Facty Universe - Amazing Facts About Our Universe | Space | Galaxies | Planets | Parallel Universe

MMRTG | Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator | Facty Universe

2021-03-01T15:25:00.002+05:30

For every space exploration program, there is a need of power source to supply electricity and heat for many instruments and systems in the spacecraft. For a successful, reliable and long lasting power supply, NASA scientists have created a power system known as RPS i.e. Radioisotope Power System which can produce electricity as well as heat for up to 15 years continuously.

Model of MMRTG including GPHS, Credit: Department of Energy / NASA

There are several types of RPS have been tested by NASA scientists till date for a safe, reliable and long lasting power supply and currently NASA is using MMRTG technology i.e. Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator. It was flexibly designed for working and operating within the atmosphere of a planet such as Mars as well as in vacuum such as in various spacecrafts. Rovers such as Curiosity and Perseverance equipped with MMRTG technology and spacecraft like Cassini, New Horizon, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are equipped with RPS and still providing power and sending data back to Earth even if they have reached outside of the Solar System. RPS system doesn't use power from Sun thus it can be and is being used for Deep Space Missions.

How does an MMRTG works?

MMRTG convert heat energy into electrical power, it consist of a heat source isotope (usually Plutonium-238) and a set of thermocouples. It works on the principle of Seebeck Effect that says that if two dissimilar, conductive material connected in a close circuit an the two junction points are being kept at different temperature (one is hot and another is cold) then it produces a potential difference between two junction and this device is known as thermoelectric couple or thermocouple.

It uses Plutonium isotope decay heat energy at one junction point of thermocouple and another junction kept in space or in atmosphere of having relatively low temperature, this temperature difference causes the production of electricity. MMRTG can produce approximately 110 watts of power at the launch and can run up to or more than 17 years, at the end of it's life it can maintain the power output of more 72 watts.

How much does an RTG cost?

It cost $109 million to manufacture an MMRTG as the Plutonium core itself being so costly around $5600 per kilogram and we are using around 5 kg of Plutonium in a single MMRTG unit, its safety and design is also complicated hence required a high amount of cost to cover the Plutonium core with various layers of Iridium metal cladding, graphite sleeves etc. to prevent the leak of radiation that can harm anyone.

Design and Safety of MMRTG

GPHS illustration
Credit: Department of Energy / NASA

MMRTG has dimensions of 25 inches (64 centimeters) in diameter and 26 inches (66 cm) tall and has 49 kilograms of weight that consist of 4.8 kilograms of Plutonium dioxide as fuel. While RPG/RPS never been a cause of either any type of spacecraft accident or death of an astronaut, it has been observed to perform well as according to it's design. Many layers of different safety features have been used to prevent the leak and release of isotope residue such as ceramic form of Plutonium dioxide, graphite sleeves, iridium metal cladding and a carbon fiber material that forms an aero shell (a kind of box) of eight GPHS (General Purpose Heat Source). GPHS generally protects MMRTG mechanism from accidental scenarios and impacts while reentry.

Technical Specifications

Credit: NASA / Department of Energy

Everything about Perseverance Rover | NASA 2020 Mars Mission | Perseverance Rover Mission Objectives | Facty Universe

2021-02-26T20:29:00.001+05:30

As we all know that NASA's Perseverance Rover have successfully landed on red planet Mars on 18 Feb 2021. It's a great achievement for NASA as well as humanity, but why for humanity... wait that's because of it's Mission objective. Perseverance Rover was launched on 30 July 2020, with the rocket Atlas V 541 from it's launch site Cape Canaveral.

Credit: NASA JPL

Objectives

Core objective of the Mars Mission is to find evidence for microbial life and water in the ancient past as the landing site of Perseverance rover i.e. 49 km wide Jezero Crater which is connected with various river channels with it's wall and is supposed to study rocks, sand and potentially organic carbon layer over there. Perseverance will also collect rock and sand samples for sending back on the Earth with the help of future NASA Mars missions, it was proposed to collect and package as many as 31 sample of rock cores and surface soil to be tested on the Earth in the future.

Perseverance will explore around Jezero crater for at least 1.5 years, after that it will be going for exploring another sites that is likely to be habitable in the ancient past, it will seek for the signs of habitable conditions for human as well as microbial life.

Credit: NASA JPL

Another amazing motive of the Perseverance rover is to test the technology for making a small amount of oxygen from the carbon dioxide present in Mars atmosphere, that's an amazing approach of scientists for helping a human being to survive in the Mars atmosphere that contains more than 96% of carbon dioxide. So we can say that Perseverance rover consist of a form of Oxygenator i.e. MOXIE with it that converts atmospheric carbon dioxide into pure oxygen.

Ingenuity Helicopter

Credit: NASA JPL

NASA wants to test it's powered flight technology in Mars extremely thin atmosphere so that it can continue with that technology in further future flight mission to Mars and other worlds. Thus, NASA designed the 1.8 Kg helicopter equipped with two counter rotating blades, 13 mega pixel camera (same can be found in smart phones), that can click colored picture. Ingenuity will deploy from the Perseverance deck and will perform five flights during its 30 days flight campaign, each flight will not take more than 90 seconds and will fly at an altitude of around 3-5 meters. The biggest challenge for successful flight of Ingenuity is that Mars atmosphere has 1% of density as of the Earth. While Ingenuity will fly at 3-5 meters altitude but it could potentially cover up to 50 meters per flight. It ahs an autonomous control system and will communicate with Perseverance automatically.

