All About Forensic & Investigative Sciences

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Best Forensic Expert In India (Civil & Criminal Cases)

2025-01-27T06:48:00.000-08:00

Prof. (Dr.) Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma

Professor, Forensic Science & Dean, Faculty of Applied & Basic Sciences, SGT University Gurugram

Qualifications: Ph.D., M.Sc. (Forensic Science)., M.Sc. Chemistry., PG Cyber Security., PGD Forensic Accounting

Total Years of Work Experience: 19

Email: bhoopesh_fosc@sgtuniversity.org ; sharmabk81@gmail.com

No of Recent Publications: 45

No of Conferences, Seminars & Workshops: 60+

Awards (International/National): 08

Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma, a renowned Forensic Expert, has an experience of over 19 years in Teaching, Research, and Academic Administration in Forensic Science and related areas. He has solved a large number of Civil and Criminal Cases in India and Abroad in respect to forgery, fraud, theft, burglary, crime scene etc. He is currently working as Professor, Department of Forensic Science & Officiating Dean at Faculty of Applied and Basic Sciences at Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram (SGT University), Haryana, India. He has also served SGT University as an Associate Director, IQAC and contributed in bringing NAAC A+ grading in its 1^st Cycle. He is a Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Forensic Science with PGP in Cyber Security and PG Diploma in Forensic Accounting. Previously, Dr. Bhoopesh has worked as an Associate Professor and Programme Leader, Forensic Science at Amity University Dubai (UAE) for almost 9 years, and at Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Noida, India) for 6 years. He has over 45 research papers published in various peer-reviewed journals of repute and has filed 12 Patents in various areas of Forensic Science and Crime Scene Investigation. Dr. Bhoopesh has supervised more than 350 students for PG/UG dissertations and projects during his last 19+ years of teaching tenure.

Teaching Interests

Crime Scene Investigation
Forensic Ballistics
Forensic Chemistry
Questioned Document Examination
Forensic Fingerprinting
Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Investigations
Smart Device Forensics

Research Interests

AI in Forensics
Forensic Ballistics
Questioned Document Analysis
Forensic Fingerprinting
New Technology in Forensic Sciences

FORENSIC SCIENCE: STUDY AND CAREER OPTIONS

2024-03-11T03:05:00.000-07:00

FORENSIC SCIENCE: STUDY AND CAREER OPTIONS

By,
Prof. (Dr.) Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma
Professor of Forensic Science (18 years experience in Forensic Teaching & Research)
SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
Website:
https://sgtuniversity.ac.in/science/programmes/index.html

WHERE TO STUDY - SGT UNIVERSITY GURUGRAM
https://sgtuniversity.ac.in/science/index.html

Email: bhoopesh_fosc@sgtuniversity.org

About me: https://www.blogger.com/profile/05214852236957245622

Forensic Science is the application of scientific principles in terms of LAW for the purpose of Justice. Whenever we apply science to solve a legal problem, it becomes Forensic Science. For instance, you encountered a red stain on the carpet. The first question that comes to your mind "Oh is this blood"? Now, to answer this question, you require a number of scientific methods:

1. Whether it is Blood or Not?
2. If it is blood, then whether it is Animal blood or Human blood?
3. If animal, then which species or which animal?
4. If human, what is the blood group, male or female, DNA identification, etc.

In the above example, we need a bit of chemistry (to test whether it is blood or not), a bit of biology (species origin test, antigen-antibody reaction, DNA), and a bit of physics (to identify the source and force applied).

There are various branches of forensic science, including some very edge-cutting:

1. Forensic Toxicology: Deals with the Analysis of the toxins (poisons), etc.

2. Forensic Pathology: Forensic pathologists determine the cause of death, manner of death, and nature of injuries during medical examination (post-mortem).

3. Forensic Odontology: Application of dental science for legal investigations. A single tooth can be utilized to identify the individual.

4. Forensic Linguistics: Also known as language to the law. It is the application of linguistic knowledge and analytical methods to the forensic context of law.

5. Forensic Geology: Also called Geo-forensics, it is the study of evidence encountered beneath the earth, like minerals, oil, petroleum, objects, dead bodies, fossils, etc, and used to answer questions raised by the legal system.

6. Forensic Entomology: Study of the different species of insects (arthropods) and their life cycles on the dead bodies or decomposed bodies to determine the time since death.

7. Forensic Engineering: This is the study of engineering principles for the investigation of failures or other performance problems like plane crashes, building collapses, bridge collapses etc.

8. DNA Profiling: Also named as DNA Fingerprinting and is one of the major branches of Forensic Science, it deals with the extraction, isolation, identification, and comparison of DNA from body fluids and other biological matter.

9. Forensic Psychology: A broad area and applying psychological parameters in the legal system. Used for criminal profiling, court procedures, corrective measures, preventive forensics, etc.

10. Forensic Archaeology: It is the field of forensic science that involves the application of archaeological methods in the investigation of a crime to identify the related evidence and to reconstruct the crime scene. Forensic archaeologists are employed to excavate and recover human remains, personal items, weapons, etc.

11. Forensic Anthropology: It deals with the study of skeletal remains of humans and animals. It answers a number of questions related to a piece of bone or a complete skeleton. Basically, it deals with the procedure of identification and individualization on the basis of skeletal remains.

12. Digital Forensics: Digital Forensics is characterized as the method that can be used by the court of law to store, locate, extract, and record computer evidence.

13. Forensic Ballistics: Deals with the study of firearms and related evidences in a shooting incident. A forensic ballistic expert is required to identify the type of firearm used, range of firing, direction of firing, link the suspected firearm with the incident, etc.

14. Forensic Biology: Application of biology to equate a person(s), whether suspect or victim, with another person (victim or suspect, respectively) in a venue, object (or set of items).

