FISH CULTURE

PRINCIPLES OF POND FISH CULTURE

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Fri, 08 Oct 2010 18:12:20 PDT

PRINCIPLES OF POND FISH CULTURE

1. Fish are dependent for food directly or indirectly on plants.

2. The weight of fish which can be produced in natural waters is dependent upon the ability of the water to raise the plants. We could increase production by adding plant organic matter produced elsewhere.

3. The ability of water to produce plants is dependent upon sunshine, temperature, CO2, Mineral from soil or rocks, nitrogen (NO3- and NH4-) , O2 and water.

4. The Natural fertility of the water is dependent on the fertility of the soil in pond bottom and watershed.

5. Fertlity of water can be increased by adding inorganic fertilizers.

6. After adding all essential minerals and all available nitrogen, the next limiting factor is CO2. This compound can be increased by adding organic matter followed by liming (Ca, Mg).

7. The next limiting factor in fish production, after mineral and CO2 are provided, is oxygen demand of all living and dead organisms in the water. This can be supplied by running water rich in oxygen or pumping water from the bottom and aerate it. If oxygen in the water falls below 1.0 ppm, fish die. One ppm oxygen is enough for fish in resting condition, but for active fish, 3.0 ppm is needed.

8. Microscopic plants (planktonic algae) are the principal food producing plants for fishes.

9. Microscopic plants are the most desirable, because : (a) short life cycle, (b) mobility, (c) more nutritious, and (d) small size.

10. Rooted plants are less desirable, because: (a) long life, (b) immobility, (c) less nutritious, (d) large size, and (e) shading effect.

11. a. The more fertile the water the heavier the plankton concetration becomes, the more shallow becomes light penetration and photosynthesis. b. Heavy plankton concetration in top water causes shallow stratification and low oxygen or none in deeper water. Strong wind, or heavy cold rain causes overtum, causing trouble to the fish. Water with no oxygen spread too fast and could kill the fish. Heavy plankton can be killed by the use of CuSO4. Light can penetrate deeper, so does the production of oxygen. c. the deeper the fertile lake or pond (heavy plankton) the higher the precentage of the total volume of water deficient of oxygen during period of stratification.

12. Rooted plants are desitable, in part, in waters of low fertility, because : (1) Oxygenate deep water as far down and light penetrates, (2) draw nutrients from pond bottom soil, (3) prevent marginal erosion, (4) provide surface for food organisms, and (5) provide food for fish derectly or indirectly.

13. The longer the food chain from plant to fish the lower the production of fish obtained. The conversion rate from: Plant to fish = 5 – 10 Plant to insect = 5 – 10 Insect to fish = 3 – 10 fish to fish = 2 – 5

14. At a given level of fertility the fish production is constant for a particular species and a certain rate of stocking. The total pound/acre is dependent upon the number of fish present and the size harvested. Small fish produce high number of lbs/acre, and large ones produce small number of lbs/acre.

15. For short period of time we can regulate number ( and final size) by the number stocked. This can be done by frequent draining before the fish are old enough to spawn. For non spawner there would be no difficulity. Mortality rate can be up to 20 percent a year.

16. For long period of time the number of fish and sizes must be controlled by biological methods such as: 1. Repression - prevents reproduction, e.g. carp. 2. Predation - method of controlling the number of young fish. 3. Starvation - this could lead to weakning of fish, thus vulnerable to disease and parasites. 4. Limited spawing area

17. The greatest total weight to any one forage species (for short periode of time for piscivorous fish) can be produced in waters containing only that species.

18. The greatest total weight of fish can be produced by combination of forage fish differing in feeding habits.

19. The presence of piscivorous species decreases the total weight or fish, decreases the number of fish, but increases the average size.

20. The rate of feeding required to maintain a fish is less than the rate required for growth.

21. The amount of food required to maintain one-pound fish for one year is equal to the feed required to raise the fish to one pound.

22. A population of fish at a given level of food abundance will tend to expand until harvestable food equals the amount required for maintenance.

23. Feeding at maintenance is uneconomical for extended periods. Feeding to satiety is uneconomical too. Econimical feeding rate varies with the size of fish.

24. Economical feeding rate per acre is limited by the eficiency of the ecological system in waste disposal and reoxygenation.

25. High quality feeds must contain in proper proportion; protein for building fish flesh carbohydrate and fat for energy, minerals for contruction and regulation, and vitamins for regulation of life processes.

26. Quality of feed influences (a) the amount of waste, (b) health of fish, and (c) rate of growth.

27. By increasing feeding rate the stocking rate of fish can be increased. This could increase the incidence of parasites and diseases.

28. Within limits regulation of feeding rates can replace predation in obtaining a high percentage of harvestable fish.

29. Rates of growth of fish vary widely and are dependent upon : (a) their ability to grow, (b) the quality of feed, (c) space – waste disposal system, (d) temperature, (e) the amount of feed per individual.

30. Minimum age at spawning is dependent upon rate of growth.

H.S. SWINGLE Auburn University

Betta fish can prevent dengue fever

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Mon, 02 Jan 2012 15:29:01 PST

Betta fish can prevent dengue fever

Dengue fever caused by mosquitoes, can be prevented by way betta fish betta fish isavailable in bottles we input into the tub.

in the bath betta fish will eat mosquito larva. then after 2-3 days betta fish is removed andinserted back into the bottle. then inserted back into the bathtub and so on.

this is an effective way to combat / prevent dengue fever. when compared with thefumigation may only kill the mosquitoes alone but eggs and larvae of mosquitoes in the water does not come off

SHRIMP LOBSTER FOR HEALTH BENEFITS

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 08:49:36 PST

SHRIMP LOBSTER FOR HEALTH BENEFITS

1. protein
Lobster is a very good source of protein. Protein is important for our bodies for energyproduction and stabilization of blood sugar. It also helps you lose weight. Lobster higherprotein content than chicken and beef, while its lower calorie than meat, chicken and beef.

