<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572</id><updated>2026-10-13T23:35:57.080-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Fisioterapeuta Luís Miguel Brazão Gouveia</title><subtitle type='html'>&#xa;lmbgouveia@gmail.com &#xa;</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>561</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-5542550233591762976</id><published>2021-02-16T03:46:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2021-02-16T03:46:40.620-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Transportation services Madeira Acessivel by wheelchair</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tiago Camacho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🇬🇧 hi, I have a small company in Madeira&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🏝&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f3dd&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f3dd&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f3dd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;️ ,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;☀&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;2600&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;2600&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/2600&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;️&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;💐&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f490&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f490&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f490&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🎆&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f386&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f386&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f386&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Portugal, we do ♿ Tours&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;If you are curious here it is the site&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;If you can, share with your contacts, friends and family, thank you.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;If possible, follow us on social media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;best regards&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👍&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f44d&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f44d&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f44d&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;😉&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f609&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f609&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f609&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🤝⤵️&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Some products :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🇵🇹 Ola, tenho uma pequena empresa de passeios para pessoas em ♿ na&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🏝&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f3dd&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f3dd&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f3dd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;️ Da&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;✈&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;2708&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;2708&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/2708&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;️ Madeira,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;💐&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f490&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f490&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f490&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;☀&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;2600&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;2600&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/2600&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;️&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🎆&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f386&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f386&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f386&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;se tiver curiosidade, aqui fica o site, acompanhe pelas nossas redes sociais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Com os melhores cumprimentos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Se puder partilhar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Agradeço ⤵️&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;😉&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f609&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f609&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f609&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👍&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f44d&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f44d&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f44d&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🤝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;⚠️ Serviço especializado para residentes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;⚠️ Transporte ♿ fisioterapia 🧑‍⚕️, consultas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🏥&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f3e5&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f3e5&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f3e5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👨&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f468&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍⚕️, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;➡️ Some Products ⬇️&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;➡️ Alguns Produtos ⬇️&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;♿ Wheelchair Tours🧑‍🦼&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👨&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f468&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👩&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f469&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f469&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f469&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👧&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f467&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f467&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f467&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👦&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f466&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f466&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f466&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🌲&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f332&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f332&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f332&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🌳&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f333&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f333&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f333&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;♿ Shore Excursions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🚢&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f6a2&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f6a2&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f6a2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦼&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👨&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f468&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👩&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f469&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f469&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f469&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👧&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f467&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f467&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f467&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👦&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f466&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f466&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f466&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;♿ Low Cost Tours 🧑‍🦽🧑‍🦼🧑‍🦯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🚶&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f6b6&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f6b6&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f6b6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👪&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f46a&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f46a&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f46a&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;♿ Private Tours&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👨&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f468&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👩&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f469&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f469&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f469&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👧&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f467&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f467&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f467&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👦&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f466&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f466&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f466&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👪&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f46a&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f46a&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f46a&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🚶&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f6b6&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f6b6&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f6b6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦼🧑‍🦽&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🐓&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f413&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f413&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f413&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🐑&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f411&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f411&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f411&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🌲&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f332&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f332&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f332&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🌳&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f333&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f333&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f333&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🛄&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f6c4&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f6c4&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f6c4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🛅&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f6c5&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f6c5&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f6c5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Transferes ♿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🚐&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f690&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f690&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f690&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🦼&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🏨&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f3e8&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f3e8&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f3e8&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🛎&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f6ce&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f6ce&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f6ce&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;️&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👨&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f468&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f468&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👩&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f469&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f469&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f469&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👧&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f467&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f467&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f467&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👦&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f466&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f466&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f466&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Multi-day packages including transfers, hotel with adapted room ♿️ and other technical aids.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tours 4 ALL, Family And Friends&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🧑‍🦽&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;👪&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f46a&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f46a&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f46a&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🌳&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f333&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f333&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f333&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🧑‍🦽&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🌲&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f332&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f332&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f332&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🐑&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f411&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f411&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f411&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🐓&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f413&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f413&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f413&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🧑‍🦼🧑‍🦯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🍌&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f34c&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f34c&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f34c&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;🦞&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🍰&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f370&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f370&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f370&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🍮&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f36e&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f36e&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f36e&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🍽&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f37d&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f37d&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f37d&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;️&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;📸&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f4f8&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f4f8&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f4f8&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🎭&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f3ad&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f3ad&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f3ad&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;🎥&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f3a5&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f3a5&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f3a5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;💥&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f4a5&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f4a5&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f4a5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;💥&quot; class=&quot;CToWUd&quot; data-goomoji=&quot;1f4a5&quot; data-image-whitelisted=&quot;&quot; goomoji=&quot;1f4a5&quot; src=&quot;https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f4a5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; 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style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8425em; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.6363em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;content-title&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5384em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.35em; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
Font :&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.8425em;&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;half_rhythm&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;contrib-group fm-author&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140696438908784&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fern%26%23x000e1%3Bndez-Torres%20R%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=32429068&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Raúl Fernández-Torres&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140696438906064&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ruiz-Mu%26%23x000f1%3Boz%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=32429068&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;María Ruiz-Muñoz&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140696438902832&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=P%26%23x000e9%3Brez-Panero%20AJ%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=32429068&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Alberto J. Pérez-Panero&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140696437549232&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Garc%26%23x000ed%3Ba-Romero%20JC%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=32429068&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Jerónimo C. García-Romero&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140696437546512&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=G%26%23x000f3%3Bnzalez-S%26%23x000e1%3Bnchez%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=32429068&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Manuel Gónzalez-Sánchez&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;togglers&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;pmctoggle&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#&quot; rid=&quot;idm140696480127328_ai&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Author information&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;pmctoggle&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#&quot; rid=&quot;idm140696480127328_an&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Article notes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;pmctoggle&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#&quot; rid=&quot;idm140696480127328_cpl&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Copyright and License information&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/disclaimer/&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;tsec fm-sec whole_rhythm&quot; data-section=&quot;Featured_PMC_Datacitation&quot; id=&quot;ass-data&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(99, 154, 206); border-top: 3px solid rgb(99, 154, 206); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8425em; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.6363em; margin: 1.3846em 0px; padding-bottom: 1.375em;&quot;&gt;
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Associated Data&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;dt&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;pmctoggle&quot; data-ga-action=&quot;click_feat_toggler&quot; data-ga-label=&quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#&quot; rid=&quot;data-suppmats&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Supplementary Materials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
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&lt;h2 class=&quot;head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix&quot; id=&quot;idm140696439779248title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(151, 176, 200); color: #985735; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1111em; margin: 1.125em 0px 0px; min-height: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Abstract&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;p p-first-last&quot; id=&quot;__p1&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
The amputation rate in patients with diabetes is 15 to 40 times higher than in patients without diabetes. To avoid major complications, the identification of high-risk in patients with diabetes through early assessment highlights as a crucial action. Clinician assessment tools are scales in which clinical examiners are specifically trained to make a correct judgment based on patient outcomes that helps to identify at-risk patients and monitor the intervention. The aim of this study is to carry out a systematic review of valid and reliable Clinician assessment tools for measuring diabetic foot disease-related variables and analysing their psychometric properties. The databases used were PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, CINAHL, Cochrane, PEDro, and EMBASE. The search terms used were foot, ankle, diabetes, diabetic foot, assessment, tools, instruments, score, scale, validity, and reliability. The results showed 29 validated studies with 39 Clinician assessment tools and six variables. There is limited evidence on all of the psychometric characteristics of the Clinician assessment tools included in this review, although some instruments have been shown to be valid and reliable for the assessment of diabetic neuropathy (Utah Early Neuropathy Scale or UENS); ulceration risk (Queensland High Risk Foot Form or QHRFF); diabetic foot ulcer assessment, scoring, and amputation risk (Perfusion, extent, depth, infection and sensation scale or PEDIS and Site, Ischemia, Neuropathy, Bacterial Infection, and Depth score or SINBAD); and diabetic foot ulcer measurement (Leg Ulcer Measurement Tool LUMT).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong class=&quot;kwd-title&quot;&gt;Keywords:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kwd-text&quot;&gt;diabetes, diabetes complications, ulcer, outcome measures, evidence, review&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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1. Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;
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Diabetes is a chronic disease that might lead to several systemic complications, such as diabetic foot disease (DFD), a common condition with a global prevalence of 6.3%, which is known to affect wound onset and healing [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B1-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230044&quot; rid=&quot;B1-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]. Once a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) occurs, treatment is often unsuccessful due to infection or neurovascular complications. Patients often require a minor or major amputation, which negatively affects their quality of life and survival [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B2-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230003&quot; rid=&quot;B2-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B3-jcm-09-01487&quot; rid=&quot;B3-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]. The amputation rate in the diabetic population is 15 to 40 times higher than in non-diabetic patients [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B4-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230004&quot; rid=&quot;B4-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]; therefore, DFD translates into high social impact and poor clinical prognosis, creating a heavy burden for health services [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B5-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230013&quot; rid=&quot;B5-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]. The identification of high-risk diabetic patients through early assessment remains the primary action to avoid major complications [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B6-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230052&quot; rid=&quot;B6-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]. For this purpose, valid and reliable instruments are required in order to assess diabetic foot-related variables.&lt;/div&gt;
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Outcome evaluations measure how patients feel, function, or survive after a disease or condition. The evaluations include clinical outcome assessments (COAs) and biomarkers. Biomarkers are based on an organic process, whereas COAs are based on the implementation and/or interpretation of information from a patient. There are four types of COAs: patient-reported outcomes (PROs), clinician assessment tools or scales, observer-reported outcomes, and performance outcomes [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B7-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230016&quot; rid=&quot;B7-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
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For clinician assessment tools, clinical examiners must be specifically trained to make a correct judgment that is based on patient outcomes. This assessment helps to efficiently identify at-risk patients and monitor whether or not they should undergo an intervention [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B7-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230059&quot; rid=&quot;B7-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]. To our knowledge, there are no scientific reports that thoroughly review DFD clinician assessment tools and their psychometric properties. Previous studies have investigated DFU assessment scales [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B8-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230026&quot; rid=&quot;B8-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B9-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230035&quot; rid=&quot;B9-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;], but none have performed a detailed analysis of psychometric properties or included scales that measure factors other than the presence and characteristics of an ulcer (diabetic neuropathy, ulcer risk).&lt;/div&gt;
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Therefore, the aims of this work were, as follows: (1) to identify valid and reliable clinician assessment tools for measuring DFD-related variables, (2) to analyse the psychometric properties of the identified clinician assessment tools or scales, and (3) to highlight clinician assessment tools that are associated with improved recommendations for patients with DFD based on their psychometric properties.&lt;/div&gt;
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2. Materials and Methods&lt;/h2&gt;
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2.1. Protocol and Registration&lt;/h3&gt;
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This systematic review was developed following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B10-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230022&quot; rid=&quot;B10-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]. It was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD no. 42019118202).&lt;/div&gt;
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2.2. Eligibility Criteria&lt;/h3&gt;
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The study subjects were patients with DFD, which included those with diabetic foot (infection, ulceration, or destruction of tissues of the foot of a person that is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus) or diabetic neuropathy (the presence of symptoms or signs of nerve dysfunction in a person with diabetes mellitus) [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B11-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229991&quot; rid=&quot;B11-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;], regardless of the type of diabetes, intervention, gender, or age. All the studies of clinician assessment tools for DFD evaluation and monitoring were included. All documents published up to 30 December 2019 that were published in English, French, Italian, Portuguese, or Spanish were included. Studies of clinician assessment tools that did not include any psychometric properties in their development or did not provide any measurement properties that met the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN) criteria were excluded [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B12-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230058&quot; rid=&quot;B12-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]. Although the COSMIN methodology is aimed at studies on the measurement properties of PROMs, it can also be used in other types of studies on the measurement properties. These measurement properties are reliability (internal consistency, reliability, and measurement error), validity (content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity), and responsiveness [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B12-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230041&quot; rid=&quot;B12-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
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2.3. Sources and Search&lt;/h3&gt;
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The databases used were PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, CINAHL, Cochrane, PEDro, and EMBASE. The following search words were used: foot, ankle, diabet *, diabetic foot, assessment, tools, instruments, score, scale, valid *, and reliab *.&lt;/div&gt;
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Taking into account the differences between each database, the following search strategy was used: (((foot or ankle) AND (diabet *)) OR (diabetic foot)) AND ((assess *) OR (scale) OR (score) OR (instruments) OR (valid *) OR (reliab *)).&lt;/div&gt;
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2.4. Study Selection&lt;/h3&gt;
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Three reviewers independently reviewed all of the articles and participated in each phase of study selection. Before reading the full-text articles, the titles and abstracts of the references that were identified in the initial search were filtered according to the eligibility criteria. Differences in judgment were resolved by agreement between the reviewers.&lt;/div&gt;
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2.5. Data Extraction and Synthesis&lt;/h3&gt;
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In order to facilitate understanding of the results, variables measured by clinician assessment tools were classified into two categories according to diagnostic purpose: “DFD-related variables” and “DFU-related variables”.&lt;/div&gt;
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The COSMIN checklist is considered to be useful for reporting study measurement properties; therefore, the COSMIN measurement property taxonomy was followed to synthesise the results of this review [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B12-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230002&quot; rid=&quot;B12-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]. Nevertheless, the data extraction process was adapted to take into account all psychometric properties, as this study aimed to review all clinician assessment tools. The following measurements were included in the synthesis of results: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (VPP), negative predictive value (VPN), positive probability ratio (LR+), negative probability ratio (LR−), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), gold standard, agreement with gold standard, inter-rater reliability(INTER), and intrarater reliability (INTRA). Other data were extracted in order to complete the general analysis of each study: taxonomy of the clinician assessment tool, authors, publication year, type of diabetes, and number of study subjects.&lt;/div&gt;
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3. Results&lt;/h2&gt;
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The flow diagram (&lt;a class=&quot;fig-table-link figpopup&quot; co-legend-rid=&quot;lgnd_jcm-09-01487-f001&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/figure/jcm-09-01487-f001/&quot; rid-figpopup=&quot;jcm-09-01487-f001&quot; rid-ob=&quot;ob-jcm-09-01487-f001&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;&quot; target=&quot;figure&quot;&gt;Figure 1&lt;/a&gt;) summarises the study selection stages for the studies that were included in this review, detailing the reasons for exclusions [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B10-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230056&quot; rid=&quot;B10-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]. The most common reasons for exclusion of full-text articles were publication in a language different from those that were included in the eligibility criteria or not reporting any psychometric or measurement properties.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;figpopup&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/figure/jcm-09-01487-f001/&quot; rid-figpopup=&quot;jcm-09-01487-f001&quot; rid-ob=&quot;ob-jcm-09-01487-f001&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;&quot; target=&quot;figure&quot;&gt;Figure 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;caption&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p43&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
PRISMA Flow Diagram adapted with permission from The PRISMA group, 2020 [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B10-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230049&quot; rid=&quot;B10-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p14&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
In total, 29 validated studies with 39 scales and six variables were included. The group “DFD-related variables” contained two variables (diabetic neuropathy, ulcer risk) and the group “DFU-related variables” contained four variables (amputation risk, DFU healing, DFU infection assessment, and DFU measurement).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p15&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
The validation study that included the largest sample was the one that validated the Curative Health Services system (CHS) (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 19,280) and the one with the smallest sample validated the Leg Ulcer Measurement tool (LUMT) (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 22).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p16&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
The most popular validation method for clinician assessment tools or scales was the calculation of psychometric properties that were based on 2 × 2 contingency tables, used in 17 out of 29 studies. Four studies validated clinician assessment tools following the indications in the COSMIN guidelines, while eight studies used different statistical calculations. Sensitivity and specificity were the most frequently calculated psychometric properties, with their value being known for 29 and 27 scales, respectively. PPV was calculated for 21 scales, NPV for 19 scales, LR+ for 14 scales, and LR− for 13 scales. Inter- and intrarater reliability were the least often calculated (10 and seven scales, respectively).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p17&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fig-table-link figpopup&quot; co-legend-rid=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/table/jcm-09-01487-t001/&quot; rid-figpopup=&quot;jcm-09-01487-t001&quot; rid-ob=&quot;ob-jcm-09-01487-t001&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;&quot; target=&quot;table&quot;&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;shows the DFD-related variables and the validated clinician assessment tools for measurement. Two variables and 20 scales were included in this category. Ten scales were found for the assessment of diabetic neuropathy and 10 for the assessment of ulceration risk.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;tsec sec&quot; id=&quot;sec4-jcm-09-01487&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-size: 15.9991px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix&quot; id=&quot;sec4-jcm-09-01487title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(151, 176, 200); color: #985735; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1111em; margin: 1.125em 0px 0px; min-height: 0px;&quot;&gt;
4. Discussion&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;p p-first&quot; id=&quot;__p21&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
This work aimed to identify validated clinician assessment tools for the measurement of DFD-and DFU-related variables, in order to analyse their psychometric properties and highlight those scales with the best examples. For most outcome variables, at least one scale has been highlighted for its psychometric properties, which have been expanded on in two additional sections at the end of the discussion, namely recommendations for clinical application and potential developments from a research perspective. The objectives were accomplished based on the results that were obtained in this study.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p22&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
In the present study, the psychometric characteristics of all clinician assessment and follow-up tools in patients with DFD or DFU are presented. However, when interpreting the results, it is important to consider that there are a series of conditioning factors that limit the ability make comparisons between different tools or scales. We observed that some psychometric properties present better results in one scale than another [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229993&quot; rid=&quot;B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229999&quot; rid=&quot;B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230055&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p23&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
The difference in results could be justified in multiple ways, all of which fall into two basic categories. On the one hand, there are the structural characteristics of the scale itself, aspects, such as the number of items that make up the tool and the way in which each of those items is evaluated, which are two aspects that definitively determine the way in which the clinician assessment tool is used [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229994&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229996&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;]. On the other hand, the conditions in which the scale is used unequivocally determine its possible result. In this sense, it is also important to take the profile of the person being evaluated into account. Thus, descriptive characteristics, such as age, gender, time at which the pathology began, education level, socioeconomic aspects and sociocultural aspects, among others, how the final result of the evaluation might determine whether a specific variable is seen [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230042&quot; rid=&quot;B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230012&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B46-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230007&quot; rid=&quot;B46-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p24&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
In this analysis, we aimed to carry out an exhaustive comparison. However, comparisons could only be performed when the conditions for the assessment process and the subject profile were the same, as the structure of the tools cannot be changed; that is, the conditions and descriptive characteristics of the sample were similar. Only under these conditions could we perform a comparison that minimises the error that is derived from the divergence in conditions or profiles of the subjects evaluated [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230036&quot; rid=&quot;B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230048&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230030&quot; rid=&quot;B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B48-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230019&quot; rid=&quot;B48-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;]. This is important to keep in mind when selecting a clinician assessment tool, as health professionals or researchers should select a tool that used similar conditions and subject profiles for its validation to the sample being assessed [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230018&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B46-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230037&quot; rid=&quot;B46-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229992&quot; rid=&quot;B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;p&quot; id=&quot;__p25&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
The number of subjects that were used to validate the tool is a final aspect that must be taken into account. Some scales have very good psychometric characteristics, but the sample used for validation was too small. In this case, the results should be interpreted as a possible tendency to produce results, as they do not have the necessary strength to be considered 100% valid and reliable. Type 2 (beta) errors, resulting from an inadequate sample size to achieve results with the necessary robustness, is an area frequent limitation in many validation studies of clinician assessment tools [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230015&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230045&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sec&quot; id=&quot;sec4dot1-jcm-09-01487&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;sec4dot1-jcm-09-01487title&quot; style=&quot;color: #724128; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 1.2856em 0px 0.6428em;&quot;&gt;
4.1. Recommendations for Research&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;p p-first&quot; id=&quot;__p26&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
The most common validation method in the studies reviewed (17 out of 29) was the use of gold standards togenerate 2 × 2 contingency tables. This suggests a tendency to submit clinician assessment tools or scales to external validation that does not follow the COSMIN guidelines, used in four studies in this review. It is recommended that a criterion for scale validation that uses the same methodology is established in order to facilitate dissemination, understanding, and comparison of results.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p27&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
The calculation of psychometric properties that were derived from sensitivity and specificity was found to be lacking PPV and NPV, which reflect the impact of prevalence on validity [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230028&quot; rid=&quot;B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B49-jcm-09-01487&quot; rid=&quot;B49-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;], and +/−LR were important in terms of the probability of the score to detect true positives and negatives [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230024&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B50-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230053&quot; rid=&quot;B50-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;]. Therefore, we recommend that all of the psychometric properties should be calculated in future validation studies.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p28&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
Likewise, inter- and intrarater reliability were frequently absent in validation studies, which are fundamental properties for determining whether or not the scales should be recommended for that purpose [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230010&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B46-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230020&quot; rid=&quot;B46-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B51-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230006&quot; rid=&quot;B51-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B52-jcm-09-01487&quot; rid=&quot;B52-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;]. This is highly dependent on the criteria and skills of the clinician or researcher. Similarly, the responsiveness was only known for one scale [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B40-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230050&quot; rid=&quot;B40-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;], leading to missed information regarding the sensitivity to change for the vast majority of scales evaluated in this review.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;p p-last&quot; id=&quot;__p29&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
Only 12 validation studies specified the type of diabetes of subjects in their sample. This might have an impact on aspects, such as diabetic neuropathy [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230031&quot; rid=&quot;B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B53-jcm-09-01487&quot; rid=&quot;B53-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;], so it seems necessary to include in future studies.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sec sec-last&quot; id=&quot;sec4dot2-jcm-09-01487&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;sec4dot2-jcm-09-01487title&quot; style=&quot;color: #724128; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 1.2856em 0px 0.6428em;&quot;&gt;
4.2. Clinical Recommendations&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;p p-first&quot; id=&quot;__p30&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;&quot;&gt;
When deciding which tool or scale to use in a clinical setting, it is important to make two considerations. On the one hand, it is necessary to take the characteristics of the clinical setting, the type of patients, and the variables that will be evaluated, among other factors, into account [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230005&quot; rid=&quot;B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230009&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;]. On the other hand, clinical staff must choose an accurate and adequate assessment tool so that the quality of the results is guaranteed in order to guarantee the quality of the results. The number of available questionnaires to evaluate similar variables has increased exponentially in recent years [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230034&quot; rid=&quot;B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230057&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230025&quot; rid=&quot;B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;]. However, many questionnaires that are used in the clinical setting have not undergone a comprehensive validation process [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229997&quot; rid=&quot;B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B48-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230008&quot; rid=&quot;B48-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;]. Therefore, it is important to know the scale that is intended to be used as the process of evaluation and monitoring of the patient depends, at least in part, on the selection of the correct tool [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230001&quot; rid=&quot;B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230040&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
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The information that an assessment and monitoring tool offers also depends to some extent on its psychometric characteristics. Clinical staff with little training in the selection of evaluation tools should ask the following question: what are the most important psychometric characteristics when evaluating an evaluation and monitoring tool? Validity and reliability are the two characteristics that researchers unanimously identify to be the most decisive [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230038&quot; rid=&quot;B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230033&quot; rid=&quot;B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230017&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230047&quot; rid=&quot;B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B48-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230046&quot; rid=&quot;B48-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;]. The validity of a tool refers to its ability to be used to measure the variable for which it was designed, the more precise the better [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B54-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230029&quot; rid=&quot;B54-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;]. Several types of validity that can be analysed, but they most commonly include construct validity, content validity, and criterion validity [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230032&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;]. On the other hand, reliability is defined as the ability of an assessment tool to provide consistent results over time when the assessment conditions are the same, including the administration method, characteristics of the sample, type of instrument and evaluators, among others. From its definition, it can be easily deduced that reliability is a changing characteristic within the valuation instrument, which will depend, to a great extent, on the conditions in which it is used. This is why it is necessary to carry out a new validation study when the evaluation conditions change considerably [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230000&quot; rid=&quot;B43-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230023&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230011&quot; rid=&quot;B47-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B54-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230051&quot; rid=&quot;B54-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