Instruments equipped with the Rover

Credit: NASA JPL

MASTCAM - Z is a type of mast-mounted camera system that has an ability to focus, zoom in and take pictures in 3D and can record videos at high speed, which helps in detailed examination of distant object.
MOXIE also known as Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization and will used to produce a little amount of oxygen from the atmospheric carbon dioxide
PIXL i.e. Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry, it consist of a X-ray spectrometer which help to observe an element on a very tiny scale.
RIMFAX which stands for Radar Imager for Mars Subsurface Experiment which is used to observe the ground under the rover.
SHERLOC also known as Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organic and Chemicals, it is mounted on rover's arm which used to search the traces of past microbial life on the Planet.
SuperCam which is used to examine the soil and rocks on the planet for the organic compound that can relate to microbial life in the ancient past of Mars.

To Be Continued...

Constellation | Origin and Facts | Astronomy Facts | Universe | Facty Universe

2021-02-26T10:43:00.000+05:30

Constellation credit- Astronomy Trek

Before knowing more about Constellation, we would first like to know about what does the word Constellation means and from where it is derived?

Constellation

The word Constellation comes from Latin term cōnstellātiō which means a 'set of stars'. The Constellation means the group of visible stars which forms a particular pattern which may be the shape of an animal, a person, object. The origin of the Constellation is from the ancient times when people used to relate them with their beliefs, myths, creation. some people used to relate to their culture. the shape of the Constellation changes after a long time later. In 1922, International Astronomical Union (IAU) accepted the total of '88' Constellation, these include 48 ancient Greek Constellation. These all constellations are not visible at a time from a particular point but can be viewed as their particular schedule.

Some facts about constellation

These constellations were firstly used by the farmers to know when it was right time to plant or harvest.
These constellations have been around from centuries as around as 4000 B.C.
Some of these constellations are categorized according to their location in the sky, 21 of them are Northern constellations.
There are 15 Southern constellations.
Astrology also has own set of 12 Zodiacalconstellations.
Not everyone can see all the constellations as it depends on where are in the world, and also the season play a role in the constellations to be seen.
The largest constellation is ‘Hydra’, which covers up about 3.16% of the sky.

Hydra Constellation credit- seasky

The smallest constellation is ‘Crux’, which covers up about 0.17% of the sky.

Crux Constellation credit-seasky

From these constellations name of 22 constellations start with C.

Is Betelgeuse going to Explode | Betelgeuse going to Supernova | Truth behind it | Alpha Orionis

2021-02-26T00:07:00.003+05:30

Credits: Britannica

Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star and 10th brightest star in the night sky, situated 548 lys away from the Sun in the Orion Constellation. Betelgeuse is one of the largest stars that can be seen through naked eyes in the night sky, if it was placed at the center of Solar System, it will engulf orbits of Mercury, Venus , Earth, Mars and possibly Jupiter also, as its surface will lie between Jupiter and Asteroid belt. If compared to Sun, its radius will be 764 times more than that of the Sun and its mass is approximately 11.6 times that of the Sun.

Having distinctive orange red color and position with Orion constellation it is easy to observe with naked eyes in the night sky, it is consider to be a single isolated runaway star that is not associated with any cluster or group of stars and its birth place is also undetermined.

FACTS

Betelgeuse was the first extra solar star to measured its photosphere angular size i.e. 0.042 to 0.056 arcsecond, this range determined it's non sphericity, pulsation and appearance varying at different wavelength.
Betelgeuse is covered with a complex envelop of star dust approximately 250 times larger than the Betelgeuse itself which is being caused by mass losses from the star itself.
An amazing fact about Betelgeuse is that it was started dimming from October 2019 and till mid-February 2020 it has been dimmed from a magnitude of 0.5 to 1.7, but when it comes to infrared observations it showed that the dimming was not because of change of luminosity of the star, it was just because of change in extinction, from 22 February 2020 it stopped dimming and began to brighten again. Now the main question comes, Is Betelgeuse going to explode or not? So the answer is when Betelgeuse starts dimming, scientists co-relate it with the process of a star going supernova that's exactly the same as it was happening with Betelgeuse i.e. the dimming of a star and again starts to brighten. So it is not going to explode right now but Betelgeuse is in final stage of its life, according to scientists it can go supernova in the next 100,000 years.
The accurate distance and size of the Betelgeuse has not been found till now, In 1920, the first interferometric observation assumed its parallax of 0.0180''. This predicts the distance of Betelgeuse from the Earth around 180 lys, it predicts not only inaccurate radius but every single property of the star. After the many calculations and observations Scientists can say the distance of Betelgeuse lies around 500-600 lys.

CONCLUSION

Betelgeuse is a very large luminous but cool star which comes under the category of M1-2 la-ab red supergiant star. Th e letter M designated to its spectral type which means it is having low photospheric temperature, the letter la-ab represents its luminosity class which means it is having an intermediate luminosity, but that's not the complete stuff about Betelgeuse, there is lots of thing about it and about the universe, to know about other interesting facts about our universe and to connect with us you can check into our Instagram page by clicking on the Instagram icon in the Social Plugins section.

Sirius | Brightest Star in the Night Sky | Binary Star System | Facty Universe

2020-10-18T08:07:00.009+05:30

CREDIT: SCOPE SOLAR SYSTEM MOBILE APP

Sirius is a binary star system situated 8.6 lys away from our Solar System and in the constellation Canis Major, it is also known as Alpha Canis Majoris or The Dog Star. Usually Sirius is the brightest known star in the night sky, The blue-white component of this star makes it 25.4 times more luminous than that of the Sun. As it is a Binary Star System, it consist of two stars i.e. Sirius A and Sirius B...