15. Forensic Chemistry: In order to identify unidentified materials and match specimens to recognized substances, forensic chemists examine non-biological trace evidence (Chemical) collected at crime scenes. They also use various instrumental techniques like chromatography, mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, and others to identify and quantify these true materials.

16. Forensic Physics: It deals with a combination of ballistics, explosives, blood splatters, the measurement of density, index of refraction, birefringence, the force of impact, voice analysis, audio-video analysis, etc.

17. Forensic Photography: Forensic photography, sometimes referred to as documentation of the crime scene, is an event that documents the initial appearance of the crime scene and physical evidence to provide the courts with a permanent record. A forensic photographer is always required to be on the scene and off the scene at various stages of investigation.

18. Forensic Sculpting: Forensic sculptors combine artistic talent with anatomy knowledge to assist in law enforcement identification. Sculptors may perform facial reconstructions on unknown remains or use techniques of age progression to build missing people's busts.

19. Questioned Document Analysis: A questioned document examiner deals with the identification and examination of handwriting, signature frauds, fake currency, fake passports, and many other such matters in legal investigations. It is the most commonly used branch of forensic science in the current scenario due to the increased number of cheque frauds, will/property frauds, etc.

20. Dactyloscopy or Fingerprinting: Comparison of fingerprints, development, and lifting of latent (hidden) fingerprints on the crime scene and on other objects, collection of impression evidence is a very crucial task dealt by the investigators.

There are many more branches like nano-forensics, tele-forensics, wildlife forensics, proactive forensics, IoT forensics etc.

Career Options in Forensic Science:

You can be a

Crime Scene Investigator
An Evidence Collector
A Forensic Photographer
Crime Lab Analyst
Forensic Pathologist
Forensic Toxicologist
DNA Forensic Expert
Fingerprint Expert
Questioned Document Examiner
Cyber Forensic Expert
Forensic Accountant
Ballistic Expert
Forensic Auditor
Forensic legal advisor for the court of law and lawyers
Forensic Biologists
Environmental Forensic Expert
Document Analyser
Fraud Investigator
Forensic Lecturer or Professor
Researcher
Forensic Instrumentation Technician, and so on.

WHERE TO STUDY - SGT UNIVERSITY GURUGRAM
https://sgtuniversity.ac.in/science/index.html

Application of the Criminologist Mindset and Forensic Science as a Crime Solving Technique

2023-12-03T23:50:00.000-08:00

Authored by,

Ishara Archarrie

Criminologist, USA

ishararcharrie1@gmail.com

03/12/2023

Crime and causation, as well as the criminal mind in the 21^st Century, have evolved over time and become more complex in nature; thus, the Criminal Justice System (CJS) faces great challenges when it comes to, for example, policing, criminal investigations, evidence collection, identifying criminals and making the right arrests, prosecution, sentencing, incarceration, reintegration, and crime prevention. All these processes are incumbent upon the initial stages of conducting a thorough and pristine criminal investigation if the CJS is to function optimally, efficiently, and with greater accuracy and success thus negating issues such as tainted evidence, wrongful arrest and incarceration, life or death sentences based on shoddy evidence, paroling of offenders who are not fully rehabilitated, reducing high costs incurred during these process and the list is endless but most importantly it will maintain the investigative integrity of all agencies within the CJS.

Criminology, Psychology, and Forensic Science have expounded in leaps and bounds, and even though they are independent disciplines, they are co-dependent during the criminal investigation process by lending their unique crime techniques and knowledge to solve crime. First responders, law enforcement officers, detectives, forensic experts, emergency services coroners, and sometimes behavioral analysts/profilers are usually the first to arrive at a crime scene, especially if it concerns serious and violent crimes. Thus, as lead investigators, their actions are crucial to maintaining the sanctity and integrity of the crime scene, cordoning off the crime scene, proper collection of evidence, and so forth as this will ultimately determine the success or failure of a case as it moves through the CJS. This process very often comes under severe scrutiny and criticism of the courts and society when there have been gross lapses in this initial stage of the investigation, as we have seen in cases such as Madeline McCann (2007), JonBenèt Ramsey (1996), Sushant Singh Rajput (2020), Trayvon Martin (2012), Danial Morgan (1987) and numerous others.

In my observational experience and case study investigations, I have found that some crime scene investigators often lack a multi-disciplinary crime-solving mindset and function with tunnel vision that is, they only operate from within their own discipline or area of expertise, that is one-dimensionally focused. These experts lack the ability to synthesize their academic knowledge of Criminology, Forensic Science, and Psychology, all of which are the foundations of becoming Criminologists, Forensic Experts, Forensic Psychologists, or Behavioral Analyst / Profilers when conducting criminal investigations. Working on a crime scene requires a multi-dimensional mindset, that is, to apply academic knowledge of the afore mentioned fields and experience to an active crime scene. This ability I call, a “Criminologist Mindset”. This is an expert who possesses the ability to apply various fields of knowledge as mentioned above to a crime scene by create mental associations (pictures) of the crime, the crime scene and the possible suspect/s. Creating a film reel in the mind as you walk through a crime scene documenting everything by using the greatest tool that is unique to each crime scene investigator which is their mind and its ability to put the crime scene puzzle together as they combine their criminological, forensic, law of evidence and psychology backgrounds thus, setting the stage for an imminent arrest and conviction of the perpetrator/s.

All law enforcement officers may not be equipped with the same level of knowledge as these experts, but they can be trained to see through the eyes of a Criminologist Mindset however, there may be some officers who may be naturally gifted with this ability and or academically qualified. Although Forensic Science has many new technologies to detect evidential matter the investigative mind cannot be underestimated to solve crimes especially when an area or country may not be well equipped with such technology or knowledgeable experts. Good old “police work” can also be undertaken by Criminologists and Forensic Experts when resources are unavailable thus, the Criminologist Mindset is a valuable crime solving tool. Back to basics inculcates the ability to think outside of the box per se.