2. Omega-3 fatty acids
Lobster meat contains omega-3 fatty acids in high amounts. Omega-3 fatty acidsimportant for preventing heart disease and maintaining heart health. It has been proventhat people who are at high risk for heart problems, benefit from the lobster becauseomega-3 content in it.

3. Helps you lose weight
Lobster is an excellent food choice for people who want to change your lifestyle, andmaking it healthier and better. Lobster is very low fat, low calorie and low cholesterol, but still provide the necessary nutrients.

4. Lobster meat contains, vitamins, zinc, potassium, vitamin B12 and selenium. All that is very important for health. The content in the lobster seg can increase vitality, libidobecomes more powerful and durable as well as increase stamina.
5. Eating lobster meat as well as consume multi-vitamin tablets or health supplements.
So if the lobster is good for health? Answer YES. Just remember one thing, the taking of any kind, all of them do not overdo it. For everything that excess or deficiency is not a goodresult.
Sumber : Warta PasarIkan Edisi November 2010, volume 87

VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS CONTAINING SUBSTANCEDYES

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 06:48:13 PDT

VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS CONTAINING SUBSTANCEDYES

The use of dyes as additives in foods aimed at giving the impression of attractive, uniformcolor and improve fishing.

Dyes there are 3 (three), namely: natural dyes, which is identical with natural dyes andsynthetic dyes.

Dyes commonly used in fishery products are synthetic dyes such as Rhodamin B, Wantex,ponceau 3 R and c mettanyl yellow which actually used to dye textiles and paints. Thesedyes are not allowed for human consumption (No. Permenkes. 239 of 1985) because they contain heavy metals and are thought to cause cancer.

The dye is banned: Rhodamin B, c methanyl yellow, orange RN, erythrosine, tatrazine,yellow FCF, Brilliant Blue, Ponceau 4 R, etc..

The dye is allowed: Auromino etc.. Dye substances on health effects: When consumingproducts containing banned dye which can lead to: - Bladder Cancer - Liver damage / livercancer - Damage to the eyes / nearsightedness

Visual characteristics of fishery products (shellfish stew) containing borax: - The appearance is clean, bright and attractive colors red / bright yellow uniform

Sources: Tabloid Akuamina Issue 4 Year I, 22 December 2010-4 January 2011

requirements in the cultivation of freshwater fish

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Sun, 18 Sep 2011 08:12:26 PDT

requirements in the cultivation of freshwater fish

In cultivating fish in the pool or pond there are some requirements that need to be known, including among others:

1. Water Sources
In the selection of places to fish farming need to pay attention to water resources. These water sources must be sufficient and adequate. These water sources can come from rivers, irrigation flow, as well as springs. water source available throughout the year as far as possible with adequate discharge. one example in a goldfish requires a water supply with a debit 10-16 liters / sec / ha.

2. Soil type and slope
in building a pool should pay attention to soil type and slope. ponds are built should have a clay type of soil or sandy loam (sandy clay) so it is not porous. The slope of the land used for fish culture should have a slope of 50-10 degrees and water conditions will thus facilitate the drainage of water by gravity.

3. Water Quality
Water used for fish farming must meet the required quality. water used is not harmful, do not contain harmful toxins and can grow natural food.
general water quality parameters for doing a good fish farming are:
a. Temperature: 25-30 degrees Celsius
b. Water pH: 6.5 to 8.5
c. DO (dissolved oxygen): at least 3 ppm
d. Levels of Ammonia (NH3): maximum 0.5 ppm

4. Far from waste disposal sites
locations used for fish farming should be far from industrial waste and household waste from

Shrimp Disease: Disease Yellowhead

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 09:50:44 PDT

Shrimp Disease: Disease Yellowhead

Cause: Yellow Head Virus (YHD), corona-like RNA virus (genus Okavirus, family Ronaviridae and the order Nidovirales)

Bio - Ecology of Pathogens:
• Krustase sensitive to infection with this virus include: Penaeus monodon, P. merguensis, P. semisulcatus, Metapenaeus ensis, Litopenaeus vannamei, etc..
• Shrimp black tiger shrimp is a very sensitive species, in acute cases can result in the death of up to 100% within 3.5 days since the first clinical symptoms appear.
• Transmission occurs horizontally through the water shrimp or cannibalism to feed a sick or infected.
• Post larvae (PL) shrimp aged <15 days relative resisters against infection with this virus compared with 20-25 days old PL or juveniles.
• The molecular (DNA sequencing) from products of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of yellow head virus have similarities to the gill-associated virus (Gav), although different species or strains.