SIRIUS A

Sirius A is a main sequence star having radius 1.71 times that of the Sun, its mass is about 2.06 times that of the Sun and its Surface temperature is about 9940 K (9670℃) i.e. 4000 K higher than that of the Sun.

CREDIT: SCOPE SOLAR SYSTEM MOBILE APP

SIRIUS B

Sirius B is a white dwarf star having size more similar to that of the Sun with the radius of 0.0084 times that of the sun and the mass is about 1.02 times that of the Sun making it quite dense than the Sun, but the difference in temperature is far more, Sirius B is much hotter than the Sun as well as Sirius A having surface temperature 25.000 K (24,730℃).

CREDIT: SCOPE SOLAR SYSTEM MOBILE APP

FACTS

Sirius A and its companion star Sirius B revolve together with much more familiar way with a complete orbit of 50 years, both are separated with a distance 20 times more than that of the Earth from the Sun.

Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel was the first person to reported Sirius as a binary star system which has a companion star, and Sirius B became the first white dwarf star to be discovered in 1844. The companion star Sirius B was first seen in 1862 by an American astronomer Alvan Clark.

Sirius usually known as The Dog Star because of its existence in the the constellation Canis Major which is also known as The Great Dog. The belief was made by ancient Egyptians, that the heliacal rising (rising of a star just before the Sun) of Sirius causes the annual flood in the Nile river. they called those days The Dog Days.

They were aware of heliacal rising of Sirius occur in the period of every 365.25 days, which makes the position of Sirius relative to that of the Earth's night sky over a period of a solar year. Sirius was also known as Sothis by them and it was the most important common navigation in the Pacific.

Sirius constantly moving closer to the Sun, which will make it slightly brighter in coming 60,000 years, after that the distance will start to increase and it will become dim or faint. but Sirius will continue as the brightest star in the night sky over the period of next 2,10,000 years.

Unknown facts about Asteroids| Formation, Composition, Facts, Meteorites| Facty universe

2020-10-15T16:47:00.010+05:30

An Enthusiastic hello to everyone, here very interesting topic on which we are going to discuss about - ASTEROID, covering most of the aspects-

credit - nasa/jpl

What is Asteroids?

Asteroids are the rocky object which orbit the sun, and due to their small size they are not called as Planets. they may also be called as small or minor planets. there are a large number of asteroids present in our solar system in millions. mostly of them are found in the asteroid belt- which is the region between Mars and Jupiter, not only in the asteroid belt these also orbit the planets and some asteroids are having the same path with the planets. which increases the chances of hitting the planets.

credit - nasa/jpl

Birth of Asteroids

Asteroid took birth with the origin of our Solar system at the time of formation of planets around 4.6 billion years ago when a large amount dust and gas collapsed. when some of them are cooled down and become planets while rest of the small pieces remains as asteroids. Asteroid's are having very small size and as well as large.

Facts about Asteroids

Asteroids are not all round. they may have irregular shapes.
Asteroids size vary from a pebble size to as large as 1000's of KM diameter.
When asteroid gets enter into Earth's atmosphere. it is known as meteor and when it hits the ground it is known as meteorite.
Mostly Asteroids are made up of different types of rocks whereas some contains metals too like as- nickel and iron.

Meteorites according to their composition

Iron meteorites

Iron- 91%
nickel-8.5%
cobalt-0.6%

Rocky meteorites

Iron-26%
Silicon-18%
Magnesium-14%
Oxygen-6%
Aluminium-1.5%
Nickel-1.4%
Calcium-1.3%

credit- getty images

As of the large numbers of asteroids present so there are many asteroids which makes a flyby with our planet Earth. some of them are so close too which may cause hazardous for our Earth. Nasa and our scientists are a lot of years ahead of looking for the asteroids as they will hit or make a flyby with our planet. here we provided a lot of information about asteroids and there is a lot left too, we will cover it up in next posts, for regular notification follow us on Instagram and Facebook that you can see in Social Media Plugins and Share this article with your friends.

Himalayan Mountain growing taller at rate of 2.4 inches a Year | Reason behind it | Facty Universe

2020-10-14T08:38:00.000+05:30

An Enthusiastic hello to everyone, we all know that Himalayan mountain Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world but here we are going discuss whether it is growing higher or not, if yes than why? What could be the reason behind it?

©Pichugin Dmitry/Shutterstock.com

Before starting we need to understand one concept i.e. Mt. Everest isn't the tallest mountain in the world, Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain on the earth. There is a minute difference b/w tallest and highest mountain i.e.

The height of the highest mountain always measured from the sea level to its peak, as Mt. Everest became the highest mountain with the height of 8850 meters from the sea level.
The height of the tallest mountain always measured from its base to its peak, and Mauna Kea measured from top to its base i.e. below the sea level beats Everest by over 3/4 a mile of height.

Himalaya is a huge valley of mountains which is already much high, but what makes it further higher, if we talk about million's of years ago, the position of almost all the landmass on the earth continuously changing as a geological phenomena. India previously rammed into Asia in a cosmic amount of time period, and still it is pressing the Himalaya in the north direction. At that time, this consistent pressure and the pressure due to Tibet surface stretched 2900 km along the border b/w India and Eurasia and the plates b/w them squeezed into each other and formed a range of Himalayan mountains.