Having a Criminological Mindset means being able to navigate a crime scene whilst forming mental associations through synthesizing all academic knowledge and experience, utilizing all five innate senses, methodical thinking, assimilation of observational information at the crime scene, making logical deductions and exclusions when collecting and preserving evidence as per standard operating procedures (SOP), resulting in a successful and legally solid investigation, accurately identifying and apprehension of the suspect/s, and prosecution. As a Criminologist or Forensic Expert, it is essential to have these skill sets or Criminologist Mindset. Academic knowledge by itself therefore has limited value if it cannot be translated into a technique / tool to solve crime.

The Criminologist Mindset is a mental operational system (MOS) that reads a crime scene systematically and enhances the investigative process by negating errors and omissions as well as decreases the possibility of tainted evidence during what I call the “contamination phase”. This process will have a ripple effect on the CJS ranging from processing the crime scene, the arrest phase, trial, conviction, and sentencing phase through to the reintegration phase. Criminologists and Forensic Experts should therefore form part of the first responder teams when investigating especially serious and violent crime such as murder, sex crimes, kidnapping & abductions, pornographic crimes, trafficking crimes, serial offender crimes, cash in transit (CIT) crimes, terrorist related crimes and so forth. With this learned technique (Criminologist Mindset) law enforcement will reduce sloppy crime scene investigations, evidence collection, and also leave less room for wrongful arrests, minimize legal technicalities, increase convictions rates, refine the parole system in order to reintegrate genuine parolees, thus, reducing chances of recidivism and ultimately creating safer societies.

The Criminologist Mindset views a crime scene holistically and multidimensionally by incorporating Criminology, Psychology and Forensic Scienc into their thought processes thus eliminating tunnel vision because crime is fluid in nature and has a multitude of elements, reasons and possibilities which need to be explored from a Criminological, Forensic and Psychological standpoint in order to solve the crime. Crime scene investigators can hone their investigative skills by adopting a Criminologist Mindset when working on a crime scene.

CYBERBULLYING: BE AWARE BE PREVENTIVE

2022-11-05T21:09:00.001-07:00

Cyberbullying, also known as electronic bullying or online social cruelty, is the intentional use of digital devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets to harm another person. People can see, engage in, or share material by SMS, Text, applications, or online in social media, forums, or games. Basically, it refers to the act of transmitting, uploading or disseminating hurtful, erroneous, or nasty material about another person. Some of these behaviors may border on being illegal or criminal. According to one of the sources, the following locations saw the most cyberbullying:

Social Media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter
SMS (Short Message Service) also known as Text Messages sent through devices
Instant Message (via devices, email provider services, apps, and social media messaging features)
Email etc.

Cyberbullying can affect people of any age, although young adults have been identified as the most frequent victims. Where he uses technology to his advantage, the offenders are frequently unknown, allowing him to hide. The offender may be acting out of pure levity or for any other reason, such as egotism or slander. The most often committed crimes in relation to cyberbullying are impersonation, harassment, and flaming. Flaming is an example of online fighting where vulgar language is used, whereas harassment often involves the perpetrator sending the victim abusive, insulting, rude, and obscene messages.

How does Cyberbullying affect an individual?

An online bully victim could experience despair, anxiety, rage, shame, low self-esteem, subpar academic results, trust difficulties, etc. In any of these situations, it is more important for friends, parents, or guardians to assist the victim through social and psychological counseling. One can also engage in correct legal action with sufficient proof. Whatever the cause of cyberbullying, there are ways to combat it and, in many circumstances, avoid it.

What to do with bullying messages?

1. Examine the Message: Instead of freaking out, attempt to examine the bullying message you have got since, according to forensic analysis, each word or image has information that has shown how the message came to be on your computer. Look for those specific words, phrases, or usage of language. It could occasionally help you identify the perpetrator.

2. Don't reply or delete the message (or email), as the cyber forensic expert may need it in its entirety in the future. Additionally, avoid sending it to anybody else to spare yourself any extra emotional stress. Even if the communications are frequently anonymous, they may still be tracked out since the company that runs the website will store records and information about them. This information is not accessible to you or your parents, but it is available to the police as and when required.

3. Keeping the proof: If you receive offensive comments via instant message, print them out so you have the proof. As a general guideline, when reporting online bullying, copy the terms and conditions that have been violated and snap a picture of the offending comment or image as proof.

4. There is still work to be done: Block any contact with online bullies. Never distribute any remarks or messages that entail cyberbullying. Learn about the preventative measures and reporting of online bullying.

Preventive Measures:

1. A parent's responsibility is to ensure their children read privacy rules before giving them any personal information. Before providing any information, it is a good idea to make sure the website has a secure connection.

2. Be aware of what's happening: Keep an eye out for any friends, classmates, or other people who are connected to you acting strangely. Every encounter leaves evidence, according to Locard's principle of exchange in forensic science, thus there will undoubtedly be some characteristics that the investigators check for frequently.

3. Maintain an internet activity log: Your gadgets and most social networking sites have auto log recording summaries installed. You can, however, exercise caution if you see any routine activity or log into your account at any moment.

4. Adhere to the following internet safety advice: Unless absolutely necessary, never reveal your true identity to a stranger. Never provide sensitive information online to a stranger or someone you are just conversing with. Never meet someone you met in a chatroom alone; always go with a buddy, your parents, or another adult. They will be delighted to accomplish this if they are indeed who they claim to be. If someone makes offensive comments to you online or otherwise makes you feel uncomfortable, talk to a close friend or family member about it.

5. Recognize the warning indicators There are some indications that might be received from the individual on the other side of the computer screen. None of these might be

If the individual insists that you reveal personal information such as your address or phone number, you should refuse.