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These two variables are not completely independent, as an assessment tool that is not reliable cannot be valid, but an assessment tool might be reliable, but not valid [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230027&quot; rid=&quot;B42-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230014&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230054&quot; rid=&quot;B45-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B46-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230043&quot; rid=&quot;B46-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B54-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862230039&quot; rid=&quot;B54-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
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Finally, although the reliability and validity of an assessment tool are the two most important psychometric characteristics, it is important not to forget that there are characteristics that are related to responsiveness, especially in the clinical setting, defined as the ability of an assessment tool to identify changes that may occur over time (as a consequence of treatment, for example) [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B54-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229995&quot; rid=&quot;B54-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;
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Based on the results of this review, it would be suitable to use the Leg Ulcer Measurement Tool scale (LUMT) for ulcer measurement and theQueensland High Risk Foot Formscale (QHRFF) to assess ulceration risk. However, the psychometric characteristics of these tools do not have sufficient strength, because they did not use a sufficient sample [&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot; bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291260/#B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; id=&quot;__tag_862229998&quot; rid=&quot;B44-jcm-09-01487&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;], as the LUMT and QHRFF validation studies were carried out with 19 and 22 subjects, respectively, as previously noted. The Perfusion, extent, depth, infection and sensation scale or PEDIS and the Site, Ischemia, Neuropathy, Bacterial Infection, and Depth score (SINBAD) scales for DFU assessment may be recommended over other clinician assessment tools or scales due to their poor intrarater reliability. Similarly, the Utah Early Neuropathy Scale (UENS) for diabetic neuropathy assessment should be used with caution, due to the unavailable data on intrarater reliability. The results of this review are not conclusive for recommending a scale to assess DFU healing due to their variability issues. Even though it was not discussed in the reviewed studies, it seems accurate to consider, or ideally measure, the time that it takes to complete each scale in order to make a definitive recommendation, as this might alter the normal development of a health service’s attention.&lt;/div&gt;
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It would be advisable to combine scales in patients with diabetic foot with PRO scales and objective measurements with OCOMs and/or biomarkers in order to obtain a multidisciplinary and complete approach to patient monitoring and follow-up. Moreover, using any of these three approaches is not exclusive to others (e.g., a DFU with a low risk of amputation in a patient with high HbAc1 levels, a sedentary lifestyle and bad habits), as they all play an important role in the assessment and monitoring of patients with DFD.&lt;/div&gt;
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The present study has a number of limitations that must be taken into account when interpreting the results. Firstly, although an attempt was made to carry out the widest possible search from a linguistic point of view, including five languages (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian), we might have missed other tools published in a language other than those mentioned. Secondly, in the present study, an enormous effort was made to synthesise the most frequently studied psychometric characteristics; however, there are other psychometric characteristics that were not included in this study.&lt;/div&gt;
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5. Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;
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Although there is limited evidence for the psychometric characteristics of the clinician assessment tools that are included in this review, some instruments were found to be valid and reliable for the assessment of diabetic neuropathy (UENS), ulceration risk (QHRFF); DFU assessment, scoring, and amputation risk (PEDIS and SINBAD); and, DFU measurement (LUMT). However, further research is required to improve the reliability and validity of properties in the recommended scales from this review, according to the evidence provided in the literature.&lt;/div&gt;
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Supplementary Materials&lt;/h2&gt;
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The following are available online at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/5/1487/s1&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/5/1487/s1&lt;/a&gt;, Table S1: characteristics of the Clinician assessment tools included in the study.&lt;/div&gt;
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Author Contributions&lt;/h2&gt;
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Conceptualization, M.R.-M. and M.G.-S.; Methodology, R.F.-T.; Validation, R.F.-T., A.J.P.-P. and J.C.G.-R.; Formal Analysis, M.G.-S.; Investigation, M.R.-M. and M.G.-S.; Resources, R.F.-T. and A.J.P.-P.; Data analysis, R.F.-T., A.J.P.-P. and J.C.G.-R.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, R.F.-T.; Writing—Review &amp;amp; Editing, M.R.-M. and M.G.-S.; Visualization, M.R.-M.; Supervision, M.R.-M. and M.G.-S.; Project Administration, J.C.G.-R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.&lt;/div&gt;
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Funding&lt;/h2&gt;
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This research received no external funding.&lt;/div&gt;
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Conflicts of Interest&lt;/h2&gt;
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The authors declare no conflict of interest.&lt;/div&gt;
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References&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;ref-cit-blk half_rhythm&quot; id=&quot;B22-jcm-09-01487&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;ref-cit-blk half_rhythm&quot; id=&quot;B24-jcm-09-01487&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;ref-cit-blk half_rhythm&quot; id=&quot;B25-jcm-09-01487&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;ref-cit-blk half_rhythm&quot; id=&quot;B27-jcm-09-01487&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.6923em 0px;&quot;&gt;
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50.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;element-citation&quot;&gt;Casqueiro J., Casqueiro J., Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;ref-journal&quot;&gt;Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2012;&lt;span class=&quot;ref-vol&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;(Suppl. S1):S27–S36.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;a class=&quot;int-reflink&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354930/&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot;&gt;PMC free article&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22701840&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=pubmed&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Entrez%7CPubMed%7CRecord&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Indian+J.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&amp;amp;title=Infections+in+patients+with+diabetes+mellitus:+A+review+of+pathogenesis&amp;amp;author=J.+Casqueiro&amp;amp;author=J.+Casqueiro&amp;amp;author=C.+Alves&amp;amp;volume=16&amp;amp;issue=Suppl.+S1&amp;amp;publication_year=2012&amp;amp;pages=S27-S36&amp;amp;pmid=22701840&amp;amp;&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=other&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CLink%7CGoogle%20Scholar&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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52.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;element-citation&quot;&gt;Lalkhen A.G., McCluskey A. Clinical tests: Sensitivity and specificity.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;ref-journal&quot;&gt;Contin. Educ. Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2008;&lt;span class=&quot;ref-vol&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;:221–223. doi: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkn041.&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjaceaccp%2Fmkn041&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=other&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CCrosslink%7CDOI&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;CrossRef&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Contin.+Educ.+Anaesth.+Crit.+Care+Pain&amp;amp;title=Clinical+tests:+Sensitivity+and+specificity&amp;amp;author=A.G.+Lalkhen&amp;amp;author=A.+McCluskey&amp;amp;volume=8&amp;amp;publication_year=2008&amp;amp;pages=221-223&amp;amp;doi=10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkn041&amp;amp;&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=other&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CLink%7CGoogle%20Scholar&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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53.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;element-citation&quot;&gt;Silva Fuente-Alba C., Molina Villagra M. Likelihood ratio (razón de verosimilitud): Definición y aplicación en Radiología.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;ref-journal&quot;&gt;RAR.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2017;&lt;span class=&quot;ref-vol&quot;&gt;81&lt;/span&gt;:204–208. doi: 10.1016/j.rard.2016.11.002.&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rard.2016.11.002&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=other&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CCrosslink%7CDOI&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;CrossRef&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=RAR&amp;amp;title=Likelihood+ratio+(raz%C3%B3n+de+verosimilitud):+Definici%C3%B3n+y+aplicaci%C3%B3n+en+Radiolog%C3%ADa&amp;amp;author=C.+Silva+Fuente-Alba&amp;amp;author=M.+Molina+Villagra&amp;amp;volume=81&amp;amp;publication_year=2017&amp;amp;pages=204-208&amp;amp;doi=10.1016/j.rard.2016.11.002&amp;amp;&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=other&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CLink%7CGoogle%20Scholar&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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54.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;element-citation&quot;&gt;Mokkink L.B., Terwee C.B., Patrick D.L., Alonso J., Stratford P.W., Knol D.L., Bouter L.M., de Vet H.C. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;ref-journal&quot;&gt;J. Clin. Epidemiol.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2010;&lt;span class=&quot;ref-vol&quot;&gt;63&lt;/span&gt;:737–745. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006.&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494804&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=pubmed&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Entrez%7CPubMed%7CRecord&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclinepi.2010.02.006&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=other&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CCrosslink%7CDOI&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;CrossRef&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; aria-haspopup=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J.+Clin.+Epidemiol.&amp;amp;title=The+COSMIN+study+reached+international+consensus+on+taxonomy,+terminology,+and+definitions+of+measurement+properties+for+health-related+patient-reported+outcomes&amp;amp;author=L.B.+Mokkink&amp;amp;author=C.B.+Terwee&amp;amp;author=D.L.+Patrick&amp;amp;author=J.+Alonso&amp;amp;author=P.W.+Stratford&amp;amp;volume=63&amp;amp;publication_year=2010&amp;amp;pages=737-745&amp;amp;pmid=20494804&amp;amp;doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006&amp;amp;&quot; ref=&quot;reftype=other&amp;amp;article-id=7291260&amp;amp;issue-id=359405&amp;amp;journal-id=2745&amp;amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CLink%7CGoogle%20Scholar&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;color: #642a8f;&quot; target=&quot;pmc_ext&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/6298097610649275211/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/07/clinician-assessment-tools-for-patients.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/6298097610649275211'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/6298097610649275211'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/07/clinician-assessment-tools-for-patients.html' title='Clinician Assessment Tools for Patients with Diabetic Foot Disease: A Systematic Review'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-3084206763745815692</id><published>2020-04-30T17:10:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2020-04-30T17:10:38.443-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Tratamento fisioterapêutico em pacientes com paraplegia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;Fonte: https://blogfisioterapia.com.br/fisioterapia-na-paraplegia/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A paraplegia decorre de uma lesão medular que pode ser devido a acidentes automobilísticos, atividades recreacionais, lesões relacionadas ao trabalho e violência. É uma lesão que afeta preferencialmente, o sexo masculino, na proporção de 4:1, na faixa&amp;nbsp; etária entre 15 a 40 anos. Comumente, a recuperação motora acontece nos dois primeiros meses após&amp;nbsp; a lesão inicial, apresentando uma diminuição do potencial de melhora&amp;nbsp; após três a seis meses. Observa-se que 75% dos pacientes com paraplegia na forma incompleta recuperam alguma função. Atualmente, se constitui como um problema de muita gravidade na saúde pública, afinal a sua devastadora incapacitação torna o tratamento prolongado, podendo levar o indivíduo à danos nas funções e locomoção. A realização de fisioterapia em todas as fases e se iniciando precocemente, ainda no período hospitalar, é muito eficaz para proporcionar uma maior independência funcional e melhora da qualidade de vida do paciente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;O que é paraplegia?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Define-se paraplegia como uma diminuição ou perda das funções sensitivas e/ou motoras dos segmentos torácicos, lombares ou sacrais da medula espinhal, inclusive disfunção autonômica e esfincteriana, decorrentes de danos nos elementos neurais dentro do canal vertebral&amp;nbsp; de forma parcial ou total, traumática ou não, com a integridade dos membros superiores, sendo acometidas as funções do tronco, membros&amp;nbsp; inferiores e órgãos pélvicos, dependendo do nível da lesão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A paraplegia pode se apresentar de forma:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Espástica, com hipertonia muscular;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Flácida, com a abolição dos reflexos tendinosos e perda de tônus muscular;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Temporária, quando é possível intervir para remover as causas, como em uma doença infecciosa, por exemplo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Permanente, devido a causa congênita irreversível ou corte transversal da medula;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Completa, com as funções dos membros superiores preservadas, sem movimentos nos membros inferiores, e nenhuma sensação muscular na região sacral inferior;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Incompleta, quando possui alguns movimentos em membros inferiores,&amp;nbsp; apresentando&amp;nbsp; contração voluntária dos músculos esfincterianos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A lesão da medula pode ser classificada em paraplegia alta (T1 – T6) e paraplegia baixa (T7 – L5).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Como funciona a fisioterapia para paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Sabe-se que existe uma relação direta entre o tempo decorrido da lesão&amp;nbsp; e o nível de aptidão física e independência funcional do paciente paraplégico. Por isso é fundamental que o tratamento fisioterapêutico &amp;nbsp; seja iniciado o mais precocemente possível.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-ef1a9e70-7fff-20b7-2f8b-5e80cb15fcdd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Assim a fisioterapia vai proporcionar aos pacientes uma melhora da sua capacidade física, aumentando os índices de independência funcional e nas atividades de vida diária, fazendo com que melhore o seu convívio social, bem-estar psicológico e qualidade de vida, e ainda promovendo uma menor predisposição ao risco de doenças.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os objetivos da fisioterapia para pacientes paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A fisioterapia tem como principal objetivo a maximização da&amp;nbsp; independência funcional do paraplégico e a sua reintegração na sociedade. Assim como prevenir as deformidades e complicações, melhorar a função muscular remanescente, também a função respiratória, promover treino de transferências e trocas de posturas, proporcionar o&amp;nbsp; manuseio da cadeira de rodas, realizar o treino de equilíbrio,&amp;nbsp; realizar a aquisição do ortostatismo se for possível, inclusive o retorno da marcha com uso ou não de dispositivos de órtese, manter&amp;nbsp; amplitude de movimento, promover alívio de dor, contribuir para a&amp;nbsp; manutenção de uma boa circulação; evitar contraturas e deformidades,&amp;nbsp; adquirir controle de tronco sem apoio, melhorar a postura, descarga de peso e melhorar o controle de tronco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Vantagens e benefícios da fisioterapia para paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Observa-se que a fisioterapia assume um papel preponderante no processo de reabilitação nos pacientes com paraplegia, em diferentes níveis:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Psicologicamente, porque a melhora na funcionalidade e domínio dos gestos acabam conduzindo ao aumento de autoconfiança, redução da ansiedade, melhora na sociabilidade, reflete no humor e na motivação do paciente, e favorece a experimentação do potencial produtivo; Social, pois o ganho de autonomia favorece a reintegração social; Terapêutico e fisiológico, afinal ocorrem a melhora da saúde em geral&amp;nbsp; e da aptidão física, trazendo benefícios como a prevenção do&amp;nbsp; aparecimento de doenças;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Favorece a analgesia, utilizando os seus recursos, inclusive desviando o foco do quadro álgico;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Auxilia na melhora da possibilidade de sucesso das terapias instituídas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Como a fisioterapia pode melhorar a qualidade de vida de alunos paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reconhece-se que a qualidade de vida do indivíduo com paraplegia está&amp;nbsp; fortemente associada à quantidade e qualidade do tratamento&amp;nbsp; fisioterapêutico que deve ser realizado desde a fase aguda na terapia&amp;nbsp; intensiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A fisioterapia tem um importante papel na prevenção de deformidades,&amp;nbsp; no aumento e na manutenção de amplitude de movimento, no treino de&amp;nbsp; marcha e uso de cadeira de rodas e dispositivos de órteses, entre&amp;nbsp; outros, sempre objetivando a melhora da funcionalidade,&amp;nbsp; consequentemente promovendo uma melhora na qualidade de vida do paciente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os melhores exercícios de fisioterapia para paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;O melhor plano de exercícios desenvolvido para o paciente é aquele&amp;nbsp; baseado nos cuidados das necessidades individuais, focado nas limitações funcionais e deficiências de cada um.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Alongamentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;O alongamento atua na normalização do tônus muscular para manter ou&amp;nbsp; aumentar a extensibilidade dos tecidos moles. É uma técnica que deve ser realizada diariamente, geralmente combinada com outras técnicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Exercícios para a fase aguda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;É imprescindível a intervenção fisioterapêutica precoce, assim que o paciente chega no hospital. A utilização de diferentes técnicas cinesioterápicas é eficaz para prevenir deformidades e proporcionar uma maior independência funcional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Na fase aguda, o tratamento fisioterapêutico ocorre comumente através de cuidados preventivos contra a formação de úlceras de pressão e possíveis deformidades decorrentes da falta de movimentação, esvaziamento vesical e intestinal de maneira adequada e cuidados com os distúrbios vasomotores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os exercícios passivos promovem a manutenção da amplitude articular e flexibilidade, e os exercícios de resistência e força muscular atuam no sistema cardiovascular e auxiliam na prevenção de complicações circulatórias. Se necessário, utilizam-se técnicas de fisioterapia respiratória para a manutenção da higiene brônquica, da expansão pulmonar e o fortalecimento diafragmático, podendo realizar manobras de desobstrução pulmonar como huffing, tosse em três tempos e tosse com sustentação máxima inspiratória; drenagem postural; exercícios para reexpandir o pulmão, como a inspiração profunda com apneia máxima pós-inspiratória, inspiração fracionada; e, treino de força muscular.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Exercícios para a fase de reabilitação&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Na fase de reabilitação o plano de tratamento fisioterapêutico a ser proposto para o paciente deve envolver alongamentos, exercícios de fortalecimento para os membros superiores e/ou inferiores (dependendo do nível da lesão), assim como a musculatura do tronco, treino de mobilidade e mudanças de decúbito como rolar, mover-se para cima e para baixo, transferência de peso, atividades de equilíbrio, sentar-se e automobilização, treinamento de marcha, e treinamento em cadeira de rodas, objetivando o máximo de independência funcional do paciente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Técnicas, acessórios e equipamentos que podem ser utilizados no tratamento de fisioterapia para paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;O fisioterapeuta dispõe de vários acessórios, equipamentos, assim como o uso de diferentes técnicas no atendimento do paciente paraplégico, entre eles:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hidroterapia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Utilizada para a melhoria da amplitude de movimento, treino de equilíbrio e deambulação, recrutamento da musculatura, sendo&amp;nbsp; favorecidos pelas propriedades de assistência, resistência e suporte da água, inclusive em pacientes espásticos, favorece a diminuição do tônus facilitando a mobilização e a realização de alongamentos, treino de força, entre outros;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Crioterapia e Termoterapia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pode utilizar o frio para facilitar a execução dos exercícios terapêuticos e o calor promovendo vasodilatação, relaxamento muscular, analgesia, melhoria do metabolismo e da circulação local, redução da rigidez articular, alívio do espasmo muscular e aumento da extensibilidade dos tecidos de colágeno;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Estimulação Elétrica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pode gerar efeitos momentâneos como a movimentação articular através da contração muscular, e a longo prazo pode promover o fortalecimento do tecido muscular, auxiliar na melhora da condição cardiorrespiratória e no desenvolvimento da plasticidade das vias neuronais;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hipoterapia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Com o paciente montado no cavalo, tem a finalidade de trabalhar o equilíbrio do tronco, relaxar a hipertonia muscular, mobilizar as articulações do quadril e coluna vertebral e melhorar a postura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;TENS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;É eficaz para adequação do tônus em pacientes com espasticidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Órteses de sustentação&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pode ser utilizadas nas articulações coxo-femural e joelho dando estabilidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Prancha ortostática&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Promove uma melhora tanto física quanto psicológica, beneficiando a circulação sanguínea, a respiração, o funcionamento dos órgãos, e diminuindo a espasticidade;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;RPG (Reeducação Postural Global)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tem a finalidade de corrigir as retrações decorrentes da repetição dos gestos de compensação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;FNP (Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Esta técnica que exige do paciente uma melhor desempenho e aprendizagem motora, coordenação motora, fortalecimento muscular,&amp;nbsp; flexibilidade e aumento da amplitude de movimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A importância da postura correta na fisioterapia para paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;É fundamental o cuidado da postura em pacientes paraplégicos para que não corram o risco de sofrer danos decorrentes de compressão e consequente falta de oxigenação e nutrição dos tecidos resultando em&amp;nbsp; escaras ou úlceras de decúbito.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Também, observam-se estudos que confirmam a necessidade do paciente paraplégico adotar novos padrões posturais para a estabilidade de tronco e/ou mobilidade dos segmentos corporais, envolvendo a combinação da cintura escapular e músculos do tronco, principalmente, naqueles com lesão medular torácica, devido a diminuição da atividade da musculatura estabilizadora do tronco, como o eretor da espinha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Uma postura adequada e um bom controle de tronco são extremamente importantes na execução das atividades de vida diária, portanto, o quanto possível, a região lombar deve ser reforçada o suficiente para manter as relações anatômicas intervertebrais promovendo a proteção dos elementos neurais, e também deve se manter flexível para possibilitar a movimentação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;A importância do Ortostatismo em pacientes com paraplegia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;O ortostatismo nos pacientes paraplégicos atua na prevenção e/ou minimização de complicações decorrentes da lesão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Observam-se a prevenção de contratura nas articulações, redução da incidência de úlceras de pressão, aumento da função urinária e intestinal, prevenção na perda de massa óssea, diminuição na formação de cálculos, promoção de alívio nas pressões que ocorrem nas posições sentada e deitada, equilíbrio do sistema hemodinâmico, aumento da resposta hemodinâmica na posição em ortostase, melhora do equilíbrio, redução de hipertonia, melhora de controle de tronco, prevenção de osteoporose, e melhora do quadro emocional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;A importância do treino de equilíbrio no tratamento fisioterapêutico na paraplegia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;O treino de equilíbrio para o paciente paraplégico é fundamental para o controle de tronco. Tanto que apresentando um bom controle de tronco o sujeito está apto a se transferir independentemente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Sabe-se que o controle do tronco, por ter uma ação antecipatória feita pelos músculos abdominais e eretores da espinha, é pré-requisito funcional para estabilização na cadeira de rodas, e para a realização dos movimentos de membros superiores sentado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nota-se o aumento do gasto energético de musculaturas secundárias, redução de habilidade funcional, e dificuldade em se manter sentado com o tronco ereto em indivíduos que não possuem um bom equilíbrio e controle da musculatura estabilizadora da coluna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Restrições de exercícios para alunos paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Deve-se evitar a mobilização articular nos extremos do arco de movimento, em especial no quadril, com a finalidade de prevenir as microlesões vasculares associadas à ossificação heterotópica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tomar cuidado na realização de trações pois é uma população que possui um maior risco de fraturas devido ao acentuado declínio de densidade mineral óssea, inclusive se houver o uso de gesso observar se está bem acolchoado devido ao risco de úlceras de pressão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Evitar a elevação brusca de decúbito para as posições sentada ou em ortostase, pois podem provocar a queda da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, causando uma hipotensão postural com tontura, zumbido, escurecimento da visão e síncope.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A execução de exercícios com o paciente em estado febril ou sem ter esvaziado a bexiga, deve ser evitado porque pode levar a disreflexia autonômica, que se apresenta com sintomas como dor de cabeça, piloereção, eritema, bradicardia e hipertensão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Cuidados especiais com alunos paraplégicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os indivíduos com paraplegia apresentam desequilíbrio na integração do seu esquema corporal, podendo haver dificuldade de ajustamento da personalidade, porque muitas vezes se fixam à imagem de como eram antes da lesão tendo dificuldade de se ajustar ao seu estado físico novo, não enfrentando a realidade. Portanto deve-se considerar no processo de reabilitação a aceitação da incapacidade do sujeito.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Cerca de um terço dos pacientes desenvolve um quadro de dor crônica, podendo ser nociceptiva (visceral ou osteomuscular) e/ou neuropática, portanto o diagnóstico preciso do fator causal é imprescindível para o sucesso do tratamento diminuindo a chance de cronificação. Também porque a dor pode ser um fator incapacitante com implicações funcionais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ao observar uma redução da amplitude de movimento articular com ou sem crepitação nos movimentos ativos ou passivos, sinais inflamatórios, como edema periarticular, eritema, aumento de temperatura local e dor (quando tem sensibilidade preservada), importante desconfiar de ossificação heterópica que deve ser diagnosticada precocemente, na fase aguda, para evitar o amadurecimento e a calcificação, evitando a sua progressão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Devido ao grande índice de osteoporose é imprescindível orientar o indivíduo quanto aos riscos de fratura, orientando-o a investigar no caso de suspeita de lesão óssea, inclusive ensinando técnicas corretar de transferências e demais atividades de vida diária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Com a finalidade de prevenir a hipotensão postural deve-se orientar a ingestão hídrica adequada, o uso de meias compressivas e de faixas elásticas abdominais, e o treinamento de elevação de decúbito de forma progressiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Realizar e orientar aos cuidadores a inspeção visual no corpo do paciente, para observar possíveis lesões decorrentes de pressão, atrito ou cisalhamento nas regiões que não possui sensibilidade para não causar um estímulo nociceptivo abaixo do nível da lesão desencadeando uma reação adrenérgica (simpática) e consequente disreflexia autonômica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os pacientes paraplégicos comumente apresentam um desequilíbrio nas respostas sudomotoras, portanto apresentam dificuldade em manter a estabilidade térmica, sendo necessária muita atenção à hidratação durante a realização dos exercícios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Orientar o paciente e seus cuidadores desde a fase aguda sobre os cuidados com a pele para evitar as úlceras de pressão, inclusive procurando promover o alívio das pressões nas áreas de maior descarga de peso a cada 2 horas, com mobilizações passivas ou ativas, e trocas de posição.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dar atenção ao tratamento de quadros espásticos para que não ocorra deformidades articulares que podem afetar o prognóstico funcional do indivíduo, incapacitando, impedindo ou dificultando a realização de atividades de rotina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Deve-se ter cuidado no fortalecimento muscular evitando lesões por overtraining nos membros superiores, pois o paciente é dependente destas articulações nas tarefas cotidianas, como nas transferências de peso e propulsão da cadeira de rodas, entre outros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os avanços da fisioterapia na paraplegia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os avanços da medicina em relação ao restabelecimento da comunicação neuronal entre o sistema nervoso central e o sistema musculoesquelético através do implante de células com capacidade de diferenciação, proliferação e reparação da medula lesionada, implicaram na modificação do modelo de intervenção fisioterapêutica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Então, com o objetivo de aumentar a dimensão das fibras tipo I e II a de forma mais efetiva comparando com os métodos manuais, tendo como base a neuroplasticidade dos geradores de padrão centrais, é utilizado o treadmill com suspensão de peso associado com a estimulação elétrica muscular cutânea ou intra-espinhal, sendo que a intra-espinhal é mais efetiva. Dessa forma centrando no treino da marcha, onde se verifica um aumento da velocidade, endurance e melhora da funcionalidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os indivíduos com paraplegia necessitam, cada vez mais, de tratamentos alternativos por causa das deficiências ocorridas após a lesão, em diversos aspectos como força, resistência e mudanças morfológicas. Assim, muitos fisioterapeutas incluem no seu plano de tratamento o Pilates com os objetivos de melhorar a capacidade física, aumentar a força muscular, melhorar a consciência corporal e respiratória, e melhorar a controle de tronco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Conclusão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Para o paciente paraplégico é fundamental a preservação das suas capacidades funcionais e a manutenção da sua saúde, se mantendo ativo&amp;nbsp; na realização das suas tarefas e atividades de vida diária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Devido às restrições em sua mobilidade e independência os paraplégicos, muitas vezes, são impedidos de exercer a sua cidadania por encontrar sérias dificuldades decorrentes da inadequação de muitos espaços públicos, edificações e, inclusive dos ambientes destinados aos cuidados à saúde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dessa forma, uma grande parte, mesmo com um bom prognóstico de recuperação, acabam se limitando pelas dificuldades de acesso aos serviços especializados, espaços sociais e de lazer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Por isso é importante que o fisioterapeuta ao desenvolver um plano de tratamento avalie o paciente em todos os aspectos, inclusive orientando o indivíduo e seus cuidadores sobre a patologia e as suas consequências, e procurando junto com ele encontrar alternativas para ultrapassar as barreiras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A reabilitação deve sempre direcionar a redescoberta do corpo do indivíduo através de orientações sobre as mudanças fisiológicas e anatômicas, entre outros, que ocorrem após a lesão. Mas somente isso não dá a garantia de entendimento completo, afinal, é fundamental que o paciente aceite as diferenças, enfrente e supere elas, para ter bons resultados em relação ao tratamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Referências&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ALMEIDA, P. M. D. Reabilitação Funcional em Lesões Vértebro-Medulares– A Intervenção Tradicional e as Novas Abordagens em Fisioterapia. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia, s. 1, n. 1, 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ALONSO, K. C.; AZEVEDO, E. R. F. B. M.; CACHO, E. W.; VAROTO, R.; JUNIOR, A. C. Avaliação Cinemática da Transferência de Paraplégicos da Cadeira de Rodas. Acta Ortopédica Brasileira, v. 19, n. 6, São Paulo, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;BARROS, F. T.; OLIVEIRA, R. P., KALIL, E. M.; PRADA, F.S. Avaliação&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Padronizada nos Traumatismos Raquimedulares. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia, v. 29, São Paulo, 1994.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Departamento de Ações Programáticas Estratégicas. Área Técnica de Saúde da Pessoa com Deficiência. Diretrizes da Atenção à Pessoa com Lesão Medular. Brasília, 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;BROMLEY, I. Paraplegia e Tetraplegia: Um Guia Teórico – Prático para Fisioterapeutas, Cuidadores e Familiares. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter, 1997.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;COSTA, D. Fisioterapia Respiratória Básica. São Paulo: Atheneu, 1999.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;CUNHA, F. M.; MENEZES, C. M.; GUIMARÃES, E. P. Lesões Traumáticas da Coluna Torácica e Lombar. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia, v. 35, São Paulo,&amp;nbsp; 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;DELIZA, J. A. Tratado de Medicina de Reabilitação: Princípios e Práticas. Barueri: Manole, 2002.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;GREVE, J. M. D.; CASALIS, M. E. P.; FILHO, T. E. P. B. Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Lesão da Medula Espinhal. São Paulo: Roca, 2001.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;JUNIOR, H. R. J. Neurologia de Netter. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;KRUEGER-BECK, E.; SCHEEREN, E. M.; NETO, G. N. N.; BUTTON, V. L. S. N.; NOHAMA, P. Efeitos da Estimulação Elétrica Funcional no Controle Neuromuscular Artificial. Revista de Neurociências, São Paulo, v. 19, n. 3, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;LEITE, J. V.; RAEL, S.; CASTRO, W.; VICENTINI, A. Influência do Ortostatismo no Controle de Tronco e na Espasticidade de Pacientes Paraplégicos. Intellectus, Rio de Janeiro, n. 5, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;MAROTTA, J. T. Merritt – Tratado de Neurologia. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2002.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;NOVAES, M. H. Psicologia Aplicada à Reabilitação. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1975.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;O´ SULLIVAN, S.; SCHMITTZ , T. J. Fisioterapia Avaliação e Tratamento.São Paulo: Manole, 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;SOLINO, J. L.; MELO, M. F. F. V.; SILVA, D. H. A. Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral: Avaliação da Etiologia, Incidência e Frequência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia, São Paulo, v. 25, 1990.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;STOKES, M. Neurologia para Fisioterapeutas. Premier: São Paulo, 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;UMPHRED, D. A. Reabilitação Neurológica. Barueri: Manole, 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/3084206763745815692/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/04/tratamento-fisioterapeutico-em.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/3084206763745815692'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/3084206763745815692'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/04/tratamento-fisioterapeutico-em.html' title='Tratamento fisioterapêutico em pacientes com paraplegia'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-2169054850911194727</id><published>2020-04-14T05:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2020-04-14T05:37:11.658-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment as a Useful Adjunctive Tool for Pneumonia</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 class=&quot;content-title&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140285625547808&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yao%20S%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;Sheldon Yao&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup&gt; 1 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140285623962032&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hassani%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;John Hassani&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup&gt; 1 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140285695709712&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gagne%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;Martin Gagne&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup&gt; 1 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140285625544080&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=George%20G%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;Gebe George&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup&gt; 1 &lt;/sup&gt; and  &lt;a class=&quot;affpopup&quot; co-class=&quot;co-affbox&quot; co-rid=&quot;_co_idm140285625899248&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gilliar%20W%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;Wolfgang Gilliar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt; 1 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h3 class=&quot;no_margin&quot;&gt;
Sheldon Yao&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Find articles by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yao%20S%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;Sheldon Yao&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;_co_idm140285623962032&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;no_margin&quot;&gt;
John Hassani&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Find articles by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hassani%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;John Hassani&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;_co_idm140285695709712&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;no_margin&quot;&gt;
Martin Gagne&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Find articles by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gagne%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;Martin Gagne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;_co_idm140285625544080&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;no_margin&quot;&gt;
Gebe George&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Find articles by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=George%20G%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;Gebe George&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Wolfgang Gilliar&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Find articles by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gilliar%20W%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=24836893&quot;&gt;Wolfgang Gilliar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;idm140285696096624&quot;&gt;
Correspondence to: Martin Gagne at &lt;a class=&quot;oemail&quot; data-email=&quot;ude.tiyn@engagm&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot;&gt;ude.tiyn@engagm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Abstract&lt;/h2&gt;
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Pneumonia, the inflammatory state of lung tissue primarily due to microbial infection, claimed 52,306 lives in the United States in 2007&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and resulted in the hospitalization of 1.1 million patients&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. With an average length of in-patient hospital stay of five days&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, pneumonia and influenza comprise significant financial burden costing the United States $40.2 billion in 2005&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Under the current Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society guidelines, standard-of-care recommendations include the rapid administration of an appropriate antibiotic regiment, fluid replacement, and ventilation (if necessary). Non-standard therapies include the use of corticosteroids and statins; however, these therapies lack conclusive supporting evidence&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. (Figure 1)&lt;/div&gt;
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Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) is a cost-effective adjunctive treatment of pneumonia that has been shown to reduce patients’ length of hospital stay, duration of intravenous antibiotics, and incidence of respiratory failure or death when compared to subjects who received conventional care alone&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;. The use of manual manipulation techniques for pneumonia was first recorded as early as the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, when patients treated with standard medical care had an estimated mortality rate of 33%, compared to a 10% mortality rate in patients treated by osteopathic physicians&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;. When applied to the management of pneumonia, manual manipulation techniques bolster lymphatic flow, respiratory function, and immunological defense by targeting anatomical structures involved in the these systems&lt;sup&gt;7,8, 9, 10&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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The objective of this review video-article is three-fold: a) summarize the findings of randomized controlled studies on the efficacy of OMT in adult patients with diagnosed pneumonia, b) demonstrate established protocols utilized by osteopathic physicians treating pneumonia, c) elucidate the physiological mechanisms behind manual manipulation of the respiratory and lymphatic systems. Specifically, we will discuss and demonstrate four routine techniques that address autonomics, lymph drainage, and rib cage mobility: 1) Rib Raising, 2) Thoracic Pump, 3) Doming of the Thoracic Diaphragm, and 4) Muscle Energy for Rib 1.&lt;sup&gt;5,11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong class=&quot;kwd-title&quot;&gt;Keywords: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kwd-text&quot;&gt;Medicine, Issue 87, Pneumonia, osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) and techniques (OMT), lymphatic, rib raising, thoracic pump, muscle energy, doming diaphragm, alternative treatment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;
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Children, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised patients are especially susceptible to pneumonia. Patients may present with fever, cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. Clinical chest examination may reveal dullness to percussion and crackles upon auscultation over the affected lung&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;. Laboratory results may show a leukocytosis with left-shift, as well as an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. Tests to elucidate the specific causative microbe include the urine antigen test, polymerase chain reaction, sputum analysis, and blood culture&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. Finally, radiographic imaging, which serves as the gold standard for diagnosis, may display consolidation or inflammatory changes over the various lobes of the lungs&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;. While no specific algorithm or constellation of symptoms have consistently proven to establish the clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, temperature &amp;gt; 100º F and abnormal breath sounds (rales or rhonchi) are generally accepted as criteria for ordering a chest x-ray or sputum sample&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;. Additionally, the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and CURB-65 criteria have been proven to accurately predict mortality in pneumonia patients.&lt;sup&gt;14, 15&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Once the diagnosis of pneumonia has been confirmed, traditional standard-of-care management should be administered. For patients in a stable condition, osteopathic evaluation and adjunctive treatment may be beneficial and should be considered.&lt;/div&gt;
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In addition to being fully-licensed to practice conventional medicine, osteopathic physicians utilize a multi-step holistic approach to diagnosis and treatment that improves structure, function, and the body&#39;s intrinsic ability to heal. Management begins with taking a standard history and performing a physical exam. If necessary, laboratory and imaging studies are conducted. An osteopathic structural exam is then performed, which includes an evaluation and assessment of the following parameters which are beyond the scope of this article: presence of segmental and regional restrictions of motion, thoracic cage immobility, muscle spasms, tenderpoints, viscerosomatic reflexes, Chapman&#39;s points, lymphatic obstructions, autonomic abnormalities, and structural irregularities. The patient then receives hands-on manipulation aimed at addressing any specific dysfunctions, in addition to standard-of-care treatment protocols. Finally, reassessment is performed in order to evaluate the efficacy of intervention.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Literature Review&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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Our initial inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indexed in PubMed studying the efficacy of OMT on adults (&amp;gt; 18 years old) diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. We searched PubMed for “osteopath* pneumonia randomized controlled trial”, which yielded a return of six articles. Of these results, three fit the scope of the inclusion criteria.&lt;/div&gt;