Formation of Himalaya

This formation of Himalaya was not an instant event, it was a process, more better if I say, it is a process because it is happening all the time and whatever we can see today in Himalaya is the result of stress b/w Indian and Tibet plates for more than 10 million years, till now it was growing gradually and after 30,000 years it will be grown over a mile.

These stresses producing in b/w plates of Asian mountains has been continuously released by Earth in the form of Earthquakes. Consequently, the collision is decreasing the rate of plate movement as the height of mountain increasing. There are lots of processes that is happening almost every time that we didn't notice or not even think about it. We will be back with another amazing stuff of facts, for regular notification follow us on Instagram and Facebook that you can see in Social Media Plugins and Share this article with your friends.

What will happen when we will be the Type 1 civilization? | Kardashev Scale | Types of Civilization | Facty Universe

2020-10-10T12:04:00.001+05:30

An Enthusiastic hello to everyone, we are now talking about some pleasant and soulful imagination i.e. far from our current world, today we are going to discuss what if we will be able to harness all the energy present on the earth i.e. from Wind, Sun, Water etc...

Credit: Gaia

The progress of technology we are having in the current scenario is depend upon the amount of energy we are able to harness and consume, because every innovation needs either to consume energy or to produce more energy, So we can say that the more energy we can produce, the more progress in technology we can get. Now suppose there is another intelligent civilization or life form in the universe like Human, the best way to differentiate them is on the basis of a Scale i.e. how much amount of energy the civilization can consume and that scale is known as Kardashev Scale.

Kardashev Scale is a scale on which civilizations can be divide into different types i.e.

Type 1 Civilization

Type 1 Civilization are those who can consume all the energy can be produce on a Planet like Earth, Mars and Jupiter. If we will be able to consume all the wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy and hydroelectric energy etc, then we will be promoted to Type 1 civilization.

What will happen when we will be the Type 1 Civilization?

We will be able to control earthquake and use its energy for fair use, we can control tsunami and use its hydro power. It will be drastically change in our environment, the biggest hurdle to make this scenario possible, according to me is the mindset of people to resist the change and the current technology we have is not enough to make it possible instantly. As we know that we are currently Type 0.72 civilization, thus it will take about 100-200 years to reach Type 1 civilization. Some projects are in the process which will help to reach Type 1 civilization such as ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) which work on the principle of reaction happening in the sun to make clean and possibly infinite energy.

Type 2 Civilization

When a civilization will be able to consume entire energy produce by a Star like Sun, then it is known as Type 2 civilization, where we can travel to anywhere in the entire solar system, we can go to any planet, we can colonize a planet like mars or even Venus. Some theories or ideas are there to collect the entire energy of Sun i.e. Dyson sphere, A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output. By reaching Type 2 civilization we can rule the Solar System.

Type 3 Civilization

Type 3 civilization is far away from us and possible in just our imagination, when a civilization will be able to consume entire energy produced by the whole galaxy. In our galaxy i.e. Milkyway galaxy there are more than 200 billion stars, and reaching Type 3 civilization means consuming entire energy energy of more than 200 billion Stars, that is far away from our reach currently.

Type 4 Civilization

When we will be able to consume the entire energy produced by our Universe, then it will be known as Type 4 civilization, by reaching this level we can compare ourselves with God.

Type 5 Civilization

When a civilization can consume energy of Multiverse then it comes in the category of type 5 civilization and further more these types can be classified on imaginable scale...

Conclusion

Let me tell you one thing, Kardashev scale is a logarithmic scale, which shows the growth of a civilization is not linear growth, it is an exponential growth. According to this fact, we can say that if it will take 100-200- years from now for reaching Type 1 then may be it will take only 300-500 years from now for reaching Type 2 civilization and next 1,000-1,200 years from now for reaching Type 3 civilization, but every achievement in future will be amazing and will help us to promoting human civilization to Type 2 Civilization

Asteroid 465824(2010 FR) approaching earth's orbit on 6 September 2020| Facty Universe

2020-09-01T22:05:00.001+05:30

An Enthusiastic hello to everyone, Again we are here with a latest update regarding the Asteroid which is heading towards Earth. But this time we are going to know about very upcoming asteroid.

Credit: Getty Images - Getty

465824(2010 FR) Asteroid approaching earth's orbit on 6 September 2020. This asteroid is having a huge size as the twice of size of Iconic Egyptian monument, pyramid of Giza. This celestial body is having size of 270 M wide and 886 Ft. tall. This massive asteroid is classified as Apollo asteroid as crosses the earth’s orbit, according to NASA.

This massive asteroid was first spotted 10 years ago and which was named as 465824(2010 FR). But this time, this giant celestial body is expected to collide with earth’s orbit on 6 September 2020 at around 15:30 IST.

However, asteroids like this are not harmful for our planet as there is a large distance between them and when they comes closer to earth due to gravitational pull, when they enters in the earth’s atmosphere, they got burnt but it must be smaller in size. Similarly, on 1 September 2020, An small asteroid was approaching earth which orbits the earth at a distance which is closer than moon to the earth. The asteroid 2011 ES4 is having distance of 1.2 Lakh KM from earth.

As we are going ahead in time, we are becoming more observing, hence we are encountering more and more cases about Asteroid approaching Earth, as we already know, 2018 VP1 Asteroid (6.5 Ft. diameter) is also going to approach us on 2 November 2020. which has been already described in our recent article, you can review it by clicking here 2018 VP1.