If the sender of an email or text message makes you feel uneasy

If the guy assures you that he will keep your conversations private and not disclose them to anyone else, you may trust him.

If the individual requests that you email or give them images of yourself or use a webcam in a manner that makes you feel uneasy, you should decline.

If the individual discloses information with you and requests that you keep it confidential, you must keep the information to yourself.

If the individual wants to meet you and asks you not to tell anybody, you should comply.

If you observe any of these warning signals, it is imperative that you inform your parents or another responsible adult.

6. Machine learning can aid in the fight against online abusers: Today's offenders will not request data since they already know they can web scrape it from public social media postings in the amount they want. Therefore, our overarching objective should be to employ artificial intelligence at a certain level (device knowledge, app knowledge, etc.) to avoid cyber victimization. In such cases, we should attempt to identify and block, ban, or quarantine problematic users and accounts, or we should immediately delete (inactivate) content that algorithms predictably flag and label as abusive, or otherwise restrict the posting, sharing, or sending of messages that violate acceptable online conduct standards.

By,

Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma, Forensic Expert and Professor,

Department of Forensic Sciences, SGT University Gurugram, India.

Fingerprints || Part 1 || Introduction

2022-02-06T09:36:00.000-08:00

Are drones legal in India || क्या drone उड़ाना India में legal है

2022-01-07T05:34:00.004-08:00

Forensic Science for Healthcare Professionals

2021-05-17T11:43:00.001-07:00

Healthcare practitioners are very likely to be confronted with forensic cases. However, due to a lack of awareness among healthcare professionals about these problems, these forensic cases are often skipped. The group of healthcare providers includes everybody who works in the hospital, from physicians to nurses, caregivers to administrative staff. Since there is no particular job description for forensic nurses in India and some other developing countries and hence, such shortcomings cause insufficiency in collection and preservation of evidence in forensic cases. It is very much required that the nurses, who manage the legal process in forensic cases, should receive training in forensic nursing in their training process and should be completely equipped with technical and legal knowledge to handle the crucial evidences in specific criminal cases. Any physical injuries caused by weapons, explosions, sharp objects, traffic incidents, fall occurrences, attack cases, intoxications, burn injuries, electric shocks, asphyxia, or any suicide attempts, murders, or suicides presented to emergency responders or health care providers are considered as police case and further subjected the forensic investigations. In such cases the legal process starts as soon as the patient gets in and received in the emergency rooms (ERs). The injuries along with the victim’s clothing may be critical in criminal investigations in order to locate the suspect, accused and/or victims. Apart from this, paediatric forensic cases are also observed as child abuses (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse). Nurses and other staff have tremendous responsibilities in managing the any sort of forensic cases. Healthcare professionals should know that those are forensic cases and should be informed about the relevant process. Furthermore, since emergency medical personnel are often the first to witness forensic cases, they are often associated with writing forensic reports. Healthcare practitioners and administrators who work in healthcare facilities that offer 24/7 healthcare services should be knowledgeable about the forensic case process, both to support the legal process and to protect public health. It has been observed by many researchers that most of the healthcare professionals, did not have adequate information regarding evidence protection. On many occasions, it becomes too difficult for doctors and nurses to report such cases efficiently in the court room with specific legal knowledge, liabilities, and consequences. Hence, the negative outcomes for both the victim and the assailant are possible when forensic cases are not treated properly. The healthcare professional must be informed on how to act in forensic cases, on the issues they should be careful while taking the medical history, and on the whole process. Given the frequency at which forensic cases present themselves in health facilities and the fact that healthcare professionals are constantly confronted with forensic cases, scheduling in-service trainings on a regular basis and notifying all healthcare professionals about process-related issues that must be addressed will help to avoid problems in forensic case management.

Types of Documents in Forensic Examination (By Ms. Megha Walia, Assistant Prof. SGT University)

2021-04-18T11:34:00.004-07:00

Types of Document

Any writing surface containing invisible, partially visible or visible matter or writing strokes and convey certain meaning can be defined as document.

· Forensic documents can be classified into two categories i.e.

(i) Disputed documents or questioned documents or

suspected documents and

(ii) Standard documents.

The disputed documents are the documents which are under scrutiny and are of unknown origin.

The standard documents are the documents of known origin. Standard documents can again be sub-divided into two categories.

(a) Specimens or sample writings/signatures and are obtained by the I.O. from the suspect or accused in presence of witnesses or before the court

(b) Admittedly genuine writings/signatures are normal writings written by the accused in routine course of business.

Questioned Documents are further included in the following classes:

Ø Document with questioned signatures.

Ø Document containing alleged fraudulent alterations.

Ø Questioned Holograph documents

Ø Disputed or Questioned age of dates in documents.

Ø Question of materials from which documents are produced

· Questioned Documents are further included in

Following classes:

Ø Questioned Documents including typewriting’s (ascertaining source, date, alteration or substitution of pages)

Ø Documents with questioned handwritings includes:

ü Anonymous and suicidal notes/disputed letters.

ü Superscriptions, registrations and other miscellaneous writings.

Ø Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked.

1. Document with questioned signatures.

ü These are most common disputed documents may be commercial or legal papers such as cheques , note , receipt , draft order , contract , agreement , assignment , will , deed etc.

ü Signatures are generally obtained by tracing or simulating or copying process.

ü Beside writing characteristics, ink examination is also very important.

2. Document containing alleged fraudulent alterations.

Alterations are made by

ü Erasures:- Chemical or mechanical

ü Additions

ü Interlineations or substitution

ü Sequence of strokes is also important to be examined in such cases.

3. Questioned Holograph documents

ü These may include rare stamps, valuable manuscripts, certificates, letter of introduction and recommendation, letters of credit, letters of famous people etc.

ü Scrutiny includes examination of Paper & Watermarks

Ink, Writing, Seal impressions & Folds etc.