Clinical Symptoms
• Juvenil measuring between 5-15 grams of shrimp have a high appetite (abnormal) for several days, for the next stop (reject) eat all of a sudden.
• About 3 days after refusing to eat, began mass death
• Shrimp are dying gathered near the water surface or to the side of the pond dike / embankment
• Gills are white, yellow or brown
• yellowish cephalothorax, while other body parts pale

This disease can cause mass death within 2-4 days

Diagnosis:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Control:
• Use the fries are really free YHV / SPF
• Maintain the health status of shrimp in order to always prime through feeding the right amount and quality
• Maintain the environmental quality of cultivation so as not to cause stress for shrimp

• Perform harvesting in the pond / pool at the time of occurrence of the disease, early harvesting can reduce but not eliminate economic losses only.
source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Macrobranchium White Tail Disease (Disease White Tail On Shrimp Galah)

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Fri, 26 Aug 2011 08:47:46 PDT

Macrobranchium White Tail Disease (Disease White Tail On Shrimp Galah)

Cause: Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV)

Bio - Ecology of Pathogens:
• Host disease that is highly species specific prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
• Malignancy: high, within 2-3 days off 100% of the population in the seed.
• Through the artificial infection in OT, clinical symptoms and mortality that occurs with natural infection, whereas the adult shrimp, followed by the emergence of the soft sepalotorak structure of two fluid-filled pouch bulging on either side of hepatopancreas.
• Clinical symptoms of the same, resembling branchiostegite blister disease (BBD) followed by the deaths reported occurred in pond rearing prawns.
• Distribution: India and Southeast Asia (Thailand).

Clinical symptoms
• Weak, anorexia and abdominal muscles in white on the OT.
• The condition was gradually extended to the two sides resulting in degeneration of telson and uropod.
• The color white on the tail is the definitive clinical symptoms, so-called white tail disease.
• Color black (melanisasi) will expand to two sides (anterior & posterior) and showed degeneration of telson and uropod

diagnosis:
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• In situ hybridization

control

• Quarantine actions of broodstock and larval prawns new
• Only use the stem and seeds that are free MrNV and XSV.
• Maintain the health status of shrimp in order to always prime through feeding the right amount and mute
• Maintain the environmental quality of cultivation so as not to cause stress for shrimp

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia Directorate General of Fisheries Directorate of Fish Health and Environment, 2010

Fish Disease: vibriosis in shrimp

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Sun, 05 Jun 2011 04:14:08 PDT

Fish Disease: vibriosis in shrimp

Cause: Vibrio harveyii, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus. etc..

Bio - Ecology Pathogens
• vibriosis in shrimp larvae commonly as secondary infection, especially when under stress and weak.
• Bacterial infections are usually associated with stress conditions due to: high density, malnutrition, poor handling. parasitic infections, high organic matter, low oxygen. poor water quality. extreme fluctuations in water temperature. etc..
• The attack is acute, and if environmental conditions continue to decline, which caused the death can reach 100%. particularly in post-larvae or juvenile stage.

Clinical symptoms:
• Body of shrimp look dull and dirty.
• decreased appetite, damage to the legs and gills, gill or brownish color.
• Types of Vibrio spp. which generally attacks the larvae glow shrimp and prawn disease disease called glow (luminescent vibriosis).
• Shrimp affected showed symptoms of necrosis, the condition of the body is weak, slow swim, appetite loss, red spots (red discoloration) on the pleopod and abdominal as well as visible light at night
• Shrimp vibriosis affected leg will show the pool (pleopoda) and the foot path (pereiopoda) shows melanisasi.
• Shrimp are dying often swim to the surface or edge of the pond embankment.

Diagnosis:
• Isolation and identification of bacteria through bio-chemical tests.

Control:
• Disinfection of aquaculture facilities before and during the maintenance process shrimp
• Giving immunostimulan element (eg addition of
vitamin C in feed) are routinely during maintenance
• Avoiding the occurrence of stress (physical, chemical, biological)
• shrimp health management in an integrated manner

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

fish disease: vibriosis in fish

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Sun, 29 May 2011 07:51:05 PDT

fish disease: vibriosis in fish
Cause: Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. ordalii, etc..

Bio - Ecology Pathogens
• Bacteria in sea water ecosystems, and vibirosis still
is a major problem for marine fish farming industry.
• The case of vibriosis can occur throughout the year, but commonly associated with stress due to handling, high density or changes in extreme weather.
• The death rate of fish at the larval stage up to the size
fingerlings are attacked by the bacteria may reach 80-90%.

Clinical Symptoms:
• Weak, loss of appetite, swim in the water surface, and opaque color.
• Inflammation of the rectum, gills, mouth, base of fin, followed by bleeding and blisters on the surface of the body, as well as open wounds.
• In advanced infection of bleeding in the mouth and base of fins, excess mucus in the gills, dropsy, pale liver color. and eyes swollen.

Diagnosis
• Isolation and identification of bacteria through a bio-chemical tests

Control:
• Disinfection of aquaculture facilities before and during the maintenance of fish
• Giving immunostimulan element (eg addition of
vitamin C in feed) are routinely during maintenance
• Avoiding the occurrence of stress (physical, chemical, biological)
• Management of fish health in an integrated (fish, environment and pathogens)
• Limit and / or regulate feeding and mixing of feed with drugs (medicated feed and feed restriction)
• Conducting anti-vibriosis vaccination.
source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Fish Disease: Edwarsiellosis

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Tue, 10 May 2011 07:25:57 PDT

Fish Disease: Edwarsiellosis

Cause: Edwarsiella tarda

Bio-Ecology Pathogens:
• curved rod-shaped bacteria, gram-negative character moves with the aid of flagella, do not form spores or capsules, are facultative anaerobes, and able to produce H2S.
• Found in freshwater environments and sea water, infecting several species of fish include: salmon, catfish, carp, tilapia. etc..
• Transmission of horizontally ie contact between host one with another host or through water.
• Generally occurs at a relatively high water temperature (± 30 degrees Celsius) and high organic matter content.
• The death rate depends on environmental conditions, in very poor conditions can lead to death by 50%.