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Because of the limited number of RCTs on the efficacy of OMT in pneumonia patients, we expanded our inclusion criteria to include studies on the efficacy of another manual, non-pharmacologic, adjunctive therapy used in the treatment of pneumonia, namely chest physiotherapy.&amp;nbsp; Chest physiotherapy is defined as a set of techniques designed to improve respiratory efficiency by promoting expansion of the lungs, strengthening respiratory muscles, and eliminating secretions from the lungs&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;. Chest physiotherapy includes techniques such as percussion and postural drainage along with coughing and deep breathing exercises, which are indicated for the management of pneumonia&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;. It is clear that the ideal goal of chest physiotherapy is similar to OMT in that both of these manual modalities assist in decreasing the work of breathing and promoting lung expansion. This, it was logical for us to expand our search to include chest physiotherapy.&lt;/div&gt;
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We then searched PubMed for “physiotherapy pneumonia randomized controlled trial”, which yielded a return of 59 articles. Of these results, three additional studies fit the scope of the inclusion criteria.&lt;/div&gt;
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When combining the two searches, a total of six RCTs fit our criteria for inclusion. These RCTs are described below, summarized&amp;nbsp;and displayed in Figures 3-4:&lt;/div&gt;
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In 2010, Noll published &lt;em&gt;Efficacy of osteopathic manipulation as an adjunctive treatment for hospitalized patients with pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. &lt;/em&gt;This was a multi-center randomized controlled trial involving 406 subjects that focused on adjunctive therapies for pneumonia in elderly patients. The treatment group received OMT from an osteopathic specialist, which utilized techniques such as rib raising, doming the diaphragm, thoracic pump, and lymphatic pump. A placebo group received light touch, while a control group received conventional care only. Noll found that when compared to conventional treatment by per-protocol analysis, OMT was associated with decreased length of stay (LOS) and duration of IV antibiotics, as well as a lower incidence of respiratory failure and death.&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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In 2000 and 1999, Noll published &lt;em&gt;Benefits of osteopathic manipulative treatment for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Adjunctive osteopathic manipulative treatment in the elderly hospitalized with pneumonia: a pilot study&lt;/em&gt;. These trials reported that adjunctive OMT, when compared to light touch, was associated with decreased LOS and duration of intravenous antibiotics.&lt;sup&gt;19, 20&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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In 1997, Bjorkqvist&#39;s &lt;em&gt;Bottle-blowing in hospital-treated patients with community acquired-pneumonia&lt;/em&gt; compared outcome measures in pneumonia patients stratified to receive an adjunctive protocol for early mobilization, deep breathing, or bubble-blowing. Bubble-blowing was associated with a decreased LOS relative to the early mobilization group.&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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In 1985, Britton published &lt;em&gt;Chest physiotherapy in primary pneumonia&lt;/em&gt;. This study found no benefit for pneumonia patients undergoing a protocol for postural drainage, percussion, vibration, and external help with breathing.&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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In 1978, Graham&#39;s &lt;em&gt;Efficacy of chest physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure breathing in the resolution of pneumonia&lt;/em&gt; found no benefit for pneumonia patients enrolled in a protocol for postural drainage, percussion, vibration, and encouragement of deep breathing and coughing.&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Protocol&lt;/h2&gt;
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The five OMT&#39;s described here are a small representation of the osteopathic procedures that can be utilized for a patient with pneumonia when indicated. These techniques focus on improving thoracic cage compliance, improving lymphatic and circulatory flow, and balancing autonomic tone. These techniques are similar to the techniques utilized in the three OMT studies demonstrating efficacy in treating patients with pneumonia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sec&quot; id=&quot;__sec3&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;__sec3title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
1. Muscle Energy to Rib 1 - Exhalation Dysfunction &lt;sup&gt;24,25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ol class=&quot;enumerated&quot; style=&quot;list-style-type: decimal;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p19&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Assess rib 1 motion by placing a first digit on the posterior aspect of the patient&#39;s first rib, second digit on the supraclavicular portion of the first rib, and third digit on the infraclavicular portion of the first rib. Palpate for restricted motion or tissue congestion.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p20&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Patient lies supine on table. Stand on the opposite side of the rib dysfunction (for example, if it is a left Rib 1 Exhalation Dysfunction, stand on the patient&#39;s right side and vice versa).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p21&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Reach the caudad hand under the patient and grasp the rib angle of the dysfunctional rib 1. Apply traction in an inferolateral direction.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p22&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Place the dorsum of the patient&#39;s left wrist on forehead. Then, place a hand over patient&#39;s wrist.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p23&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Have the patient take a deep breath in while moving the rib inferiorly to engage the restrictive barrier.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p24&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Have the patient hold his or her breath for 3-5 seconds while attempting to lift their head against isometric resistance provided by a hand.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p25&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Repeat steps 1.5-1.6 three to five times while re-engaging a new restrictive barrier after each repetition. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p26&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Following the last repetition, a final, passive stretch is performed further into the restrictive barrier.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p27&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Re-assess rib 1 motion and check for signs of improvement. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sec&quot; id=&quot;__sec4&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;__sec4title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2. Muscle Energy to Rib 1 - Inhalation Dysfunction &lt;sup&gt;24,25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p28&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sit at the head of the table while the patient lies supine.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p29&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Assess for dysfunction using digital palpation of rib 1. Place a thumb on the posterior aspect of the rib, second digit on the supraclavicular portion, and third digit on the infraclavicular region. Feel for restricted motion or local tissue congestion.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p30&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Monitor the head of the dysfunctional rib in the supraclavicular fossa with a thumb.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p31&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Flex patient&#39;s head forward with the opposite hand until motion is felt at rib 1 in order to relieve the tension of the anterior scalene muscles. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p32&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Instruct the patient to inhale and exhale deeply. As the patient exhales, move rib 1 inferiorly into the restrictive barrier. Instruct the patient to hold his/her breath in exhalation for 3-5 seconds.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p33&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
While the patient holds his/her breath in exhalation, instruct patient to push his/her head backwards against isometric resistance. This should last for 3-5 seconds while the patient is holding his/her breath.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p34&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
When the patient inhales, resist the natural tendency of the rib to move superiorly with inhalation.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p35&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Repeat steps 2.5-2.7 three to five times, while re-engaging a new restrictive barrier with each repetition. After the final repetition, a passive stretch is performed further into the restrictive barrier.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p36&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Re-asses rib motion to evaluate for any improvement. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sec&quot; id=&quot;__sec5&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;__sec5title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
3. Doming the Thoracic Diaphragm &lt;sup&gt;24,25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p37&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Assess thoracic cage motion bilaterally by palpating the rib cage while the patient inhales and exhales.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p38&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Patient lies supine on the table. Stand on either side of patient. Thumb tips should be placed inferolateral to the xiphoid process and rest along the anterolateral costal margin below rib 7, which corresponds to muscular attachments of the respiratory diaphragm. The remaining digits should rest along the inferolateral border of ribs 8-10.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p39&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Instruct the patient to “take a deep breath and then breathe all the way out.” As the patient exhales, follow the diaphragm by pressing thumbs posterior towards the table. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p40&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Hold this point on the diaphragm as the patient takes the next deep inhalation. During the next exhalation, a further cephalad motion of the diaphragm is recommended (within a reasonable means and not providing any excessive discomfort to the patient). Continue to monitor the superior movement of the diaphragm. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p41&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Repeat steps 3.3-3.4 for three to five respiratory cycles, or until the diaphragm domes easily at the end of exhalation. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p42&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Re-asses by monitoring the diaphragm for improvement in excursion.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sec&quot; id=&quot;__sec6&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;__sec6title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
4. Seated Rib Raising &lt;sup&gt;24,25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p43&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Assess respiratory motion by palpating the rib cage. In particular, assess specific ribs for individual restrictions that impede the motion of the entire thoracic cage.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p44&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Begin by having patient seated. Stand facing the patient with one foot behind the other.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p45&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Instruct patient to cross his or her arms and rest their elbows on your shoulder. Patient may rest his/her head on his/her arms. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p46&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Reach underneath the arms of the patient. Position finger pads near the costotransverse articulation, at the level of ribs 2-6. The finger pads are used as a fulcrum for extension of the patient&#39;s spine.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p47&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Lean weight onto the back foot and draw patient forward, providing an anterior-lateral traction of the rib angles. Also, extend the patient&#39;s spine by shifting center of gravity posteriorly, thereby stretching the intercostal spaces and engaging the restrictive barrier.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p48&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Hold this position for one second, and then release by allowing your weight to transfer forward to the more anterior foot and the patient to spring back to a more upright position.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p49&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Move finger pads down one rib level and repeat steps 4.5-4.6. Continue this step-by-step down the rib levels until the rib levels are out of reach (typically around ribs 6-8).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p50&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Reverse the procedure by working back up the rib cage until reaching rib 2.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p51&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Determine success of treatment by reassessing rib motion of previously restricted rib levels.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sec sec-last&quot; id=&quot;__sec7&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;__sec7title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
5. Thoracic Pump with Respiratory Assist &lt;sup&gt;24,25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p52&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Assess thoracic cage motion bilaterally by palpating the rib cage while the patient inhales and exhales.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p53&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The patient is positioned supine on table, while the physician stand at the head of the table. The table height should be adjusted to a comfortable height where the hands can fully extend onto patient&#39;s pectoral region.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p54&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Place hands over the patient&#39;s pectoral region, with heels of hands just distal to clavicles and thumbs at approximately 45 degrees to sternum. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p55&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Instruct patient to inhale and exhale deeply. Provide a compressive force downward onto the chest cage. Then, oscillate the degree of compression to produce a pump motion. Continue for approximately one minute or until adequate time passes for proper lymph flow.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p56&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Respiratory assist is initiated by instructing the patient to inhale deeply and then exhale deeply. During the exhalation phase, follow the chest wall down until exhalation is complete. At the end of exhalation, hold chest wall in place and provide resistance while patient begins inhalation. Follow this step (step 2d) for several cycles of inhalation/expiration (2-6 cycles).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p57&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
During the final inhalation phase, right before the patient has completed a full deep inhalation, rapidly remove hands from patient&#39;s chest to allow for a sudden influx of air into the patient&#39;s chest.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;__p58&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Re-asses for improvements by palpating thoracic motion.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;tsec sec&quot; id=&quot;__sec8&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix&quot; id=&quot;__sec8title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Representative Results&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;p p-first&quot; id=&quot;__p59&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
First, Muscle Energy Technique targets the Golgi tendon organs, which are stretch receptors located in skeletal muscle. Upon contraction, Golgi tendon organs are stretched, which activates afferent sensory type Ib nerves transmitting to the spinal cord. In the central nervous system, type Ib nerves synapse upon inhibitory motor neurons, which then provide inhibitory impulses to alpha motor neurons targeting the homonymous muscle group. The end result is relaxation of the initial and synergistic muscles, as well as contraction of antagonistic muscles. This effect is referred to as the Golgi tendon reflex or Inverse Myostatic Reflex. In the application of Muscle Energy Technique to the rib cage, muscles involved in breathing are engaged in isometric resistance. In the case of Rib 1, rib motion can be restricted by pathology related to the scalene muscles. By improving somatic dysfunctions in this respiratory muscle set, Rib 1 moves with greater ease during inspiration and expiration. Treatments that assist thoracic cage motion reduce the impedance of lymphatic flow by respiratory structures, which are located in the thoracic inlet/outlet area. Myofascial restrictions in clavicular region, such as scalene hypertrophy or spasm, can impede the terminal drainage of lymphatic vessels en route to the subclavian veins. Moreover, increased rib cage excursion improves pressure gradients, which further promotes lymph flow.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p60&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Second, Doming of the Thoracic Diaphragm Technique involves manipulation of the thoracic diaphragm, which is a principal muscle involved in breathing, blood circulation, lymphatic flow, and other key elements&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt;. This technique involves “doming” the muscle to relieve hypertonicity associated with a flattened or dysfunctional state. Doming refers to the method of applying pressure and stretching the muscle in order to return it to a more normal rounded shape; thus, decreasing it’s hypertonicity. This technique indirectly engages the inferior surface of the diaphragm and increases its excursion during expiration&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt;. Furthermore, the diaphragm assists lymphatic flow by exerting a pump-like propulsion effect on fluid within vessels. Thus, a hindrance in the diaphragm’s physical pumping force will limit lymphatic return to circulation. For instance, a hypertonic diaphragm can hamper the lymphatic flow from the cisterna chili, which is a major vessel that lies behind diaphragmatic attachments. The doming of the thoracic diaphragm technique increases excursion, and consequently there will be both optimal lymph flow and return pressure gradients to normal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p61&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Third, Rib Raising Technique augments lymphatic flow by improving respiratory excursion and reducing sympathetic outflow. Excessive autonomic innervation reduces chest wall mobility by generating hypertonicity of the rib cage musculature and increasing intra-abdominal pressure&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt;. Since lymphatic flow is dependent on pressure gradients generated by adequate respiratory excursion, excessive sympathetic tone can be a hindrance to lymphatic drainage&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt;. Accordingly, this technique addresses this pathology by focusing on sympathetic chain ganglia adjacent to Ribs 2-6&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt;. Furthermore, in a study comparing the effect of Rib Raising to a light touch control group, there was a significant decrease in the levels of α-amylase, an established physiological biomarker of sympathetic activity&lt;sup&gt;29&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;__p62&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fourth, Thoracic Pump Technique increases the flow of lymph and other immune cells through a rhythmic, phasic compression of lymphatic vessel walls and regional lymph tissue&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;, especially the thoracic duct. This technique provides a mechanical force to supplement lymphatic drainage into venous circulation, which is primarily useful in states of obstructed or limited drainage of the extracellular compartment. The oscillatory compressive action produces alternating pressure gradients, which enable lymph to flow through its natural channels in a superior direction.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Figure 1.&lt;/strong&gt; This figure illustrates various components of pneumonia treatment and their efficacy, as supported by current literature&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Figure 2. &lt;/strong&gt;This figure illustrates the step-by-step approach toward patient care utilized by osteopathic physicians.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Figure 3.&lt;/strong&gt; This figure demonstrates significant findings in RCTs comparing length of stay.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 4. &lt;/strong&gt;This figure demonstrates significant findings in RCTs comparing duration of antibiotics.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 5.&lt;/strong&gt; This figure demonstrates the Golgi tendon reflex. When stretched, the Golgi tendon organ is activated and provides feedback to the central nervous system that results in inhibitory impulses being sent to the homonymous muscle.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 6.&lt;/strong&gt; This figure demonstrates the positional set up for Muscle Energy Technique applied to an exhalation dysfunction of Rib 1.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 7&lt;/strong&gt;. This figure illustrates placement of the thumbs for Doming the Diaphragm Technique, which normalizes the shape of the diaphragm to alleviate abnormal respiratory motions.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 8.&lt;/strong&gt; This figure demonstrates the positional set up for Doming The Diaphragm technique.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 9.&lt;/strong&gt; This figure illustrates the Rib Raising Technique, which improves respiratory expansion and alleviates hypertonicity caused by excessive innervation from the sympathetic chain ganglia.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 10. &lt;/strong&gt;This figure demonstrates the positional set up for Rib Raising Technique.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 11.&lt;/strong&gt; This figure illustrates hand positioning, relative to the lymphatic system, prior to providing downward oscillatory compression in Thoracic Pump Technique.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Figure 12. &lt;/strong&gt;This figure demonstrates the positional set up for Thoracic Pump Technique.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2 class=&quot;head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix&quot; id=&quot;__sec9title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Discussion&lt;/h2&gt;
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Osteopathic medicine, when applied to pneumonia patients, aids in restoring health by encouraging normal circulation and immunological function. This is achieved in three sequential steps: removal of dysfunctions obstructing drainage, maximization of respiratory function, and augmentation of flow through lymphoid tissue&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt;. The roles of the lymphatic system include: balancing the composition of interstitial fluid, transportation of excess substances, distribution of immune cells from lymphoid tissues to systemic circulation, and filtration and removal of foreign material from interstitial fluid.&lt;/div&gt;
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Literature suggests that techniques targeting lymphatic flow are advantageous for treatment of pneumonia by way of altering pressure differentials in the thoracic diaphragm&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt;, improving respiratory function&lt;sup&gt;31,32&lt;/sup&gt;, enhancing antibody response&lt;sup&gt;7,33&lt;/sup&gt;, reducing edema&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;, activating autonomic-mediated intrinsic lymphatic contractility&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt;, and increasing the abundance of white blood cells in peripheral blood&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;. Lymphatic pump techniques have been shown to increase cytokines and chemokines in thoracic and intestinal lymph vessels&lt;sup&gt;35&lt;/sup&gt;, while mechanical pressure to certain body regions distant from the location of lymph formation enhances flow into lymphatic systems&lt;sup&gt;36&lt;/sup&gt;. In addition, it has been shown that lymphatic OMT augments leukocyte mobilization and flow in dogs and rats, primarily from gut-associated lymphoid tissue&lt;sup&gt;37,38,39,40,41&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Contraindications to performing OMT include osseous fractures, thrombotic events, certain stages of carcinoma, and bacterial infections with a current temperature over 102 degrees Fahrenheit. Osteopathic manual manipulations should only be performed by trained osteopathic physicians. If the physician has difficulty performing the techniques described, we suggest re-positioning and/or further examination of the patient for additional structural abnormalities.&lt;/div&gt;
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In practice, clinicians may utilize various modifications of the techniques described. For example, a similar version of the rib raising technique can be performed while the patient is supine. In this arrangement, the physician should use the finger-pads of both hands to contact the patient’s rib angles. Utilizing the metacarpophalangeal joints and the treatment table as a fulcrum, the physician should pull laterally by leaning back. This position should be held until a release is felt, then repeat the steps in other areas of the ribs. A modification to the thoracic pump technique involves providing vibratory compressions to the rib cage during patients’ exhalation phase.&lt;/div&gt;
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In conclusion, we believe that OMT is a valuable adjunctive tool in the treatment of pneumonia.&amp;nbsp; We reviewed established protocols by discussing the steps, mechanisms, and physiologies associated with these therapies. Armed with a better understanding of these techniques, we hope that more physicians will opt to incorporate osteopathic principles into infectious disease protocols.&lt;/div&gt;
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Disclosures&lt;/h2&gt;
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Martin Gagne was an Associate Editor at the Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) from 2009 to 2011. The remaining authors have no other disclosures.&lt;/div&gt;
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Acknowledgments&lt;/h2&gt;
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The authors would like to thank the entire New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine&#39;s Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine. This project is funded by the Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine at the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2 class=&quot;head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix&quot; id=&quot;idm140285695737136title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/2169054850911194727/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/04/osteopathic-manipulative-treatment-as.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/2169054850911194727'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/2169054850911194727'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/04/osteopathic-manipulative-treatment-as.html' title='Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment as a Useful Adjunctive Tool for Pneumonia'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-269946908738081745</id><published>2020-03-25T12:05:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2020-07-06T01:17:03.116-07:00</updated><title type='text'>RECOMENDAÇÕES PARA O USO DE MÁSCARAS / RESPIRADORES DE CAMADA TRIPLA CIRÚRGICA  </title><content type='html'>RECOMENDAÇÕES PARA O USO DE MÁSCARAS / RESPIRADORES DE CAMADA TRIPLA CIRÚRGICA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. Indivíduos assintomáticos com máscaras de qualquer tipo não são recomendados&lt;br /&gt;
2. Usar máscaras quando não indicadas resulta em custos desnecessários e em um encargo de compras, especialmente durante o período de uma epidemia / pandemia&lt;br /&gt;
3. Pessoas com sintomas respiratórios ou que cuidam de pacientes com COVID-19 em casa devem receber máscaras cirúrgicas de camada tripla. [57-59]&lt;br /&gt;
4. Os respiradores (N95, FFP2 ou padrão equivalente) devem ser reservados para procedimentos de geração de aerossóis (intubação traqueal, ventilação não invasiva, traqueostomia, bronquite).&lt;br /&gt;
microscopia e ressuscitação cardiopulmonar) juntamente com outros equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI)&lt;br /&gt;
5. Os profissionais de saúde envolvidos no atendimento direto a pacientes com COVID -19 devem usar máscara cirúrgica / respirador de três camadas (somente se disponível em quantidade suficiente) e outros EPI (proteção ocular, luvas e aventais / aventais resistentes a líquidos)&lt;br /&gt;
6. A equipe médica e de enfermagem envolvida na unidade de terapia intensiva deve usar respiradores (N95 / FFP2 ou equivalente)&lt;br /&gt;
7. Durante a presente situação de pandemia, os respiradores (por exemplo, N95, FFP2 ou padrão equivalente) podem ser usados ​​por um longo período de tempo, especialmente ao cuidar de vários pacientesque têm o mesmo diagnóstico sem removê-lo. As evidências mostram que os respiradores mantêm sua proteção quando usados ​​por longos períodos. [57-59]&lt;br /&gt;
8. Sempre priorize o uso de respiradores N95 para as pessoas com maior risco de contrair infecções.&lt;br /&gt;
9. Na maioria das vezes, uma máscara N95 pode ser usada por até 8 horas de forma contínua ou intermitente e, idealmente, precisa ser removida depois disso.&lt;br /&gt;
10. Evite tocar no interior do respirador. Se um contato inadvertido for feito com o interior do respirador, realize a higiene das mãos.&lt;br /&gt;
11. A máscara usada deve ser considerada um material potencialmente infectado e deve ser descartada separadamente em um saco descartável de resíduos infecciosos.&lt;br /&gt;
12. O sistema de saúde em todas as localidades deve adotar as medidas apropriadas para o descarte das máscaras usadas. [63]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
CONSENSO INTERNACIONAL DO PULMONOLOGISTA EM COVID-19&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Editores-Chefe&lt;br /&gt;
Dr. Tinku Joseph (Índia), Dr. Mohammed Ashkan Moslehi (Irã)</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/269946908738081745/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/recomendacoes-para-o-uso-de-mascaras.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/269946908738081745'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/269946908738081745'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/recomendacoes-para-o-uso-de-mascaras.html' title='RECOMENDAÇÕES PARA O USO DE MÁSCARAS / RESPIRADORES DE CAMADA TRIPLA CIRÚRGICA  '/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-6304394270716894411</id><published>2020-03-25T11:52:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2020-03-25T11:52:55.107-07:00</updated><title type='text'>RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USAGE OF SURGICAL TRIPLE LAYER MASK/ RESPIRATORS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;2ecg1-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;bcue0-0-0&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;bcue0-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fonte: INTERNATIONAL PULMONOLOGIST’S CONSENSUS ON COVID-19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;8vjtj-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br data-text=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;505rl-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Chief Editors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;3915j-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Dr. Tinku Joseph (India), Dr. Mohammed Ashkan Moslehi (Iran)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;d94s6-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;d94s6-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br data-text=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;blsp-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;blsp-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1. Asymptomatic individuals wearing masks of any type is not recommended&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;9utva-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;9utva-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;9utva-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 2. Wearing masks when they are not indicated results in unnecessary cost and a procurement burden especially during the time of an epidemic/pandemic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;dr2bq-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;dr2bq-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;dr2bq-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 3. People with respiratory symptoms or who are taking care of COVID-19 patients at home should receive triple layer surgical masks. [57-59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;dd4bl-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;dd4bl-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;dd4bl-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 4. Respirators(N95, FFP2 or equivalent standard) should be reserved for aerosol generating procedures (Tracheal intubation, non-invasive ventilation, tracheostomy, bron&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;choscopy and cardio pulmonary resuscitation) along with other personal protective equipments (PPE)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;ebcsh-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;ebcsh-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;ebcsh-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 5. Health care workers who are involved in direct care of COVID -19 patients should use three layered surgical mask/ Respirator (only if available in sufficient quantity) and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;6b6tq-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;6b6tq-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; other PPE (eye protection, gloves and gowns/fluid resistant aprons)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;eqdl4-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;eqdl4-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;eqdl4-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 6. Medical and Nursing staff involved in Intensive care unit should use Respirators( N95/FFP2 or an equivalent)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;5vij4-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;5vij4-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;5vij4-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 7. During the present pandemic situation respirators (e.g., N95, FFP2 or equivalent standard) can be used for an extended time, especially while caring for multiple patients&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; who have the same diagnosis without removing it. Evidence shows that respirators maintain their protection when it is been used for extended periods. [57-59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;60u64-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;60u64-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;60u64-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 8. Always prioritize the use of N95 respirators for those personnel at the highest risk of contracting infections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;36o27-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;36o27-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;36o27-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 9. Most often an N95 mask can be used for up to 8hours on a continuous or intermittent basis and ideally it needs to be removed after that.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;c1k1h-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;c1k1h-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;c1k1h-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 10. Avoid touching the inside of the respirator. If inadvertent contact is made with the inside of the respirator, perform hand hygiene.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;9ufc-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;9ufc-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 11. Used mask should be considered as a potentially infected material and it should be disposed separately in an infectious waste disposable bag.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;143q4-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;143q4-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; 12. Health care system at every locality should adopt appropriate steps for disposal of used masks. [63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;33p5v-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;33p5v-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br data-text=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;bcue0-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;bcue0-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;INTERNATIONAL PULMONOLOGIST’S CONSENSUS ON COVID-19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;8vjtj-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;8vjtj-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br data-text=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;505rl-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;505rl-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;505rl-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Chief Editors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; data-block=&quot;true&quot; data-editor=&quot;evccm&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;3915j-0-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;_1mf _1mj&quot; data-offset-key=&quot;3915j-0-0&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span data-offset-key=&quot;3915j-0-0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Dr. Tinku Joseph (India), Dr. Mohammed Ashkan Moslehi (Iran)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Autores: Regis Goulart Rosa1 ,
William Rutzen1 , Laura Madeira1 , Aline Maria Ascoli1 , Felippe Leopoldo Dexheimer
Neto1 , Juçara Gasparetto Maccari1 , Roselaine Pinheiro de Oliveira1, Cassiano
Teixeira1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
1. Departamento de Medicina
Intensiva, Hospital Moinhos de Vento - Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rev Bras Ter Intensiva.
2015;27(4):406-411&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
regisgoulartrosa@gmail.com&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
ABSTRACT&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Thoracic electrical impedance
tomography is a real-time, noninvasive monitoring tool of the regional
pulmonary ventilation distribution. Its bedside use in patients with acute
respiratory distress syndrome has the potential to aid in alveolar recruitment
maneuvers, which are often necessary in cases of refractory hypoxemia. In this
case report, we describe the monitoring results and interpretation of thoracic
electrical impedance tomography used during alveolar recruitment maneuvers in a
patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome, with transient application of
high alveolar pressures and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure titration.
Furthermore, we provide a brief literature review regarding the use of alveolar
recruitment maneuvers and monitoring using thoracic electrical impedance
tomography in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Keywords: Cardiography,
impedance; Respiratory insufficiency/physiopathology; Monitoring, physiologic;
Respiratory mechanics; Case reports&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
RESUMO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A tomografia por impedância
elétrica torácica constitui ferramenta de monitorização não invasiva, em tempo
real, da distribuição regional da ventilação pulmonar. Sua utilização à beira
do leito em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo tem o
potencial de auxiliar na condução de manobras de recrutamento alveolar,
frequentemente necessárias em casos de hipoxemia refratária. Neste relato de
caso, apresentamos os resultados e a interpretação da monitorização da
tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica em um paciente com síndrome do
desconforto respiratório da pressão positiva ao final da expiração ideal.
Adicionalmente, apresentamos uma breve revisão da literatura a respeito do uso
de manobras de recrutamento alveolar e monitorização com tomografia por
impedância elétrica torácica em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório
agudo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
INTRODUÇÃO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A síndrome do desconforto
respiratório agudo (SDRA) caracteriza-se por insuficiência respiratória de
início agudo, associada à hipoxemia grave (pressão parcial de oxigênio/fração
inspirada de oxigênio - PaO2/FiO2≤ 300mmHg) e ao infiltrado pulmonar bilateral
não explicado totalmente por insuficiência cardíaca ou sobrecarga hídrica.(1)
De acordo com os critérios de Berlin, a SDRA pode ser classificada em leve
(PaO2/FiO2 de 201 a 300mmHg), moderada (PaO2/FiO2 de 101 a 200mmHg) ou grave
(PaO2/FiO2≤ 100mmHg).(2) A despeito da evolução do tratamento nas últimas
décadas, a SDRA continua a se correlacionar com elevadas taxas de letalidade,
as quais podem atingir a faixa de 36% a 44% em centros especializados.(3,4)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Devido à gravidade da
insuficiência respiratória, pacientes com SDRA frequentemente necessitam de
ventilação mecânica (VM) como tratamento de suporte intensivo. No entanto, a VM
pode ocasionar efeitos deletérios ao tecido pulmonar, podendo contribuir,
inclusive, para piora do quadro de SDRA.(5-7) Este efeito deletério foi demonstrado
em estudos que avaliaram o impacto da VM com altos volumes correntes e altos
níveis de pressão de platô neste contexto.(8,9) Dessa forma,
preconiza-se o ajuste da VM, de maneira a evitar ou, pelo menos, minimizar a
lesão alveolar associada ao ventilador.(10-12) Este objetivo deve ser
dinamicamente alcançado, com base em informações fornecidas pela monitorização
da função pulmonar e da mecânica ventilatória do paciente com SDRA.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O uso de manobras de recrutamento
alveolar (MRA) tem sido proposto como terapia complementar dentro das estratégias
ventilatórias para pacientes com SDRA grave e hipoxemia refratária.(13,14)
Essas manobras objetivam a expansão dos alvéolos colapsados por meio do aumento
transitório da pressão transpulmonar, seguido da aplicação de uma pressão
positiva expiratória final (PEEP) adequada, para evitar o desrecrutamento
alveolar. Esta estratégia visa a um adequado balanço entre a quantidade de
unidades alveolares colapsadas e hiperdistendidas, reduzindo o shunt pulmonar
e, consequentemente, melhorando a relação ventilação-perfusão e a
hipoxemia.(15)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O uso da tomografia por
impedância elétrica (TIE) torácica à beira do leito no paciente com SDRA pode
ser uma importante ferramenta de auxílio às MRA, por possibilitar a escolha de
uma PEEP ideal após recrutamento máximo, levando-se em consideração variáveis
importantes como a complacência estática pulmonar (Cst), o grau de colapso
alveolar recrutável e o grau de hiperdistensão alveolar. Esse exame baseia-se
nas diferenças existentes nas propriedades elétricas geradas por alterações do
conteúdo de ar em pequenas regiões pulmonares, criando uma relação de
impedância entre tais regiões.(16) Os pixels gerados na imagem do monitor
representam alterações do percentual de impedância local comparado com uma
referência obtida no início da aquisição da imagem. Logo, a imagem dinâmica do
monitor de TIE torácica mostra em tempo real a variação de ar local durante a
ventilação. Onde houver variação de ar dentro dos alvéolos, ocorrerá uma variação
de cores na imagem gerada de acordo com uma escala que vai do azul escuro
(menor aeração) até o azul claro (maior aeração). Imagens cinzas representam
regiões nas quais não houve variação da aeração.(16) Durante a manobra de
titulação decremental da PEEP, pode haver colapso alveolar em determinadas
regiões pulmonares (ocasionando redução da Cst) e alívio da hiperdistensão
alveolar em outras regiões pulmonares (ocasionando aumento da Cst).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O grau de colapso alveolar
recrutável é estimado pela redução da complacência do pixel, em relação à sua
melhor complacência, ocasionada pela redução do valor de PEEP.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Já o grau de hiperdistensão
alveolar representa a redução da complacência do pixel, em relação à sua melhor
complacência, ocasionada pelo aumento da PEEP.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
No presente relato de caso,
apresentamos a aplicação da TIE torácica em um paciente com SDRA grave durante MRA
com aplicação transitória de altas pressões alveolares e titulação da PEEP
ideal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
RELATO DE CASO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Paciente masculino, caucasiano,
com 63 anos de idade e diagnóstico de cirrose hepática por esteato-hepatite não
alcoólica admitido na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de um hospital
terciário por quadro de pneumonia grave adquirida na comunidade. Na admissão
hospitalar, o paciente apresentava febre, tosse produtiva e dispneia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Raio X de tórax inicial
evidenciava foco de consolidação broncopneumônica em lobo inferior direito.
Mesmo após início de antibioticoterapia com piperacilina/tazobactam e
claritromicina, hidratação e suporte respiratório com oxigenoterapia por óculos
nasal, o paciente evoluiu com insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica, associada
à piora do quadro radiológico pulmonar, passando a apresentar consolidações
alveolares bilaterais extensas. Ecocardiograma transtorácico à beira do leito
demonstrou função sistólica de ventrículos direito e esquerdo normais. Após
diagnóstico de SDRA, o paciente foi manejado com sedoanalgesia parenteral
contínua, bloqueio neuromuscular e VM protetora com volume corrente de 6mL/kg
predito de peso e relação de PEEP e FIO2 de acordo com o protocolo Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome Network (ARDSnet).(9) No entanto, mesmo após otimização da
VM, o paciente permanecia com hipoxemia grave (PaO2 /FiO2 de 112mmHg) e altas
pressões alveolares (pressão de platô de 34cmH2O).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Nesse momento, o paciente foi
monitorado com tomógrafo por impedância elétrica torácica Timpel Enlight 1800®,
São Paulo, Brasil (Figura 1), a qual demonstrou assimetria na distribuição da
ventilação pulmonar (Figura 2), chamando atenção a hipoventilação do pulmão
esquerdo e de campos pulmonares posteriores. Após constatação de normovolemia
por meio de avaliação ultrassonográfica da variabilidade da veia cava inferior,
decidiu-se por recrutamento alveolar com aplicação transitória de altas pressões
alveolares, pelo modo ventilatório com pressão con-trolada (PEEP de 40cmH2O,
pressão acima do PEEP de 20cmH2O e relação tempo inspiratório/tempo expiratório
de 1:1) por 2 minutos. Durante o processo, não houve instabilidade
hemodinâmica. A análise da TIE torácica após MRA (Figura 3) demonstrou melhor
distribuição da ventilação pulmonar comparada ao exame inicial, evidenciando
maior ventilação em áreas previamente colapsadas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Após MRA, calculou-se a PEEP
ideal por meio da relação entre PEEP, Cst e índices de colapso e hiperdistensão
alveolar (Figuras 4, 5 e 6). A titulação decremental da PEEP foi realizada em
passos de 2cmH2O. Escolheu-se a PEEP associada com maiores valores de Cst e
menores valores de colapso e hiperdistensão alveolar. Por meio da análise do
gráfico gerado pela TIE torácica, julgou-se a PEEP de 16cmH2O como a ideal
nesta situação, por apresentar a melhor relação entre Cst, e índices de colapso
e hiperdistensão alveolar: valores abaixo de 16cmH2O estavam associados a
menores valores de Cst e a maiores valores de colapso pulmonar; em
contrapartida, valores de PEEP acima de 16cmH2O estavam associados a maiores
valores de hiperdistensão alveolar. O paciente foi, então, recrutado novamente
conforme descrito acima e foram mantidos os parâmetros ventilatórios com volume
corrente de 6mL/kg&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
predito de peso e PEEP de 16cmH2O.