4. Disputed or Questioned age of dates in documents.

ü These types of documents include which are purported to be ancient documents of great importance.

ü Use of instrument for writing and origin of paper are most important for examination.

5. Question of materials from which documents are produced.

ü A document dated many years before the paper was made comes under this category. (or when relative age of the document is required to be decided)

6. Questioned Documents including typewriting (ascertaining source , date , alteration or substitution of pages)

7. Documents with questioned handwritings include:

ü Anonymous letters and disputed suicidal notes.

ü Superscriptions , registrations and other miscellaneous writings.

Beside examination of paper , writings or instrument used for writing Forensic Stylistics also plays an important role to identify the writer.

8. Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked.

Sometimes writer , at his command , writes more than one pattern of signature or some of the characters in writing in a document may be treated as questioned document erroneously.

Bank Documents

· Drafts, cheques, gift cheques.

· Account opening forms , specimen signature cards

· Share Certificates

· Bank Securities

· Time Deposit / Fixed Deposit Receipts

Bonds

Postal Documents

· National Saving Certificates , Kisan Vikas Patra, Indira Vikas Patra

· Fixed Deposit / Time Deposit Receipts

· Money Order forms & Cheques

· Envelopes / Inland letters

· Postal Stamps / Revenue stamps

Educational Documents

· Degree / Diploma certificates

Marks sheets

Transfer certificates

Date of Birth Certificate

Question papers / Answer sheets of important competitive examinations

Registration / migration certificate

Court Documents

Bail orders

Release orders

Judicial / Non-Judicial Stamp papers

Important Judgments of the apex courts

Police Documents

Vehicle registration certificates

Driving licenses

Firearm licenses

I-Cards

Security Passes

First Information Report formats

Non-Cognizable Report formats

Government Documents

Important agreements

Memorandum of understanding

Reports / Inspection reports / Postmortem reports / expert reports

Recommendations

Service Books

ACR formats

Cash books

Railway tickets / air tickets

Insurance Policies

Forensic Science as a Career Option

2021-04-17T08:37:00.005-07:00

In present scenario, as the crime is increasing day by day, there is an immense need of a discipline that could teach the youngsters that how to detect and prevent the crime happening in the society. For this particular purpose, they have to have the specialized knowledge of the subject that could be applied to overcome all these problems rising day by day; therefore, the Forensic Science comes into the Scene.

What Forensic Science is all about?

Forensic Science is basically the application of various scientific principles and techniques in terms of law for the purpose of Justice. The Forensic Science is that branch of science that deals with investigation, collection, examination, analysis and comparison of the evidences encountered at the scene of crime. The physical evidences are all those evidences that are encountered at a particular scene of crime. These may include fingerprints, footprints, blood, hair, fibre, semen, saliva, trace elements etc.

Need & Scope of Forensic Science

With the rising number of incidents of crime and fraud all over the world, the scope of
forensic science is definitely rising. Today there is an immense need of Forensic personals both in the Government as well as Private Sector. The Police labs, Crime Branches, CID, Investigation Bureau, Defense/Army, Courts, Narcotics Department, Universities, Detective Agencies, Banks, Insurance Companies and other Multi National Companies are hiring the services of the Forensic Scientists. Apart from this one can even engage himself/herself in private practice and can work as a freelance forensic expert for the banks, insurance companies, individual clients and other law enforcement agencies. Forensic Experts having expertise in different fields like

Fingerprint, Handwriting, Ballistics, Toxicology, Odontology, Crime Scene Investigation and such others can collect clues from the crime scene and elsewhere and can convert them into evidences to prove a crime or to solve a case.

Education & Career Prospects in Forensic sciences

To opt a career in Forensic science one has to have the science background as most of the areas of Forensic science are the application of various branches of science in solving a crime and analyzing the evidences. Therefore, the one who is having a science background can make his/her career in Forensic Science.

The candidates who want to make their career in forensic science can opt for any specialization from General Forensics, Forensic Anthropology, Forensic dentistry, Crime Scene Investigation, Questioned Document & Handwriting Examination, Fingerprint Science, Forensic Toxicology, Forensic Biology and Serology, Forensic Ballistics & Explosives etc.

Several Universities including Amity University, providing both theoretical and practical knowledge to the students in various aspects of forensic science like crime scene investigation, crime scene photography, collection and examination of the physical evidences etc.

How one can be a good forensic scientist?

a. He has to be keen observer as he has to visit the crime scene and look for the evidences so an unskilled person may overlook certain evidences but a skilled forensic scientist will observe the crime scene thoroughly and will try to gather more and more information.

b. He must be methodical with research skills and thorough in his investigations.

c. He has to have Patience as many of the cases may take lot of his time just to reach a conclusion. Sometimes a forensic scientist has to analyze the evidence again and again and perform his investigation several time to look for more clues and corroborative evidences.

d. He has to have the basic knowledge of all scientific areas and also have the skills to apply different scientific discipline in the investigation of crime and examination of the evidences

e. The detective view and solving skills are very important for a forensic scientist.

f. And lastly he has to have good communication skills as he has to opine in the court of law so he is to be able to explain the findings clearly to lawyers, jurors and the public.

There are many new emerging areas in forensic science that includes Forensic Psychology, Forensic Paleontology, Forensic Genomics, Tele forensics, Forensic Accountancy, Forensic Archeology, Digital Forensic, Cyber Forensics etc.

Job Prospects for Forensic Scientists

A forensic scientist can work as a freelance forensic expert and can give his opinion in various areas of forensic science to court, lawyers and detectives, they can work in Govt. Forensic Science Laboratories on various posts, they can work as freelance Questioned Document and Fingerprint expert etc. Also they can work in banking and insurance sectors. All in all in present scenario the Forensic Scientists are in great demand to solve a large number of cases and to combat this requirement, Govt. is taking action to open more and more institutions to provide the degrees and training in the area of Forensic Science. The candidate can opt this booming area and can make career in this ocean of investigation. The Job market is very good in this booming area but one has to keep in mind that he can also be a freelance expert and can earn more in the area than a Job.