Clinical Symptoms:
• In mild infections, revealing only minor injuries.
• As the development of more advanced disease, purulent wound developed in the ribs and stomach muscles.

• Pale, bloated stomach containing a yellowish liquid or redness, bleeding of the rectum and / or depressed into the anus, and eyes faded.
• Further development, injuries (cavities) experience swelling and if scratched will smell of H2S gas.

Diagnosis:
• Isolation and identification of bacteria through bio-chemical tests.
• Detection of bacterial genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Control:
• Avoiding the occurrence of stress (physical, chemical, biological)
• Improve overall water quality, particularly reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of replacement of new water
• Management of fish health in an integrated (fish, environment and pathogens)
• Limit and / or regulate feeding and mixing of feed with drugs (medicated feed and feed restriction)
• Conducting anti-Edwardsiella tarda vaccination.

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Seaweed and Grouper, Mainstay Aquaculture Maluku Province

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Mon, 02 May 2011 17:02:28 PDT

Seaweed and Grouper, Mainstay Aquaculture Maluku Province

Maluku provincial aquaculture production in 2009 reached 50,915 tons from mariculture, aquaculture and freshwater aquaculture. Seaweed, grouper, sea cucumbers and shrimp are aquaculture commodities Maluku province. In 2009, the four commodities, production amounted to 47,782.6 tons, 1810.7 tons, 522.4 tons and 166.3 tons. In addition, the Moluccas are also famous for pearl cultivation which have.

When viewed under cultivation commodities then seen that the Moluccas potential for marine aquaculture development, especially for seaweed, grouper and oysters with pearls. It is the province of Maluku is potential for the development of the three commodities. Judging from the structure of the region, this province is an island province and the province is surrounded by a sea that is still awake. Province which is located at position 2? 30? 9? south latitude and 124? - 136? east longitude, the lurid sea borders in the north, the seas of Indonesia and the Arafura Sea to the south, on the east by the sea west of Irian and bordered by the sea of Sulawesi.

So most of this province is a potential marine areas for mariculture development. Maluku province is estimated to have potential for sea cultivation of 495,300 hectares consisting of:

Potential cultivation of 31,000 ha of white snapper
The potential for cultivation kerpau 104.00ha
The potential for seaweed cultivation of 206,000 ha
Pearl oyster farming potential of 73,400 ha
Potential cultivation of 28,900 ha of sea cucumbers
Lobster aquaculture potential of 23,000 ha
The potential of 29,000 ha of oyster cultivation

Potential land for cultivation are scattered in several areas of aquatic creepy, Manipa, Kei Kecil, Kei Besar, Yamdena, PP. south and Wetar. However, today the development of marine aquaculture in the province, which was developed commercially only in commodity seaweed, grouper and oysters pearl

Seaweed farming in the Moluccas is estimated production will increase sharply in subsequent years. This is based on the condition of land with huge potential, ease of cultivation and also seaweed from the Moluccas is still valued highly because the quality is very good. Increased production of seaweed is also not free from the active role of marine and fishery department Maluku who want to boost seaweed production in the next year. In addition, the proven development of seaweed cultivation in the Moluccas to tackle poverty in this province. Labor absorption of seaweed cultivation is estimated to reach 5000's of people in the year 2009.

Grouper is also a leading commodity culture is one commodity that will be raised for production in subsequent years. Grouper production that continues to experience positive trends each year and the potential of land that is still open is the reason why the grouper a commodity to be featured by the province.

Similarly, the pearl which is already known. Production of cultured pearls from Maluku highly prized for its quality is very good. If seen its production are not visible contribution to the total production of aquaculture production but if the view on the value then it is very high value even beat the price of shrimp and grouper.

Aquaculture potential of Maluku province not only in marine aquaculture alone. Aquaculture ponds and pools are also reliable. Potential of both types of cultivation is also still wide open. Shrimp and sea cucumber is a commodity that has been cultivated in ponds in the province and is a mainstay commodity Maluku province.

source: http://www.perikanan-budidaya.kkp.go.id

Bacterial Fin / Tail Rot / Pseudomoniasis

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Fri, 08 Apr 2011 18:10:10 PDT

Bacterial Fin / Tail Rot / Pseudomoniasis

Cause: Pseudomonas spp.

BioEkologi Pathogens:
• It is a gram-negative bacteria and non-spore. These bacteria are aerobic. with a size of 3 um x 0.5 um, motile, producing fluorescent pigment. and breed in soil and water.
• Hazardous mainly on freshwater fish (although it also can attack sea fish and brackish) and can result in high mortality due to infectious disease in quick time when water conditions allow.
• Transmission and spread of disease through direct contact with fish that are sick or with the polluted environment.
• The attacks can occur when fish are vulnerable or weakened by hunger. the feed is not suitable. cold, or water conditions are not good.
Clinical Symptoms
• Fish weak to move slowly. breathe gasping at the surface of the water.
• Color pale gills and a dark body color change.
• There are patches of red on the outside of his body and damage to the fins, gills and skin
• excessive mucus at first, then emerged bleeding
• fin and tail loss (decayed)
• bleeding. stomach became bloated fish, known as dropsy.

Diagnosis:
• isolation and identification of bacteria through bio-chemical tests.

Control:
• Avoiding the occurrence of stress (physical, chemical, biological)
• Improve overall water quality, particularly reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of replacement of new water
• Management of fish health in an integrated (fish, environment and pathogens)
• Reduce feeding and number of fish in pond
• Soaking in a solution of PK 20 ppm for 30 minutes.