Neste momento, a pressão de platô medida encontrava-se em 26cmH2O, e a relação
PaO2/FiO2 era de 226mmHg.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Figura 1 - Posicionamento dos elétrodos
da tomografia por impedância elétrica de tórax. Os elétrodos da tomografia por
impedância elétrica são fixados à parede torácica por meio de uma cinta
posicionada ao longo da circunferência torácica próxima ao nível da linha
mamária (entre o quarto e o quinto espaço intercostal). Também são conectados
ao monitor da tomografia por impedância elétrica um sensor de fluxo posicionado
entre o tubo endotraqueal e o “Y” do circuito do ventilador, além dos elétrodos
do eletrocardiograma (não demonstrados nesta figura). TIE: tomografia por
impedância elétrica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
DISCUSSÃO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O recrutamento alveolar pode ser
definido como uma estratégia que, transitoriamente, aumenta a pressão alveolar
acima da ventilação corrente regular, incluindo (mas não se limitando a) as
manobras de insuflação sustentada, o aumento gradual da PEEP, o aumento do
volume corrente ou da pressão controlada, e os suspiros estendidos. Tem como
objetivos melhorar as trocas gasosas por meio do recrutamento máximo de
unidades alveolares,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Figura 2 - Tomografia por
impedância elétrica de tórax: distribuição da ventilação pulmonar antes da
manobra de recrutamento alveolar. Imagem de um corte transversal do tórax (ao
nível do posicionamento dos elétrodos). Nota-se uma distribuição assimétrica da
ventilação alveolar com uma menor distribuição da ventilação no pulmão esquerdo
e em campos pulmonares posteriores. D - direita; E - esquerda; A - anterior; P
- posterior.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Figura 3 - Tomografia por
impedância elétrica de tórax: distribuição da ventilação pulmonar após a
manobra de recrutamento alveolar. Imagem de um corte transversal do tórax (ao
nível do posicionamento dos eletrodos). Nota-se uma distribuição mais homogênea
da ventilação alveolar em relação à figura 2. Houve uma maior ventilação de
áreas pulmonares previamente hipoventiladas (pulmão esquerdo e campos
pulmonares posteriores). D - direita; E - esquerda; A - anterior; P – posterior&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
DISCUSSÃO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O recrutamento alveolar pode ser
definido como uma estratégia que, transitoriamente, aumenta a pressão alveolar
acima da ventilação corrente regular, incluindo (mas não se limitando a) as
manobras de insuflação sustentada, o aumento gradual da PEEP, o aumento do
volume corrente ou da pressão controlada, e os suspiros estendidos. Tem como
objetivos melhorar as trocas gasosas por meio do recrutamento máximo de
unidades alveolares proporcionando uma ventilação mais homogênea do parênquima
pulmonar. A MRA descrita no caso relatado, com posterior titulação da PEEP para
manter os pulmões abertos com a melhor relação entre colapso e hiperdistensão
alveolar, foi inicialmente avaliada pela análise de tomografia
computadorizada.(17) Esta estratégia visa à abertura precoce dos pulmões e à
manutenção dos mesmos abertos, como postulado inicialmente por Lachmann,(18) a
fim de obter uma melhora na função pulmonar e evitar uma potencial lesão
pulmonar associada à VM.(19)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Como a SDRA é uma doença
bifásica, que progride de uma fase exsudativa aguda a uma de organização com
fibrose alveolar e intersticial persistente, é crucial um diagnóstico precoce,
preferencialmente com menos de 72 horas, para que as MRA e a manutenção da
abertura alveolar com PEEP suficiente sejam eficazes.(20-23) Um estudo
analisando 85 pacientes com SDRA classificados de acordo com a extensão da
fibroproliferação na tomografia computadorizada mostrou que escores
tomográficos mais elevados foram associados com uma diminuição significativa de
dias livres de disfunção orgânica, bem como dias livres de VM, e constituíram
um fator de risco independente de mortalidade (razão de Odds de 1.2; intervalo
de confiança de 95% - IC95%: 1,06 - 1,36; p &amp;lt; 0,005).(24) Recente
metanálise,(25) incluindo dez ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliaram os efeitos
de MRA em pacientes com SDRA, demonstrou razão de risco (RR) de 0,84 (IC95%:
0,74 - 0,95) para mortalidade intra-hospitalar, embora a qualidade das
evidências tenha sido baixa, devido ao risco de viés nos estudos incluídos, nos
quais as MRA eram geralmente executadas em conjunto com outras intervenções
ventilatórias que podem ter interferido no resultado de interesse. Neste
estudo, não houve diferenças nas taxas de barotrauma (RR: 1,11; IC95%: 0,78 -
1,57) ou necessidade de terapias de resgate (RR: 0,76; IC95%: 0,41 - 1,40). A
maioria dos estudos não demonstrou nenhuma diferença entre os grupos quanto à
duração da VM e ao tempo de permanência na UTI ou no hospital. Os estudos em
andamento podem determinar melhor se MRA devem ser aplicadas rotineiramente
para otimizar os resultados clínicos de pacientes com SDRA.(26,27)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A TIE é uma técnica não invasiva de
monitorização à beira do leito, que fornece informações em tempo real sobre a
distribuição regional das mudanças na resistividade elétrica do tecido pulmonar,
devido a variações de ventilação ou fluxo sanguíneo (perfusão) em relação a uma
referência preestabelecida.(28,29) Dados fornecidos pela TIE só podem
quantificar indiretamente as mudanças de impedância pulmonar local. A partir
disso, as estruturas pulmonares funcionalmente ativas são exibidas, enquanto
que estruturas normais ou patológicas funcionalmente estáticas (por exemplo:
derrame pleural ou pneumotórax) não são capturadas pela técnica, não sendo
representadas como imagens. Vários estudos animais e em humanos têm validado os
achados pulmonares da TIE torácica.(30,31) No entanto, essa correlação linear
depende fundamentalmente da posição do eletrodo, mudanças de conformação da
parede torácica e do diafragma e da proporção de ventilação corrente
distribuída nas áreas pulmonares.(32) Como ferramenta clínica à beira do leito
no ajuste dos parâmetros da VM, possíveis usos da TIE torácica constituem as
definições das áreas pulmonares colapsadas e hiperdistendidas. Ao calcular o
volume pulmonar potencialmente recrutável, como a diferença entre o aberto,
totalmente recrutados e o volume pulmonar não recrutado a 40cmH2 O, Lowhagen et
al.(33) observaram um significativo potencial de volume pulmonar recrutável de
26 ± 11% (11% a 47%) em pacientes com SDRA. O mesmo grupo também analisou a
distribuição regional de gás intratidal com alterações na mecânica pulmonar
regionais usando dados do TIE e pressão nas vias aéreas em diferentes níveis de
PEEP.(34) Independente do nível de PEEP, o volume corrente foi distribuído
principalmente nas regiões médio-ventrais, embora o aumento da PEEP tenha
gerado uma redistribuição para as regiões pulmonares mais dorsais. Quanto à
detecção de colapso alveolar, estudo clínico recente mostrou que, durante uma
manobra decremental de PEEP, a TIE torácica realizada imediatamente acima do
diafragma foi capaz de detectar o desrecrutamento alveolar, tanto em áreas
pulmonares dependentes, quanto não dependentes.(35) Recentemente, Costa et
al.(36) avaliaram um novo algoritmo para estimar a hiperinsuflação durante uma
manobra decremental de PEEP e demonstraram que as áreas de hiperinsuflação
pulmonares foram espacialmente semelhantes na comparação da TIE com a TC, porém
a TIE demonstrou sistematicamente maior coeficiente de hiperdistensão. Os
autores concluíram que as estimativas da TIE de hiperinsuflação representam
mais a deterioração funcional das unidades pulmonares, e não as alterações
anatômicas dessas áreas. CONCLUSÃO O uso da tomografia por impedância elétrica
torácica à beira do leito pode ser uma ferramenta clínica capaz de guiar, a
cada movimento respiratório, possíveis ajustes da ventilação regional,
incluíndo decisão por manobras de recrutamento alveolar, em pacientes com
síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. Ademais, a tomografia por
impedância elétrica pode refinar a escolha da pressão positiva expiratória
final ideal pós-recrutamento máximo, levando-se em consideração a quantificação
de variáveis possivelmente deletérias, como o grau de colapso e hiperdistensão
alveolar. Estudos futuros são necessários para avaliação do uso desse
equipamento associado a ferramentas de software que auxiliem a identificar
situações em que a ventilação mecânica poderia ser otimizada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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recruitable alveolar collapse and hyperdistension by electrical impedance
tomography. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(6):1132-7.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/288904152191095140/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/uso-da-tomografia-por-impedancia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/288904152191095140'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/288904152191095140'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/uso-da-tomografia-por-impedancia.html' title='Uso da tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica como ferramenta de auxílio às manobras de recrutamento alveolar na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo: relato de caso e breve revisão da literatura'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-8218685316675048946</id><published>2020-03-25T09:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2020-03-25T09:43:26.468-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Sistema Respiratório e a Fisioterapia Geriátrica </title><content type='html'>Fonte:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://siteantigo.portaleducacao.com.br/conteudo/artigos/fisioterapia/sistema-respiratorio-e-a-fisioterapia-geriatrica/28048&quot;&gt;https://siteantigo.portaleducacao.com.br/conteudo/artigos/fisioterapia/sistema-respiratorio-e-a-fisioterapia-geriatrica/28048&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O aparelho respiratório pode
sofrer alterações anatómicas e funcionais, que variam de amplitude, porém são
inerentes ao processo normal e natural do envelhecimento, não devendo ser
avaliadas como factor isolado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Vários factores podem afetar a
função pulmonar, sendo, frequentemente, agravantes do processo de
envelhecimento, tais como o tabagismo, poluição ambiental, exposição
profissional, doenças pregressas pulmonares ou não, diferenças socioeconômicas,
constitucionais e raciais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A frequente associação com outras
enfermidades, principalmente as de caráter crônico-degenerativas, faz com que
os idosos apresentem maior comprometimento da função pulmonar. A redução dos
parâmetros funcionais do idoso sadio, de acordo com vários autores, é da
grandeza de aproximadamente 20%, Cassol (2004).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Alterações estruturais do Sistema
Respiratório&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Entre as principais alterações
fisiológicas do aparelho respiratório destacam-se:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
- Perda das propriedades de
retração elástica do pulmão;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
- Enrijecimento da parede
torácica;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
- Diminuição da potência motora e
muscular.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Para Freitas et al (2002),
alterações da elasticidade, da complacência e dos volumes pulmonares,
decorrentes das mudanças do tecido conectivo pulmonar, da redução de massa
muscular e da acentuação da cifose fisiológica, são descritas como fatores
limitantes na terceira idade. Estes fatores podem frequentemente comprometer a
reserva funcional dos idosos, tornando-os sintomáticos. As propriedades
mecânicas do pulmão do idoso estão fisiologicamente alteradas quando comparadas
com as do adulto jovem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pulmão&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A maior alteração encontrada no
pulmão senil é a diminuição do tamanho da via aérea, principalmente associado
às alterações do tecido conectivo de suporte. O estreitamento de bronquíolos, o
aumento dos ductos alveolares e o achatamento dos sacos alveolares são
resultantes das alterações nas concentrações de elas tina e colágeno observados
no envelhecimento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
No interstício pulmonar, as
fibras elásticas, o colágeno e a musculatura lisa desempenham importante papel
na tensão elástica pulmonar, podendo também sofrer influências do volume
sanguíneo pulmonar e do muco brônquico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
No pulmão senil, o aumento do
volume de ar nos ácinos decorre do aumento do volume de ar nos ductos
alveolares, levando ao que chamamos de ductectasias, sendo considerado como
urna alteração fisiológica, não constituindo enfisema pulmonar propriamente
dito.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A redução do número e da
atividade das células mucociliares, do epitélio de revestimento brônquico leva
a maior dificuldade do clareamento das vias aéreas, predispondo a maior
incidência de infecção nesse grupo. As alterações anatômicas, em combinação com
a reorientação das fibras elásticas, podem ocasionar as seguintes alterações
fisiológicas na senescência: redução da elasticidade pulmonar, aumento da
complacência pulmonar, redução da capacidade de difusão de oxigênio, fechamento
prematuro de vias aéreas, fechamento de pequenas vias aéreas, redução dos
fluxos expiratórios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Parede Torácica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O enrijecimento do gradeado
costal é a principal alteração fisiológica do envelhecimento associado à parede
torácica, podendo ser atribuido ao processo de osteoporose e osteoartrose
senil, caracterizado por descalcificação das costelas e vértebras, ca!cificação
das cartilagens condroesternais e alterações nas articulações costovertebrais A
complacência total do aparelho respiratório no idoso esta reduzida à custa,
principalmente, do enrijecimento da parede torácica em contraposição aos
efeitos da redução da elasticidade pulmonar, ocasionando mudanças no formato do
pulmão e na dinâmica respiratória.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Músculos Respiratórios&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
No envelhecimento fisiológico
ocorre substituição de tecido muscular por tecido gorduroso, o que, associado
aos elevados índices de inatividade e até imobilismo, compete para a redução da
massa e da potência da musculatura esquelética, acarretando menor capacidade de
sustentar o trabalho muscular (endurance). A redução da massa e da potência
muscular é certamente fator de grande importância para o declínio da função
pulmonar e que pode ser modillcado através de programas de atividade física,
fisioterapia motora e respiratória e suplementação nutricional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Alterações da função pulmonar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
As alterações no tamanho da via
aérea e da superfície alveolar contribuem para redução do volume pulmonar útil
para as trocas gasosas e para o aumento do espaço morto. As vias aéreas servem
como conduto para gases inspirados e expirados (zona de condução), e, com o
envelhecimento, tomam-se maiores, comprometendo a eficiência das trocas
gasosas. O volume de ar inspirado contido no espaço morto aumenta de 1/3
para1/2 do volume corrente, em idosos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A redução da complacência
torácica, o aumento da complacência pulmonar e a redução da força dos músculos
respiratórios promovem a redução da capacidade vital (CV).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A capacidade residual funcional
(CRF), que corresponde ao volume de gás nos pulmões no final da expiração, e o
volume residual (VR), que corresponde ao volume de gás nos pulmões após
expiração forçada, aumentam com a idade, enquanto a capacidade pulmonar total
(CPT) e o volume corrente (VC) pouco se alteram.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A capacidade vital forçada (CVF)
e o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEFl) reduzem com a idade,
assim como a relação VEFI/CVF (índice de Tiffeneau). Tais alterações podem ser
atribuídas à redução da pressão de recolhimento e consequente fechamento das
vias aéreas em grandes volumes pulmonares. As desordens respiratórias do sono,
a obstrução e apneias são reconhecidamente, distúrbios comuns em idosos, os
quais apresentam uma redução da qualidade e na estrutura do sono.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/8218685316675048946/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/sistema-respiratorio-e-fisioterapia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/8218685316675048946'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/8218685316675048946'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/sistema-respiratorio-e-fisioterapia.html' title='Sistema Respiratório e a Fisioterapia Geriátrica '/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-864206446163254698</id><published>2020-03-23T06:37:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2020-03-23T06:39:54.535-07:00</updated><title type='text'>FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA  Em pessoas com COVID 19 </title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Fonte: APFISIO&lt;/h3&gt;
Grupo de interesse da Fisioterapia Cardio Respiratória &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Este documento foi compilado e adaptado à realidade portuguesa, tendo como fonte os documentos: i) Indicações para a Fisioterapia Respiratória em pessoas infetadas com COVID-19 disponibilizado pela &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Associazione Reabilitatori dell’ Insuficienza Respiratoria &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e ii) Recomendações para a reabilitação respiratória em adultos com COVID-19 disponibilizado pela Associação Chinesa de Medicina de Reabilitação e respetiva comissão de reabilitação respiratória e do Grupo de reabilitação cardiopulmonar da Sociedade Chinesa de Medicina Física e Reabilitação. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Índice &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;1) INDICAÇÕES PARA FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA EM DOENTES CRÍTICOS COM COVID-19 ..... 5 &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
2) INDICAÇÕES PARA FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA EM DOENTES SUB-AGUDOS LIGEIROS INTERNADOS E/OU EM ISOLAMENTO COM COVID-19 ............................................................... 14 &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
3) INDICAÇÕES PARA FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA EM DOENTES PÓS-ALTA COM COVID-19 .. 18 &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
4) EQUIPAMENTO DE PROTEÇÃO INDIVIDUAL (EPI) ................................................................... 21 &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
5) BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................................................... 24 &lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O novo coronavírus, designado SARS-CoV-2, foi pela primeira vez identificado em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, na China. A COVID-19 é uma doença infeciosa respiratória altamente contagiosa, que leva à disfunção respiratória, cardíaca, hepatica, renal, assim como imunitária. Cerca de 80% dos doentes infetados com COVID-19 irão apresentar sintomas ligeiros a moderados (tosse, febre e dificuldade respiratória) associados a infeção respiratória aguda. Aproximadamente 14% poderão desenvolver uma patologia grave, com necessidade de hospitalização e suporte de oxigénio, dos quais 5% poderão necessitar de cuidados intensivos. Contudo, a maioria dos casos recupera sem sequelas. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O trabalho em equipa multidisciplinar é fundamental para o sucesso das diferentes intervenções no tratamento das pessoas com COVID-19. As estratégias de intervenção devem ser partilhadas e discutidas entre os diferentes elementos. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;É importante reiterar que as aprendizagens da China e Itália demonstram que as pessoas com COVID-19 numa fase inicial têm &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;indicação mínima para o uso de técnicas de higiene brônquica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. A optimização da ventilação e da oxigenação são as peças fundamentais onde o Fisioterapeuta tem indicação para intervir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Este documento tem como objetivo guiar a intervenção dos Fisioterapeutas envolvidos no tratamento de pessoas com COVID-19 nas diferentes fases da doença, como se encontra descrito nas primeiras 3 secções do documento. Ressalvamos que o conhecimento acerca da COVID-19 está em constante evolução e atualização, pelo que, em função das novas linhas orientadoras e da experiência clínica dos diferentes Fisioterapeutas que irão atuar neste contexto, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;estas recomendações poderão ser atualizadas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. Assim, solicitamos aos Fisioterapeutas que irão intervir em pessoas com COVID-19, que partilhem com o Grupo de Interesse em Fisioterapia Cardiorrespiratória da Associação Portuguesa de Fisioterapeutas (GIFCR-APFisio) a sua experiência, bem como as suas sugestões de melhoria a este documento, de forma a que todos juntos consigamos proporcionar os melhores cuidados de Fisioterapia possíveis. As &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;normas de segurança e proteção individual &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
com vista a minimizar o risco de contágio da COVID-19&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;são apresentadas na quarta e última secção deste documento, e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;devem ser impreterivelmente respeitadas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e asseguradas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
1) INDICAÇÕES PARA FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA EM DOENTES CRÍTICOS COM COVID-19 &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Considerando a complexidade e fragilidade dos doentes afetados, recomendamos, sempre que possível, consultar Fisioterapeutas com &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;experiência e treino especializado em Fisioterapia Respiratória e especificamente em Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda e Crítica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Considerando a evolução contínua e rápida do quadro epidemiológico, as indicações contidas neste documento &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;NÃO &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;devem ser consideradas prescritivas, e devem &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;SEMPRE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ser adaptadas às diretrizes mais atuais que vão sendo disponibilizadas, assim como aprovadas pelos diretores das estruturas encarregadas em gerir os assuntos relacionados com COVID-19 na área específica de trabalho de cada profissional. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Introdução &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O doente com COVID-19 pode desenvolver pneumonia caracterizada por infiltrados intersticiais bilaterais, com insuficiência respiratória hipoxémica grave (SDRA - Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo, em inglês ARDS &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;– &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) após alteração grave da relação ventilação-perfusão e possível &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;shunt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;doente hipoxémico agudo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pode apresentar dispneia persistente, apesar da administração de fluxo de oxigénio &amp;gt; 10-15 L/min por máscara com reservatório. Nestes casos podem ser úteis outras técnicas, como oxigénio de alto fluxo (OAF), ou a aplicação de pressão positiva não invasiva com &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Continuous Positive Airway Pressure &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;(CPAP) ou Ventilação Não-Invasiva (VNI). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Estas devem ser usadas apenas em doentes em contexto hospitalar apropriado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Contudo, onde é imperativa a necessidade de adotar estas técnicas, deve estar sempre presente a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;possível deterioração rápida da hipoxémia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e a necessidade de intubação e ventilação mecânica invasiva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;. Tendo em vista os riscos da falência da VNI, é&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;assegurar a disponibilidade imediata de profissionais de saúde capazes de realizar a intubação endotraqueal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Se indicada, a administração de CPAP/VNI pode ser realizada com vários tipos de interface, dependendo da disponibilidade e das indicações (máscara oronasal, facial total ou &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;helmet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;/capacete). Ao optar por usar CPAP/VNI, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;deve ser considerado o nível de potencial difusão ambiental de partículas de aerossóis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&quot;Uma das questões críticas do doente nCoV de 2019 na fase intermediária - entre o início da doença e potencial evolução crítica, e também em relação às comorbilidades - reside na escolha de oxigenoterapia e suporte ventilatório invasivo. O suporte ventilatório não invasivo (CPAP, VNI e OAF) pode corrigir a hipoxémia, ajudando a gerir a insuficiência respiratória (ainda que a literatura não disponha de dados inequívocos), e atrasar ou evitar a intubação endotraqueal (e suas possíveis complicações e efeitos adversos). No entanto, existe evidência, a partir dos dados da epidemia de SARS (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;severe acute respiratory syndrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;), de que esses métodos podem aumentar o risco de propagação aerogénica do vírus. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Considerações a avaliar: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;se o doente possui fatores prognósticos que predisponham a necessidade de suporte ventilatório invasivo, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;é preferível recorrer à intubação eletiva &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e não em &quot;emergência&quot;, em condições não ideais, de forma a minimizar as complicações da própria intubação e reduzir o risco de erro - contaminação dos profissionais de saúde&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;SIAARTI: &quot;Caminho de atendimento ao paciente com COVID&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;-19 Seção 2 - Recomendações para o manejo local do paciente crítico - versão 01 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Publicado em 14/03/2020 &quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;NÃO PERPETUAR ABORDAGENS NÃO-INVASIVAS, SE A CONDIÇÃO CLÍNICA DO DOENTENÃO RESPONDER RÁPIDA E INEQUIVOCAMENTE ÀS ESTRATÉGIAS UTILIZADAS.&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;ALERTAR A EQUIPA&lt;/span&gt;!!!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Oxigenoterapia, Ventilação Mecânica e Monitorização &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Iniciar oxigenoterapia a doentes com insuficiência respiratória aguda, hipoxémia ou choque, com SpO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;alvo &amp;gt; 94%. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;1. OXIGENOTERAPIA CONVENCIONAL: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O uso de óculos nasais não é recomendado (cânulas nasais), por induzirem uma maior dispersão de partículas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. É recomendado o uso de máscara facial até 5 L/min, máscara com reservatório até 10 L/min, ou Venturi até FiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;a 60%, com a adição de máscara cirúrgica no rosto do doente, posicionada corretamente e substituída a cada 6-8 horas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2. OXIGÉNIO DE ALTO FLUXO (OAF): Iniciado a débitos baixos, incrementando até 40-60 L/min quando a PaO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;/FiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;= 200-300 mmHg. Em caso de sinais inequívocos de dificuldade respiratória, iniciar a 60L/min. As cânulas nasais devem estar bem posicionadas dentro das narinas e deve ser utilizada uma máscara cirúrgica bem posicionada acima das cânulas nasais, em frente à boca e nariz do doente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Também, neste caso, a máscara deve ser substituída a cada 6/8 horas. Para doentes que adotam um padrão de respiração de boca aberta, para melhorar a SpO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, pode ser utilizada a máscara de VNI não ventilada, conectada com conexão em T ao sistema (foto à direita). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. VENTILAÇÃO NÃO INVASIVA (CPAP/VNI): Realizar uma tentativa apenas por uma duração máxima de 1h. A VNI não é fortemente recomendada em doentes com falência do OAF. Se não se observarem melhorias significativas, a intervenção não deve ser perpetuada e a equipa deve ser notificada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTERFACE: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;para minimizar o risco de aerossolização de material infetado, a interface mais segura é o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;helmet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;/capacete. Em caso de escolha de máscara, a facial será a preferível, combinada com um circuito de ramo duplo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Se for necessário combinar máscara facial e circuito de ramo único, usar filtro antimicrobiano entre a máscara e a válvula exalatória. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;HUMIDIFICAÇÃO: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;é aconselhável usar um ventilador de circuito duplo no modo não invasivo, com humidificador aquecido ativo (HH). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;FILTROS ANTIMICROBIANOS: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Avalie o posicionamento de acordo com a configuração da ventilação e o equipamento de proteção individual (EPI) disponível para o pessoal. Posicione os filtros para proteger o doente e o ventilador (se necessário), bem como limitar a dispersão do ar exalado ao ambiente circundante. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTA IMPORTANTE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: Até ao momento, não há recomendações claras para o uso da VNI no decurso de uma nova insuficiência respiratória hipoxémica aguda, ou especificamente associada à pneumonia viral. O atraso na intubação orotraqueal devido a uso da VNI, está associado a maior mortalidade, especialmente em formas graves da condição. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. VENTILAÇÃO MECÂNICA INVASIVA: &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;É de extrema importância equilibrar as necessidades ventilatórias e de oxigenação com o risco de lesão pulmonar associada à ventilação, em doentes com COVID-19. A ventilação mecânica deve ser implementada usando &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;volume corrente baixo (4-8 mL/kg peso corporal ideal) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;baixas pressões inspiratórias (pressão de plateau &amp;lt; 30 cmH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;driving pressure &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 15 cmH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. Quanto mais baixa for a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;compliance &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pulmonar, mais reduzido deve ser o volume corrente estabelecido. A PEEP deve ser estabelecida de acordo com o protocolo de ARDS utilizado no local de intervenção. Deve ser titulada a frequência respiratória entre 18 e 25 cpm. A hipercapnia permissiva moderada é permitida. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Posicionamento &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Um aspeto relevante é o posicionamento assumido pelo doente. Evitar a postura &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;slumped &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;(deslizado na cama), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e favorecer o posicionamento adequado em posição semi-sentado (45º-60º) ou sentado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. Em caso da impossibilidade de assumir verticalização, utilizar a elevação da cama de 30º a 45º. As intervenções que promovem ortostatismo devem ser realizadas 3 vezes ao dia, durante pelo menos 20 minutos. Sempre que possível, e em estreita colaboração com a restante equipa, incentive a alternância de decúbito lateral e, eventualmente, considere a indicação para o decúbito semi-ventral ou ventral. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Muitos doentes críticos com COVID-19 respondem ao &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;decúbito ventral &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;com uma evolução favorável na oxigenação e mecânica pulmonar. A ventilação em decúbito ventral é recomendada como estratégia de rotina para doentes com PaO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;/FiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 150 mmHg e achados imagiológicos sem contraindicações. Recomenda-se utilização de períodos de pelo menos 16 horas. Este decúbito pode ser descontinuado assim que PaO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;/FiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;for superior a 150, PEEP ≤ 10 cmH2O e FiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;≤ 60% por mais de 4 horas em &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;decúbito dorsal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O procedimento &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;deve ser interrompido em caso de deterioração da oxigenação &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;(diminuição de 20% na PaO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;/FiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;em comparação com o decúbito dorsal) ou em caso de complicações graves. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;7&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;width: 552px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Na tabela seguinte estão descritas algumas sugestões sobre as medidas a serem implementadas no doente posicionado em decúbito ventral, de modo a evitar efeitos indesejáveis: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Complicação &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td height=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Solução &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;84&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Úlceras de Pressão &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td height=&quot;84&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Mudança da postura da cabeça e dos membros superiores a cada 4-6 horas. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Verifique se o tubo endotraqueal não está pressionado contra boca/lábios e se a sonda nasogástrica não exerce pressão excessiva contra as narinas. Use dispositivos anti-úlcera adequados e proteja as áreas afetadas sob pressão mais alta, por exemplo, usando espumas de alta densidade ou resistência. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;7&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;width: 552px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;17&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Edema facial/ periorbital &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td height=&quot;17&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Mantenha a cama em &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;anti-trendelenburg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, a 30º. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;22&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Danos na córnea e/ou conjuntiva &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td height=&quot;22&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Limpeza e encerramento das pálpebras, proteção ocular aplicando pomada oftálmica e adesivo protetor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;17&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lesão do plexo braquial &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td height=&quot;17&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Posicionamento correto e modificação das posturas dos membros superiores. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;31&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mau posicionamento do pavilhão auricular &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td height=&quot;31&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Verifique se a orelha subjacente não está dobrada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;70&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Estabilidade dos acessos venosos e problemas na &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;linha de hemodiafiltração veno-venosa contínua &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td height=&quot;70&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Certifique-se de que estão bem presos e não exercem pressão excessiva na pele. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;41&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lesão de elemento da equipa &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td height=&quot;41&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Instrua corretamente a equipa, identifique o número apropriado de pessoas com base no tamanho do doente e nos dispositivos/auxílios disponíveis para gerir e otimizar a coordenação durante a execução da manobra. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;MANOBRAS DE RECRUTAMENTO: Podem ser indicadas, mas devem ser consideradas de risco e a sua utilização deve ser decidida com a equipa. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
ASPIRAÇÃO DE SECREÇÕES BRÔNQUICAS: USE SISTEMAS DE ASPIRAÇÃO DE CIRCUITO FECHADO para evitar desconexões do ventilador, perda de PEEP, derecrutamento e atelectasias. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Realizar as manobras de aspiração de secreções apenas quando necessário. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para conter a dispersão de gotículas, também é recomendado: &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Verificação frequente da pressão do &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;cuff &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;do tubo endotraqueal (25-30 cmH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Evitar administrar terapia por inalação usando copo de aerossol: são indicados inaladores secos ou nebulizadores ultrassónicos conectados em circuito fechado ao ventilador mecânico, sem remover o filtro antimicrobiano do ramo expiratório do circuito; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Administrar procedimentos de desobstrução brônquica somente quando a sua indicação é considerada estritamente indispensável para a melhoria do quadro clínico. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
PROCEDIMENTOS A NÃO APLICAR NA FASE AGUDA &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Na presença de quadro clínico de ARDS, que resulte em &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;compliance &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pulmonar reduzida, aumento do trabalho respiratório e alteração da oxigenação, o padrão respiratório rápido e superficial, espontaneamente adotado pelo doente, representa uma estratégia de minimização do esforço inspiratório maximizando a eficiência. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Além disso, nessas condições clínicas, também a força dos músculos respiratórios pode estar severamente reduzida. Torna-se, portanto, extremamente importante que as estratégias e procedimentos adotados pelo Fisioterapeuta não levem a um trabalho respiratório adicional que o sujeito deverá suportar, e não aumentem o risco de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;stress &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;respiratório. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Listamos abaixo algumas das práticas mais usadas em Fisioterapia Respiratória que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;NÃO &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;são recomendadas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;nos doentes agudos com COVID-19: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Ventilação abdomino-diafragmática; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Respiração com lábios semi-cerrados; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Desobstrução brônquica/re-expansão pulmonar (PEP Bottle, EzPAP®, in-exsuflação mecânica, etc.); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Inspirometria de incentivo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Mobilização manual/alongamento da caixa torácica; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• Higiene nasal; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• Treino dos músculos respiratórios; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;• Treino de tolerância ao esforço; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Mobilização na fase de instabilidade clínica (é necessária avaliação multidisciplinar). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Com o objetivo de não aumentar o trabalho respiratório, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;é necessário limitar as estratégias de desobstrução brônquica apenas aos casos em que é estritamente indispensável&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, tendo sempre em consideração o risco de contaminação do meio ambiente, e dotando os profissionais de saúde de EPI adequados. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Critérios de Segurança para a intervenção &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sistema respiratório: FiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;≤ 0.6; SpO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;≥90%, frequência respiratória ≤ 40 ciclos/min; PEEP ≤ 10cmH20; adaptação adequada à ventilação mecânica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sistema cardiovascular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 90mmHg e ≤ 180 mmHg; pressão arterial média (PAM) ≥ 65 mmHg &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;≤ 110mmHg; frequência cardíaca ≥ 40bpm e ≤ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;120bpm; inexistência de novas arritmias e isquémia do miocárdio; sem evidência de choque acompanh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ado de lactato ≥ 4mmol/L; sem &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;nova trombose venosa profunda, instabilidade ou embolia pulmonar; ausência de suspeita de estenose aórtica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sistema nervoso: na escala de agitação-sedação de Richmond (RASS) -2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;̴ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;+2; pressão intracraniana (PIC) &amp;lt; 20 cmH20. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Outros: sem fratura instável dos membros ou coluna vertebral; sem patologia hepática ou renal grave, sem lesão da função hepática, renal nova ou progressiva; sem &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;hemorragia ativa; temperatura corporal ≤ 38,5ºC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Outras formas de intervenção em Fisioterapia Respiratória &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;assegurar os critérios de segurança&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mobilização precoce&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;: deve ser realizada segundo o protocolo de intervenção da unidade de saúde em questão e a prática da equipa de Fisioterapia, com especial atenção para evitar a desconexão da ventilação mecânica durante a intervenção, e monitorização constante dos sinais vitais durante o tratamento. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;13 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
　&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;a. Intensidade &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;– &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;nos doentes com défices de força muscular, a intensidade deve ser adequada em função da perceção de esforço, do tempo em atividade e do número de atividades a realizar; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;b. Frequência/Duração &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2/3 vezes por dia, com uma duração que não deve ser superior a 30 minutos por sessão de Fisioterapia, assegurando o não aumento da fadiga; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;c. Modalidade: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
i. Mobilização articular ativa/passiva; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ii. Em doentes sedados ou com alteração do estado de consciência, as estratégias de intervenção podem passar por estimulação elétrica neuromuscular e ciclo ergometria passiva; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;iii. Alteração ativa de séries posturais e atividades no leito; &lt;br /&gt;
iv. Sentar à beira do leito; &lt;br /&gt;
v. Levante passivo ou ativo (de acordo com o protocolo do serviço); &lt;br /&gt;
vi. Postura ortostática (em pé) com carga; &lt;br /&gt;
vii. Deambulação, com progressão da autonomia. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2) INDICAÇÕES PARA FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA EM DOENTES SUB-AGUDOS LIGEIROS INTERNADOS E/OU EM ISOLAMENTO COM COVID-19 &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Introdução &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O isolamento é um meio eficaz para impedir a transmissão da doença. Além da febre, fadiga, dispneia, dores musculares, entre outros, a limitação do espaço em que o doente se pode movimentar condiciona também o tratamento. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
Assim, durante o isolamento, a maior parte dos doentes aumenta significativamente o tempo passado na posição de sentado e deitado. Consecutivamente, isto leva a uma maior intolerância ao exercício, redução da força muscular, a uma eliminação ineficaz da expetoração e a um risco aumentado de trombose venosa profunda. Adicionalmente, alguns doentes experienciarão diversas emoções desde raiva, medo, ansiedade, depressão, insónia ou ataques de solidão decorrentes do período de isolamento. Podem ainda surgir distúrbios psicológicos como a falta de colaboração ou o abandono do tratamento associado ao medo da doença. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
A Fisioterapia respiratória pode ser uma intervenção útil na melhoria da componente física, mas também como uma estratégia de alívio dos sintomas, tais como dispneia, ansiedade e depressão. Adicionalmente, a Fisioterapia deverá ter como objetivo a minimização das complicações, redução da incapacidade, preservação da funcionalidade e melhoria da qualidade de vida. Nesta fase, a intervenção da Fisioterapia pode ser realizada à distância com recurso a vídeo ou panfletos, sendo que, no caso de a sessão ser presencial, salientamos mais uma vez a obrigatoriedade de seguir as normas de proteção individual. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Timing &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tendo por base o conhecimento limitado da fisiopatologia da COVID-19, a atual experiência clínica sugere que a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;intensidade do exercício não deve ser elevada e que visa essencialmente a manutenção da condição física prévia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. A fim de determinar a indicação para iniciar Fisioterapia respiratória, deverá ser incluída na avaliaçãoinicial informações subjectivaso tempo de contágio, tempo decorrido desde o início da &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;15 &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;sintomatologia (dispneia), e objectivas como a saturação arterial de oxigénio (SpO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;) ou a objectivação da dispneia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Critérios de exclusão: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;b&gt;Temperatura corporal &amp;gt;38ºC &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;• Tempo desde o diagnóstico inicial &amp;lt; 7dias; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;b&gt;Tempo desde o início da dispneia &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;≤ 3dias; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;b&gt;Imagem radiográfica: progressão do infiltrado torácico &amp;gt;50% entre 24-48h; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;b&gt;Saturação arterial de oxigénio &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;≤ 95%; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• Pressão arterial: &lt;90 mmhg=&quot;&quot; ou=&quot;&quot;&gt;140/90mmHg. &lt;/90&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Recomendações gerais para a Fisioterapia respiratória &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Exercício físico &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;- Intensidade do exercício: sensação de dispneia e fadiga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;≤3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;na escala de Borg modificada (0-10). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;É aconselhável que no dia após o exercício físico o doente não sinta fadiga adicional. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Os doentes mais frágeis ou com sinais de fadiga devem realizar treino intervalado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Frequência de treino: 2 vezes por dia. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Duração de cada sessão de treino: entre 15 a 45 minutos. Aguardar pelo menos uma hora após a refeição para fazer os exercícios. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Modo: por exemplo, subir e descer um step, caminhada, sentar e levantar de uma cadeira. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Critérios de interrupção do exercício: &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dispneia &amp;gt;3 na escala de Borg modificada (0-10); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sensação de aperto do peito, eructação, vertigens, cefaleia, visão turva, palpitações, sudorese, incapacidade de manter o equilíbrio, etc.; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Outras condições em que o exercício físico seja desaconselhado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Higiene brônquica &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A maioria dos doentes com COVID-19 apresentam como &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;principal problema hipoxémia grave e têm essencialmente tosse seca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, em que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;a estase de secreções brônquicas não constitui um problema significativo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Por essa razão, a maioria dos doentes não necessita de estratégias de higiene brônquica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Nos casos em que se considere que esta é uma intervenção necessária (decisão a ser partilhada com a restante equipa) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;reiteramos a importância de assegurar as condições de higiene e prevenção de contágio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, sendo imprescindível o cumprimento das regras de proteção individual (ver secção dos EPI). Deve ficar claro que, para já, a indicação de higiene brônquica só é adequada em doentes com COVID-19 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;com doenças respiratórias prévias hipersecretoras ou com grave dificuldade de expetoração e apenas indicada num contexto de compromisso grave da oxigenação. Pois só nestas situações o benefício poderá superar o risco de contágio gerado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