By,

Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma

Associate Professor, Forensic Science

Forensic Expert

Uses of Mobile Application in Crime Scene Investigation

2020-04-30T03:35:00.001-07:00

Generally, crime scene is a place where the crime occurred. Crime scene reporting is an integral part of investigation and reconstruction. An Investigating Officer normally documents the crime scene with the help of photography, recording, sketching, and notes taking. Measurements for the overall crime scene and the documentation for permanent records, trial review, and crime reconstruction will be taken during crime scene sketching. Usually, measurement taking is a tedious task and time consuming as well. It requires much effort and several personals involvement.

Below, I would like to mention that in one of the study, how successfully I have used mobile applications in IoS, and Android to measure the crime scene and the evidences. This was done in a more sophisticated way and was way easier than the traditional measuring tape method.

The accuracy of smartphone applications for crime scene measurements has not been analyzed widely so far. Previously few works have been done on MobileCSITM by Siamese Systems. In some previous studies researchers have implemented a series of difficulty metrics for the visual appearance of a user interface. Consumer analysis with several mobile apps to assess the quality of the metrics has been performed.

This blog is all about, where we created a mock crime scene to simulate the actual crime scene (please see the figure below). The evidences were well marked for the purpose of identification, and several photographs using close up lenses, and aerial photography were also taken. After which, we have started the measurements. There were three series of measurements taken as:

1. Traditional Measurement Tape Method.

2. Measurements by Android Application ‘Tape MeasureTM’

3. Measurements by Apple application ‘Measure’

Simulated Crime Scene

The statistical testing is used to check whether there is a significant difference between the means of samples of different measurements taken i.e., manual Tape Measure and mobile application methods that can be attributed to specific characteristics. Below are some of the images taken during the measurements:

Crime Scene measurement by manual tape method.

Below image shows one of the example of the measurement by Android application:

Crime Scene measurement by mobile application ‘Tape MeasureTM’

Below image shows one of the example of the measurement by IoS application:

Crime Scene measurement by mobile application ‘MeasureTM’

As detailed earlier, that statistical analysis (t-test) was performed to see the accuracy of the applications as shown in the table below:

This is just an example, full article link is given below

Conclusion: Accurate measurements of the evidence on the crime scene is a crucial activity to be done by the investigating officer or on the spot by the forensic experts themselves. This helps to better investigate the crime, create the modus operandi, the corpus delicti and helps to reconstitute the crime. The traditional method is quiet time consuming, required number of officials and have chances to misplace the evidences. After the thorough analysis of both the mobile applications considered i.e. Tape MeasureTM and MeasureTM it was found that both the applications are moreover better than the traditional measuring tape method, however, consideration should be given to select the accurate point of measurements in the application, correct position of the mobile camera, stableness of the mobile camera, and angle of photography selected.

Blood Spatter Analysis

2020-02-07T00:47:00.001-08:00

What is Blood Spatter Analysis?

Blood Spatter Analysis or Blood Pattern Analysis (BPA) is the examination of bloodstain shapes, locations, and distribution patterns, to provide an interpretation of the physical events that gave rise to their origin.

In forensic investigations, it is ubiquitous to encounter blood on the crime scene. This blood can be in the form of a pool, dried stains, spatter, expirated blood, etc. Hence, the investigators are required to understand these bloodstains to interpret the events that have occurred on the crime scene, to create a possible hypothesis of the modus operandi, to identify the type of weapon, the direction of the blow, severity of the injury, applicable forces, etc. This whole interpretation is known as Blood Pattern Analysis or Blood Spatter Analysis.

What are the Types of Blood Patterns?

There are many classifications given by blood spatter analyst around the world. I will be using the most common here, to make it understand in a lucid form.

Passive Blood Pattern: In the form of flow, pool, saturation, drip/drop, volume.

Projected Blood Pattern: Instrumental, expirated, arterial spurt/gush.

Impact Blood Pattern: Blood splashes, object splashes, drops, drips, trails, object impacts.

Impression Blood Pattern: Transfer, contact, swipe, wipe, secondary

Artifactual Blood Pattern: Voids, fly spots, insect/bug trails, bubbles, blood (dried, skeletonized, separated).

Let me give you hint of some other way to classify and understand this:

Back spatter — blood directed back to the source of energy or force which caused the spatter; often associated with gunshot wounds at the entrance.

Castoff pattern — bloodstain pattern produced when blood is released or thrown in motion from an object carrying blood.

Drip pattern—bloodstain pattern resulting from blood dripping into blood.

Expirated blood—blood propelled from the nose, mouth, or a wound as a result of air pressure and/or air flow

Impact spatter — bloodstain pattern created when blood receives a blow or force that results in smaller drops being dispersed at random.

Skeleton bloodstain — bloodstain consisting only of an outer periphery after cleaning off the central area when the liquid was partially dry.

Why Blood Pattern Analysis is Needed?

The determinations made from bloodstain patterns at the scene or from the clothing in a case can be used to:

Confirm or dismiss assumptions regarding events and their sequence.
Determine victim's position.
The evidence of a struggle (standing, sitting, lying). (Blood smears, trails of blood)
Confirm or refute statements made in the case: Are there stain patterns consistent with his reported actions on a suspect clothing?
Were stain patterns on a victim or in a scene consistent with witness or suspect accounts?

What are Different Velocities Considered in Blood Spatter Analysis?

1. Low Velocity Patterns: These are the patterns where the gravitational pull is up to 5 feet/ second. Such patterns are relatively greater in size.

2. Medium Velocity Patterns: The velocity greater than 5 feet/second and up to 25 feet/second. Preponderant stain size 1 to 4mm.