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Streptococciasis Disease

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Wed, 16 Mar 2011 18:01:25 PDT

Streptococciasis Disease
Cause: Streptococcus agalactiae, S. iniae,

Bio - Ecology of pathogens:
• gram-positive bacteria, small round (cocci), joined
chain-like, non-motile, transparent and smooth colonies.
• Streptococcus iniae Infection often occurs in sea water fish farming (snapper, grouper), whereas S. agalactiae is more commonly found in freshwater fish farming (tilapia).

• The pattern of attacks are generally two types of bacteria are chronic - acute.
• Target organs of infection of Streptococcus spp. commonly found in the brain and eyes. so-called "syndrome, meningoencephalitis and panophthalmitis". The disease is frequently reported in intensive aquaculture systems, aquatic environment calm (stagnant) and / or recirculation systems,

• Cumulatively, the attack of this disease can cause mortality of 30-100% of the total population during the maintenance period: and this disease is a potential obstacle that must be anticipated with respect to intensification and improvement of national tilapia production.

Clinical Symptoms:
• Indicates abnormal behavior such as convulsions or spinning and prominent eyes (exopthalmus).
• decreased appetite, weakness, dark-colored body, and slow growth.
• Dark colors under the jaw, prominent eyes, bleeding, abdominal bloat (dropsy) or injuries that develop into ulcers.
• Occasionally. do not show obvious clinical symptoms except death continues.
• no directional movement (nervous) and bleeding on the gill cover (operculum).
• Often, too, found that the infected fish appear normal until shortly before death.

Diagnosis
• Isolation and identification of bacteria through bio-chemical tests.
• Detection of bacterial genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Control:
• Disinfection of aquaculture facilities before and during the maintenance of fish
• Prevention of early (seed) through vaccination anti-Streptococcus spp.
• Giving immunostimulan element (eg addition of
vitamin C in feed) are routinely during maintenance
• Improve overall water quality, particularly reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of replacement of new water
• Management of fish health in an integrated (fish, environment and pathogens)

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Columnaris Disease

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Thu, 03 Mar 2011 15:40:41 PST

Columnaris Disease

Cause: Flavobacterium columnare or Fexibacterium columnare
Bio-Ecology of pathogens:
• Bacteria gram negative, small rod-shaped, movable slide, and there in freshwater ecosystems.
• The nature of these bacteria are grouped to form a collection such as the column.
• The attacks often occur in groups of fish after transportation.
• The nature of the attacks are generally sub-acute - acute, when the dominant gill as a target organ, the fish will suffocate and the resulting deaths could reach 100%.

Clinical symptoms:
• sores around the mouth, head, body or fins. Brownish white sores then develop into ulcers.
• infection around the mouth, looks like the lining of yarn (thread-like) so it is often called the disease "mouth fungus".
• All around the wound is covered by the bright yellow pigment.
• If the infected gills, damage starts from the tip of the gill filaments and spread to the base, filaments eventually rot and fall out (gill rot).

Diagnosis:
• Observation of microscopic preparations hanging drops (400x) to see the column on the target organ bacterial infection.
• Isolation and identification by bio-chemical tests.

Control:
• Avoiding the occurrence of stress (physical, chemical, biological)
• Reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of replacement of new water
• Through immersion with some chemicals such as
✓ 0.5% kitchen salt or potassium permanganate 5 ppm for 1 day
✓ Acriflavine 5-10 ppm by immersion for several days.
✓ Chloramin B or T 18-20 ppm by immersion for 2-3 days.
✓ benzalkonium chloride at doses of 18-20 ppm for 2-3 days
✓ Oxolinic acid at a dose of 1 ppm for 24 hours

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Fish Cultivation in Confined Land

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Sun, 20 Feb 2011 02:38:48 PST

Fish Cultivation in Confined Land

With the new method, carp can now be grown in a narrow area, such as in the yard or the corner, home.

The notion that the cultivation of carp to be done in the vast wetland is now living myth.

Today carp can be cultivated in any location, whether in rural or urban, in the pool tarp, plastic or tub.

That way, carp can be an alternative to people who want to earn extra income on the land around their homes.

Fisheries Society Archipelago (PERMINA) Cultivation Training will hold a carp on a narrow land-based Guba biotic System Based Probiotic on Sunday, March 6, 2011 in Kampung carp Jambida, Bantul. Yogyakarta, With a practical resource, Kalimantan, Java carp tissue holder, carp farmers, and agribusiness consultant.

Besides the introduction to the basics of carp cultivation correctly, in Gubug PERMINA Training is focused on direct practice in the pool, good pond, nesting, breeding and rearing, so they can run interactive and applicable.

Training is open to the public, may be followed by anyone, retirees, employees, housewives, youth clubs, preachers, teachers and scholars of rural driving

SOURCE: MEDIA INDONESIA 18 FEBRUARY 2011 PAGE 20

Isopodiasis (fish disease)

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Sun, 06 Feb 2011 06:23:50 PST

Isopodiasis (fish disease)

Cause: Nerocilla orbiguyi, Alitropus typus, etc..
Bio-Ecology Pathogens:
• Isopod which is a blood-eating parasites 'blood feeder' relatively large size (10-50 mm), and its body consists of several segments that are equipped with a pair of eyes.
• infected at all stages of fish and most fish are susceptible to parasitic infections, especially in the fish scales.
• Sticking to the body surface of fish, in the mouth, nostrils or gill cover.
• Transmission occurs horizontally, and the trigger between
because of water conditions and high density.

