records have been highlighted in the books, recently published by the Botanical Survey of India.

# Authored by Rajib Gogoi and Souravjyothi Borah and other BSI scientists, the book presents 83 new species, one variety, one naturalised species and two cultivated species of Balsams.

# Of the 83 species, 45 are from Arunachal Pradesh, 24 from the Sikkim and 16 species common to both the states.

# Other than high endemism, what sets Impatiens apart is their sensitivity to climate change.

# Most of the species of impatiens cannot endure persistent drought or extended exposure to direct sunlight.

NIT Rourkela : Converting fruit waste to ethanol

Marine bacteria isolated from Digha and Shankarpur waters were used.

# Researchers from the department of Biotechnology and Medical engineering at the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Rourkela, Odisha, have discovered a marine bacterial strain {Citrobacter Species}, isolated from the marine water near Digha and Shankarpur Seashore of West-Bengal that can produce ethanol directly from fruit waste.

# Ten strains were found to be highly tolerant to ethanol.

# The strains were tested to various waste materials including kitchen, paper, fruits, garden waste for their ability to produce ethanol.

# Of the ten ethanol resistant strain, a particular species - Citrobacter sp. E4 was found to directly covert fruit waste into ethanol directly without any pre-treatment.

# Under optimum temperature (33.2 C) and optimum pH (7.1), a maximum output of 0.30 g of ethanol obtained from 1 gm of fruit waste.

# It takes 24 hours to convert waste into ethanol.

# The species was further tested and found to be non-pathogenic and antibiotic resistant and ampicillin to name a few.

# Due to high sugar content, fruit waste was found to be the most favourable, whereas paper waste was the least favourable due to the presence of cellulosic substance.

Rings around Saturn

Analysing the data given by cassini probes during its last rendezvous with Saturn finds -

# Saturn has five small moons located in and around its rings.

# These accrete ring material and have distinct shapes.

# The rings are much younger than the planet, giving clues and placing constraints on models of how they are formed.

Origin Of Gold

# According to the new research from University of Guelph, Canada, heavy metals found on earth, such as gold and platinum, probably originated in supernova explosion .
# Challenging the earlier theories involving colliding blackholes or neutron stars, the study points towards the relatively rare collapsors, which are a heavy-element rich supernova explosion of stars about 30 times as massive as the sun.

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(B) PERSONALITY TEST – (100 marks):

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020 : 01 July 2019

Boost Your Preparation level for UPSC 2020

Q1) Which of the following statement correctly describe the term "GOES-16" seen in the news recently?

Q2) Consider the following statements related to the record of evidence of Deaf and Dumb Rape Victim

Which of the following statement(s) given above are correct?

Q3) Consider the following statement regarding to Photon therapy-

Which of the above given statement(s) are correct?

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020 : 02 July 2019

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020

Most Probable questions for IAS prelim 2020 : 30 June 2019

Boost Your Preparation level for UPSC 2020

Q1) Consider the following statement about "TRIFED".

Which of the following statement(s) given above are correct?

Q2) India's first "Substantial Development Goal" dashboard is launched by

Q3) Consider the following statement regarding the provision of National AYUSH Mission (NAM)

Which of the statement(s) given above are correct?

Most Probable questions for IAS prelim 2020 : 01 July 2019

Most Probable Questions for IAS 2020

Most Probable questions for IAS prelim 2020 : 28 June 2019

Boost Your Preparation level for UPSC 2020

Q1) Consider the following statements about Luni river -

Which of the following statements(s) given above is/are correct?

Q2) Consider the following statements about pro-tem speaker

Which of the following statement(s) given above is/are correct?

Q3) The Dantiwada dam and Sipu dam are built on which of the following river?

Q4) Which of the following correctly defines the Atal 1, Atal 2, Atal 3 and Atal 4 -

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Most Probable questions for IAS prelim 2020 : 30 June 2019

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पैरोल

Most Probable topics for UPSC Prelim 2020

Most Probable topics for UPSC IAS Prelim 2020 : 26 June 2019

"Impressive" tortoise discovered in Arunachal Pradesh

Disability pension will now be taxed

NITI Aayog's Health index : Second edition

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UPSC Prelim 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय: 25 जून 2019

कॉफी पीने से मोटापे से लड़ने में मदद मिल सकती है

शुक्राणु बाहरी स्थान में व्यवहार्यता बनाए रखता है

संयंत्र विरोधाभास आहार

आसियान ने समुद्र के कचरे से निपटने का संकल्प लिया

Most Probable topics for UPSC Prelim 2020

Most Probable topics for UPSC Prelim 2020 : 25 June 2019

Drinking Coffee may help fight obesity

Sperm retains viability in outer space

The plant paradox diet

ASEAN vows to tackle ocean waste

UPSC IAS 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय

UPSC IAS 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय: 24 जून 2019

लीची विष: सैकड़ों बच्चों की मौत का कारण

तीव्र एन्सेफलाइटिस सिंड्रोम

एन्सेफलाइटिस और हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी के बीच अंतर

अल्पपोषित बच्चों के लिए विष अधिक खतरनाक क्यों है?

विष कोमा और यहां तक ​​कि मौत का कारण कैसे बनता है?

हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी का उपचार

कुपोषित बच्चों के लिए लीची का विष खतरनाक क्यों है? यह हाइपोग्लाइकेमिक एन्सेफैलोपैथी की ओर कैसे ले जाता है?

UPSC Prelim 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय

UPSC Prelim 2020 के लिए सबसे संभावित विषय: 25 जून 2019

इबोला का इलाज निप्पा वायरस से भी बचाव कर सकता है

केरल में लड़ाई से लड़ने के लिए एक संघर्ष

म्यूटेशन जो एचआईवी से बचाता है, मृत्यु दर बढ़ाता है

अर्थव्यवस्था में बजट अधिकतम मॉडल

Most Probable topic for UPSC Prelim 2020

Most Probable topic for UPSC Prelim 2020 : 25 June 2019

An Ebola cure may also protect against Nipah Virus

A CAPSULE to fight quacks in Kerala

Mutation that Protects against HIV raises a death rate

Budget Maximizing model in economy

विष कोमा और यहां तक कि मौत का कारण कैसे बनता है?