For more interesting updates and facts you can connect with us by subscribe our website and follow us on Instagram @factyuniverseofficial

2nd Nov. 2020 | Asteroid heading towards Earth having 0.41% chance of hitting Planet, NASA said | 2018VP1 Asteroid | Facty Universe

2020-08-23T20:16:00.001+05:30

An Enthusiastic hello to everyone, Again we are here with a latest update regarding the Asteroid which is heading towards Earth, as we earlier know that some days before in this week an asteroid named 2020QG has passed with the close contact with Earth. And now, another asteroid is moving close to Earth.

2018VP1 is heading towards Earth with 0.41 per cent chance of hitting the planet (NASA)

This asteroid was first identified at Palomar Observatory, California in 2018, and named as 2018VP1. At that time, it was not considered a hazardous object as it is having a small size of diameter 0.002 KM (6.5 Feet) and there was 0% chance of hitting the planet Earth, according to NASA. The Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS), from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said the celestial object, 2018VP1 is predicted to pass from near of Earth one day before The US Presidential Election on 02 November 2020. According to NASA’s data, the asteroid heading towards Earth is currently having 0.41 per cent chance of hitting the planet. It is assuming that if the chance of hitting the Earth increases then it may be possible that NASA may take some action for that scenario.

Although the Asteroids or Comets having small size may create a significant regional damage to that area, if they ever hit. As we know earlier this week, Asteroid 2020QG flew away just from 1830 miles from Earth and was observed by NASA after approx 6 hours of it close contact, if you didn't read our previous Article about Asteroid 2020QG you can easily read amazing information and fact about it by clicking here (Asteroid 2020QG).

This was the overall information is about 2018VP1 which has been known till now, if there will be more updates come in front of us (like, if chance of hitting the planet will increase), you can find the information by subscribe our website and on our instagram page

@factyuniverseofficial

ISRO and IISc Scientists Invented a Brick for Buildings on Moon | Space Brick | Facty Universe

2020-08-21T19:00:00.001+05:30

An Enthusiastic hello to everyone, and yes its quite interesting to come up with a new and mind blowing fact that ISRO and IISc Scientists have successfully made an Space Brick which will use for buildings on moon in the process of Colonizing the Moon.

credit: thebetterindia.com

But why couldn't we use the normal brick as we use in our houses on Earth..? Actually, it's impossible to use those bricks for colonizing the moon because the structure and it's composition didn't allow us to do it. The process of making Space Brick uses Urea and Lunar Soil as main constituent or raw material. This process is known as Biomineralization in which a bacteria from the source of Urine reacts with lunar soil in a very precise conditions then it acts as a brick.

As we normally use concrete on earth, we also can't use it on moon as we all know and aware to the fact that without oxygen all the concrete looses its adhesive property and comes in powder form. On moon there is no oxygen, thus we can't use concrete on it. The speciality of the process Biominerelization is that it is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues. Such tissues are called mineralized tissues, and these tissues mixed with lunar soil makes a strong bond and capable of bearing a heavy load conditions and lunar soil provide it a favourable condition so that it can exist in the similar environment for which it is made i.e. lunar surface and it's atmosphere.

While testing the brick, it found that it can work in zero gravity condition but in spite of it there are so many unfavourable and different working conditions as it is on earth and those tests have to be done in some period of time, we will update that information on the website and on our Instagram page. To get notification of the update subscribe our website and follow us on Instagram - @factyuniverseofficial

What is a Black Hole | What are the known types of Black Hole | Facty Universe

2020-08-10T20:08:00.006+05:30

Image Credit : New Atlas

What is a Black Hole?

Black holes are among the most unique, divine and controversial objects present in outer space. A black hole is believed to be a region or place of space-time where the pull of gravity is so much that neither minute particles nor the electromagnetic radiation such as light can pass through it. People can't see black holes because no light can either go in or come out of it. So,they are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools allow us to find black holes. These special tools can identify stars that are very close to a black hole and recognize the difference in their behavior than other stars. The gravitational pull of a black hole is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space, and it happens when a star is dying. The boundary of the black hole from which no escape is possible is known as the event horizon of black hole. As it reflects no light it is sometimes believed to be an ideal black body.

Conventionally, a black hole is formed by the gravitational collapse of heavy objects such as stars, but they can also in theory be formed by other processes too.

Black holes can either be big or small. The smallest black hole could be as small as just one atom, these black holes are very tiny but can have the mass of a large mountain, as mass is the amount of matter (or stuff) present in an object. The bigger ones could possibly have mass up to 20 times more than the mass of the Earth or even more than that.

What are the known types of a Black Hole?

Currently, there are three types of black holes viz., Stellar black holes, Intermediate black holes, and Supermassive black holes. Now, stellar black holes are extremely dense and smaller in size as compared to others, whereas intermediate black holes are medium-sized ones , and supermassive black holes can be billions of times more massive than the Sun and are thought to be a compilation of many smaller black holes.

Stellar black holes

When a star is dying or in its last stage of decaying, the object may collapse or fall into itself. For smaller stars (having mass about three times that of the sun's mass), a neutron star or a white dwarf will become the new core to it. Similarly, when collapse of a comparatively large star takes place, it continues to compress and creates a Stellar black hole, which is incredibly dense. These objects pack more than three times the mass of the sun into the diameter of a city which directly leads to a crazy amount of gravitational force pulling on objects around the black hole. They also consume the dust and gas from their surrounding galaxies, which keeps them growing in size all the way long.