Clinical Symptoms:
• Wounds and bleeding at the site of the bite, and this looks visually parasites attached to the body of the fish, especially under the scales or on the base of the fin.
• Loss of balance, weakness, and decreased appetite.
• Nekrosa the gill or skin tissue of fish.
• slow-growing fish, often resulting in death due to anemia or due to secondary infection by bacteria.
Diagnosis:
• Visually looks a parasite that attach to the body of the fish.

Control:
• shed the parasite in the container is limited to chemicals that contain active ingredients dichlorfos at concentrations 5-7 ppm for 60 minutes.
• After the parasitic loss, the fish was transferred to another container to prevent any secondary infection by bacteria in the parasite bites.
• Using the spot light at night to collect the parasite in one location, then elected to the net.

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Argulosis (fish disease)

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Fri, 28 Jan 2011 14:19:21 PST

Argulosis (fish disease)

Cause: Argulus sp.
Bio-Ecology Pathogens:
• The parasite is known as "fish lice" and sucking blood, is flat. and more looks like a plate.
• Hurt fish body with the help of cytolytic enzymes, in addition to the skin, ticks are also frequently found in fish gills under the cap.
• Almost all freshwater fish species susceptible to this parasite infection.
• In high-intensity attacks. Adult fish can suffer death from lack of blood.

Clinical Symptoms:
• Visually it looks like a flea parasites that attach to the body of the fish. accompanied by bleeding around the bite.
• skin irritation, loss of balance, swimming in a zig-zag, jump into the water and rubbed his body on hard objects around him.

Diagnosis:
• Visually looks a parasite that attach to the fish body

Control:
• Draining of the pond, followed by calcification.
• Soaking can be done by:
✓ Dylox solution at doses of 0.25 ppm for 24 hours or more in the pool.
✓ solution of Ammonium chloride (NH4CI) at a dose of 1.0 -1.5% for 15 minutes, or table salt at doses of 1.25% for 15 minutes.
✓ dichlorvos solution 0.2 mg / L for 24 hours or more, every week for 4 consecutive weeks
✓ kitchen Salt 500 - 1000 ppm for 24 hours or more, repeated every week for 4 times giving
✓ Potassium permanganate (PK) 2-5 mg / L for 24 hours or more.

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Worms In Fish Gills

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Fri, 07 Jan 2011 16:18:13 PST

Worms In Fish Gills
Cause: Haliotrema spp., Psedorhabdosynochus spp.
Bio-Ecology Pathogens:
• Ekto-parasites are obligate parasitic
• infect the gills of fish mariculture. Two or possibly three species belong to the genus monogenea Pseudorhabdosynochus namely Pseudorhabdosynochus latesi. P. monosquamodiscusi, and Diplectanum penangi, while P. epinepheli found in groups of grouper.

Clinical Symptoms:
• pale body color, decreased appetite, lean, and slow
• Respiratory frequency increased and the production of excess mucus in the gills
• Gather / closer to the water inlet
• Gills pale or swollen so that the open operculum

Diagnosis:
• Visual observation of behavior and clinical symptoms that arise
• Microscopic observation to see morphology
parasites through the production segment of the organ gill preparations.

Control:
• Reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of water changes
• worm attacked fish gill with the level and intensity of the low prevalence, treatment can be done by soaking in a solution of formalin at doses of 25-50 ppm for 24 hours or more.

source : Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya, Direktorat Kesehatan Ikan dan Lingkungan, 2010

Dactylogyriasis (Worms Gills)

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Wed, 22 Dec 2010 15:54:06 PST

Dactylogyriasis (Worms Gills)

Cause: Dactylogyrus spp., Cychlidogyrus spp., Quadricanthus spp.

Bio-Ecology Pathogens

• Ekto-obligate parasites that are parasitic and reproduce by laying eggs
• infect all species of freshwater fish, especially the size of the seed. Transmission occurs when infective face (Onchomiracidium).
• Dactylogyrus spp. has 2 pairs of eye point, and at the tip of his head there are 4 bumps. Cychlidogyrus spp. shape is more flattened at both ends, and only has a pair of eye point. Quadricanthus spp. shape
Dactylogyrus similar spp., and has a host of species that target specific groups of catfish.
• Severe infections can kill 30-100% within a few weeks

Clinical Symptoms:
• pale body color, decreased appetite, thin, nervous and slow
• Respiratory frequency increased, the production of excess mucus in the gills and often cavort
• Gather / closer to the water inlet
• Gills pale or swollen so that the open operculum

Diagnosis:
• Visual observation of behavior and clinical symptoms that arise
• Microscopic observation to see morphology
parasites through the production segment of the organ gill preparations.

Control:
• Maintaining water quality, especially the stabilization of the water temperature> 29 degrees Celsius
• Reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of water changes
• Dactylogyriasis attacked fish with prevalence and intensity level is low, treatment can be done by soaking several types of disinfectants, among others:
✓ salt solution at a concentration 500-10000
ppm (depending on the type and age of fish) for 24 hours
✓ Solution Potassium Permanganate (PK) at a dose of 4 ppm for 12 hours
✓ formalin solution at doses of 25-50 ppm for 24 hours or more
✓ Glacial acetic acid 0.5 ml / L for 30 seconds every 2 days for 3 - 4 times

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Microsporidiasis (Cotton Shrimp Disease)

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 04:51:53 PST

Microsporidiasis (Cotton Shrimp Disease)

Cause: The Microsporidia of the genera Thelohania, Nosema and Peistophora

Bio - Ecology Pathogens
• Named as cotton shrimp disease and / or shrimp milk.
• Having more than 8 spores in each capsule
• Virtually all penaeid shrimp species was reported the least susceptible to infection one type of parasite microsporidia group, although there are indications of specific local

• low pathogenicity, prevalence rates in a population generally not more than 5% and the resulting mortality was also relatively low

Clinical symptoms:
• Parts of the body of infected shrimp white milk and more soft
• white spores spread on the meat / muscle (internal parasites)
• Shrimp weak, easy to stress, decreased appetite, making it easy prey to predators sluggish, and easily die after handling (handling)

Diagnosis:
• Visual observation of behavior and clinical symptoms are quite clear
• Microscopic observation to see the morphology of microsporidia by making preparations for review of target organ infection. The observation that more clear on the characteristics of spores required specific staining.