- Exercícios de expansão torácica podem ser utilizados para expelir a expetoração durante a limpeza das vias aéreas. Utilizar sacos de plástico fechados para a colocação dos papéis de recolha da expetoração para impedir que se difunda o vírus. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Treino do controlo respiratório: em posição sentada, ou semi-deitada, relaxar os músculos acessórios da respiração, inspirar lentamente pelo nariz e expirar lentamente pela boca. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
Educação e apoio psicossocial &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Contribuir para melhorar a compreensão acerca da doença e respetivo processo de tratamento, através de vídeos ou panfletos (o GIFCR está a produzir alguns vídeos que irão ser disponibilizados no seu canal - https://www.youtube.com/user/gifcr). &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Identificar rapidamente o tipo de disfunção psicológica, utilizando para tal uma escala de auto-avaliação; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Importância da adoção de estilos de vida saudáveis, promoção da atividade física, dieta saudável, cessação tabágica, importância do repouso e sono adequado. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Considerar, se necessário, a referenciação apsiquiatra ou suporte psicológico via telefone. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Atividade física &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Intensidade: entre 1 a 3 METS &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Frequência: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2 vezes/dia durante 15 a 45’ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;3) INDICAÇÕES PARA FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA EM DOENTES PÓS-ALTA POR COVID-19 &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Introdução &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A Fisioterapia respiratória após a alta hospitalar tem como principal objetivo recuperar a condição física e facilitar a adaptação psicológica. De salientar que nesta fase já não há risco de contágio. Considerar um programa comunitário com vista a recuperar gradualmente a condição física do doente e integrá-lo na sociedade o mais rapidamente possível. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Elegibilidade &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Os doentes com COVID-19 graves que ainda apresentam disfunção respiratória ou muscular periférica após a alta hospitalar devem realizar Fisioterapia respiratória. Tendo por base as atuais evidências da SARS e da MERS (síndrome respiratório do médio oriente), e da experiência clínica com doentes com ARDS que se encontram a recuperar pós alta, os doentes com COVID-19 podem apresentar baixa condição física, dificuldades respiratórias após o exercício, atrofia muscular (inclusive dos músculos respiratórios e musculatura do tronco) e distúrbios psicológicos como o stress pós-traumático. Nas situações em que os doentes apresentem hipertensão pulmonar, miocardite, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, trombose venosa profunda, fraturas instáveis ou outras doenças é importante consultar o especialista a fim de saber as precauções pertinentes antes de iniciar a Fisioterapia respiratória. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Critérios de exclusão &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• Frequência cardíaca &amp;gt;100bpm &lt;br /&gt;
• Pressão arterial &lt;90 mmhg=&quot;&quot; ou=&quot;&quot;&gt;140/90mm/Hg &lt;/90&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Saturação de oxigénio &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;≤ 95% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Outras doenças não adequadas à prática de exercício físico &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Critérios para a interrupção do exercício: &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;li&gt;• Flutuações da temperatura corporal &amp;gt;37,2ºC &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Quando os sintomas respiratórios ou a fadiga piorarem ou não aliviarem após o repouso &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Interromper imediatamente o tratamento e consultar o médico na presença dos seguintes sintomas: opressão torácica, dor torácica, dispneia, tosse grave, vertigens, cefaleia, visão turva, palpitações, sudorese, instabilidade ou outros sintomas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Avaliação da Fisioterapia respiratória &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;1) Avaliação clínica geral: exame físico, interpretação da imagem radiológica, exames laboratoriais e de função pulmonar, avaliação nutricional, quando existentes, etc. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2) Sintomas: dispneia- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;modified Medical Research Council questionnaire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, fadiga- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Funtional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;– &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Fatigue Scale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, tosse- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Leicester cough questionnaire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, Ansiedade e Depressão &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;– &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;3) Força muscular: periférica (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Medical Research Council Scale for muscle strength&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;) e dos músculos respiratórios (pressão inspiratória máxima &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;– &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;PIM; pressão expiratória máxima &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;– &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;PEM); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4) Amplitudes de movimento: quantificação das amplitudes de movimento (goniometria); &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;5) Funcionalidade: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Time Up and Go&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, Teste de sentar-levantar 1 minuto; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;6) Equilíbrio: escala de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Brief-Balance Evaluation Systems Test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, escala de Berg; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7) Tolerância ao esforço: teste de marcha dos 6 minutos, prova de esforço cardiopulmonar; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
8) Avaliação da atividade física: IPAQ, etc.; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;9) Atividades da vida diária: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;London Chest Activities of Daily Living&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, índice de Barthel; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;10) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;– &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Saint George respiratory questionnaire. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Intervenção em Fisioterapia respiratória &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Componente de educação e apoio psicossocial &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
Considerar discussões, folhetos ou vídeos acerca da importância da reabilitação respiratória, os conteúdos específicos e as precauções a ter, de forma a aumentar a adesão à intervenção; a importância da adoção de estilos de vida saudáveis e a integração em atividades sociais e familiares. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
Componente de exercício físico &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Exercício aeróbio: prescrição de exercício aeróbio para doentes com multimorbilidades, como caminhar, subir/descer escadas, etc. Iniciar com intensidades baixas. Frequência e Duração: 3 a 5 vezes por semana, 20 a 30 minutos, ao longo de pelo menos 6 semanas, e incrementos semanais de 5 a 10%. Considerar treino intervalado nos doentes com dispneia e/ou fadiga. Monitorizar saturações de oxigénio e intensidade, com frequência cardíaca e perceção de esforço percebido na escala de Borg modificada. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;- Treino de força: treino de resistência progressiva, 8 a 12 RM de 1 a 3 grupos &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;musculares, com intervalos de 2’ entre os exercícios; frequência 2 a 3 vezes/semana, ao &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;longo de pelo menos 6 semanas e incrementos semanais de 5 a 10%. Monitorizar saturações de oxigénio e intensidade, com frequência cardíaca e sensação de esforço percebido com escala de Borg modificada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Treino de equilíbrio e dos músculos respiratórios: a aplicar em doentes com défices nestas componentes. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Higiene brônquica: a aplicar apenas quando necessário. Considerar técnicas como o ciclo ativo das técnicas respiratórias (ACBT). &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Atividades da vida diária: avaliar a capacidade do doente para desenvolver atividades quotidianas como transferências, higiene diária, banho, etc., e oferecer um manual e soluções para ultrapassar alguns obstáculos da vida quotidiana. Avaliar a capacidade de realização das atividades quotidianas instrumentais, desenvolver estratégias de superação dos obstáculos à participação. Estabelecer colaboração com os terapeutas ocupacionais. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
- Atividade física: seguindo as recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). &lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;4) EQUIPAMENTO DE PROTEÇÃO INDIVIDUAL (EPI) &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Durante a avaliação / tratamento: &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De pessoas suspeitas ou afetadas pela COVID-19: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;courier new&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;courier new psmt&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;courier new&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;courier new psmt&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Recomenda-se o uso de máscara FFP2 ou FFP3, bata protetora impermeável, luvas, proteção para os olhos (viseira, óculos ou protetor facial devidamente indicado). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De pessoas suspeitas ou infetadas pela COVID-19 durante a execução de procedimentos capazes de gerar aerossóis: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;courier new&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;courier new psmt&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;courier new&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;courier new psmt&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Recomenda-se o uso de máscara FFP3, bata protetora impermeável, luvas, proteção para os olhos (viseira, óculos ou protetor facial devidamente indicado), e proteção de calçado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Durante a sessão de Fisioterapia: &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Explicar ao doente as precauções &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
1. Métodos e timings corretos de higienização das mãos; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
2. Como higienizar as mãos: solução de base alcoólica ou água e sabão; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
3. Instruções sobre etiqueta para tosse; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
4. Fornecer uma máscara cirúrgica, quando disponível, e dar indicações sobre como a usar adequadamente; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
5. Adotar constantemente as regras de distanciamento social de pelo menos um metro de outras pessoas. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
Incentivar e aplicar a higienização das mãos segundo as instruções da OMS, antes e depois de cada doente, e sempre que as mãos se moverem do doente para outra superfície (por exemplo, computador, telefone, etc), higienizando-as com solução alcoólica por 20-30 seg., ou lavando-as com água e sabão se visivelmente conspurcadas. As características do produto podem ser confirmadas de acordo com a formulação da OMS, disponíveis em &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/gpsc/en/index.html&quot;&gt;www.who.int/gpsc/en/index.html&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Os 5 momentos de higiene das mãos são: &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;1. Antes de tocar no doente; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
2. Antes de iniciar um procedimento estéril; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
3. Após o risco de contato com fluidos corporais; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
4. Depois de tocar no doente; &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
5. Depois de entrar em contacto com as superfícies em redor do doente. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;As luvas não substituem a necessidade de realizar a higiene das mãos com um produto de base alcoólica, ou com água e sabão! &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Máscaras de proteção mais altas (FFP2, FFP3) são indicadas apenas em casos suspeitos ou confirmados. Desta forma, sugerimos o uso criterioso desses dispositivos, de forma a não reduzir a sua disponibilidade para casos de necessidade real. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
Reiteramos a importância de evitar e impedir o uso inadequado de máscaras ou outros EPIs que, se utilizados de forma desnecessária, comprometem a proteção nas situações de real indicação, principalmente no caso de intervenções urgentes. &lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
BIBLIOGRAFIA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;RDS Definition Task Force, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2012;307:2526‐33. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Interim Guidance. World Health Organization. 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;th &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;March 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331446 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Indicazione per la Fisioterapia respiratoria in pazienti con infezione da COVID-19, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;aggiornato al 16/03/2020. Associazione Riabilitatori dell・insufficienza respiratoria. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;https://www.arirassociazione.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Indicazioni-per-fisioterapia-respiratoria-in-COVID19-16-03-2020.pdf &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Plano nacional de preparação e resposta à doença por novo coronavírus (COVID-19). Direção-Geral da Saúde. 2020 (documento em pré publicação). https://www.dgs.pt/documentos-e-publicacoes/plano-nacional-de-preparacao-e-resposta-para-a-doenca-por-novo-coronavirus-covid-19-pdf.aspx &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
Recommendations for respiratory rehabilitation of COVID-19 in adults. Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine; Respiratory rehabilitation committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine; Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation Group of Chinese Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2020 Mar 3;43(0):E029. &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Riviello ED, Kiviri W, Twagirumugabe T, et al. Hospital Incidence and Outcomes of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Using the Kigali Modification of the Berlin Definition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2016;193:52‐9. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;JA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Moses Rachael. COVID-19: Respiratory Physiotherapy on Call Information and Guidance. Lancashire Teach«ing Hospitals. 2020 Marc 12. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;https://www.iscp.ie/sites/default/files/documents/COVID19RespiratoryPhysiotherapyOnCallInformationandGuidanceV2.pdf &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/864206446163254698/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/fisioterapia-respiratoria-em-pessoas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/864206446163254698'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/864206446163254698'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/fisioterapia-respiratoria-em-pessoas.html' title='FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA  Em pessoas com COVID 19 '/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-2408697358441680329</id><published>2020-03-15T09:15:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2020-03-15T09:21:34.397-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Diretrizes Brasileiras de Ventilação Mecânica 2013 Cuidados Fisioterapia em pacientes em suporte ventilatório</title><content type='html'>Fonte :Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Associação de Medicina intensiva Brasileira&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Capitulo 28 : Cuidados de Fisioterapia nos Pacientes em Suporte Ventilatório:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a. Manobras e condutas fisioterapêuticas no paciente sob VM (SARA, Asma, DPO-&lt;br /&gt;
CE, neuromuscular, neurológico, politrauma)&lt;br /&gt;
b. Como indicar e realizar mobilização precoce na VMI e VNI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comentários: Pacientes internados na UTI podem apresentar disfunções respiratórias e musculares, a ao longo do tempo desenvolver fraqueza neuromuscular e complicações do imobilismo, o que pode dificultar a retirada da ventilação mecânica.&lt;br /&gt;
A imobilidade prolongada leva à perda das funções motoras e da qualidade de vida, podendo ser minimizadas com a instituição de mobilização precoce e cuidados respiratórios. Pacientes que requerem VM prolongada apresentam incidência de fraqueza muscular adquirida na UTI (neuromuscular) entre 25 e 60% 1 , que contribui para o aumento do tempo de internação na UTI e hospitalar. A fisioterapia atua no sentido de manter e/ou restabelecer a funcionalidade do paciente através da prevenção de alterações osteomioarticulares e de complicações respiratórias.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Recomendação: Diagnóstico fisioterapêutico deve preceder qualquer intervenção.2&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Recomendação: A fisioterapia em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica na UTI deve ser implementada em regime de 24h com benefícios na redução do tempo de ventilação mecânica, tempo de internação em UTI e hospitalar, na redução do custo hospitalar e da mortalidade.3,4&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manobras e condutas fisioterapêuticas no paciente em ventilação mecânica:&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Recomendação: Terapia de higiene brônquica (posicionamento, insuflação manual, vibração e compressão torácica): indicada em pacientes com aumento de resistência da via aérea gerada por presença de secreção causando assincronia da ventilação mecânica e/ou queda da oxigenação. Mandatória em atelectasias lobares.5&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Sugestão: Pode-se realizar técnicas de expansão pulmonar na presença de colabamento pulmonar com redução da complacência e oxigenação.6&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; Recomendação: Realizar treinamento muscular inspiratório em pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspiratória e ventilação mecânica prolongada para melhorar a força muscular. Seu papel para diminuição do tempo de ventilação mecânica e sucesso de retirada da VM ainda não está estabelecido&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mobilização Precoce na VMI e VNI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
• Recomendação: A mobilização precoce deve ser iniciada em menos de 72h do início da VM, pois é viável, segura e resulta em benefícios funcionais significantes.5&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
• Sugestão: Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular e cicloergômetro podem ser consideradas como complemento do programa de mobilização precoce.11&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
• Sugestão: O treinamento de transferência de sedestação para ortostase pode ser incluído no plano terapêutico e preceder à deambulação, considerando a correlação com a limitação funcional, conforme consenso obtido junto à equipe multiprofissional.12&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
• Sugestão: Pode-se intervir no declínio funcional visando aumentar as chances de&lt;br /&gt;
retorno à independência para realizar as AVDs após a alta hospitalar.13&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS – TEMA 28&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. Carol L Hodgson. Clinical review: Early patient mobilization in the ICU. Critical Care 2013,17:207&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Dekker, Margriet E Van Baar, Emile Chr Curfs, and Jan J Kerssens. Diagnosis and Treatment in Physicaltherapy : an invetigation of their relationship.Phys Ther 1993, 73:568-577&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Castro AMA, Calil SR, Fretitas SA, Oliveira AB, Porto EF. Chest physiotherapy effectiveness to reduce hospitalization and mechanical ventilation length of stay, pulmonary infection rate and mortality in ICU patients. Respiratory medicine 2013- 107,68-74.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. Robert K. Lord, AB; Christopher R. Mayhew, BS; Radha Korupolu, MBBS, MS; Earl C. Mantheiy, BA; Michael A. Friedman, PT, MBA; Jeffrey B. Palmer, MD; Dale M. Needham, FCA, MD,PhD. ICU Early Physical Rehabilitation Programs: Financial Modeling of Cost Savings. Crit care Med 2013, 41(3): 717-724&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. Kathy Stilller. Physiotherapy in Intensive Care : Towards an Evidence-Based Practice. Chest 2000, 118 (6)/1. Kathy Stiller. Physiotherapy in Intensive Care. An Updated Systematic Rewiew. Chest 2013.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Damasceno MCP; Aquim E; Duarte A; Cavalcanti R; Fernandes PV; Ferrari FR, França, EET; Força tarefa sobre a fisioterapia em pacientes críticos adultos: diretrizes da Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Moodie L, Reeve J, Elkins M. Inspiratory muscle training increases inspiratory muscle strength in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2011;57(4):213-21&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8. William D Schweickert, Mark C Pohlman, Anne S Pohlman, Celerina Nigos, Amy J Pawlik, et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373:1874-82;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
9. R. Gosselink, J. Bott, M. Johnson, E.Dean, S.Nava, M. Norrenberg, B. Schonhofer, K. Stiller, H. Van de Leur, J.L. Vincent. Physiotherapy for adult patients with critical illness: recommendations of the European Respiratory Society and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Task Force on Physiotherapy for Critically Ill Patients. Intensive Care Med 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10. Dale M. Needham; Alex D. Truong; Eddy Fan. Technology to enhance physical rehabilitation of critically&lt;br /&gt;
ill patients. Crit Care Med 2009;37:S436-S441.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
11. Kralj A, Jaeger RJ, Munih M. Analysis of standing up and sitting down in humans: definitions and nor-&lt;br /&gt;
mative data presentation. J Biomech 1990, 23: 1123-113.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
12. Ellis G, Langhorne P. Comprehensive geriatric asssesment for older hospital patients. Br Med Bull 2005.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/2408697358441680329/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/diretrizes-brasileiras-de-ventilacao.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/2408697358441680329'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/2408697358441680329'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/diretrizes-brasileiras-de-ventilacao.html' title='Diretrizes Brasileiras de Ventilação Mecânica 2013 Cuidados Fisioterapia em pacientes em suporte ventilatório'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-3313996144426050703</id><published>2020-03-15T09:01:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2020-03-15T09:01:53.332-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Why outbreaks like coronavirus spread exponentially and how to Flatten the curve</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;
By : Harry Stevens&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-variant-ligatures: no-contextual;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-variant-ligatures: no-contextual;&quot;&gt;The Washington Post.com&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/?tid=&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/?tid=&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/3313996144426050703/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/why-outbreaks-like-coronavirus-spread.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/3313996144426050703'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/3313996144426050703'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/why-outbreaks-like-coronavirus-spread.html' title='Why outbreaks like coronavirus spread exponentially and how to Flatten the curve'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-4349304957886150155</id><published>2020-03-13T16:05:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2020-03-13T16:06:28.059-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Indicações para Fisioterapeutas COVID19</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLAao-tOBIAjfwHOl7XjoaVeL4UwrG5IUUD8prBn6TuRx38f-bBceo31Dy5Ughu4iIZhXBesmDO0b-5lSpF9S9jjXC_pjIlAs-3u_9SHFy6aoHE93jqTSs3d91SkUEjcN27hXo-IgB6w/s1600/FB_IMG_1584140422450.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1527&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1080&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLAao-tOBIAjfwHOl7XjoaVeL4UwrG5IUUD8prBn6TuRx38f-bBceo31Dy5Ughu4iIZhXBesmDO0b-5lSpF9S9jjXC_pjIlAs-3u_9SHFy6aoHE93jqTSs3d91SkUEjcN27hXo-IgB6w/s640/FB_IMG_1584140422450.jpg&quot; width=&quot;452&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/4349304957886150155/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/4349304957886150155'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/4349304957886150155'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2020/03/blog-post.html' title='Indicações para Fisioterapeutas COVID19'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLAao-tOBIAjfwHOl7XjoaVeL4UwrG5IUUD8prBn6TuRx38f-bBceo31Dy5Ughu4iIZhXBesmDO0b-5lSpF9S9jjXC_pjIlAs-3u_9SHFy6aoHE93jqTSs3d91SkUEjcN27hXo-IgB6w/s72-c/FB_IMG_1584140422450.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-880792822369162005</id><published>2019-10-29T02:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2019-10-29T02:02:00.573-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pain  Management Phantom limb pain</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #4b4b4b; font-family: , &amp;quot;source sans pro&amp;quot; , , &amp;quot;blinkmacsystemfont&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;segoe ui&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;roboto&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Darcy_A._Umphred]_Umphred_s_neurological rehabilitation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #4b4b4b; font-family: , &amp;quot;source sans pro&amp;quot; , , &amp;quot;blinkmacsystemfont&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;segoe ui&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;roboto&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;SECTION&amp;nbsp; III&amp;nbsp; Neurological&amp;nbsp; Disorders&amp;nbsp; and&amp;nbsp; Applications&amp;nbsp; Issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #4b4b4b; font-family: , &amp;quot;source sans pro&amp;quot; , , &amp;quot;blinkmacsystemfont&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;segoe ui&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;roboto&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 32 pag1003,1004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #4b4b4b; font-family: , &amp;quot;source sans pro&amp;quot; , , &amp;quot;blinkmacsystemfont&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;segoe ui&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;roboto&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ANNIE&amp;nbsp; BURKE-DOE,&amp;nbsp; PT,&amp;nbsp; MPT,&amp;nbsp; PhD&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
There are two theories of the cause for phantom limb pain. At one time it was thought that it occurred as the result of the formation of a terminal neuroma at the site of the amputation11; however, this theory did not explain phantom phenomena in&amp;nbsp; individuals with congenital amputations or individuals with complete spinal cord injuries who also experience painful and nonpainful sensations in their missing or anaesthetic limbs.&amp;nbsp; This led researchers to look at the role of the CNS in phantom phenomena, and the latest theories suggest the previously&amp;nbsp;described changes in the dorsal horn neurons and changes in the spinal cord caused by the sudden loss of afferent impulses after amputation.157 These theories are supported by the effectiveness of interventions that stimulate the large nerve fibres and provide inhibitory input through the gating mechanism. Phantom limb pain is relieved by stroking, vibration, TENS, ultrasound, heat applications, and the use of a prosthesis. The patients can be taught a progressive desensitization program. He should be encouraged to wear the shrinker both to prepare his stump for a prosthesis and to decrease pain. Because phantom limb pain is adversely affected by emotional stress, exposure to cold, and local irritants, he should be taught to avoid these factors as much as possible. The patience’s adjustment to a changed body image, a changed lifestyle, and the use of a prosthesis can be aided with any of the cognitive strategies described previously. He might also benefit from referral to an amputee support group. It is important for the patient to be aware of his abilities and limitations so that he remains safe when he returns to work. If appropriate, the therapist should accompany the patient to his job and perform a job task analysis, making suggestions for necessary modifications. If this is not possible, the therapist could discuss needed modifications with the patience based on his descriptions of his job tasks.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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11 FinePG,AshburnMA:Functionalneuroanatomyand nociception.InAshburnMA,editor:The&amp;nbsp; management of&amp;nbsp; pain,NewYork,1998,ChurchillLivingstone.&lt;br /&gt;
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157&amp;nbsp;HillA: Phantom limb pain:are view of the literature on attributes and potential mechanisms.&lt;br /&gt;
J&amp;nbsp; Pain&amp;nbsp; Symptom&amp;nbsp; Manage17:125–142,1999.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/880792822369162005/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2019/10/pain-management-phantom-limb-pain.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/880792822369162005'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/880792822369162005'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2019/10/pain-management-phantom-limb-pain.html' title='Pain  Management Phantom limb pain'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-4415315693522539681</id><published>2018-12-05T06:55:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2018-12-05T06:55:33.084-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Seu corpo sente-se  rigido e dorido após estar sentado longas horas no local de trabalho?</title><content type='html'>Seu corpo sente-se&amp;nbsp; rigido e dorido após estar sentado longas horas no local de trabalho?&lt;br /&gt;
Você se sente dorido com as suas atividades diárias? Você passa várias horas de pé ? Se você respondeu sim a qualquer uma dessas questões - este é o programa para você.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Segundo a pesquisa, 8 em cada 10 pessoas experimentarão dor e rigidez nas costas, ombros e pescoço em suas vidas. E na maioria dos casos ... podem ser prevenidas e evitadas. Outros programas de fitness nem sempre enfatizam a saúde do movimento, ao mesmo tempo em que fortalecem a força e a flexibilidade do corpo. É exatamente por isso que este programa é diferente dos restantes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conheça Luis Miguel Brazão Gouveia Fisioterapeuta, com vários anos de experiência ajudando pessoas a se movimentarem e se sentirem melhor em um curto espaço de tempo - tanto no hospital, nos domicilios, quanto na clínica.&amp;nbsp; Ajudou os clientes a&amp;nbsp; liberarem a tensão, aliviarem a dor e curarem seu corpo com técnicas de movimento baseadas&amp;nbsp; na fisioterapia que são altamente eficazes e simples de aprender.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Umas costas&amp;nbsp; mais fortes e sem dor em menos tempo&lt;br /&gt;
Neste plano, você aprenderá como sistematicamente melhorar seus músculos, mobilizando, alongando e alinhando todos os músculos que são notórios para a tensão no pescoço e nas costas. Você também construirá uma coluna mais forte, forte e saudável sem todas as dores e pães - de dentro para fora. Esta abordagem sistemática transforma dramaticamente a saúde de todo o seu corpo e coluna - em apenas 10-20 minutos por dia!&lt;br /&gt;
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Aqui está o que você vai conseguir neste plano:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sua vida de volta - rigidez e dores podem reduzir os seus níveis de energia e tornar difícil fazer as coisas que você ama na vida. Este programa oferece as ferramentas e a prática necessárias para um corpo saudável e sem dor.&lt;br /&gt;
14 dias de exercicios&amp;nbsp; acompanhados e revitalização que libertam a tensão, fortalecem as suas costas e diminuem a dor no corpo.&lt;br /&gt;
Saúde Transformativa Total do Movimento do Corpo - Aprenda as técnicas de movimento&amp;nbsp; para atingir os músculos tensos e as articulações presas que limitam sua capacidade de se mover livremente e sem esforço.&lt;br /&gt;
Técnicas de alongamento suave para aliviar a tensão e melhorar a saúde geral dos músculos e do tecido conjuntivo.&lt;br /&gt;
Treinamento Básico de Força e Estabilidade com mais equilíbrio, alinhamento e estabilidade.&lt;br /&gt;
Treinamento de movimento progressivo - cada sessão se baseia no próximo para introduzir sistematicamente e incorporar novos movimentos no corpo ... não se preocupe, leve-o ao seu ritmo!&lt;br /&gt;
A opção de fazer quantas - ou poucas - das seções que você deseja. Receba o mesmo benefício de corpo inteiro, não importa o dia que você escolher.&lt;br /&gt;
Pratique este plano completa por 14 dias consecutivos, ou em seu próprio ritmo. Faça&amp;nbsp; sua própria progressão!&lt;br /&gt;
Seguir o plano e a prática diária de cada movimento potenciam a mobilidade, o&amp;nbsp; alongamento e os ganhos no fortalecimento muscular.&lt;br /&gt;
Com este plano você irá:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transforme seu corpo em apenas 40 minutos por dia - ou menos, concentrando-se no alinhamento, equilíbrio e força de todo o corpo.&lt;br /&gt;
Conseguir um maior senso de consciência corporal e mecânica, com técnicas de movimento que você pode usar para o resto da sua vida!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analise e avaliação por um Fisioterapeuta para melhorar a sua reeducação postural global .&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Durma tranquilamente e acorde com menos rigidez.&lt;br /&gt;
Recupere a qualidade&amp;nbsp; de vida - prevenindo&amp;nbsp; o aparecimento do desconforto, tensão muscular e da dor, mesmo antes do seu inico e assim potencia com uma recuperação mais rapida!&lt;br /&gt;
Quem deve realizar este plano ?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Qualquer um que se esforce com dores e rigidez muscular, dos stress da vida diária e da atividade excessiva.&lt;br /&gt;
Qualquer pessoa que queira melhorar sua mobilidade e força do dia a dia, com menos risco de lesão.&lt;br /&gt;
Atletas e membros da ginasios que precisam de um programa de movimento e mobilidade baseado na manutenção para restaurar, reparar e evitar lesões.&lt;br /&gt;
Este é uma plano para todas as&amp;nbsp; pessoas, sejam sedentarios, &quot;atletas de fim de semana&quot;, profissionais activos ou reformados&amp;nbsp; de todos os níveis de actividade física QUALQUER PESSOA pode se beneficiar disso!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fisioterapeuta Luís Miguel Brazão&amp;nbsp; Gouveia lmbgouveia@gmail.com Telf:962390138&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/4415315693522539681/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/12/seu-corpo-sente-se-rigido-e-dorido-apos.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/4415315693522539681'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/4415315693522539681'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/12/seu-corpo-sente-se-rigido-e-dorido-apos.html' title='Seu corpo sente-se  rigido e dorido após estar sentado longas horas no local de trabalho?'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-6664740886984606015</id><published>2018-10-16T16:06:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-16T16:30:21.766-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The safety and efficacy of magnetic targeting using autologous mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair.</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.5em 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;clean&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22.4px;&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29549388&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auths&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.923em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Kamei%20N%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=29549388&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066;&quot;&gt;Kamei N&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ochi%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=29549388&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066;&quot;&gt;Ochi M&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Adachi%20N%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=29549388&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066;&quot;&gt;Adachi N&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ishikawa%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=29549388&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066;&quot;&gt;Ishikawa M&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yanada%20S%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=29549388&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066;&quot;&gt;Yanada S&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Levin%20LS%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=29549388&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066;&quot;&gt;Levin LS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Kamei%20G%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=29549388&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066;&quot;&gt;Kamei G&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Kobayashi%20T%5BAuthor%5D&amp;amp;cauthor=true&amp;amp;cauthor_uid=29549388&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066;&quot;&gt;Kobayashi T&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;afflist&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #724128; font-size: 1.0769em; line-height: 1.2857; margin: 0.5em 0em; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a aria-expanded=&quot;false&quot; class=&quot;jig-ncbitoggler ui-widget ui-ncbitoggler&quot; href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29549388#&quot; id=&quot;ui-ncbitoggler-2&quot; role=&quot;button&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; color: #660066; display: block; font-family: arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 13.9997px; outline: none; padding-left: 16px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none !important;&quot; title=&quot;Open/close author information list&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ui-ncbitoggler-master-text&quot;&gt;Author information&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-e&quot; style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4181819/img/3974597&amp;quot;) 0px -21px no-repeat scroll transparent; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border: none; display: inline; height: 16px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-indent: -99999px; top: 0px; width: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div aria-live=&quot;assertive&quot; class=&quot;ui-helper-reset&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; line-height: 1.3; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;abstr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.538em; margin: 1.2em auto auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #985735; display: inline; font-size: 1.0769em; line-height: 1.2857; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Abstract&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
PURPOSE:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.04em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
A new cell delivery system using magnetic force, termed magnetic targeting, was developed for the accumulation of locally injected cells in a lesion. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) magnetic targeting in patients with a focal articular cartilage defect in the knee.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
METHODS:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.04em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
MSC magnetic targeting for five patients was approved by the Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare of Japan. Autologous bone marrow MSCs were cultured and subsequently magnetized with ferucarbotran. The 1.0-T compact magnet was attached to a suitable position around the knee joint to allow the magnetic force to be as perpendicular to the surface of the lesion as possible. Then 1 × 10&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;MSCs were injected into the knee joint. The magnet was maintained in the same position for 10&amp;nbsp;min after the MSC injection. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of any adverse events. The secondary endpoints were efficacy assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 mapping and clinical outcomes using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
RESULTS:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.04em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
No serious adverse events were observed during the treatment or in the follow-up period. Swelling of the treated knee joint was observed from the day after surgery in three of the five patients. The swelling resolved within 2&amp;nbsp;weeks in two patients. MRI showed that the cartilage defect areas were almost completely filled with cartilage-like tissue. MOCART scores were significantly higher 48&amp;nbsp;weeks postoperatively than preoperatively (74.8 ± 10.8 vs 27.0 ± 16.8, p = 0.042). Arthroscopy in three patients showed complete coverage of their cartilage defects. Clinical outcome scores were significantly better 48&amp;nbsp;weeks postoperatively than preoperatively for the IKDC Subjective Knee Evaluation (74.8 ± 17.7 vs 46.9 ± 17.7, p = 0.014) and knee-related quality-of-life (QOL) in the KOOS (53.8 ± 26.4 vs 22.5 ± 30.8, p = 0.012).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
CONCLUSION:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.04em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
Magnetic targeting of MSCs was safely performed and showed complete coverage of the defects with cartilage-like tissues and significant improvement in clinical outcomes 48&amp;nbsp;weeks after treatment. The magnetic targeting of MSCs is useful as a minimally invasive treatment for cartilage repair.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.04em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
IV.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;keywords&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.923em; margin: 1.8em auto auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0.35em 0px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
KEYWORDS:&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
Cartilage regeneration; Cell transplantation; Clinical outcome; Magnet; Mesenchymal stem cell&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/6664740886984606015/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-safety-and-efficacy-of-magnetic.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/6664740886984606015'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/6664740886984606015'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-safety-and-efficacy-of-magnetic.html' title='The safety and efficacy of magnetic targeting using autologous mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair.'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-988490197892120701</id><published>2018-08-08T02:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2018-08-10T13:41:19.429-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Tratamento fisioterapeutico em gestantes com dores lombares: revisão integrativa</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Autores:&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Klebermeire de Mesquita,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Francisca Maria Aleudinelia Monte Cunha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;http://www.efdeportes.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Introdução&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “A lombalgia é um sintoma de dor que acomete a região lombar e que pode manifesta-se com a presença ou não com irradiação para os membros inferiores” (PINTANGUI, 2008, p. 135). Também, sofre uma série de alterações hormonais e anatômicas. Muitas destas alterações contribuem para a ocorrência de disfunções musculoesqueléticas, sendo a dor lombar a de maior preocupação (FIRMENTO, 2011).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Neste contexto a dor lombar de acordo com Gil (2011) que é um distúrbio comum da população em geral é também sintoma freqüente durante a gestação. Vários estudos mostraram que pelo menos 50% das mulheres vivenciam algum tipo de dor na coluna durante a gestação. Em dois estudos mais recentes observou-se o aumento desse percentual, verificaram que 70% das grávidas tinham algum tipo de dor lombar, e que 20% permaneciam com esse sintoma após o parto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Segundo Firmento (2011) acredita-se ainda que os principais motivos para a ocorrência da dor lombar na gestação sejam as adaptações da coluna vertebral, que se devem, principalmente, à ação do hormônio relaxina e ao aumento considerável do peso do abdômen. O hormônio relaxina é considerado o principal responsável pela frouxidão ligamentar durante a gravidez, o que permite que a sínfise púbica e a articulação sacro-ilíaca tornem-se mais flexíveis para a passagem do feto, levando à redução da estabilidade pélvica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Para Barbosa (2011) estas alterações são fundamentais para regular o metabolismo materno, ajudar no crescimento fetal e preparar a mulher para o momento de trabalho de parto e para a lactação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; No entanto é importante ressaltar que todo esse processo de adaptações ocorre desconforto tanto psicológico, quanto musculoesquelético durante toda ou quase toda a gestação por conta de várias adaptações no organismo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sendo importante a ocorrência de medidas preventivas a serem adotadas antes e durante a gestação, que deveriam ser difundidas por todos os que trabalham com a saúde da mulher. Porém, percebemos que o maior empecilho para a indicação dessas medidas é o fato dos próprios profissionais de saúde não considerarem esta queixa importante (FERREIRA, 2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Diante de tal problema, buscarei, neste trabalho, mostrar como o tratamento fisioterapêutico em gestantes com dores lombares é importante para diminuição do desconforto durante a gravidez. Acredito que o conhecimento técnicas e condutas fisioterápicas dessa lógica, poderá contribuir para uma conscientização entre os profissionais de saúde, possibilitando uma nova visão não só do sintoma, mas também da mulher-gestante que sofre com ele e dos seus significados no contexto em que se insere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A escolha do tema foi devida a poucas publicações existentes cientificas que incorporem a temática o tratamento fisioterapêutico em gestantes com dores lombares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Assim, em um primeiro momento farei uma breve revisão dos principais aspectos relacionados a este tema a fim de posteriormente buscar compreender as bases conceituais que, segundo Ferreira (2008) fundamentam a visão da lombalgia como característica normal da gestação, sob o recorte do corpo de conhecimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Metodologia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Tipo de estudo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;u&gt;
&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura. Portanto, a revisão integrativa é uma tecnologia mais ampla, pois consegue com análise de informação pré-existente sobre o tema investigado, bem como produz uma fonte de conhecimento atualizada sobre a problemática, e avalia sua importância ao ser transferida para a prática; sua construção segue modelos metodológicos que permitirão, ao leitor, unir as peculiaridades dos estudos avaliados (POMPEO&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lima e Mioto (2007) enaltecem a revisão de literatura um dos procedimentos mais visados pelos investigadores na atualidade, e que esta modalidade de pesquisa compreende um conjunto integrado de processos de busca por respostas, atento ao objeto de estudo, e em virtude disso, não pode ser casual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Neste sentido, por conta da crescente produção e da complexidade das informações na área da saúde, tornou-se indispensável uma ampliação de estratégias, na conjuntura da pesquisa cientificamente elaborada; aptos em definir fases metodológicas mais precisas e de proporcionar, aos profissionais, melhor emprego das evidências em diferentes tipos de estudos (SOUZA, 2010).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Métodos e procedimentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;u&gt;