Intermediate black holes

In the past it was believed that black holes are present in only small and large sizes, but later on numerous researches have revealed that possibility of existence of midsize or intermediate black holes is also there. These are formed when stars in a cluster collides in a chain reaction. Numerous of these black holes forming in a particular region together could then eventually fall together in the center of a galaxy and can give rise to a supermassive black hole.

Supermassive black holes

It is true that small black holes populate the universe, but their considered cousins, supermassive black holes still dominate the universe. These gigantic black holes are millions or even billions times as massive as the sun, but are believed to be about the same size in diameter. Once these giants are formed they gather dust and gas around them, which is available in abundance in the center of galaxies, allowing them to grow to an even more massive size. Supermassive black holes may be the result of hundreds or thousands of tiny black holes that merge together, Large gas clouds could also be responsible which collapsed together. But the collapse of a stellar cluster, a group of stars all falling together, is considered to be more common. They could also be formed from large clusters of dark matter, we still are unable to figure out what dark matter is exactly composed of because it does not emit light and cannot be directly observed.

Coming to the end, there are thousands of stellar black holes present in our own galaxy (Milky Way galaxy). Milky Way also have its own supermassive black hole at its center known as Sagittarius A having mass four times more than that of our Sun. And, that about existence of intermediate black holes is confirmed, but their evidence is so far debatable.

How Long The Sun will shine | Life Span Of Sun | Facty Universe

2020-08-03T11:28:00.002+05:30

Credit : NASA

The Sun has been shining since 4.6 Billion years, as we already know.

But for knowing that how long will it shine?

We should keep an eye on how the formation of Sun took place.

During the time of formation of solar system, our solar system and Sun formed from giant rotating clouds of gas and dust. As these all got collected and due to gravity it collapsed and started to spin faster and then mostly gas collected to its centre.

And the Sun was formed and it mostly contains hydrogen so, there is excessive pressure and temperature at the centre. And hence it produces a huge amount of energy in the form of heat which is breaking down hydrogen into helium.

But, we want to know about the life span of Sun…

So from the above process we got that:

If the whole amount of hydrogen gets finished then, it will be the end of Sun.

Yes, it is correct that if hydrogen is finished then the Sun will reach to its end.

But as the hydrogen is burning along with it the size of Sun is also expanding day by day. As the Sun gets bigger, and it will became a red giant. The red giant will be as large as it will pull mercury and Venus and may be earth.

So according to this, we can say that life span of our planet earth is 1 billion years left.

And if we talk about Sun, the Sun has completed its half of the life. Sun has approx 6 billion years more.

What is The Bishop Ring?

2020-07-25T18:53:00.002+05:30

The Bishop Ring- Ring shaped rotating habitat

Image from: Steve Bowers

Have you ever thought of living in a ring-like habitat ? What would it be like to be farther from the Sun or near the Asteroid belt? In the Information Age, Forrest Bishop of the Institute of Atomic-Scale Engineering proposed a ring-like hypothetical rotating, open ended space habitat which is named after him only, the Bishop Ring.

The model of the habitat proposed by Forrest Bishop was 1000 km in radius and about 500 km in width, and is smaller in size when compared to the Niven Ring. Another dimensions would also be possible for this habitat. This giant rotating orbital habitat meant to be built of woven diamondoid or bucky fibre cable.

The size of rotating habitats could be increased if these carbon nanotube buy fibre cables could be rapidly manufactured by the means of nanofacturing techniques. The largest rotating habitats possible to be made using these cables can be equal to or even more than India or Argentina in respect of radius, depending on the mass of landscape included. Keeping the safety measures in mind these rings are kept smaller. The habitat orbits about a star or planet instead of being centered around a star, resulting in much smaller diameter. Artificial gravity is created (or produced) by the spinning movement of the rings, using centrifugal force, and would not need to be enclosed similarly as other spinning space habitats. The habitat could be built without a roof, with the atmosphere retained by artificial gravity and atmosphere retention walls approximately 200 km in height. A natural night and day cycle could be achieved by tilting its orbit , or illumination could be achieved using mirrors or an artificial sun at its center, and to reflect sunlight onto the inner rim, the orientation of the habitat with its axis of rotation would be perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, with either an arrangement of mirrors or an artificial light source in the middle, powered by solar panels on the outer rim and also solar power satellites. For the placement of the habitat in the space Forrest Bishop considered a possible positions, viz., much more distant Sun-Earth, positions closer to the sun, and positions in the asteroid belt or beyond it were also considered.

10 Extraordinary, Surprising and Amazing Facts about the Universe and Space that will Blow Your Mind

2020-06-03T00:30:00.002+05:30

In 2016, Scientists found a Radio Signal from a Source 5 billion light years away from Earth
Yes, Scientists found that Radio Wave signal 5 billion light years away from earth, which means when the signal was being transmitted, Earth itself didn't exist because it take 5 billion years to reach the light from that part of the universe to the Earth, So it's obvious that it was transmitted before 5 billion year and before Earth formed, it's quite interesting because the signal might be transmitting by someone or something...