3. High Velocity Patterns: A velocity of 100 feet/second or greater is considered as high velocity patterns. Preponderant stain size 1mm in size and smaller Mist like appearance.

Determination of Direction of Blood Spatter:

If a droplet of blood reaches a perpendicular surface (90 degrees) then the resultant bloodstain is circular. That being the stain will be equal in length and width. Blood that hits a surface at an angle of less than 90 degrees will elongate or have the form of a tear drop. Directionality is usually evident as the pointing end of the bloodstain (tail) will always point in travel direction.

Conceptually, the angle of impact is that between the surface and angle line. Blood that reaches a surface at an angle of 90 degrees will be almost round in shape. The pattern will become more elongated and elliptical as the blood impacts at angles decreasing from 90 degrees.

What are the various factors that affects the formation of particular blood spatter?

1. Type of the weapon

2. Force of Impact

3. Site of Injury

4. Position of the victim

5. Angle of Impact

6. Surface of spatter (porous/non porous/ smooth/ rough/ horizontal/ vertical)

7. Amount of blood

8. Climatic Conditions

9. Drying time

10. Clotting time, etc.

How to determine the point of origin of blood spatter ?

The specific element, on a two-dimensional surface, can be traced back to the directionality of several bloodstains. Upon deciding the directionality of a group of stains, it is possible to determine a two-dimensional point or region for the stain group.

Conclusion: The blood pattern analysis is a wide field in the science of investigation. It requires a great expertise in the court of law. As a career, it is one of the best option for the aspiring forensic experts. Often the blood pattern analyst are called in court to explain the cause of spatter, modus operandi, possible type of weapon, and to draw the chain of events.

How Fingerprint Scanner Works?

2020-01-30T05:08:00.002-08:00

Dear All,

You must be excited to know, how within fraction of seconds your biometric fingerprint is being recognized and verified. Let it be the attendance system, identity verification system, or for any other purpose. Fingerprint scanners are a real boon in proactive forensic industry. Though everything has its own limitations as well. let us understand how these fingerprint scanner works?

Types of Fingerprint Scanners:

Fingerprint sensors are commonly used for entry recognition and data security in smartphones and other wearables, as well as in the automotive industry and in smart home applications. The two most common fingerprint sensors in use today are optical sensors and capacitive sensors.

Optical Fingerprint Scanner

The working of an optical scanner is by pounding a light over the fingerprint placed over the sensor and taking a digital photo. The light-sensitive microchip generates the digital image (in the binary digit form) by looking at fingerprint ridges and furrows, converting them into 1's and 0's, and creating the user's own personal code. As a matter of fact discussed in the previous post, no two individuals have the exactly similar fingerprint pattern even in two fingers. Thats make a unique digital code.

Capacitive Fingerprint Scanner

Increasingly, capacitive fingerprint scanners are used on phones and other digital devices. They measures your finger, similar to the capacitive touchscreen, by using human conductivity, creating an electrostatic field and creating a digital image based on the electrostatic field. Wow, how cool is this?

The capacitive fingerprint scanner uses tiny capacitor array circuits that track fingerprint details. It uses the ridges of your fingerprint placed over the conductive plates which change the load stored in the condenser while the valleys (air gaps) leave the load unchanged on the condenser. Such adjustments are monitored by an active amplifier integrator circuit, which can then be captured by an analog-to-digital converter where digital data can be analyzed. You can see below the ridges and furrows (valleys) on the human fingers.

Ultrasonic Fingerprint Scanner

These are the new and advanced technology used in most of the new smartphones. Instead of light as in the case with optical sensor, UFS uses the ultrasonic (sound) waves from the skin. The sound waves from the skin are unique as per the ridges and furrows and creates a 3D digital image of the unique fingerprint. And believe me, this is the most secure method in comparison to the other two.

What is Forensic Nursing? A Career Guide

2020-01-23T08:47:00.002-08:00

In past one decade this new domain of forensic science has emerged as a booming career option for the students interested in making their career in forensic science. Even in my 15 years career, I came across this just few years back. So, here we are going discuss about this fascinating domain of forensic science.

Basically, it is the application of forensic science, combined with professional nursing experience as it is applied in law enforcement to public or legal proceedings. Moreover, when forensic health care aspects are combined with the registered nurse's bio-psycho-social education in the scientific investigation and treatment of trauma, death, violent or criminal activity and traumatic accidents within a clinical or community institution it is collectively called as 'Forensic Nursing'.

What Forensic Nurses do?

The forensic nurse acts as an impartial finder of fact; to use scientific principles and methods in identifying, recording, gathering and evaluating physical evidence related to diseases, accidents and crimes (mainly sexual assaults) that can be suffered by all kinds of victims. Both male and female forensic nurses are required for this purpose.

They medically examine the victim, gather the required evidences (photographs, body fluids, tissues, etc.), interrogate the victims, gather evidences from suspects as well, prepares a report for the court purposes.

Categories of Forensic Nurses:

Correctional Nursing Specialists: Correctional nursing services offer secure, high-quality health care to persons held by the courts, including those in jail, prison, facilities for juvenile offenders and other institutions of correction. Correctional nursing professionals may tend to the ill within these facilities, conduct routine physical tests, and prescribe medicine to people with chronic needs.

Forensic Clinical Nurse Specialists: Forensic clinical nurse practitioners hold a master's or doctoral degree in forensic nursing and use their advanced training to work as professionals in various forensic settings as physicians, instructors, analysts, consultants and administrators. These may be working in emergency rooms, facilities for sexual assault tests, psychological medical care units or teams for death investigation.

Forensic Nurse Investigators: They discover the circumstances surrounding an accidental or violent death. Forensic nurse inspectors, usually working in a medical examiner's or coroner's office, inspect the body, study the scene, assist in autopsies and gather medical and social history details on the deceased to determine the exact cause of death.