&lt;/u&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Foi realizada com busca de referências bibliográficas, nos últimos oito anos, no entanto optou-se em publicações mais recente, em base de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Literatura Latino-Americano e de Caribe em Ciência da Saúde (LILACS), MEDLINE – Literatura Internacional em Ciências de Saúde, a partir da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) que segundo Pompeo (2009) constitui-se uma excelente fonte de pesquisa, tendo em vista ser um dos maiores e mais avançados exemplares na gestão de informação e conhecimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Nesse sentido foi considerado as fases de pesquisa: identificação do problema e o objetivo da pesquisa; pesquisa de literatura com foco sobre o tema a ser estudado, aplicando critério de inclusão e exclusão, extraindo fontes primárias. Sendo que o processo de inclusão seria: publicações originais na língua portuguesa, inglesa, espanhola que adotaram uma abordaram quantitativa e qualitativa, considerando o objetivo do estudo; foram critério de exclusão: artigos repetidos, resenhas, teses, editorais, artigo que não abordaram diretamente o tema e artigos publicados fora do período.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tendo as seguintes palavras chaves: gestantes, tratamento fisioterapêutico, lombalgia. A busca foi realizada durante os meses de Fevereiro de 2013 a Junho de 2014.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Procedimentos para análise dos resultados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;u&gt;
&lt;/u&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A Revisão Integrativa de literatura se cumpriu por meio das seguintes etapas: primeiro da elaboração da pergunta norteadora; segundo amostragem na literatura; terceira coleta de informações; quarta análise crítica dos estudos incluídos; quinta apresentação da revisão integrativa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Os artigos selecionados eram analisados a partir da seguinte pergunta norteadora: “qual o melhor tratamento fisioterapêutico em gestantes com dores lombares?”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Os documentos encontrados eram salvos em arquivos e armazenados em sua própria pasta e , em seguida, analisados criteriosamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Souza (2010) ressalta que vencida a etapa de classificação das informações colhidas è importante provir uma análise sólida e cautelosa em textos complexos e extensos, com o intuito de produzir explanações que esquadrinhem conforme seja, a problemática e os questionamentos que determinaram a pesquisa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Resultados e discussões&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Após a análise dos textos selecionados, tem quanto ao tipo de publicação, que os oito estudos, apresentados no Quadro 1, são resultados de pesquisas e todos são nomeados, pelos editores como originais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Com respeito ao ano de publicação três artigos foram publicados em 2011, três em 2012, um em 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Quanto ao tipo de estudo, foram assim analisados: estudo de caso, estudo clínico comparativo de caráter exploratório; revisão literária; quantitativo experimental, prospectivo e longitudinal; descritivo, transversal; bibliográfico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quadro 1.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Artigos selecionados sobre tratamento fisioterápico em gestantes; segundo autores, ano de publicação, título, tipo e objetivo do estudo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#000000&quot; cellpadding=&quot;7&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; width: 807px; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#92cddc&quot; valign=&quot;MIDDLE&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Autores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#92cddc&quot; valign=&quot;MIDDLE&quot; width=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Ano&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#92cddc&quot; valign=&quot;MIDDLE&quot; width=&quot;202&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Título&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#92cddc&quot; valign=&quot;MIDDLE&quot; width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Tipo de Estudo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#92cddc&quot; valign=&quot;MIDDLE&quot; width=&quot;220&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Objetivo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Sebben, V.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Perussolo, C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Guedes, J. M.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Tourinho, H. F.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;202&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Tratamento hidroterápico na dor lombar em gestantes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Estudo de caso&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;220&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Verificar os efeitos do tratamento hidroterapêutico na dor lombar em gestantes que se encontrassem entre o quarto e o oitavo mês de gestação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Vinicius Fernandes, Barrionuevo Gil,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Maria José Duarte Osis, Aníbal Faúndes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 19.5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;202&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Lombalgia durante a gestação: eficácia do tratamento em reeducação postural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Estudo clínico comparativo, de caráter exploratório&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;220&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da RPG no tratamento da dor lombar durante a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;gestação, bem como sua relação com as limitações funcionais das gestantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Roberta L. A. Batista, Maira M. Franco, Luciane M. V. Naldoni, Geraldo Duarte, Anamaria S. Oliveira, Cristine H. J. Ferreira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;202&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Biofeedback na atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos do assoalho pélvico em gestantes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Análise exploratória&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;220&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Realizar um estudo exploratório dos resultados de três sessões de treinamento com biofeedback na atividade eletromiográfica em gestante com baixo risco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Kallyne Vasconcelos Duarte&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Dayana Priscila Maia Mejia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;202&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Fisioterapia no trabalho de parto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 19.5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Revisão literária&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Informar aos fisioterapeutas e profissionais da área da saúde sobre os benefícios do tratamento realizado pela fisioterapia durante o trabalho de parto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Andréia Valesqui Brum Ramos, Carla Skilhan De Almeida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;A gestão no segundo trimestre de usuárias da clínica de saúde da mulher e o papel da fisioterapia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Estudo do tipo quantitativo, experimental, prospectivo e longitudinal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Verificar si a intervenção terapêutica poderá reduzir os desconfortos físicos característicos de um grupo de gestantes do segundo trimestre de gestação, em uma Clínica de Saúde da Mulher.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Sara Rosa de Sousa Andrade; Fernanda Grazielle da Silva Azevedo Nora; Ivan Silveira de Avelar; Viviane Soares; Waldemar Naves do Amaral; Marcus Fraga Vieira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Avaliação da inicialização da marcha na gestante de baixo risco nos três trimestre gestacionais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Tipo de estudo quantitativo e experimental.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Descrever o processo de inicialização da marcha de gestantes e comparar o comportamento do centro de pressão nos três trimestres gestacionais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Luana Mann; Julio Francisco Kleinpaul; Carlos Bolli Mota; Saray Giovana dos Santos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Alterações biomecânicas durante o período gestacional : uma revisão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Tipo de estudo quantitativo e experimental.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Fazer uma análise dos estudos que investigaram o comportamento das variáveis cinéticas e cinemáticas da marcha humana e do controle da postura corporal durante a gestação, bem como verificar a ocorrência de quedas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Gabriela Zanella Bavaresco, Renata Stefânia Olah de Souza , Berta Almeica José Hugo Sabatino Mirella Dias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;37&quot; width=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;O fisioterapeuta como profissional de suporte a parturiente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;37&quot; width=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Levantamento bibliográfico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;O controle da dor no trabalho de parto e no parto, assim como a prevenção do sofrimento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ao analisar-se as fontes dos artigos evidenciou-se que a eles foram editados no Brasil. Este Resultado mostra que a produção científica sobre o tratamento fisioterápico em gestantes com dores lombares poderia ser incrementada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Tratamento fisioterápico em gestantes com dores lombares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Segundo Andrade&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2012) A dor mais conhecida pelas gestantes neste estudo considerada se localiza na lombar. A lombalgia é conceituada como toda condição de dor, ou rigidez, localizada na região inferior do dorso, em um local situado entre o último arco costal e a prega glútea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; De acordo com Duarte (2011), o fisioterapeuta é de grande importância, tanto no processo do parto; quanto para diminuir ou eliminar o quadro álgico na lombar, pois é o profissional que dispõem de conhecimentos e técnicas que auxiliam no suporte da parturiente de forma eficiente e segura, utilizando-se de métodos não-farmacológicos, proporcionando alívio da algia e relaxamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; O TENS pode ser considerado o método e a técnica mais utilizada para eliminação da algia na lombar. Segundo Bavaresco&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2011) o TENS é o que produz analgesia através da ativação de receptores sensoriais periféricos, atuando através do fenômeno das comportas de dor, acrescentando a produção de endorfinas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Importante frisar que parece haver concordância na literatura quanto à disposição dos eletrodos do TENS durante a fase de dilatação, sendo que um par de eletrodos deve ser colocado sobre a região paravertebral entre T8 a L1 e o segundo par na região sacral S1/S4 (BAVARESCO&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 2011).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Segundo Dalvi&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2010) a fisioterapia atua também, através de exercícios cinesioterapêuticos, possibilitando uma diminuição destes desconfortos, demonstrando a eficácia dos exercícios cinesioterapêuticos, que avalia e preveni os desconfortos decorrentes da gestação. Em estudos realizados foram recrutadas cinco voluntárias gestantes, com idade entre 20 e 40 anos. Foram realizadas avaliações e executado um programa cinesioterapêutico constituído de exercícios de fortalecimento, alongamento global, relaxamento, exercícios de propriocepção do assoalho pélvico, orientações gestacionais, exercícios respiratórios, controle de peso e reeducação postural.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Observou-se melhora nas algias da articulação do punho, de membros inferiores, na dor lombar, na cintura pélvica e em tensão muscular em região dorsal. Os exercícios cinesioterapêuticos proporcionaram bem estar, diminuindo os desconfortos presentes, contribuindo na preparação do corpo da mulher para o parto (DALVI&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;2010).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Outro estudo realizado por Sebben&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2011) analisou os benefícios que a fisioterapia aquática pode proporcionar às gestantes, dividindo-as em dois grupos: um tratado em água e, outro, em solo. Os resultados obtidos foram muito eficientes às gestantes do grupo tratado em água, pois as elas perceberam diminuição de algias lombares, diminuição de peso corporal e melhora capacidade da função fisiológica para realizar atividades de vida diária. Tais efeitos foram fundamentais não apenas na diminuição da dor na lombar, mas também para a grande melhora do estado físico e emocional das gestantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Também é importante frizar que o Método Pilates, bem como a sua relação com as limitações funcionais da grávida são eficazes na redução do quadro álgico lombar apresentado durante a gestação. Estudos comprovam que foram selecionadas 18 grávidas com lombalgia gestacional, divididas em dois grupos, 9 no Grupo Experimental (GE) que foram submetidas a sessões de Pilates, durante 4 semanas consecutivas, e 9 integraram o Grupo Controlo (GC) que apenas eram acompanhadas no pré-natal. Tendo como resposta ao tratamento O GE apresentou um decréscimo na intensidade da dor ao fim de 4 semanas, contrariamente no GC verificou-se um aumento da intensidade da dor. As grávidas do GE apresentaram menos limitações funcionais do que as do GC (GUIMARÃES, 2012).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Outro resultado benéfico ao tratamento fisioterápico a gestante indicam que a RPG pode dar uma importante apóio ao tratamento da dor lombar durante a gestação, reduzindo, ao mesmo tempo, as limitações funcionais, o que, provavelmente, repercute de maneira plausível a qualidade de vida das mulheres. Diminuição a dor lombar ao longo da gestação, na medida em que as posturas de RPG utilizadas promovem o alongamento de vários músculos, pertencentes, não permitindo que ocorram compensações (encurtamentos musculares) em músculos próximos ou distantes, e não permitindo que a dor lombar sejam transmitidos para outra região corporal (GIL; OSIS; FAUNDES, 2011).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; O papel do fisioterapeuta durante o parto vai além da diminuição ou eliminação da dor na lombar. O acompanhamento da paciente durante a gravidez deve ser feito na tentativa de corrigir posturas incorretas, aliviar tensões, direcionar o posicionamento durante o parto, incentivar o relaxamento dos músculos do assoalho (DUARTE, 2011).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; De acordo co Andrade&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2012) a causa da lombalgia na gestação é multifatorial, pois o próprio quadro de mudanças no corpo que ocorre na gravidez contribui para o quadro doloroso da lombalgia. Parece evidente que a etiologia da lombalgia na gestação é multifatorial e que a gestação por si só pode contribuir para agravar quadros dolorosos prévios ou para o desencadeamento dos casos que se iniciam nesse período.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Considerações finais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; O presente trabalho mostra que há uma elevada prevalência de dor lombar no período gestacional. Quanto à sua etiologia são decorrentes de alterações hormonais e posturais da gestante. Tal desconforto prejudica as atividades de vida diária conseqüentemente alterando a qualidade de vida. A fisioterapia como forma de tratamento tem sido mais bem difundida reduzindo de forma eficiente a intensidade do desconforto lombar em comparação com as gestantes que seguiram somente as recomendações de rotina no pré-natal para tratar essa dor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Acreditamos que o fisioterapeuta é o profissional da saúde que dispõe de grande conhecimento para fornecer este suporte de forma eficiente e segura, priorizando métodos não-farmacológicos de alívio da dor tanto no trabalho de parto quanto na dor lombar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Entretanto este estudo possibilitou-nos observar que ainda existem muitas controvérsias a respeito da lombalgia gestacional, principalmente relacionada à classificação, prevenção e tratamento, havendo, portanto, a necessidade de mais pesquisas que busquem definir melhor este tema, com propósito de contribuir para uma melhor qualidade de vida da mulher durante o período gestacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Referências bibliográficas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;ALBINO, M. A. S. et al. Modificações da força de propulsão da marcha durante a gravidez: das alterações nas dimensões dos pés.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet.,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rio de Janeiro, v. 33, n. 7,&amp;nbsp;jul. 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;ALLEGRETT R. C&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Água como recurso terapêutico no período pré natal.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;2008. Disponível em http://www.uva.br/cursos/graduação/ccbs/fisioterapia/monografia_agua_como_recurso_terapêutico no período pré natal.pdf [consultado 15/05/2013]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;ANDRADE, S. R. S et al. Avaliação da inicialização da marcha na gestante de baixo risco nos três trimestres gestacionais.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet.&lt;/i&gt;, Rio de Janeiro, v. 34, n. 8,&amp;nbsp;ago. 2012.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;AZEVEDO, R. A et al.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Exercício físico durante a gestação: uma prática saudável e necessária&lt;/i&gt;. V. 9i2. 1410. Universitas: Ciências da Saúde, v. 9, n. 2, p. 53-70, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;BARBOSA, C. M. S.; SILVA, J. M.N.; MOURA, A. B. Correlação entre o ganho de peso e a intensidade da dor lombar em gestantes.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rev. dor,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;São Paulo, v. 12, n. 3,&amp;nbsp;set. 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;BATISTA, R. L. A et al. Biofeedback na atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos do assoalho pélvico em gestantes.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia&lt;/i&gt;, v. 15, n. 5, p. 386-92, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;BAVARESCO, G. Z. et al. O fisioterapeuta como profissional de suporte à parturiente.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ciênc Saúde Coletiva&lt;/i&gt;, v. 16, n. 7, p. 3259-66, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;CAILLIET, R.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Síndrome da dor lombar.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;COURY, H. J. C. G.; MOREIRA, R. F. C.; DIAS, N. B. Evaluation of the effectiveness of workplace exercise in controlling neck, shoulder and low back pain: a systematic review.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;v. 13, n. 6, p. 461-479, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;DALVI, Aline Rizzo et al. Benefícios da cinesioterapia a partir do segundo trimestre gestacional.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Saúde e Pesquisa&lt;/i&gt;, v. 3, n. 1, 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;DUARTE, K. V.; MEJIA, D. P. M.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fisioterapia no trabalho de parto: uma revisão literária&lt;/i&gt;, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;FIRMENTO, Beatriz da Silva et al. Avaliação da lordose lombar e sua relação com a dor lombopélvica em gestantes.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Fisioter. Pesqui.,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;São Paulo, v. 19, n. 2,&amp;nbsp;June 2012.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;GIL, V. F. B; OSIS, M. J. D; FAUNDES, A. Lombalgia durante a gestação: eficácia do tratamento com Reeducação Postural Global (RPG).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fisioter. Pesqui.,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;São Paulo, v. 18, n. 2,&amp;nbsp;jun. 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;GIMENEZ, M. M.; ALMEIDA, T.; ÉRIKA, R.; CANCIAN, T. A. Prevalência e Tratamento Fisioterapêutico da Dor Lombar no Período Gestacional-revisão de literatura.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Saúde,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;v. 6, n. 18, 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;GUIMARÃES, T.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Efeitos de uma abordagem fisioterapêutica baseada no Método de Pilates no tratamento da dor lombar e da incapacidade funcional em mulheres grávidas.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;2012.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;JÚNIOR, J. P. B. Fisioterapia e saúde coletiva: desafios e novas responsabilidades profissionais.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ciência &amp;amp; Saúde Coletiva&lt;/i&gt;, v. 15, n. 1, p. 1627-1636, 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;LIMA, T. C. S. de.; MIOTO, R. C. T. Procedimentos metodológicos na construção do conhecimento científico: a pesquisa bibliográfica.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rev. Katálysis,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Florianópolis, v.10, n. spe, 2007.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;MANN, L. et al. Alterações biomecânicas durante o período gestacional: uma revisão.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Motriz: rev. educ. fis.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Online), Rio Claro, v. 16, n. 3,&amp;nbsp;Sept. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;MIATELI PIRES, R. A.; DUMAS, F. V. L.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Lombalgia: revisão de conceitos e métodos de tratamentos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Universitas: Ciências da Saúde, v. 6, n. 2, p. 159-168, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;MONTENEGRO, C. A. B.; REZENDE FILHO, Jorge de.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Rezende, obstetrícia funcional.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;12. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2012. 724 p. ISBN 978 – 85 – 277- 1714- 4 (capa dura). Português.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;MOREIRA, L. S. et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Alterações posturais, de equilíbrio e dor lombar no período gestacional; Changes of posture, equilibrium and low back pain during pregnancy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Femina, v. 39, n. 5, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;NOGARETTI, J.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;O índice de satisfação quanto ao atendimento fisioterapêutico das puérperas no alojamento conjunto hospital da nossa senhora da conceição&lt;/i&gt;. 2006. Disponível em http://www.fisio-tb.unisul.br/Tccs/JulianaNogoretti/tcc.pdf [consultado em 07/05/2013]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;NOVAES, Flavia Silva; SHIMO, Antonieta Keiko Kakuda; LOPES, Maria Helena Baena de Moraes. Lombalgia na gestação.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Ribeirão Preto, v. 14, n. 4,&amp;nbsp;ago. 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;PITANGUI, A. C. R.; FERREIRA, C. H. J. Avaliação fisioterapêutica e tratamento da lombalgia gestacional.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Fisioter. mov,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;v. 21, n. 2, p. 135-142, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;POMPEO, D. A.; ROSSI, L. A.; GALVÃO, C. M. Revisão integrativa: etapa inicial do processo de validação de diagnóstico de enfermagem&lt;i&gt;. Acta Paul. Enferm&lt;/i&gt;., São Paulo, v.22, n. 4, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;SEBBEN, V. et al. Tratamento Hidroterapêutico na dor lombar em gestantes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Revista Perspectiva, Erechim&lt;/i&gt;, v. 35, n. 129, p. 167-175, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;SOUZA, Marcela Tavares de et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Revisão Integrativa: o que é e como fazer&lt;/i&gt;. Einstein, Sâo Paulo, 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/ul&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/988490197892120701/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/08/tratamento-fisioterapico-em-gestantes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/988490197892120701'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/988490197892120701'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/08/tratamento-fisioterapico-em-gestantes.html' title='Tratamento fisioterapeutico em gestantes com dores lombares: revisão integrativa'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-2801396534994120163</id><published>2018-01-15T02:13:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2018-01-15T02:13:41.051-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Policy statement: Direct access and patient/client self-referral to physical therapy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div id=&quot;content-top&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a datatype=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.wcpt.org/taxonomy/term/238&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot; style=&quot;color: #1a4195; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot;&gt;Professional issues&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) advocates that direct access to physical therapy and patient/client self-referral will allow service users to meet their physical therapy goals. Physical therapy professional entry-level education prepares physical therapists to be first contact autonomous practitioners, able to examine/assess, evaluate, diagnose, prognose, intervene/treat, determine outcomes and discharge patients/clients without referral from another health professional (eg medical practitioner) or other third party.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Further, WCPT advocates for service developments and delivery models that allow patients/clients improved access to physical therapy services through the ability to refer themselves directly to a physical therapist.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
The terms direct access&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wcpt.org/policy/ps-direct-access#_edn1&quot; id=&quot;_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot; style=&quot;color: #1a4195; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[Note]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and patient self-referral refer to the circumstances where physical therapy services are available to patients/clients without the requirement of a referral.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In many health service delivery systems throughout the world, the users of physical therapy services do not require such a referral. In these instances, direct access to physical therapy services is supported by national/provincial/regional/state legislative frameworks and by the standards of professional practice of physical therapists. A growing body of research evidence supports the clinical and cost effectiveness of such services and their acceptability among service users.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3-8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
WCPT advocates for the right of those seeking physical therapy services to self-refer to a physical therapist if they so desire and believes that this right promotes the autonomy of users of physical therapy services and enables fair and equitable access to such services.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
WCPT advocates for health insurance reimbursement models that do not require the referral of a medical practitioner before a patient/client may seek the services of a physical therapist.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
WCPT encourages member organisations to:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;list-style-image: url(&amp;quot;/sites/wcpt.org/files/images/blue-bullet-6.png&amp;quot;); margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;advocate for direct access and patient/client self-referral with national/provincial/regional/state health departments, health professions and other organisations, such as those that provide reimbursement for physical therapy expenses and those that represent service user groups&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;ensure that physical therapist professional entry level education programmes prepare physical therapists as independent autonomous practitioners able to see patients/clients without a third-party referral&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;ensure the provision of post-qualifying continuing professional development opportunities to support physical therapists in the delivery of direct access and patient/client self-referral&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;support research efforts aimed at evaluating direct access and patient/client self-referral services&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;make their members aware of resources to support the implementation of direct access and patient/client self-referral services&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;make their members aware of their responsibilities when providing direct access to physical therapy services&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #1a4195; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-top: 1.25em;&quot;&gt;
Glossary&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Direct access&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;— the patient/client directly asks the physical therapist to provide services (the patient/client refers themselves) and the physical therapist freely decides his/her conduct and takes full responsibility for it. Also, the physical therapist has direct access to patients/clients and determines their need for the physical therapist’s examination/assessment and intervention/treatment without referral from a third party.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Self-referral&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;— patients/clients are able to refer themselves to a physical therapist without having to see anyone else first, or without being told to refer themselves by a health professional. This can relate to telephone, IT or face-to-face services.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 8px solid rgb(178, 206, 228); box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 2px 2px 3px; clear: both; font-size: 0.9em; margin: 0px 0px 1em; width: 100%px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background-color: #f5f9fe;&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;first rteleft&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #1a4195; border-bottom: none rgb(217, 234, 254); border-left-color: rgb(217, 234, 254); border-right: 2px solid rgb(178, 206, 228); border-top: 8px solid rgb(178, 206, 228); color: white; font-weight: normal; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Approval, review and related policy information&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border-top: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background-color: #f5f9fe;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-color: rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(217, 234, 254) rgb(217, 234, 254); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 8px; padding: 0.4em 0.5em;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Date adopted:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-color: rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(217, 234, 254) rgb(217, 234, 254); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 8px; padding: 0.4em 0.5em;&quot; width=&quot;85%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
Approved at the 17&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.45px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;General Meeting of WCPT in June 2011.&lt;/div&gt;
Revised and re-approved at the 18&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.45px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;General Meeting of WCPT May 2015.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background-color: #f5f9fe;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-color: rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(217, 234, 254) rgb(217, 234, 254); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 8px; padding: 0.4em 0.5em;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Date for review:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-color: rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(217, 234, 254) rgb(217, 234, 254); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 8px; padding: 0.4em 0.5em;&quot;&gt;2019&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background-color: #f5f9fe;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;first&quot; style=&quot;border-color: rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(217, 234, 254) rgb(217, 234, 254); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 8px; padding: 0.4em 0.5em;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related WCPT Policies:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;last&quot; style=&quot;border-color: rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(178, 206, 228) rgb(217, 234, 254) rgb(217, 234, 254); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 8px; padding: 0.4em 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
WCPT policy statements:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;list-style-image: url(&amp;quot;/sites/wcpt.org/files/images/blue-bullet-6.png&amp;quot;); margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Autonomy&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Description of physical therapy&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Standards of physical therapist practice&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
WCPT guideline:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
Guideline for physical therapist&amp;nbsp;professional entry level education&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;h6 style=&quot;font-size: 12.6px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h6&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;World Confederation for Physical Therapy. WCPT guideline for physical therapist professional entry level education. London, UK: WCPT; 2011.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wcpt.org/guidelines/entry-level-education&quot; style=&quot;color: #1a4195; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;www.wcpt.org/guidelines/entry-level-education&lt;/a&gt;(Access date 22nd September 2011)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Department of Health. Self-referral pilots to musculoskeletal physiotherapy and the implications for improving access to other AHP services. London, UK: Department of Health; 2008.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http:/www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_116358.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color: #1a4195; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_116358.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Access date 30th September 2016)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Holdsworth LK, Webster VS. Direct access to physiotherapy in primary care: now? -- and into the future? Physiotherapy. 2004;90(2):64-72.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Holdsworth LK, Webster VS, McFadyen AK. Are patients who refer themselves to physiotherapy different from those referred by GPs? Results of a national trial. Physiotherapy. 2006;92(1):26-33.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Holdsworth LK, Webster VS, McFadyen AK. Self-referral to physiotherapy: deprivation and geographical setting: is there a relationship? Results of a national trial. Physiotherapy. 2006;92(1):16-25.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Holdsworth LK, Webster VS, McFadyen AK. What are the costs to NHS Scotland of self-referral to physiotherapy? Results of a national trial. Physiotherapy. 2007;93(1):3-11.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Leemrijse CJ, Swinkels ICS, Veenhof&amp;nbsp; C. Direct Access to Physical Therapy in the Netherlands: Results From the First Year in Community-Based Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy. 2008;88(8):936-46.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;Webster VS, Holdsworth LK, McFadyen, Little H. Self-referral, access and physiotherapy: patients&#39; knowledge and attitudes. Results of a national trial. Physiotherapy. 2008;94(2):141.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Additional resources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;list-style-image: url(&amp;quot;/sites/wcpt.org/files/images/blue-bullet-6.png&amp;quot;); margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;h6 style=&quot;font-size: 12.6px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wcpt.org/node/34062&quot; style=&quot;color: #1a4195; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Dedicated area of the WCPT website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h6&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; margin: 1.5em 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
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&lt;h6 style=&quot;font-size: 12.6px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wcpt.org/policy/ps-direct-access#_ednref1&quot; id=&quot;_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot; style=&quot;color: #1a4195; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[Note]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;In many instances and service delivery models direct access and patient/client self-referral may be synonymous. However, direct access may include instances where the patient is unable to refer themselves, such as when unconscious in an intensive care unit, and the physical therapist is able to review the notes and decide that they need to assess and treat the patient, without a referral from a third party eg medical practitioner.&lt;/h6&gt;
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&lt;/article&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/2801396534994120163/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/01/policy-statement-direct-access-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/2801396534994120163'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/2801396534994120163'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/01/policy-statement-direct-access-and.html' title='Policy statement: Direct access and patient/client self-referral to physical therapy'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-3677546880779946581</id><published>2018-01-15T02:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2018-01-15T02:11:12.628-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Norwegian physical therapists celebrate direct access for patients</title><content type='html'>&lt;div id=&quot;content-top&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;color: #1c1c1c; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wcpt.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.wcpt.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;article about=&quot;/news/norwegian-direct-access-jan18&quot; class=&quot;node-173369 node node-newsarticle node-promoted view-mode-full clearfix&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; margin-top: 20px;&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;content-area&quot; style=&quot;min-height: 500px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Physical therapists in Norway have successfully established direct access to physiotherapy for patients across the country.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
A limited form of direct access and self-referral has been in place in Norway since 2001, when patients required a referral from a doctor in order to claim a social security refund for physical therapy.&lt;/div&gt;
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But as of 1 January 2018, patients can refer themselves to any physical therapist practising with a municipal operation agreement and claim the social security refund for their treatment.&lt;/div&gt;
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“This is a&amp;nbsp;historic moment for physiotherapists in Norway,” says Fred Hatlebrekke, President of the Norwegian Physiotherapists Association.&lt;/div&gt;
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“When the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs prepared a white paper on municipal health services in 2014, we grasped the opportunity to argue for direct ac­­­cess. We did the same in meetings with the Minister of Health, and we have shown that direct access is a patient-friendly&amp;nbsp;reform.”&lt;/div&gt;
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A growing body of evidence supports the clinical and cost-effectiveness of direct access to physical therapy. Direct access is currently available in more than 40 countries including Australia, Brazil, South Africa, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.&lt;/div&gt;
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“Direct access and self-referral is part of a global movement recognising autonomy for physical therapists,” says WCPT President Emma Stokes.&lt;/div&gt;
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“Direct access to physical therapy in Norway is a further recognition of the many benefits to patients, physical therapists and health professionals that flow from this change.”&lt;/div&gt;
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While direct access including the social security refund came into effect for manual therapists in 2006, full direct access to physical therapy has been an important goal in Norway for many years.&lt;/div&gt;
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Officials have been making the case in meetings at the Norwegian Parliament (Storting). After the submission of the white paper in 2015, the proposition for direct access was approved in June 2017.&lt;/div&gt;
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WCPT encourages all member organisations to advocate for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wcpt.org/node/34062&quot; style=&quot;color: #1a4195; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;direct access and self-referral&lt;/a&gt;, following the approval and adoption of the policy on direct access at the 17&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;General Meeting of WCPT in June 2011.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/article&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/3677546880779946581/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/01/norwegian-physical-therapists-celebrate.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/3677546880779946581'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/3677546880779946581'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2018/01/norwegian-physical-therapists-celebrate.html' title='Norwegian physical therapists celebrate direct access for patients'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-4080172687327656710</id><published>2017-09-18T23:05:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2017-09-18T23:05:27.073-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Doenças neuromusculares</title><content type='html'>Autores:&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Daniele Fricke&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Médica neurologista e neurofisiologista do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto&lt;br /&gt;Alegre e do Hospital Moinhos de Vento. Título de Especialista pela Academia Brasileira de Neurologia e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Neurofisiologia Clínica (SBNC). Mestre em Clínica Médica pela UFRGS.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; margin-top: 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Francisco Tellechea Rotta&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Médico neurologista. Coordenador do Ambulatório de Doenças Neuromusculares da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Especialista em Neurologia e Doenças Neuromusculares pela University of Miami School of Medicine. Título de Especialista pela SBNC.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fonte:&amp;nbsp;http://www.medicinanet.com.br&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_mark_319349&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #005825; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Introdução&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;As&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinanet.com.br/pesquisas/doencas_neuromusculares.htm&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border-bottom-color: navy; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: navy; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;doenças neuromusculares&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;compreendem um grupo de doenças que direta (via distúrbio intrínseco do músculo) ou indiretamente (via distúrbio do neurônio motor, seus prolongamentos ou da junção neuromuscular) afetam a função muscular (Fig. 95.2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O diagnóstico é estabelecido basicamente por meio da história e do exame físico. Algumas informações são importantes para que o nível da lesão seja definido e para que seja realizada diferenciação entre as diversas doenças neuromusculares existentes (Tab. 95.1 e Quadro 95.1). A rapidez com que a doença progride (aguda, subaguda ou crônica), o padrão de acometimento dos sintomas (proximal, distal, face), a história familiar (forma hereditária ou adquirida) e os fatores desencadeantes também auxiliam na abordagem desses pacientes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_2&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_mark_319350&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #005825; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Doenças do Neurônio Motor&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319351&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Esclerose lateral amiotrófica&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319352&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença neuro-degenerativa do sistema motor com comprometimento dos neurônios do corno anterior da medula e dos neurônios motores do córtex cerebral. Caracteriza-se pela combinação de sinais do neurônio motor superior e inferior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_3&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #39882f; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Figura 95.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Via neurológica e muscular nas doenças neuromusculares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319353&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Etiologia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A etiologia dessa doença é complexa e multifatorial. Geralmente é esporádica, mas pode ser familiar (5 a 10%) com herança autossômica dominante (gene que codifica a enzima superóxido-dismutase [SOD1]). Relaciona-se com a existência de algum fator genético, e a sua expressão clínica está relacionada com a exposição desse indivíduo, marcado geneticamente, a algum fator, ou fatores, que são desencadeadores do processo de degeneração do moto- neurônio (p. ex., processo inflamatório, envelhecimento, vírus, exposição a agentes tóxicos, etc.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_4&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