We are Looking into Past almost Every Time
Credit-: NASA
Actually, It's true... Whatever you can see is because light rays are striking to your eyes from the object you are looking at, due to light has some speed so it take some time to reach your eyes from the object. for e.g. It takes 8 minutes 34 seconds to light to reach Earth from the Sun, so the sun we are looking at is from past 8 min 34 sec, if suddenly sun will blast off, we can see it's blast after 8 min, another example is when you see yourself in mirror, you are looking at yourself from past 10 nano seconds because it takes approx 10 nano sec to light to reach your eyes from the mirror..

Scientists are Successfully Growing Plants in Space

Credit-: NASA
Space is an environment which is not suitable for growing plants, Yes but Scientist are growing plants in ISS by giving it a habitable environment and the project named as Veggie. It takes lots of light to grow a plant with proper strength in the absence of gravity or in micro gravity with the help of LEDs.

Mercury has only 1.5 days in a Year and Venus has 2 days in a Year
It's quite Curious to know, but it's quite obvious also because Mercury and Venus are the closest Planets to Sun, and, have such a slow rotation around it's axis that it takes 1,5 rotation (days) and approx 2 rotation (days) in a complete revolution (year) around the sun for Mercury and Venus respectively...

Scientists Discover an Star older than the Universe itself

Credit-: NASA
Hubble Space Telescope found the Methuselah Star, technically HD 140283, is being predicted 14.5 billion years old where as the Universe itself is 13.8 billion years old, It is such a mind blowing and amazing thought that a star can exist before the Universe...

The Size/Diameter of Pluto is far less than Australia
Credit-: https://www.instagram.com/youngspaace/

When I saw this image, it surprises me the most, Many of us might be thinking many times that why Pluto is not in the category of planets now, and the reason is, its size as well as its orbiting position, Pluto is smaller than the size of Austrailia...

Jupiter is saving Earth from Asteroids since millions of Years

Jupiter is the largest and heaviest object other than the Sun in our Solar System, Thousands of Asteroids are orbiting around the Sun, which can strike to earth but Jupiter's gravity doesn't allowed them to come towards Earth, hundred's of Asteroids are struck in Jupiter's L4 and L5 Lagrange Point, whoever don't know the concept of lagrange orbit or point click here to know, and prefer the image and the animation to understand the concept...

No Planet is Orbiting the Sun in our Solar System
Credit-: NASA

Actually, Planets as well as Sun are orbiting a point in space called Bary Center, which can be define as the point in space where the center of mass of two or more object orbiting each other. The mass of all the planets are negligible in front of Sun, and the position of orbiting the every object in the solar system is in such a way, So that the barycenter of the sun and the planets are in the sun's radius, so the Sun itself is orbiting the point which is located inside itself...

It can take 100,000 Years to get a Photon from Core of the Sun to its Surface
when a atom releases a Photon in core of the sun, it scatter photon to a random direction and the reaction is going continuously at very high speed, it simply strike it in random direction continuously and you can imagine how fast it will be so that it takes tens of thousand year to come out from core to the surface of the sun...

We can never look at the Far Side of Moon even it is Orbiting the Earth
Credit-: NASA
Do you ever notice that the image of Moon we see in the night sky are always of the same side of Moon, this is because the duration of one rotation of Moon or 1 day of moon is equal to the duration of it's Revolution around the Earth. So, it rotates in such a synchronous way with it's revolution around the Earth, so that we are only able to see it's one side...

Colonization of Mars | Artificial Magnetic Field / Shield for Mars

2020-05-13T13:38:00.006+05:30

For many years scientists are facing the challenges that may come in front of us while colonizing Mars, one of them, a major challenge that may come into scene is that Mars doesn't have its Magnetic Field as earth and many planet have. Thus, Solar Radiation is striking the Mars crust directly by tearing its atmosphere, Now the Question is ...

How can any person be alive in presence of such a heavy radiation..? And the solution is..

ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC FIELD

An Enthusiastic Hello to everyone, Today we are going to discuss how can we create a Magnetic Field for a Planet artificially. For creating artificial magnetic field for mars, we must have to understand two concepts i.e.

Electromagnet
Lagrange Orbit or Lagrange Point

Electromagnet-: By assuming that we all are science geeks, I suppose we all have enough knowledge about Electromagnets and Working of Electromagnets, but here we don't need just a simple Electromagnet, we need to renovate it by just changing two things from simple electromagnet i.e.

We have to make it as big and huge so that it can produce a magnetic field which can cover the area as big as a planet (or say, the planet Mars).
Another thing is that, the design of electromagnet should be suitable for solar panel attached to it as a Power Source.

This would make the design a little bit complex but by applying these changes we have now created an electromagnet for use as a Satellite in the space.

Lagrange Point or Lagrange Orbit-: This concept is for those who suppose themselves a real physicist, so for understanding Lagrange point again we must need to understand two concepts-:

Orbiting speed at different distances from the sun.
Equilibrium condition for gravity between two bodies in the space.

Orbiting Speed at different distances from the Sun-: The closer any planet to Sun, faster it is revolving around the Sun (or say, orbiting the sun), which means any object or satellite orbiting the sun will be slowing down as it increases the distance from the sun till it approaches apogee and increasing its speed as it moves closer to sun till it approaches perigee.

(note-: Every place I mention the term 'Speed' , its about Angular speed).

Equilibrium condition for gravity between two bodies in the space-: Imagine, a sun and a mars in the space at a particular distance as shown in following figure...

Sun is bigger than the mars in size, correspondingly, the value of gravity is more for the Sun than the Mars, sun's gravity covers large distance than the mars as shown in figure...