Control:
• disinfection, drying of pond bottom and water sources that are free of microsporidia
• Shrimp are infected immediately destroyed, in order to reduce the potential for horizontal transmission
• To cut the parasite's life cycle, avoiding the feeding of trash fish infected with microsporidia
• No chemicals are effective for preventing and / or treat diseases microsporidiasis.

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, Director General. Aquaculture, 2010

FISH FOR HEALTH BENEFITS

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Thu, 07 Oct 2010 16:54:57 PDT

FISH FOR HEALTH BENEFITS
Source: September 2009 Edition WartaPasar Fish, No. 73

Benefits of eating fish regularly can reduce a variety of diseases, among others:
1. ASTHMA
Children who eat fish will decrease the risk of suffering from asthma.

2. EYE
Fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids that can contribute to the health of brain tissue and retina of the eye. Breastfed babies of mothers who eat fish have better eyesight caused by omega -3 fatty acids transmitted in breast milk.

3. HEART & STROKE
Eating fish every week reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke by reducing blood clotting and inflammation, improving blood vessel elasticity, lowering blood fats and increase good cholesterol. Hundreds of studies have been done on fish or fish oil and its role in the prevention or treatment of heart disease. Reviews contained dakam British Medical Journal recommends fish or taking fish oil supplements to prevent heart attacks, especially in people with vascular disease. Omega-3 is known to lower blood triglycerides and blood pressure, prevent clotting, anti-inflamsai and correct abnormal heart rtme.

4. Dementia
Parents who eat fish or seafood at least once a week had a lower risk of development of dementia including Alzheimer's disease.

5. DIABETES
Eating fish may help regulate blood sugar levels in diabetics.

6. RHEMATOID
Regular fish consumption can alleviate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and autoimmune diseases.

7. Born prematurely
Eating fish during pregnancy may reduce the risk of premature delivery.

Koi Care: How to Take Care of Your Aquatic Pet

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Thu, 23 Sep 2010 01:37:01 PDT

Koi Care: How to Take Care of Your Aquatic Pet

by: Andy Fletcher

When you decide to keep Koi fish as pets, you must learn a few very basic and vital things about Koi care. Proper nutrition and water quality are the two deciding factors that you have to look at while thinking about Koi care.

Koi fishes are hardy specimens of fish and they can live for long periods of time, sometimes for more than 200 years though the average life span is around 25 to 35 years. These Koi fishes are easy going hassle free kinds of pets and donâ€™t give much trouble to their keepers and you will find it easy to take care of them.

Koi Care â€“ Pond Water Quality

One of the most critical conditions of Koi care is perhaps the quality of the water in the pond. You would be surprised to know that Koi needs fresh and good quality water for their habitat more than food. A Koi will not starve to death if it doesnâ€™t receive food for several weeks, however, it can die in one night if the water quality turns out to be very poor.

You always have to pay attention to how you will sustain your pond water quality through proper filtration and supplies and you also have to chalk out or fix a budget for your pond water quality maintenance expenses.

Nutrition

Another thing to keep in mind is Koi nutrition and proper nutrition will ensure that the kois can protect themselves from diseases, they will grow up to the right proportion and size and you donâ€™t have to worry about good body conformation.

Nursing

One more thing that you should remember about Koi care is that you need to react promptly and take necessary precautionary steps or measures of redressal to combat Koi health problems and accidents. That means if the need arises, you have to even apply first aid to a sick or injured Koi or administer the correct medication.

You also have to take into account the seasonal care pattern for Koi fish. For e.g. in the spring months, Koi fishes feel their worst while summer happens to be their best season for grow out. The Koi fish usually spends the fall months preparing for the harsh cold weather of winter by generating enzymes.

And during winter months, the Koi fishes go deep into sleep or hibernation. Thus it is clear that Koi fishes require separate types of care and maintenance during the various seasons of the year.

Predators

While on the topic of Koi care, I must inform you about potential predators that can feast on your pet Koi. You have to guard your fish from raccoons for these masked and dark circled bandits have been observed to be the most common predators, if you are really serious about Koi care.

About The Author

Learn everything you ever wanted to know about Koi Care

Visit the author's web site at:

http://www.koicareandsupplies.com

3 Great Fish For Your Tropical Aquarium

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Thu, 26 Aug 2010 08:05:59 PDT

3 Great Fish For Your Tropical Aquarium

by: Paul Curran

Lamp Eye, Madagascar Rainbow Fish and the Medaka are three fish suitable for your tropical aquarium. Find out about their behavior, what they look like, water conditions, how to feed them and how to breed them

Lamp Eye - Aplocheilichthys macrophthalmus (Family: Cyprinodontidae)

As this fish rarely grows to more than 3 cms you need to assess your community aquarium to see if there are any of the others that lean towards the aggressive and might harm them. For their size these fishes eyes are bigger than you might expect and show as a greenish gold in low light; hence the common names, Lamp or Lantern eye.