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Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319354&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Epidemiologia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A incidência da ELA é rara, ocorrendo cerca de 2 casos para 100.000 pessoas/ano. Indivíduos do sexo masculino são mais afetados do que os do feminino em uma proporção de 2:1, e os brancos são mais acometidos do que os negros. A idade média de início é 50 anos, e a forma esporádica compreende mais de 90% dos casos. Entre os pacientes com a doença, 50% sobrevivem por três anos, e 28%, por mais de cinco anos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319355&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Patogênese&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ao realizar exame macroscópico, nota-se um afilamento das raízes anteriores da medula. Por meio desse exame, torna-se evidente a perda neuronal no córtex motor, nos núcleos dos nervos cranianos e no corno anterior da medula, bem como a redução das fibras dos feixes corticobulbares e corticoespinais. É interessante que não haja evidência de processo inflamatório nas estruturas envolvidas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319356&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Sinais e sintomas&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Quando o paciente apresenta sinais proeminentes de envolvimento do neurônio motor superior e inferior nos dois membros e nos músculos bulbares (25% dos pacientes apresentam disartria, disfagia), sem comprometimento sensitivo, autonômico e visual, o diagnóstico clínico é evidente, e o diferencial é restrito.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Entretanto, o desafio encontra-se nos pacientes em estágio inicial da doença, que podem ter diferentes formas de apresentação clínica, dependendo do sítio acometido, alargando o diagnóstico diferencial (Tab. 95.2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319357&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Até o momento, não há marcador biológico específico para pacientes com ELA, e o diagnóstico está baseado na história, no exame físico e em alguns achados de exames complementares, como os seguintes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Eletroneuromiografia: comprometimento do neurônio motor em regiões clinicamente comprometidas e não comprometidas; denervação e reinervação (fasciculações, fibrilações, polifásicos com amplitude aumentada de unidades motoras) e velocidade de condução normal inicialmente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Aspectos clínicos típicos de pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Essa doença é caracterizada por fraqueza, sem comprometimento cognitivo, sensorial ou autonômico, e uma combinação de sinais dos neurônios motor superior (fraqueza, aumento do tônus, espasticidade, hiper-reflexia, cutâneo plantar em extensão, atrofia) e inferior (fraqueza, hipotonia, ausência de reflexos, atrofia e fasciculações).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Exames de neuroimagem: devem ser realizados a fim de descartar doenças que possam mimetizar a ELA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Exames laboratoriais: devem ser realizados para descartar outras doenças ELA-like.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_5&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/imagens/20140512165947.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319358&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tratamento&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Para o tratamento de pacientes com ELA, utiliza-se riluzol (Rilutek®), 50 mg, duas vezes ao dia, administrado em períodos distantes das refeições. Esse medicamento diminui a progressão da doença.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Como suporte, pode-se realizar gastrostomia, ventilação não invasiva, controle da saliva, fisioterapia, fono- terapia e utilizar antiespasmódicos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_mark_319359&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #005825; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Doenças dos Nervos Periféricos&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;As doenças dos nervos periféricos formam um conjunto de síndromes clínicas que afetam nervos periféricos sensitivos, motores e/ou autonômicos. Apesar das diversas etiologias dessas doenças, as respostas a uma lesão são limitadas: axonopatias, neuronopatias ou mielinopatias. Na abordagem diagnóstica, a primeira etapa é determinar, por meio da história e exame físico, se o paciente apresenta uma neuropatia periférica (ver Quadro 95.2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Determinada a existência de neuropatia, deve-se caracterizar a síndrome, levando em consideração alguns parâmetros, desde a rapidez com que se estabelece até a distribuição e o padrão dos achados clínicos. Dessa forma, pode-se limitar as possibilidades diagnósticas e planejar os exames complementares (ver Figura 95.3).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Rapidez de estabelecimento: aguda:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;horas até um mês; subaguda: um a dois meses; crônica: mais de dois meses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Tipo de fibra nervosa envolvida:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;motora, sensitiva, autonômica ou mista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Tamanhodafibranervosaenvolvida:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;grossa (fibras motoras, propriocepção e vibração), fina (dor, temperatura e sintomas autonômicos) ou mista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Distribuição:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;proximal, distal, difusa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Padrão:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;mononeuropatia, polineuropatia ou mononeuropatia múltipla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Patologia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;axonal, desmielinizante ou mista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_6&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;imgZoomTarget_18&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/imagens/20140512165858.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 1px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319360&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Síndrome de Guillain-Barré (polirradiculoneurite desmielinizante idiopática aguda [PDIA])&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319361&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A síndrome de Guillain-Barré é uma doença desmielinizante que afeta os nervos periféricos, potencialmente grave, podendo resultar em falência respiratória aguda mesmo nos pacientes nos quais não há fraqueza dos membros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319362&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Etiologia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Entre os pacientes com essa doença, 25% apresentam infecção prévia por Campylobacter jejuni, realizaram vacina, submeteram-se à cirurgia uma a três semanas antes do início dos sintomas, ou são mulheres grávidas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319363&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Sinais e sintomas&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Os pacientes com síndrome de Guillain-Barré apresentam fraqueza simétrica ascendente e rapidamente progressiva. Os reflexos tendinosos profundos ficam diminuídos ou podem inexistir. Podem ocorrer também diplegia facial (aspecto de máscara, ausência mímica facial), disfagia e dificuldade respiratória.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319364&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O diagnóstico dessa condição é clínico e confirmado por achados em exames complementares, tais como os seguintes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Líquido cerebrospinal: proteína elevada depois de cinco a seis dias, celularidade normal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Laboratorial: Campylobacter, HIV, CMV, FAN, FR, hepatites, GM1 E GQ1b anticorpos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ENMG: bloqueio de condução, latência aumentada, diminuição da onda F.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Biópsia: desmielinizção focal (somente se houver dúvida quanto ao diagnóstico).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Respiratório: capacidade vital forçada três vezes ao dia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A síndrome de Miller-Fischer é uma variante clínica caracterizada por arreflexia, ataxia sensitiva, oftalmoparesia e existência do anticorpo GQ1b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_7&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;imgZoomTarget_20&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/imagens/20140512165829.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 1px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #39882f; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Figura 95.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Abordagem à avaliação de neuropatias periféricas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PDIC, polirradiculoneuropatia desmielinizante inflamatória crônica; EDx, estudos de eletrodiagnóstico; SGB, síndrome de Guillain-Barré; IGIV, imunoglobulina intravenosa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319365&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico diferencial&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Deve ser realizado diagnóstico diferencial dessa síndrome com polirradiculopatia inflamatória desmielizante crônica (PIDC), miastenia, botulismo, doença de Lyme, esclerose múltipla, tumores medulares, poliomielite e hipofosfatemia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319366&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tratamento&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Para pacientes com essa doença, pode-se realizar ventilação mecânica se a capacidade vital for menor do que 15 cc/kg ou 0,6 L, ou maior, se estiver reduzindo rapidamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Outras opções igualmente efetivas são plasmaférese e imunoglobulina IV. A administração de corticoide não apresenta benefício.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319367&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Prognóstico&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O prognóstico desses pacientes é fatal em 4 a 15%, deixa sequela em 20% e em 35% apresenta déficit permanente. Ocorre recaída em 10% dos indivíduos, 50% atingem o nadir em uma semana, e 90%, em um mês.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319368&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Polirradiculopatia inflamatória desmielinizante crônica (PIDC)&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319369&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A PIDC é semelhante à PDIA em relação aos sintomas clínicos, exceto pelo curso remitente recorrente, com duração de, pelo menos, dois meses (Tabs. 95.3 e 95.4).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319370&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT)&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319371&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A CMT é causada por mutações em genes que codificam proteínas de diferentes localizações (mielina, células de Schwan e axônios) e que estão envolvidas em diversas funções: desde compactação e manutenção da mielina para formação do citoesqueleto, transporte axonal até metabolismo mitocondrial. Independentemente desse processo, a lesão final que se estabelece é uma degeneração axonal, principalmente nas fibras grossas e longas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319372&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Epidemiologia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A CMT é uma das doenças neuromusculares hereditárias mais comuns, com uma prevalência de mais de 40/100.000 pessoas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319373&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Etiologia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Essa doença é geneticamente heterogênea com diferentes mutações resultando em fenótipo clínicos semelhantes. Também conhecida como neuropatia sensitivo-motora hereditária. A maioria das pessoas com CMT apresenta herança autossômica dominante, mas todos os tipos de transmissão podem ser observados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_8&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;imgZoomTarget_22&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/imagens/20140512165959.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 1px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319374&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Sinais e sintomas&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O fenótipo típico da CMT é de atrofia, fraqueza e perda sensitiva com início distal e progressão proximal. Os sintomas motores manifestam-se inicialmente nos pés, com fraqueza na musculatura intrínseca, pés cavos e dedo em martelo, diminuição da sensibilidade vibratória, dor ao toque. Algumas vezes, ocorre perda da sensibilidade proprioceptiva, ocasionando ataxia sensitiva. Não há reflexos tendinosos profundos (Quadro 95.3).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319375&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico e classificação&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Para iniciar a abordagem diagnóstica, deve-se definir o fenótipo clínico, identificar o padrão de herança, realizar ENMG, estudo molecular e, para casos selecionados, biópsia de nervo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A classificação é estabelecida com base nos estudos de condução nervosa e na patologia do nervo. Em pacientes com CMT-1, verificam-se lentificação da velocidade de condução nos estudos neurofisiológicos e anormalidades da mielina na patologia. Já em indivíduos com CMT-2, há velocidades de condução normais ou pouco reduzidas e achados de degeneração axonal crônica e regeneração. As subdivisões dessa classificação são baseadas nos tipos de genes alterados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319376&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico diferencial&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Deve-se realizar diagnóstico diferencial da CMT com outras neuropatias hereditárias, adquiridas, miopatias distais, doença do neurônio motor, ataxias hereditárias, paraplegias espásticas hereditárias, doenças mitocondriais e leucodistrofias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_9&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;imgZoomTarget_24&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/imagens/20140512170015.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 1px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_10&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;imgZoomTarget_26&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/imagens/20140512165911.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 1px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319377&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tratamento&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ainda não há tratamento medicamentoso efetivo para pacientes com CMT. O tratamento de suporte consiste em fisioterapia, órteses e correções cirúrgicas das deformidades, sendo necessária uma abordagem multidisciplinar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_318349&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Ttulo2Char&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319378&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Neuropatia diabética&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319379&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A neuropatia diabética é causada por diabetes melito (DM). Diversas síndromes clínicas foram identificadas, tais como as seguintes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Mononeuropatias agudas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Mononeuropatias múltiplas e radiculopatias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Polineuropatia distal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Neuropatia autonômica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319380&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Epidemiologia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A neuropatia diabética é incomum antes dos 30 anos. Quinze por cento dos pacientes com DM tipo 1 e 13% dos pacientes com tipo 2 apresentam polineuropatia sintomática, mas as taxas de ocorrência aumentam quando se avalia a ENMG desses pacientes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319381&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Patogênese&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Perda de fibras nervosas mielinizadas é o achado mais proeminente em casos de polineuropatia distal. Desmielinização e remielinização segmentar, formação de bulbo com aspecto de cebola e redução do número de fibras não mielinizadas são achados secundários à isquemia aguda da vasa nervorum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319382&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O diagnóstico dessa condição é clínico, e a realização de ENMG confirma-o.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319383&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tratamento&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Nesses casos, deve-se manter níveis glicêmicos adequados. Pode-se realizar tratamento sintomático com antidepressivos tricíclicos e anticonvulsivantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_318355&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Ttulo2Char&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319384&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Neuropatia nutricional&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319385&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A neuropatia nutricional é uma doença dos nervos periféricos que ocorre devido à deficiência isolada ou complexa de nutrientes. A causa mais comum dessa doença no Ocidente está associada ao uso de álcool.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319386&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Epidemiologia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Estima-se que entre 25 a 66% dos alcoolistas crônicos desenvolvam neuropatia durante a vida. Os fatores diretamente associados ao desenvolvimento de neuropatia são o período em que se consome o álcool e a quantidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319387&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Patogênese&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A neuropatia nutricional é causada por lesão axonal de fibras nervosas de pequeno calibre associada às seguintes hipóteses distintas ou associadas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Deficiência de tiamina: o etanol reduz a absorção intestinal de tiamina e também o estoque hepático e altera a fosforilação dela. A dieta do paciente com alcoolismo crônico geralmente é desequilibrada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Efeito neurotóxico direto do etanol ou de seus metabólitos (acetaldeído): dose-dependente, alteração na modulação da cascata de sinalização intracelular da qual a proteína quinase A e C fazem parte; desequilíbrio do transporte axonal e das propriedades do citoesqueleto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319388&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Sinais e sintomas&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Pacientes com neuropatia alcoólica pura (sem evidência de deficiência de tiamina) apresentam sintomas sensitivos (diminuição da sensibilidade superficial e dor) lentamente progressivos, que se manifestam de forma inicial nos membros inferiores. Também podem posteriormente apresentar fraqueza, queimação, ataxia e quedas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Quando associada a déficits nutricionais, a apresentação clínica é variável.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319389&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O diagnóstico pode ser determinado por meio das seguintes avaliações:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;História de uso de álcool (100 mL de álcool etílico por dia durante três anos)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ENMG: não é específica para neuropatia alcoólica; polineuropatia sensitivo-motora axonal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Exames laboratoriais para exclusão de outras doenças: eletrólitos, função renal, função hepática, glicose, funções da tireoide, níveis de tiamina, piridoxina, vitamina B12, ácido fólico, niacina, vitamina A, biotina; metais pesados, VSG, HIV, sífilis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Biópsia de nervo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Avaliação do tubo gastrintestinal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319390&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico diferencial&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Deve-se realizar o diagnóstico diferencial de neuropatia nutricional com esclerose lateral amiotrófica, deficiência de tiamina, doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth, neuropatia diabética, mononeurite múltipla, neuropatia tóxica por metal pesado, neuropatias paraneoplásicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319391&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tratamento&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O tratamento de pacientes com neuropatia nutricional objetiva controlar os sintomas, treinar a capacidade de funcionamento independente, prevenir lesões, cessar o consumo de álcool, administrar suplementação vitamínica e calórica e medicações para dor neuropática e realizar fisioterapia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319392&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Neuropatias por vasculites&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319393&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;As neuropatias por vasculites são um grupo heterogêneo de doenças que afetam variados órgãos e vasos sanguíneos de diferentes diâmetros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319394&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Sinais e sintomas&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;São sinais e sintomas de pacientes com neuropatias por vasculites: mononeuropatia dolorosa, polineuropatia assimétrica ou mononeuropatia múltipla de início agudo ou subagudo. Elas afetam principalmente os membros inferiores. Os sintomas sistêmicos são mialgias, artral- gias, perda de peso, sintomas respiratórios, dor adominal, hematúria, rash e sudorese noturna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319395&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Classificação&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;As neuropatias por vasculites podem ser classificadas das seguintes formas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Sistêmicas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;–Primárias: sem causa definida; poliarterite nodosa, granulomatose de Wegener, síndrome de Churg- Strauss e poliangeíte microscópica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;–Secundárias: drogas, vírus, doenças do tecido conectivo; artrite reumatoide, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, crioglobulinemia associada ao vírus C, HIV, citomegalovírus, sarcoidose.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Não sistêmica: restrita aos nervos e aos músculos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319396&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O diagnóstico pode ser estabelecido por meio das seguintes avaliações:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ENMG: padrão axonal agudo ou subagudo, com envolvimento sensitivo e motor multifocal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Laboratorial: hemograma, eletrólitos, ureia, creatinina, glicose, VSG, proteína Creativa, FAN, fator reumatoide (FR), anticorpo anticitoplasma de neutrófilos (ANCA), hepatite C e B, crioglobulinas, proteinogra ma, HIV, sífilis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Biópsia de nervo e músculo: 60% apresentam deposição de imunocomplexos, inflamação e destruição da parede dos vasos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319397&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tratamento&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Para o tratamento de pacientes que apresentam neuropatia com envolvimento sistêmico primário, deve-se administrar corticoide intravenoso (indução) e imunossupressores (manutenção). Para os casos de neuropatia com envolvimento sistêmico secundário, é contraindicado o uso de imunossupressão crônica, e o tratamento é direcionado para a doença de base.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Devido à benignidade da neuropatia não sistêmica, geralmente não é realizado tratamento para esses pacientes. Pode-se utilizar corticoide via oral ou, se a doença for mais agressiva, imunossupressores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_mark_319398&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #005825; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Doenças da Junção Neuromuscular&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319399&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Miastenia grave&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319400&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A miastemia grave é uma doença autoimune potencialmente grave, mas que pode ser tratada. Caracteriza-se por fraqueza e fatigabilidade da musculatura voluntária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319401&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Epidemiologia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A incidência anual dessa doença é de 2/100.000 pessoas/ ano, mas a prevalência pode chegar a mais de 50/100.000 pessoas. Ela apresenta dois picos de incidência, o primeiro entre 20 e 30 anos, afetando mais mulheres, e o segundo entre 60 e 70 anos, acometendo mais homens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319402&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Etiologia e patogênese&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Os fatores que desencadeiam ou induzem o processo autoimune ainda não são conhecidos. Na maior parte dos casos, o alvo do ataque autoimune é o receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina (85% dos casos), localizado na membrana pós-sináptica da placa mioneural. Metade dos pacientes soronegativos apresenta um anticorpo antiquinase muscular específica (anti-MuSK). A perda de um grande número de receptores de acetilcolina nos músculos limita a quantidade de fibras que se despolarizam durante a ativação do músculo pela terminação nervosa, diminuindo, assim, a geração de ações musculares e impedindo a contração das fibras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Os principais mediadores da resposta autoimune em casos de miastemia grave são os linfócitos T derivados do timo. No exame anatomopatológico, é possível verificar infiltrado linfocítico associado a pequenos focos necróticos na fibra muscular, atrofia das fibras tipo 1 e 2, hiperplasiacomfolículos linfoides, evidenciando centros germinativos em 70% dos timos, e timoma em 10%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Alguns fatores podem agravar a miastenia grave, tais como infeções e o uso de drogas (Tab. 95.5).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319403&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Sinais e sintomas&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Nos casos de miastenia grave, cinco subgrupos de sinais e sintomas são conhecidos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Grupo 1: comprometimento da musculatura ocular isolada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Grupo 2: fraqueza generalizada leve.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Grupo 3: fraqueza generalizada moderada ou fraqueza bulbo-ocular leve a moderada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Grupo 4: fraqueza generalizada ou bulbo-ocular grave.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Grupo 5: crise miastênica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_11&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;imgZoomTarget_28&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/imagens/20140512170038.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 1px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Entre os pacientes com miastenia ocular primária, 85 a 90% desenvolvem fraqueza generalizada nos dois anos seguintes. A forma mais comum é a generalizada, que se apresenta com fraqueza flutuante, havendo piora no final do dia e cansaço fácil na musculatura extraocular, bulbar e de extremidades. Alguns sinais e sintomas típicos são voz anasalada, dificuldade de mastigação, diplopia, ptose e paresia ocular. Os reflexos pupilares são poupados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319404&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O diagnóstico pode ser estabelecido por meio das seguintes avaliações:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Farmacológica: teste do Tensilon® (edrofônio), droga anticolinesterásica intravenosa de curta ação (2 a 4 minutos).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Sorológica: anticorpo antirreceptor de acetilcolina, anticorpo antirreceptor muscarínico específico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Eletrofisiológica: redução da amplitude do potencial de ação composto evocado durante a estimulação repetitiva supramáxima de um nervo. A ENMG de fibra única é mais sensível.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.85pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/img/bullets_.png&amp;quot;) no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Imagem: raio X de tórax pode evidenciar massa mediastinal. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax deve ser realizada em todos os pacientes recém-diagnosticados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319405&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico diferencial&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Deve-se realizar o diagnóstico diferencial da miastenia grave com as seguintes doenças:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Queixa de cansaço fácil: histeria, depressão, neurose, síndrome da fadiga crônica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Queixa ocular: miopatia mitocondrial, distrofia oculofaríngea, esclerose múltipla, paralisias isoladas de nervos cranianos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Polimiosite, esclerose lateral amiotrófica, botulismo, tumores de tronco cerebral, síndrome de Guillain-Barré, PIDC, intoxicação por organofosforados, distrofia muscular, doenças da tireoide.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319406&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tratamento&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O tratamento pode ser realizado com a administração de anticolinesterásicos, corticosteroides, imunossupressores, imunoglobulina e com plasmaférese e timectomia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Pacientes com crise miastênica (agravamento da mistenia em geral por infecção, drogas ou tratamento inadequado) e crise colinérgica (excesso de acetilcolina na junção neuromuscular devido ao uso excessivo de drogas anticolinesterásicas) apresentam fraqueza, e são crises consideradas emergências médicas pelo risco de insuficiência respiratória. Elas podem ocorrer concomitantemente (Tab. 95.6).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_mark_319407&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #8b2700; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Síndrome miastênica de Lambert-Eaton&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319408&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Definição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A síndrome miastênica de Lambert-Eaton é uma doença caracterizada por fraqueza generalizada (geralmente musculatura proximal) e por sinais e sintomas autonômicos (boca seca, constipação, impotência e inexistência de reflexos), que, ao contrário da miastenia grave, melhoram com exercício físico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_12&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;imgZoomTarget_30&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/imagens/20140512170054.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 1px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;
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Clique na imagem para ampliar&lt;/center&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319409&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Etiologia e patogênese&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Entre os pacientes com essa síndrome, 50% dos casos estão associados à neoplasia (geralmente neoplasia pulmonar de pequenas células) e, nestes, os anticorpos antiantígenos tumorais reagem com os canais de cálcio voltagem-depedentes envolvidos na liberação de acetil- colina na fenda pré-sináptica, ocasionando distúrbio na transmissão neuromuscular.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319410&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Diagnóstico&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O diagnóstico é confirmado por ENMG por meio da respos ta à estimulação repetitiva. Ao contrário da miastenia grave, ocorre um aumento da resposta muscular ao estímulo repetitivo do seu nervo motor. A existência de anticorpos contra o subtipo P/Q dos canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes é altamente sensível e específica para a síndrome, independentemente da etiologia (Tab. 95.7).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;_mark_319411&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tratamento&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O tratamento é realizado com drogas imunosupressoras (corticoides, azatioprina), plasmaférese, imunoglobulina, 3,4-diaminopiridina. A administração de piridostigmina ou neostigmina não é efetiva como em casos de miastenia grave. Deve-se evitar drogas que afetam a junção neuromuscular.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_mark_319412&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #005825; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Doenças do Músculo&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Existem inúmeras doenças neuromusculares resultantes do comprometimento dos músculos estriados. Essa diversidade evidencia um caráter desafiador para o diagnóstico dessas doenças, já que elas apresentam um número limitado de sinais e sintomas: fraqueza, fadiga, dor, rigidez, espasmos, cãibras e alteração de volume, sem haver alteração da sensibilidade e com reflexos preservados inicialmente. A fraqueza muscular verdadeira é o sintoma mais frequente. A abordagem inicial do paciente com fraqueza deve levar em consideração o padrão topográfico de acometimento muscular (proximal, distal, facial), o período de aparecimento dos sintomas (agudo, subagudo ou crônico), o histório familiar (doença hereditária ou adquirida) e os sinais e sintomas associados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;É possível classificar essas doenças em quatro grandes grupos: miopatias inflamatórias (infecciosas ou idiopáticas autoimunes [Tab. 95.8]), distrofias musculares (doenças degenerativas progressivas hereditárias), miopatias tóxicas e metabólicas (anormalidade metabólica hereditária, anormalidade da função endocrinológica [Tab. 95.9], drogas ou agentes miotóxicos) e miopatias congênitas. As miopatias inflamatórias constituem o grupo de doenças musculares mais comuns e potencialmente tratáveis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_mark_319413&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #005825; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Caso Clínico Comentado&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A combinação de sinais do neurônio motor superior (fraqueza, aumento do tônus, espasticidade, hiper-reflexia, cutâneo plantar em extensão, atrofia) e inferior (fraqueza, hipotonia, ausência de reflexos, atrofia e fasciculações), a apresentação inicial assimétrica e os sinais bulbares (disartria, disfagia) evidenciam o diagnóstico de esclerose lateral amiotrófica. A rápida evolução desse paciente associa-se ao precoce envolvimento bulbar e à possibilidade de distúrbios respiratórios fatais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_13&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;_tempNonUser_medNet@_img_16&quot; src=&quot;https://www.medicinanet.com.br/image/disponivel_assinante.gif&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_mark_319414&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #005825; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Referências&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1.Oliveira AS, Pereira RD. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): three letters that change the people’s life forever. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009;67(3A):750-82.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2.Fernandez HH, Eisenschenk S, Okun MS.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ultimate review for the neurology boards. 2nd ed. New York: Demos; 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3.Thanvi BR, Lo TC. Update on myasthenia gravis. Postgrad Med J. 2004;80(950):690-700.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;4.Saguil A. Evaluation of the patient with muscle disease. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71(7):1327-36.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Flaherty AW, Rost NS, editors. The Massachusetts General Hospital handbook of neurology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp;amp; Wilkins; 2007.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Koike H, Sobue G. Alcoholic neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19(5):481-6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Mammen AL. Dermatomyositis and polymyositis: clinical pre- sentation, autoantibodies and pathogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1184:134-53.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Pareyson D, Marchesi C. Diagnosis, natural history, and managment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(7):654-67.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Patten J. Diagnóstico diferencial em neurologia. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter; 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: auto auto 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_mark_319415&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #005825; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Leituras Recomendadas&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Aminoff MJ, Greenberg D, Simon RR. Clinical neurology. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(4):1027-32.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ropper AH, Brown RH. Adams and Victor´s: principles of neurology. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;0-Referencia&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Schaublin GA, Michet CJ Jr, Dyck PJ, Burns TM. An update on yhe classification and treatment of vasculitic neuropahty. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(12):853-65.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/4080172687327656710/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/09/doencas-neuromusculares.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/4080172687327656710'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/4080172687327656710'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/09/doencas-neuromusculares.html' title='Doenças neuromusculares'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-9010514465751226405</id><published>2017-09-18T22:52:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2017-09-18T22:52:02.795-07:00</updated><title type='text'>O QUE SÃO AS DOENÇAS NEUROMUSCULARES?</title><content type='html'>Fonte: www.apn.pt&lt;br /&gt;
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O termo “Doenças Neuromusculares” aplica-se a um universo muito alargado de diferentes patologias, já identificadas, e engloba as doenças dos músculos (Miopatias), doenças dos nervos (Neuropatias) doenças dos cornos anteriores da medula (Atrofia Espinais) e as perturbações da junção neuromuscular (Miastenias), entre outras.&lt;/div&gt;
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São doenças genéticas, hereditárias e progressivas e todas têm em comum a falta de força muscular, necessitando os doentes, a quem foram diagnosticadas, de apoios e/ou ajudas técnicas – cadeiras de rodas eléctricas ou andarilhos para a sua locomoção, computadores para a escrita, apoios de cabeça, ajudas várias para a manipulação, veículos de transporte adaptados, etc.&lt;/div&gt;
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Os músculos pulmonares e o coração são frequentemente afectados, provocando dificuldades respiratórias e cardíacas. A fraqueza muscular atinge também os músculos da coluna vertebral, dando origem a inevitáveis escolioses que vão agravar, ainda mais, as dificuldades respiratórias. Nestes casos, é necessária uma intervenção cirúrgica de correcção, que melhora substancialmente a qualidade de vida dos doentes. Ao nível das extremidades, surgem deformações e retracções tendinosas que aumentam as dificuldades nos movimentos. Apesar de toda a fraqueza muscular e deformações articulares, os doentes neuromusculares mantêm, na sua grande maioria, um nível intelectual normal.&lt;/div&gt;
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Estas doenças não têm, por enquanto, cura. No entanto, os diversos problemas que afectam os doentes podem ser minorados com o apoio das equipas multidisciplinares que incluam neuropediatras, neurologistas, fisiatras, ortopedistas, psicólogos, cardiologistas e especialistas das funções respiratórias que, vão sendo constituídas nos vários centros hospitalares e trabalhando em comum.&lt;/div&gt;
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QUANTAS PESSOAS ESTÃO AFECTADAS POR UMA DOENÇA NEUROMUSCULAR?&lt;/h2&gt;
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Estima-se que em Portugal, país com cerca de 10 milhões de habitantes, e de acordo com dados estatísticos internacionais, existam mais de 5000 doentes afectados, encontrando-se distribuídos por diferentes patologias.&lt;/div&gt;
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Um inquérito realizado em 11 das 13 Consultas de Neuropediatria existentes no País, revelou a existência, nos últimos 10 anos, de 659 doentes com doenças neuromusculares em idade pediátrica. Em 599 destes doentes foi identificada uma doença genética. Na maioria destas crianças o apoio precoce a estas situações, por parte dos pais e técnicos de saúde, nomeadamente no respeitante ao diagnóstico e terapêutica, faz-nos prever que atingiram, ou irão atingir, a idade adulta com situações relativamente controladas e que irão depender de cuidados de saúde continuados e acessíveis, para manterem a sua integração na sociedade, a qualidade de vida e o tempo de sobrevida para os quais este apoio precoce os preparou.&lt;/div&gt;
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Também os restantes doentes adultos, alguns com diagnóstico mais tardio ou falta de apoio, apresentam hoje agravados e progressivos problemas médicos e sociais o que torna imperioso o seu apoio adequado através de cuidados médicos continuados.&lt;/div&gt;
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NECESSIDADES BÁSICAS ESSENCIAIS PARA UMA MELHOR QUALIDADE DE VIDA:&lt;/h2&gt;
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• Criar condições para que todas as limitações inerentes à doença sejam supridas.&lt;/div&gt;
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• Acompanhamento médico especializado em consultas multidisciplinares.&lt;/div&gt;
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• Atribuição de ajudas técnicas adaptadas e em tempo útil face à progressão da doença.&lt;/div&gt;
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• Em alguns casos, felizmente, raros, o uso de suplementos alimentares como substituto da alimentação normal por incapacidade de mastigação e dificuldade de deglutição.&lt;/div&gt;
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• Necessidade de uma terceira pessoa para as actividades da vida diária.&lt;/div&gt;
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• Apoio acrescido às famílias (psicológico, económico e outros), tentando compensar os elevados custos (materiais e emocionais) inerentes ao acompanhamento de alguns destes doentes.&lt;/div&gt;
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• Implementação e fiscalização efectiva das normas de acessibilidades.&lt;/div&gt;
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• Criação de um centro de referência e qualidade para os doentes neuromusculares.&lt;/div&gt;
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• Criação de unidades especializadas de internamento médio/prolongado, de apoios continuados e domiciliares.&lt;/div&gt;
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ALGUMAS DIFICULDADES MAIS LIMITATIVAS:&lt;/h2&gt;
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Incapacidade das famílias para, com os míseros apoios existentes, darem o acompanhamento necessário para que haja uma eficiente integração na escola e no trabalho.&lt;/div&gt;
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Falta de vontade política dos responsáveis para ajudar a resolver os problemas:&lt;/div&gt;
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• Continuam a ser construídos edifícios absolutamente inacessíveis a estes doentes;&lt;/div&gt;
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• Continuam-se a construir ou a renovar passeios, mantendo barreiras intransponíveis para a circulação destas pessoas.&lt;/div&gt;
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Nos, infelizmente ainda raros, casos de doentes neuromusculares com maior dependência inseridos no mundo do trabalho, queremos acreditar que a falta de conhecimento do carácter progressivo destas doenças, poderá exigir a reforma antecipada sem a perda de direitos.&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/9010514465751226405/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/09/o-que-sao-as-doencas-neuromusculares.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/9010514465751226405'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/9010514465751226405'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/09/o-que-sao-as-doencas-neuromusculares.html' title='O QUE SÃO AS DOENÇAS NEUROMUSCULARES?'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-1325418994357276925</id><published>2017-08-14T15:31:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2017-08-14T15:31:30.638-07:00</updated><title type='text'>7 Tips For Scar Management</title><content type='html'>Autor:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;url fn n&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/author/mcurtis84/&quot; rel=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;View all posts by Michael Curtis&quot;&gt;Michael Curtis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Source:&amp;nbsp;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/&lt;br /&gt;
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For some, a scar might be a symbol of pride – a battle wound, so to speak. For others, though, scars don’t rank high on their favorite physical features list. Most of us want to minimize the appearance of scars and the physical consequences that can accompany them – itching, stiffness, tenderness, and pain&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn1&quot; id=&quot;ffn1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn2&quot; id=&quot;ffn2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Although scars can occur from wounds and burns, for our purposes here, let’s focus on how best to manage post-surgical scars.&lt;/div&gt;
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What To Expect With a Post-Surgical Scar&lt;/h2&gt;
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Some surgeries are arthroscopic, leaving behind minimal scarring. Other procedures, such as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/knee-replacement-rehab/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;total knee replacement&lt;/a&gt;, or even a C-section, leave behind a larger, more obvious scar that may take some time to fully heal.&lt;/div&gt;
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Yes, scars can take months, even years, to fully mature. If healing goes as it should, the scar should be linear and flush with skin, improving in appearance and pliability over time&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn3&quot; id=&quot;ffn3&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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An abnormal scar, however, might be raised and/or widespread. There are 2 types of abnormal scars to watch out for:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/wp-content/themes/getnoticed/img/sprites.png&amp;quot;) -1118px 0px no-repeat; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Hypertrophic Scars&lt;/span&gt;: linear hypertrophic scars are raised but tend to stay within the confines of the initial incision&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn4&quot; id=&quot;ffn4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. They contain mostly well-organized Type III collagen&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn5&quot; id=&quot;ffn5&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
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The good news is that it is possible for hypertrophic scars to spontaneously improve over time&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn6&quot; id=&quot;ffn6&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;6,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn7&quot; id=&quot;ffn7&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/wp-content/themes/getnoticed/img/sprites.png&amp;quot;) -1118px 0px no-repeat; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Keloid Scars&lt;/span&gt;: these are excessive scars that grow beyond the confines of the initial incision&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn8&quot; id=&quot;ffn8&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. They contain disorganized Type I and II collagen bundles&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn9&quot; id=&quot;ffn9&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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Keloid scars don’t improve on their own and, even after being treated surgically, can recur&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn10&quot; id=&quot;ffn10&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;10,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn11&quot; id=&quot;ffn11&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Although they can present differently, most current management strategies for both hypertrophic and keloid scars are similar.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Tips for Scar Management&lt;/h2&gt;
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Your first priority for scar management following surgery should be to prevent abnormal scar formation.&lt;/div&gt;
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There are treatments that have proven to be effective for scar management such as laser therapy, corticosteroid injections, and even surgery, but these treatments must be performed by professionals and are invasive.&lt;/div&gt;
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For effective scar management techniques you can perform on your own, here are 7 tips:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Silicone Scar Gel&lt;/span&gt;: Silicone Gel or sheeting is universally considered to be the&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;gold standard&lt;/span&gt;and first line of defense and treatment for hypertrophic and keloid scars&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn12&quot; id=&quot;ffn12&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. There are silicone gel products widely available over-the-counter.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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These gels can help with itching as well as reduce the size of scars through occlusion and hydration. I would recommend using a gel as soon as the suture is healed&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn13&quot; id=&quot;ffn13&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Silicone therapy should be continue for as long as necessary – if there continues to be an increase in scar size&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn14&quot; id=&quot;ffn14&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2. Onion Extract-Based Gel (Mederma)&lt;/span&gt;: Quercetin is found in onion extract – a main ingredient in the popular scar treatment Mederma – and has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn15&quot; id=&quot;ffn15&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Although Mederma is widely used for scar management, it is important to note that, based on two prominent studies I looked at, the only improvement noted with Mederma use was better collagen organization (a microscopic improvement). There wasn’t any significant benefit in scar appearance or symptoms when compared with no treatment or standard petrolatum ointments&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn16&quot; id=&quot;ffn16&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;16,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn17&quot; id=&quot;ffn17&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3. Vitamin E&lt;/span&gt;: Vitamin E is believed to reduce the amount of reactive oxygen available during the inflammatory stage of healing.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
There have been many case reports&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn18&quot; id=&quot;ffn18&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;reporting better scar appearance when vitamin E is used during the healing process. Some studies, however, have found vitamin E to be of no benefit&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn19&quot; id=&quot;ffn19&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;19,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn20&quot; id=&quot;ffn20&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn20&quot; id=&quot;ffn20&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn20&quot; id=&quot;ffn20&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;4. Limit Scar Stretching During Healing&lt;/span&gt;: keloid and hypertrophic scars usually occur in areas of the body frequently stretched during natural daily movements&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn21&quot; id=&quot;ffn21&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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To prevent abnormal scar formation, it would be ideal to avoid putting tension on the healing scar to allow it to heal normally.&lt;/div&gt;