I took four points A,B,C, and D throughout the distance between sun and mars, so what do you think, if we put four satellites at each points, what would be direction of motion of each satellite, have a look on the figure...

At point A, i.e. closest to the sun, probably you would say that sun's gravity is higher at this point, so the satellite fall towards sun.

At point B, i.e. also closer to the sun, as we can see in the figure, it also lies in the sun's gravity field lines, So, probably we can say that it will also fall towards the sun.

At point D, i.e. closest to mars, here the affect of mars gravity is more than the sun, so the satellite will fall towards mars.

If we talk about point C, at this point both object's gravity will be, we can say, in Equilibrium or Balanced. at this point, any object feels the equal pull from the both side.

We can easily understood it by example of balancing a stick on our finger, when we try to balance a stick with our finger we have to adjust it so that weight of stick can be balanced from both side of your finger, the same is happening here at point C force of gravity is balanced...

However, this point is closer to sun then the mars but if we put a satellite here it will move at the same angular speed as the mars, it will not orbit the sun faster than mars as we have discuss above about Orbiting Speed. Thus the satellite at this point will just stick to its place.

Credit-: NASA

There are five different locations or points in the space where the gravity is in equilibrium or balanced, for any combinations of two objects (one should be orbiting the other like Sun and Earth, Sun and Jupiter, Earth and Moon etc). These points are known as Lagrange Points.

Lagrange Point may be define as the point in space where the combination of gravitational forces of two large bodies equalize the centrifugal force felt by third much smaller body.

There are five different Lagrange points named L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. Point L1, L2, and L3 are unstable points and located in straight line made by two large bodies, where L1 is in between two bodies, L2 is behind the smaller body(mars) and L3 is behind large body(sun).

L4 and L5 are stable point and located at the point which makes an equilateral triangle with the two bodies where L4 is leading the orbit and L5 is lagging the orbit.

Our main purpose is using L1 point. Although it is an unstable orbit, So if we put a satellite in L1 point it will move out from it after some time, So we have to give a thrust in a pattern of time to adjust it's position.

Now, suppose if we put that Electromagnetic Satellite in L1 Lagrange point, it will create a huge Magnetic field between the Sun and Mars that will cover the whole planet and work as a shield to protect mars from solar radiation, just like in the following image.

Credit-: NASA

This is how we can create an Artificial Magnetic Field for Mars. Share your thoughts on the topic in Comment box, Must Subscribe us to know about more interesting topics, and most important if you have a friend who is also a science geek, must Share it with him/her...

Can We Predict the Future (WITH EXPLANATION) | Facts that we don't know

2020-01-20T17:56:00.002+05:30

What if we will be able to see our future..? Is this possible to predict the future..? An Enthusiastic Hello to everyone.. And here we are presenting some scientific facts with the reference of the Book Brief Answers To The Big Question by Stephen Hawking...

Birth of the Thought:

A Scientist, Pierre Simon Laplace proposed that all the events that are being happend in the present are depend on what have been done in past (for e.g. once universe created then galaxies created, solar system created then our planet earth, asteroids strikes the earth that gave birth to the moon which controls the uniform rotation of earth, formation of water on earth. these factors helps to give life on our planet. But just suppose, if that asteroid did not strike earth or if there would be no formation of the solar system, there would be no human life), which means every thing and every event is being predefined on behalf of the past events.

And then, Laplace proposed that if we can determine the speed and position of every particle of this universe then we would be able to calculate the behaviour of those particles at any other time i.e. future as well as past.

So, What is the problem? Why are we not able to predict the future till now?

Here are two main reasons:

1st Reason:

Complexity of Equation: There's a property called Chaos, that may be defined as a tiny disturbance at one place can cause a major change in another place (for e.g. cutting a tree in India can cause the New York city to covered in flooded water). The main problem is, these event are not repeatable, because there are various factors which does not allow to repeat the previous event accurately, like temperature, timing, place, season, position of sun, and 1000's of different parameters.

if we try to make the exact situation again, with at least 1000 varying parameters, there would be 4.0238726e + 2567 possible events that is equal to:

402387260077093773543702433923003985719374864210714632543799910429938512398629020592044208486969404800479988610197196058631666872994808558901323829669944590997424504087073759918823627727188732519779505950995276120874975462497043601418278094646496291056393887437886487337119181045825783647849977012476632889835955735432513185323958463075557409114262417474349347553428646576611667797396668820291207379143853719588249808126867838374559731746136085379534524221586593201928090878297308431392844403....

Now, the previously happend event may be one of these possible events, so can you choose one event from 4.02..e + 2567 events,
this complexity of equation resist us to predict the future accurately.

2nd Reason:

Uncertainity Principle: This reason is quite more convincing, to find the position of a particle, light must have to strike on it, but we can't throw such a small amount of light on a particle, we must have to use a quantum, that will disturb the particle and change in speed.
If we want to find position accurately, we must have to use short wavelength light like UV rays, X-rays and Gamma rays, again that will energize the particle and change the speed in such an unpredictable way.
So, If we find the position of particle more accurately, we will not be able to calculate the speed of particle accurately and vice-versa and this principle is known as Uncertainity Principle.

Conclusion:

So, The Conclusion is YES as well as NO

According to Principles, The Laws of Physics allows us to predict the future, but in practice, calculation is very difficult with current technology.

Thankyou for reading... Here's a good news... We are coming with more exciting topics that will blow your mind so subscribe us with email, And give us your views in comments, we will be happy to discuss more with you...