As an active fish with a good leap, you must have a cover on the tank to stop them jumping out and the use of floating plants will help. For these fish to enjoy their stay, matured aquarium water is required at a temperature of between twenty three and twenty six degrees Celcius.

Shape wise, the fish has a long body, thinner at the front with a mouth that points upwards slightly. It has attractive fins on a gray green body which may have a dark line along the back with a spotted shiny thin band along the flank. The male's ventral and dorsal fins are more pointed than the female.

Breeding wise, eggs are either laid individually or in bunches that end up amongst the plants. Once laid it is best practice to remove the parents. The eggs will hatch in about a week and a half and you will have to be very careful with the fry as they are a bit delicate.

Madagascar Rainbow Fish - Bedotia geayi (Family: Atherinidae)

Keeping this fish in a shoal (not large) with water between 25 and 18 degrees centigrade will see them at their best in your community tank. It is an active swimmer and sturdy little fish that grows up to about 8 cms and likes to dwell in the top part of the aquarium. Although it has only come onto the scene a relatively short time ago this fish has become a favorite with aquarium lovers.

Body wise, it has a somewhat unique feature in that it has two dorsal fins, a short one and a long one. Color wise, the main color is olive green and there is a stripe along the sides of the fish from eye to tail. It is easy to feed as it it accepts most offerings so ideally give it a varied diet.

Breeding is easy for this species so you need to have thickly planted tank with hard water at a temperature of at least 26 degrees centigrade. Eggs laid will adhere to plants and the eggs themselves are quite big but you will have to wait a few days for completion as only a few eggs are laid per day. Bear in mind that due to the extended spawning period, fry will hatch and be at various stages of their development.

Medaka - Oryzias latipes (Family: Oryziatidae)

This fish is ideal for your tropical aquarium. It grows to about 5 cms, will consume most foods and can survive in a wide range of temperatures, although 20 to 24 degrees centigrade is the best for it. There are three other species of Oryzias that you may also come across under the name medaka but the Oryzias latipes is the main one.

With this fish there are no specific patterns on its mainly gold color. Its head is slimmer than you would normally expect and its body lengthier than usual. It is interesting to know that before breeding took place the original color was; well there wasn't one. It was transparent!

Males are somewhat smaller than females and have bigger fins. Breeding is relatively easy and the tank should be at the same temperature as the main tank, have floating plants and be thickly planted underwater with fine leaved plants. Until they have been fertilized, the eggs will stay attached to the end of the female.

It is best practice to take out all the plants with attached eggs from the tank to another one and after about two weeks the fry will emerge. Remove and feed on infusoria then fine dry food, then micro worms and other food for the more grown up fish.

So there you have it, three more excellent fish for your tropical aquarium collection.

About The Author

Paul Curran is webmaster at Fresh-Water-Aquariums-Guide.com and provides a care information system for fresh water aquariums at http://www.fresh-water-aquariums-guide.com/fsa-sales.html

The author invites you to visit:

http://Fresh-Water-Aquariums-Guide.com

prospective parent tilapia

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Thu, 22 Jul 2010 08:38:34 PDT

Prospective Parent Nila

female tilapia

male tilapia

- Board of brightly colored grayish black

- Form of lamellar body (compressed) with full and regular scale

- Member or incomplete organs, scales regularly, your body is not disabled and there is no deformity, the body is not attached by a parasite, no lumps, gill net, gill cover normal (not thick or thin) and slimy.

- * Elasticity body: chewy and not mushy

- Age:

Males 6-8 months

Females 6-8 months

- Total length:

Males 16-25 cm

Females 14-20 cm

- Body weight:

Males: 400-600 grams

Females: 300-450 grams

Betta Fish Is The Perfect Pet Fish

ruliyandi@gmail.com — Sat, 03 Jul 2010 05:54:53 PDT

Betta Fish Is The Perfect Pet Fish
by: Rosalinda Zamora

I still remember the first time I saw two beautiful looking fish in a friend's house. One fish was blue and the other was red, and they were swimming majestically in their fishbowls. That was my first encounter with a fish species known as Betta fish or Betta Splendens or Siamese Fighting Fish (three names that refer to one fish).

Up until today, I'm still keeping a few of them in my house, and they make perfect pet fish for my family. Every member of my family loves them.

Why do I like most about Betta fish, you may ask. Definitely, I have many different reasons, but here are three of them.

1. Betta fish are beautiful pet.

It's a tropical fish that comes with different colors such as red, blue and yellow. Some Betta fish have more than one color on their bodies. Believe it or not! I can spend hours looking at how Betta fish move in their bowls but even if you don't know a thing about Betta fish, you will be mesmerized by their colors alone.

2. Betta fish are easy to care.

Betta fish are hardy type of fish and they can live in a small container. A small fishbowl is enough to house one Betta fish, but be aware that two male Betta fish shouldn't be placed in one container. Or else, these two Betta fish might fight until death (that's why they are also called Siamese fighting fish).

3. Betta fish are responsive.

If you have a Betta fish in a small fishbowl and you move closer to the fish, you'll see that your fish will turn its head to look at you. That's what makes me fall in love with Betta fish. They are responsive to your presence and aware that you are there, unlike many other pet fish.

So, you can now consider if you want to adopt Betta fish as your family pet or for your kids. They are lovable creatures and you will know it immediately one you have a Betta in your house.

About The Author
Rosalinda Zamora is a betta fish lover. To get FREE info about caring for betta fish, go to http://www.BettaFishSecret.com and she'll surprise you with more awesome articles from betta fish experts.