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Yes, this is easier said than done.&lt;/div&gt;
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However, some methods that might help reduce skin tension and, therefore, promote healing, are tape&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn22&quot; id=&quot;ffn22&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, bandages, garments, or silicone gel sheets (see above).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;5. Compression&lt;/span&gt;: If you experience more widespread hypertrophic or keloid scarring, pressure garments can be worn.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Compression can decrease the production of collagen, decrease swelling, improve itchiness and pain&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn23&quot; id=&quot;ffn23&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Make sure that the compression garment applies at least 15mm Hg, which is the minimum amount of pressure proven to promote scar maturation&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn24&quot; id=&quot;ffn24&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Compression can be continued as long as there is abnormal thickening of the scar&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn25&quot; id=&quot;ffn25&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;6. Massage&lt;/span&gt;: massage therapy can disrupt fibrotic tissue and increase the pliability of the scar&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn26&quot; id=&quot;ffn26&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;26,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn27&quot; id=&quot;ffn27&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. It can also improve swelling, thickening, and hardening of the scar tissue&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn28&quot; id=&quot;ffn28&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Generally, it’s safe to start massage therapy 10 to 14 days after primary closure of the incision (talk to your surgeon to be sure). Make sure you don’t start massaging before this because it can actually have the opposite effect we want – there is evidence that mechanical pressure during early phases of wound healing can promote hypertrophic scar formation&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn29&quot; id=&quot;ffn29&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Before you start to massage the scar, make sure you have clean hands and there’s no bleeding present.&lt;/div&gt;
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Also, make sure you apply enough pressure to blanch the scar (make it white with pressure). But don’t apply too much pressure to damage the skin – use good judgment.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Use&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.physio-pedia.com/Deep_friction_massage&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;deep friction massage&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for 10 minutes twice per day, for up to 6 months. Friction massage is performed with the tip of your thumb or fingers in a transverse motion over the scar (like you’re strumming a guitar string).&lt;/div&gt;
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Make sure to stop massage treatment if there is a break in the skin, excessive discomfort, or an infection.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;7. Sunscreen&lt;/span&gt;: Be sure to keep your scar out of sunlight as much as possible until the scar has matured.&lt;/div&gt;
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UV radiation has been shown to increase scar pigmentation, making its appearance worse&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn30&quot; id=&quot;ffn30&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;30,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn31&quot; id=&quot;ffn31&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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If you’re going to be out in the sun, use maximal sun protection &amp;gt;50 SPF&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote&quot; href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#fn32&quot; id=&quot;ffn32&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Rather than waiting until a scar becomes either hypertrophic or keloid, early treatment aimed at prevention is key.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;comment-reminder reminder&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol id=&quot;footnotes&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-family: Georgia, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Van Loey NE, Bremer M, Faber AW, Middelkoop E, Nieuwenhuis MK. Itching following burns: epidemiology and predictors. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:95e100.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Bell L, McAdams T, Morgan R, et al. Pruritus in burns: a descriptive study. J Burn Care Rehabil 1988;9:305e8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn3&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Son D, Harijan A. Overview of Surgical Scar Prevention and Management. J Korean Med Sci 2014;29(6):751-757.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn3&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Monstrey S, et al. Updated Scar Management Practical Guidelines: Non-Invasive and Invasive measures. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp;amp; Aesthetic Surgery. 2014;67(8):1017-1025&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn5&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Jeschke MG. Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies. Mol Med 2011;17: 113e25.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn5&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn6&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Juckett G, Hartman-Adams H. Management of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Am Fam Physician 2009;80:253e60.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn6&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn7&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Alster TS, Tanzi EL. Hypertrophic scars and keloids: etiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4:235e43.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn7&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn8&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Monstrey S, et al. Updated Scar Management Practical Guidelines: Non-Invasive and Invasive measures. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp;amp; Aesthetic Surgery. 2014;67(8):1017-1025&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn8&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn9&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Jeschke MG. Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies. Mol Med 2011;17: 113e25.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn9&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn10&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Juckett G, Hartman-Adams H. Management of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Am Fam Physician 2009;80:253e60.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn10&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn11&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Alster TS, Tanzi EL. Hypertrophic scars and keloids: etiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4:235e43.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn11&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn12&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Monstrey S, et al. Updated Scar Management Practical Guidelines: Non-Invasive and Invasive measures. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp;amp; Aesthetic Surgery. 2014;67(8):1017-1025.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn12&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn13&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Mustoe TA. Evolution of silicone therapy and mechanism of action in scar management. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008;32: 82e92.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn13&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn14&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Monstrey S, et al. Updated Scar Management Practical Guidelines: Non-Invasive and Invasive measures. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp;amp; Aesthetic Surgery. 2014;67(8):1017-1025&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn14&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn15&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Liu A, et al. Current Methods Employed in the Prevention and Minimization of Surgical Scars. Dermatologic Surgery. 2011;37(12):1740-1746.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn15&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn16&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Saulis AS, Mogford JH, Mustoe TA. Effect of Mederma on hypertrophic scarring in the rabbit ear model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:177-83; discussion 184-6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn16&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn17&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Chung VQ, et al. Onion extract gel versus petrolatum emollient on new surgical scars: prospective double-blinded study. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:193-7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn17&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn18&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Liu A, et al. Current Methods Employed in the Prevention and Minimization of Surgical Scars. Dermatologic Surgery. 2011;37(12):1740-1746.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn18&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn19&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Baumann LS, Spencer J. The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:311-5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn19&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn20&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Van der Veer WM, et al. Topical calcipotriol for preventive treatment of hypertrophic scars; a randomized, double -blind, placebo controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:1269-75.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn20&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn21&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ogawa R. Keloid and hypertrophic scarring may result from a mechanoreceptor or mechanosensitive nociceptor disorder.&amp;nbsp;Med Hypotheses&amp;nbsp;2008;71:493–500.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn21&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn22&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Atkinson JA, McKenna KT, Barnett AG, McGrath DJ, Rudd M. A randomized, controlled trial to determine the efficacy of paper tape in preventing hypertrophic scar formation in surgical incisions that traverse Langer’s skin tension lines.&amp;nbsp;Plast Reconstr Surg.2005;116:1648–1656; discussion 1657–1658.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn22&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn23&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ripper S, Renneberg B, Landmann C, Weigel G, Germann G. Adherence to pressure garment therapy in adult burn patients. Burns 2009;35:657e64.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn23&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn24&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Van den Kerckhove E, Stappaerts K, Fieuws S, et al. The assessment of erythema and thickness on burn related scars during pressure garment therapy as a preventive measure for hypertrophic scarring.&amp;nbsp;Burns&amp;nbsp;2005;31:696–702.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn24&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn25&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Monstrey S, et al. Updated Scar Management Practical Guidelines: Non-Invasive and Invasive measures. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp;amp; Aesthetic Surgery. 2014;67(8):1017-1025&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn25&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn26&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Chan MW, et al. Mechanical induction of gene expression in connective tissue cells. Methods Cell Biol 2010;98:178-205.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn26&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn27&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Bhadal N, et al. The effect of mechanical strain on protease production by keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:396-8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn27&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn28&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Thuzar M, et al. The role of massage in scar management: A literature review. Dermatologic Surgery 2012;38(3):414-423.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn28&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn29&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Aarabi S, et al. Mechanical load initiates hypertrophic scar formation through decreased cellular apoptosis. FASEB J 2007;21:3250-61.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn29&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn30&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Haedersdal M, Bech-Thomsen N, Poulsen T, Wulf HC. Ultraviolet exposure inﬂuences laser-induced wounds, scars, and hyperpigmentation: a murine study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 101:1315e22.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn30&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn31&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Due E, Rossen K, Sorensen LT, Kliem A, Karlsmark T, Haedersdal M. Effect of UV irradiation on cutaneous cicatrices: a randomized, controlled trial with clinical, skin reﬂectance, histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical evaluations. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87: 27e32.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn31&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;fn32&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Published by. In: Middelkoop E, Monstrey S, Teot L, Vranckx JJ, editors. Scar Management Practical Guidelines. Maca-Cloetens; 2011. pp. 1e109.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.michaelcurtispt.com/scar-management/#ffn32&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #16aeb5; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;↩︎&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/1325418994357276925/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/08/7-tips-for-scar-management.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/1325418994357276925'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/1325418994357276925'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/08/7-tips-for-scar-management.html' title='7 Tips For Scar Management'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-8115843231729348878</id><published>2017-06-01T12:21:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2017-06-01T12:21:45.600-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Using Xbox kinect motion capture technology to improve clinical rehabilitation outcomes for balance and cardiovascular health in an individual with chronic traumatic brain injury</title><content type='html'>Font:&amp;nbsp;https://archivesphysiotherapy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40945-017-0033-9&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;Author&quot; data-jumpto=&quot;Aff&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: help; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-right: 0.3em; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;AuthorName&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted gray; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;Shane&amp;nbsp;Chanpimol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;EmailAuthor&quot; href=&quot;mailto:shane.chanpimol@va.gov&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0070bb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;Email author&quot;&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;ContactIcon&quot; style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/static/images/email-396fcae9d0.png&amp;quot;) transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 10px; margin: 0px 4px; width: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;u-srOnly&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Email author&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;Orcid&quot; href=&quot;http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-041X&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0070bb; margin-left: 0.3em; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;View ORCID ID profile&quot;&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;OrcidIcon&quot; style=&quot;background: url(&amp;quot;/static/images/orcid-83c0ce7249.png&amp;quot;) transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 13px; width: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;u-srOnly&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;View ORCID ID profile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;Author&quot; data-jumpto=&quot;Aff&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: help; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-right: 0.3em; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;AuthorName&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted gray; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;Bryant&amp;nbsp;Seamon&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;Author&quot; data-jumpto=&quot;Aff&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: help; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-right: 0.3em; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;AuthorName&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted gray; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;Haniel&amp;nbsp;Hernandez&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;Author&quot; data-jumpto=&quot;Aff&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: help; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-right: 0.3em; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;AuthorName&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted gray; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;Michael&amp;nbsp;Harris-Love&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;Author&quot; data-jumpto=&quot;Aff&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: help; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-right: 0.3em; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;AuthorName&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted gray; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;Marc&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;Blackman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Open Sans;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;Heading js-ToggleCollapseSection&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lora; font-size: 1.625rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Abstract&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;js-CollapseSection&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; margin-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;AbstractSection&quot; id=&quot;ASec1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;Heading&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;
Background&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Para&quot; id=&quot;Par1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;
Motion capture virtual reality-based rehabilitation has become more common. However, therapists face challenges to the implementation of virtual reality (VR) in clinical settings. Use of motion capture technology such as the Xbox Kinect may provide a useful rehabilitation tool for the treatment of postural instability and cardiovascular deconditioning in individuals with chronic severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a Kinect-based VR intervention using commercially available motion capture games on balance outcomes for an individual with chronic TBI. The secondary purpose was to assess the feasibility of this intervention for eliciting cardiovascular adaptations.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;AbstractSection&quot; id=&quot;ASec2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;Heading&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;
Methods&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Para&quot; id=&quot;Par2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;
A single system experimental design (&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 1) was utilized, which included baseline, intervention, and retention phases. Repeated measures were used to evaluate the effects of an 8-week supervised exercise intervention using two Xbox One Kinect games. Balance was characterized using the dynamic gait index (DGI), functional reach test (FRT), and Limits of Stability (LOS) test on the NeuroCom Balance Master. The LOS assesses end-point excursion (EPE), maximal excursion (MXE), and directional control (DCL) during weight-shifting tasks. Cardiovascular and activity measures were characterized by heart rate at the end of exercise (HRe), total gameplay time (TAT), and time spent in a therapeutic heart rate (TTR) during the Kinect intervention. Chi-square and ANOVA testing were used to analyze the data.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;AbstractSection&quot; id=&quot;ASec3&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;Heading&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;
Results&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Para&quot; id=&quot;Par3&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;
Dynamic balance, characterized by the DGI, increased during the intervention phase&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;χ&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;N =&lt;/em&gt; 12) = 12,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = .001. Static balance, characterized by the FRT showed no significant changes. The EPE increased during the intervention phase in the backward direction&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;χ&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;N =&lt;/em&gt; 12) = 5.6,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = .02, and notable improvements of DCL were demonstrated in all directions. HRe (&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2,174) = 29.65,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = &amp;lt; .001) and time in a TTR (&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2, 12) = 4.19,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;EmphasisTypeItalic&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = .04) decreased over the course of the intervention phase.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;AbstractSection&quot; id=&quot;ASec4&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;Heading&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;
Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Para&quot; id=&quot;Par4&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;
Use of a supervised Kinect-based program that incorporated commercial games improved dynamic balance for an individual post severe TBI. Additionally, moderate cardiovascular activity was achieved through motion capture gaming. Further studies appear warranted to determine the potential therapeutic utility of commercial VR games in this patient population.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;

&lt;li class=&quot;Author&quot; data-jumpto=&quot;Aff&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: help; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-right: 0.3em; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;AuthorName&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted gray; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;Author&quot; data-jumpto=&quot;Aff&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: help; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-right: 0.3em; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;Author&quot; data-jumpto=&quot;Aff&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: help; display: inline-block; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin-right: 0.3em; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;AuthorName&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted gray; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; xmlns:func=&quot;http://oscar.fig.bmc.com&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/8115843231729348878/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/06/using-xbox-kinect-motion-capture.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/8115843231729348878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/8115843231729348878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/06/using-xbox-kinect-motion-capture.html' title='Using Xbox kinect motion capture technology to improve clinical rehabilitation outcomes for balance and cardiovascular health in an individual with chronic traumatic brain injury'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-184397152481545193</id><published>2017-05-29T18:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2017-05-29T18:17:00.789-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Dores de Crescimento</title><content type='html'>Fonte:Nascer e crescer revista de pediatria do centro hospitalar do porto
ano 2012, vol XXI, n.º 4&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Autores:Sara Freitas Oliveira1
, Joana Rodrigues1
, Lúcia Rodrigues1
, Mafalda Santos3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RESUMO&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Introdução: As dores de crescimento são uma entidade
comum na prática pediátrica.
Objectivos: O presente trabalho tem como objectivo fazer
uma revisão bibliográfi ca actual sobre a etiologia, apresentação
clínica, diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento das dores
de crescimento.
Desenvolvimento: Apesar das dores de crescimento terem
sido descritas pela primeira vez na literatura médica há 188
anos, até ao momento ainda não é conhecida a sua causa, mas
parece que não existe relação entre esta condição e o crescimento.
Apresentam -se, geralmente, em crianças entre os três e
os 12 anos de idade. Caracterizam -se por dor nos membros inferiores,
de tipo simétrico, predomínio nocturno e de curta duração.
O seu diagnóstico é clínico e devem excluir -se outras patologias,
como por exemplo, tumores ou infecções. Os exames laboratoriais
assim como os de imagiologia, quando solicitados, são
sempre normais, pelo que qualquer alteração encontrada em algum
deles deve fazer pensar noutra patologia. Uma vez estabelecido
o diagnóstico, o tratamento deve orientar -se por medidas
conservadoras, tais como, massagens, aplicação de calor nas
zonas dolorosas ou analgésicos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Conclusões: O conhecimento das características desta
entidade assume importância em Pediatria para que sejam evitados
erros de diagnóstico.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Palavras -chave: Criança, dores de crescimento, dor nos
membros inferiores.
Nascer e Crescer 2012; 21(4): 230-233&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;INTRODUÇÃO&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
As dores de crescimento são a causa mais comum de dor
musculoesquelética na infância e um motivo frequente de consulta
em idade pediátrica(1 -7).
Foram mencionadas pela primeira vez na literatura médica
em 1823, pelo médico francês Marcel Duchamp. Ele foi o primeiro
a notar que um grande número de crianças apresentavam um
aumento da frequência de dores musculoesqueléticas e aplicou
o termo “dores de crescimento” para as descrever, acreditando
que elas eram causadas pelo rápido crescimento esquelético(3,8).
Desde então, vários autores investigaram esta condição, contudo
a natureza exacta e a etiologia permanecem desconhecidas(2 -5).
Alguns autores consideram que a denominação “dores de
crescimento” é errada, pois é consensual que o processo de
crescimento deve ser indolor, senão todas as crianças deveriam
sentir dor. Têm assim surgido na literatura médica denominações
alternativas, como “dores nocturnas benignas da infância”(9) ou
“dores recorrentes dos membros inferiores”(8). Contudo, a designação
“dores de crescimento” é universalmente aceite pois deixa
implícito o seu carácter benigno e transitório.
O presente trabalho tem como objectivo fazer uma revisão
bibliográfi ca actual sobre a etiologia, apresentação clínica,
diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento das dores de
crescimento.
EPIDEMIOLOGIA
As dores de crescimento ocorrem em crianças entre os três
e os 12 anos de idade(1,6), com uma frequência ligeiramente superior
no sexo feminino segundo algumas séries(10,11). A sua prevalência
varia entre 2,6 -49,4% consoante a população estudada,
a idade das crianças e a defi nição clínica utilizada(7).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
ETIOLOGIA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A etiologia das dores de crescimento é desconhecida. Contudo,
parece que nada têm a ver com o crescimento pois: não
coincidem com os períodos de maior crescimento (primeiros dois
anos de vida e puberdade); raramente afectam os membros superiores
e outras zonas do corpo, que também crescem; e não
afectam o crescimento das crianças que as têm(11).
Foram propostas várias teorias para tentar explicar as dores
de crescimento. A primeira delas, a teoria da fadiga, foi proposta
em 1894, por Bennie, sugerindo que a dor ocorreria devido
ao uso excessivo das pernas(8). E é um facto que os pais muitas
vezes associam os episódios de dor com períodos de maior actividade
física da criança(2). Em 1938, surgiu a teoria anatómica,
descrita por Hawksley, com base na constatação de que muitos
casos de dores de crescimento estavam associados a um defeito
postural ou ortopédico (ex. escoliose, lordose, joelho valgo, pé
plano)(8). Uma terceira teoria, introduzida em 1951, por Naish e
Apley(11), a teoria psicológica ou emocional, propunha que alguns
factores psicossociais poderiam mediar esta situação (por ex. famílias
disfuncionais, tipo de personalidade depressiva ou ansiosa
e stress). Até ao momento, não há estudos que comprovem
nenhuma destas teorias.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Na última década, têm sido feitos alguns estudos para tentar
determinar a causa das dores de crescimento. O Quadro I
apresenta resumidamente três estudos recentes que propõem
novas teorias quanto à etiologia das dores de crescimento, tal
como se descreve no texto que se segue:
Baixo limiar para a dor: O limiar para a dor em crianças
com dores de crescimento encontra -se signifi cativamente reduzido
em comparação com o grupo controlo. Os autores sugerem
que isto poderá indicar que as dores de crescimento são um
síndrome doloroso não -infl amatório generalizado que ocorre na
infância(12).
Diminuição da resistência óssea: A velocidade de transmissão
ultrassónica através do osso foi medida usando um ecógrafo
e verifi cou -se que a resistência óssea da tíbia em crianças com
dores de crescimento era signifi cativamente menor que no grupo
controlo. Os autores colocaram como hipótese que a fadiga
óssea com a actividade poderia originar as dores nos membros
inferiores(13).
Perfusão vascular alterada: Para alguns especialistas as
dores de crescimento poderiam estar relacionadas com altera-
ções da perfusão vascular. No entanto, as cintigrafi as ósseas
realizadas não demonstraram diferenças signifi cativas entre as
crianças com e sem dores de crescimento(14).
Hipermobilidade articular: Há a impressão clínica de que
as crianças com dores de crescimento têm hiperlaxidez articular.
Contudo, como não há uma ferramenta universalmente válida
para avaliar a hipermobilidade nas crianças, esta hipótese ainda
não foi testada(9).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
CLÍNICA&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;As dores de crescimento ocorrem em crianças em idade
pré -escolar e escolar(15). Localizam -se em ambos os membros inferiores
(nas coxas, nas pernas e na fossa poplítea). A dor pode
também ocorrer nos membros superiores, mas apenas em conjugação
com dor nos membros inferiores. Em geral, não envolve
as articulações. As crianças quase nunca referem um ponto
doloroso concreto com o dedo, mas sim deslizam a palma da
mão sobre as zonas dolorosas. Surge ao fi m do dia ou à noite
e pode acordar a criança, mas na manhã seguinte, quando ela
se levanta, não apresenta qualquer dor e é capaz de realizar as
suas actividades normais. Geralmente dura menos de 30 minutos
e tem uma intensidade variável, desde muito ligeira a muito
intensa. A dor é caracteristicamente intermitente, alternando a
sua presença com intervalos sem dor que podem ser de dias a
meses, apesar de em algumas ocasiões poderem apresentar -se
diariamente(4,6,10,11).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A literatura médica refere que, durante e após os episódios
de dor, não são evidentes alterações musculoesqueléticas nem
articulares no exame objectivo(6).
Aproximadamente um terço dos casos estão associados
a dor abdominal recorrente e/ou cefaleias. É comum haver
história familiar de dores de crescimento ou de queixas
reumáticas(4,10,11).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
DIAGNÓSTICO&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Não existe nenhum exame complementar que permita fazer
o diagnóstico de dores de crescimento. Assim, perante uma criança saudável com uma apresentação típica, que permanece sem
dor durante o dia, o diagnóstico pode geralmente ser feito com
base em critérios de inclusão e de exclusão (Quadro II) (2, 10).
Um estudo caso -controlo recente, concluiu que as dores de
crescimento permanecem um diagnóstico clínico e que se forem
considerados critérios de inclusão e de exclusão precisos,
não há necessidade de exames laboratoriais para estabelecer o
diagnóstico(16).
Perante quadros clínicos com características atípicas ou na
presença de critérios de exclusão, será prudente solicitar exames
complementares, como por exemplo, hemograma completo,
velocidade de sedimentação ou proteína C reactiva e/ou radiografi
as. Se for detectada alguma alteração nos resultados destes
exames, exclui -se o diagnóstico de dores de crescimento.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O diagnóstico diferencial de dor intermitente nos membros
inferiores é extenso. No entanto, de seguida é feita uma breve
referência às principais patologias a ter em conta, a maioria das
quais pode ser excluída com base na história clínica e no exame
físico(4).
O traumatismo é uma causa comum de dor nos membros.
Poderá haver história de traumatismo e podem ser visíveis equimoses
ao exame objectivo. Geralmente não causa dor crónica e
intermitente, típica das dores de crescimento.
As infecções, como por exemplo a artrite séptica e a osteomielite
aguda, estão habitualmente associadas a doença febril e
difi cilmente se confundem com dores de crescimento. Contudo,
a apresentação clínica clássica pode estar ausente se a infecção
estiver a ser parcialmente tratada com antibióticos.
Os tumores ósseos são muitas vezes esquecidos. No&amp;nbsp; caso
de tumores malignos, como o osteossarcoma ou o sarcoma de
Ewing, a dor é persistente e de severidade crescente. O osteoma
osteóide é um tumor benigno, caracterizado por dor intermitente,
unilateral, que geralmente piora à noite e pode interromper o
sono. A criança com leucemia ocasionalmente apresenta dor óssea
vaga, mas poderá também ter outros sinais/sintomas como
por exemplo, febre recorrente, palidez e petéquias.
No caso das osteonecroses, de que é exemplo a Doença
de Legg -Calvé -Perthes, a criança apresenta diminuição da mobilidade
da anca.
A anemia de células falciformes e a hemofi lia são outros
dois diagnósticos diferenciais a considerar. O primeiro deverá
ser pensado em crianças de raça negra com dor nos membros&amp;nbsp;e anemia. As hemartroses são comuns em casos moderados a
severos de hemofi lia.
As doenças reumáticas, particularmente as espondilartropatias
como a artrite psoriática e a artrite reactiva, podem causar
dor nocturna.
Finalmente, casos subtis de raquitismo podem ser confundidos
com dores de crescimento.
TRATAMENTO
Em muitos casos bastará o esclarecimento da família acerca
da natureza benigna destes episódios, evitanto deste modo
preocupações e medos desnecessários.
Muitas crianças obtêm alívio da dor com a massagem das
zonas dolorosas ou através da aplicação de calor local. Na maioria
dos casos não está indicada a administração de qualquer medicamento
pois as dores são de curta duração. Nos casos mais
aparatosos poderá estar indicado o tratamento sintomático com
analgésicos (por ex. paracetamol ou ibuprofeno). Em crianças
com episódios muito frequentes, pode ser útil a administração de
analgésicos preventivos à tarde (por ex. naproxeno).
Exercícios de estiramento muscular podem aliviar as crianças com sintomas crónicos. Em 1988, Baxter e Dulberg, fi zeram
um estudo com 36 crianças com dores de crescimento, e verifi -
caram que as crianças tratadas com um regime de exercícios de
estiramento muscular obtinham resolução mais rápida dos seus
sintomas que as crianças do grupo controlo(4). Contudo, não está
claro até que ponto a melhoria ocorreu devido ao exercício ou
devido ao aumento da atenção por parte dos pais que era requerida
duas vezes por dia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
PROGNÓSTICO&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O prognóstico das dores de crescimento é muito bom. Não
estão associadas a nenhuma patologia orgânica séria e em 100%
dos casos as dores desaparecem com a idade(6). Na maioria dos
casos, ocorre resolução até 24 meses após o início.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
CONCLUSÃO&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;As dores de crescimento são uma entidade frequente na
prática pediátrica. Até à actualidade ainda não é conhecida a sua
etiologia. O seu diagnóstico é clínico, com base em critérios de
inclusão e de exclusão. É importante conhecermos as suas características
de modo a evitarmos duas situações: por um lado
atribuir o diagnóstico de “dores de crescimento” a situações
claramente orgânicas e que podem ser graves e por outro lado
solicitarmos exames complementares a crianças com quadros
típicos de dores de crescimento.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
BIBLIOGRAFIA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
1. Uziel Y, Hashkes P. Growing pains in children. Pediatr Rheumatol
Online J 2007, 5:5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2. Evans A, Scutter S, Lang L, Dansie B. “Growing pains” in
young children: a study of the profi le, experiences and quality
of life of four to six year old children with recurrent leg pain.
Foot 2006; 16: 120 -4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
3. Kaspiris A, Zafi ropoulou C. Growing pains in children: epidemiological
analysis in a Mediterranean population. Joint Bone
Spine 2009; 76: 486 -90.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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4. Leung A, Robson W. Growing pains. Can Fam Physician
1991; 37:1463 -7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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5. González B: Dolores de crecimiento en niños – mitos o verdaderos?
Rev. Med. Clin. Condes 2009; 20: 892 -6.&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;6. Amador EV, Perilla R, Álvarez G. Dolor de crecimiento. Revisión
de la literatura. Revista Col Or Tra 2008; 22: 192 -5.&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;7. Evans AM, Scutter SD. Prevalence of “growing pains” in
young children. J Pediatr 2004; 145: 255 -8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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8. AL -Khattat A, Campbell J. Recurrent limb pain in childhood
(‘growing pains’). Foot 2000; 10: 117 -23.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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9. Malleson PN, Sherry DD. Noninfl ammatory musculoskeletal
pain conditions. In: Cassidy JT, Petty RE ed. Textbook of Pediatric
Rheumatology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2005:
676 -96.
10. Abu -Arafeh I, Russel G. Recurrent limb pain in school children.
Arch Dis Child 1996; 74: 336 -9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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11. Naish JM, Apley J. ‘Growing pains’: a clinical study of non-
-arthritic limb pains in children. Arch Dis Child 1951; 26: 134-
-40.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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12. Uziel Y, Chapnick G, Jaber L, Nemet D, Hashkes P. Five -year
outcome of children with “growing pains”: correlations with
pain threshold. J Pediatr 2010; 146: 838 -40.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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13. Friedland O, Hashkes PJ, Jaber L, Cohen HA, Eliakim A, Wolach
B, et al. Decreased bone strength in children with growing
pains as measured by quantitative ultrasound. J Rheumatol
2005; 32: 1354 -7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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14. Hashkes PJ, Gorenberg M, Oren V, Friedland O, Uziel Y.
“Growing pains” in children are not associated with changes
in vascular perfusion patterns in painful regions. Clin Rheumatol
2005; 24: 342 -5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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15. Evans A. Growing pains: contemporary knowledge and recommended
practice. J Foot Ankle Res 2008; 1: 4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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16. Asadi -Pooya AA, Bordbar MR. Are laboratory tests necessary
in making the diagnosis of limb pains typical for growing pains
in children? Pediatr Int 2007, 49: 833 -5.&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/184397152481545193/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/05/dores-de-crescimento.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/184397152481545193'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/184397152481545193'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/05/dores-de-crescimento.html' title='Dores de Crescimento'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-7068113834481303128</id><published>2017-05-14T15:39:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2017-05-14T15:39:48.352-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pilates Takes to the Field</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 style=&quot;background-color: #fefefe; box-sizing: inherit; color: #002f86; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 2.8125rem; font-weight: 300; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Autor: &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Zuzana Machotka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Source:&amp;nbsp;https://www.premax.co/au/blog-contributor/zuzana-machotka&lt;/div&gt;
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By now most people have heard of Pilates. But what is Pilates? Staff at the School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney reviewed 119 Pilates research papers in order to define Pilates. They defined it as “… a mind-body exercise that requires core stability, strength, and flexibility, and attention to muscle control, posture, and breathing.”(Wells, Kolt et al. 2012) In expert hands, Pilates&#39; allows the difficulty of exercises to be modified and therefore tailored to individuals. Specific goals can be set and individual limitations can be addressed through Pilates exercise. Intensity and complexity can be increased over time as the body and mind adapt to the exercises.&lt;/div&gt;
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Elite sporting clubs around the world incorporate Pilates into their athletes’ weekly exercise routines. The rationale for including Pilates within an athlete’s training schedule is usually to prevent injuries, improve performance and complement existing rehabilitation programs (e.g. weight training). For example, players in the English Cricket Team regularly practice Pilates to maintain the power of their bowling action and prevent overuse injuries. Australian aerial skier and winter Olympic gold medallist Lydia Lassila travels around the world with her own Pilates equipment to prevent and rehabilitate low back pain. Kobe Bryant travels with his own Pilates instructor to maintain his agility and flexibility.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: inherit;&quot;&gt;But is Pilates only for the stars? No. Pilates is incredibly popular in the recreational sporting population. In people without back pain or other injuries, Pilates can improve abdominal muscular endurance, dynamic balance, and back muscle flexibility. (Campos, Dias et al. 2016). These improvements may help to prevent future episodes of injury and help people perform better at work or in sport. Interestingly hamstring strains are one the most common musculoskeletal injuries seen in all football codes. Lack of flexibility, specifically short muscle fascicle length, can be a limiting factor for sporting performance and can contribute to muscular injuries.(Timmins, Bourne et al. 2015) In a small study of soccer players, Pilates improved hamstring flexibility.(Chinnavan, Gopaladhas et al. 2015)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: inherit;&quot;&gt;The founder of Pilates, Joseph Pilates, came from a background of boxing, self-defence and wrestling, which at the time were male-dominated sports. Joseph Pilates originally used his method to train German soldiers who were rehabilitating from their injuries. Today, Pilates exercises are often used to treat chronic low back and pelvic girdle pain and are viewed by some as a form of exercise only for women. However, Pilates can lead to greater control of the muscles of the trunk and pelvic floor and thereby improve core stability for both genders. By incorporating breathing techniques and movement control, Pilates can strengthen weak areas and promote a more efficient transfer of energy from the trunk to the arms and legs – a key component of sports performance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;Image: Pilates Reformer&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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As a Sports Physiotherapist and AFL Pilates instructor I have seen the benefits of Pilates in improving movement patterns and performance in footballers. Both professional and recreational athletes can use the principles of Pilates to improve co-ordination, mobility and flexibility all of which are essential for optimum sporting performance. Pilates exercises can target aspects of strength and flexibility that everyday exercises cannot. Pilates can help athletes recover from injuries and help change patterns of movement that can lead to future injuries.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: inherit;&quot;&gt;Campos, R. R., et al. (2016). &quot;Effect of the Pilates method on physical conditioning of healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.&quot; Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 56(7-8): 864-873.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: inherit;&quot;&gt;Chinnavan, E., et al. (2015). &quot;Effectiveness of pilates training in improving hamstring flexibility of football players.&quot; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 14(3): 265-269.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: inherit;&quot;&gt;Timmins, R. G., et al. (2015). &quot;Short biceps femoris fascicles and eccentric knee flexor weakness increase the risk of hamstring injury in elite football (soccer): a prospective cohort study.&quot; British journal of sports medicine: bjsports-2015-095362.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: inherit;&quot;&gt;Wells, C., et al. (2012). &quot;Defining Pilates exercise: A systematic review.&quot; Complementary Therapies in Medicine 20(4): 253-262.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/7068113834481303128/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/05/pilates-takes-to-field.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/7068113834481303128'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/7068113834481303128'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/05/pilates-takes-to-field.html' title='Pilates Takes to the Field'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384261787971135572.post-9129247600102784293</id><published>2017-05-10T05:21:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2017-05-10T05:21:31.115-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Health Parliament Portugal</title><content type='html'>&lt;img height=&quot;160&quot; src=&quot;https://images-cdn.impresa.pt/healthparliament/2016-09-26-banner-about.jpg-1&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthparliament.pt/&quot;&gt;http://healthparliament.pt/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Junte-se a nos para pensar o futuro&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Depois do Parlamento Europeu e do Reino Unido, é a vez de Portugal receber o primeiro Parlamento 100% dedicado à saúde. Health Parliament Portugal tem, à semelhança do que aconteceu nas duas edições passadas, o ambicioso objetivo de discutir políticas de saúde.&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;E esse processo vai estar na mão de 60 jovens entre os 21 e os 40 anos. Esta iniciativa é uma parceria da Janssen, comanhia farmaceutica do grupo Johnson&amp;amp;Johnson, com o Expresso, a Microsoft e a Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Os participantes podem ser de várias áreas, tendo apenas que contribuir para a discussão com as suas ideias.&lt;/div&gt;
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Entre setembro e junho, o sistema de saúde está nas mãos deles. E vão dividir-se em grupos de seis com o objetivo de discutir temas estruturantes:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O doente no centro da decisão: que impacto sobre os profissionais e cuidados de saúde?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ética: o que espera a sociedade dos cuidados de saúde?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Saúde Mental: de parente pobre a investimento com retorno?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Barreiras aos cuidados de saúde: que desafios demográficos, realidades locais e futuras respostas?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Tecnologias de informação em Saúde: que promessa tecnológica e desafios sociais?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Economia do Conhecimento: como potenciar o impacto da I&amp;amp;D na economia?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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Este projeto será acompanhado por um Conselho Consultivo composto por deputados de todos os quadrantes e académicos reconhecidos, além de curadores que irão acompanhar a discussão e marcar presença nos eventos. Vamos pensar a saúde em Portugal?&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/feeds/9129247600102784293/comments/default' title='Enviar feedback'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/05/health-parliament-portugal.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/9129247600102784293'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2384261787971135572/posts/default/9129247600102784293'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.com/2017/05/health-parliament-portugal.html' title='Health Parliament Portugal'/><author><name>lmbgouveia</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05465614272797032743</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqa181kyEvgEdIFnmRmcfR3qmz5T5O60qKciyP1zAmpkmlA0YAvqElLx62_jWYyolVi55cWZGzlLyLh-vf-2Tjq0mMPbd3RQidN_fRNQIjV8yg0vEQm9Sxmmg5K0pbKA/s220/te6j5j.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>