Forensic Psychiatric Nurses (FPN): They are trained in dealing with mentally, emotionally, and behaviorally disordered victims. They evaluate and select patients to be treated, provide rehabilitative care and oversee the actions of a patient within the community. Furthermore, psychiatric forensic nurses can examine and treat criminal defendants as well as assist colleagues who have witnessed abuse.

Legal Nurse Consultants (LNC): Professional nurse practitioners help lawyers deal with civil cases where law and medicine overlap. Some of these conditions may include medical assault, personal injury, insurance for employees, and probation. Professional nurse consultants apply their forensic nursing education and clinical experience to identify, examine and evaluate the relevant medical knowledge for a case.

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANE): Sexual assault nurse examiners provide compassionate, timely treatment to the sexual assault victims. Qualified through a professional forensic nursing education, they identify and analyze the injuries suffered by a patient; locate, gather and package forensic evidence related to the crime; and provide information or recommendations about the continued treatment of the victim.

How you can be a Forensic Nurse?

As it is clear from the profession, it is well suited for the graduates of nursing or medical. Additionally a degree in forensic science is also required. In case you have done degree or diploma in medical lab technology or pathology, then also you have a chance to enter into this field.

There are number of universities offering this specialized programs. Please do check there as well for more information. Another program is being offered by American Institute of Health Care Professionals.

Top 10 use of Forensic Science in Corporate World

2020-01-20T06:28:00.002-08:00

As the world is expanding enormously, so as the requirements of the population. With these increased requirements, few industries are growing at high demand in public and private sectors such as banks, insurance companies, accounting sectors, and other corporate offices.

In one sense, this is an excellent opportunity for forensic science graduates to shape their fantastic careers in these sectors. There are various opportunities available in the corporate world for forensic scientists, however, the requirement is to choose the correct specialization or opt for specific courses after their bachelors or masters in forensic science. As in many of the institutions, the current curriculum is insufficient to enter in the field of corporate, without a proper specialization.

Following are some niche, where a forensic science graduate can make their career in the corporate sector.

1. Forensic Accountant/Forensic Auditor: I have already explained this field in detail in my previous blog post. This is highly emerging field and is very much in demand. Due to the increase in number of frauds in the companies, forensic accountants are needed to identify the elements of frauds, type of fraud, quantification of the fraudulent act, people involved, and to represent the evidences in the court room. There are several institutions offering the specialized programs in forensic accounting, however, one should be very clear that he or she must have the fundamental knowledge of the accounting.

On the other hand, for forensic auditing you can directly opt for the course from any desired and recognized institution or from affiliated online college. Definitely, as some point of time you need to prove your credentials in the court of law, while dealing with a legal case.

Find more on:

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, India & Abroad

https://www.indiastudychannel.com/courses/2295-diploma-forensic-accounting

https://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=3797

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

West Virginia University

2. As a Freelance Questioned Document Examiner: I have been doing the same for the past 15 years. Solving the cases of forged signatures, handwritings, fraudulent documents, fake checks, cloned credit cards, disguised signatures and writings, anonymous letters, ransom letters, defame words, etc. This all you can do easily with your degree in forensic science and specialization is questioned document examination. It requires a minimum investment in terms of lab established. You will be appearing in the courts as freelancer, handwriting or fingerprint experts. You must check the licensing authority in your country. However, in India, UK, and some other countries your expertise is covered under Evidence Act.

3. For Insurance Companies & Banks: You must have heard about the fake insurance claims. This may be through a fake death certificate, fake arson case, fake medical records, fake vehicle accident reports, etc. All of these requires the expertise of a forensic scientist to prove or disprove the fact in the legal matters.

4. Use of Proactive Forensics: You can be a guide to the companies who works in the manufacturing of the security and surveillance devices. This includes manufacturers of CCTV Cameras, Spy Cameras, Body Armors, Firearms, Body Scanners, Biometric instruments, License Plate Recognition systems, etc.

5. Crime Scene Investigator in Corporate: It is not only the fraud that affects the corporate world, but also the theft, bullying, cyber-bullying, etc. With a specialized degree in forensic science you can work as a freelancer for this purpose, as well as a permanent employee. I have been called by many MNC's to discover theft (cash and others) in their companies, so they can take appropriate action.

6. Work as Detectives: Get a certification done from several associations like Association of Private Detectives in India and start working as a detective. Though it is quite risky many times but a good team work can overcome these issues easily.

7. Cyber-Forensics Expert: It requires a specific qualification and certification to be a cyber forensic expert or an ethical hacker. There are number of courses available online and offline. Look for the good one and enter into this high demanding field. Almost all big or small companies faces various cyber frauds, hence they require a cyber forensic expert to gather he evidence, analyze it, and present it in the courtroom. The earning are really good if you have learnt the incident response etc.

8. Forensic Expert for Media: In countries like India, and few others where the crime rate is high and the media is also very active. They requires TV talks by the forensic experts in various cases. This can be a booming career in media industry. You can also, work as a forensic journalist, reporting the crime, awareness about crime, general forensic awareness, etc.

9. Assistant to the Lawyers: As a forensic experts, lawyers are our best friends. Get yourself marketed to the lawyers to get the cases. They might also require your assistance in framing cross examination questions, where you can easily get paid for per question basis. However, to do this you must have a thorough knowledge of the subject. Things can't be compromised here.

10. Freelance/Trainer for the Corporates: I have been invited by number of colleges, corporates to give them an idea of forensic science, what to do at the first instance of any case, how to do graphological analysis, how to prevent frauds, how to detect frauds, and others. And believe me for each workshop you conduct, you will be paid a handsome amount.

Hope this post can help you further deciding your career in forensic science.

Thanks

Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma

A Career in Forensic Engineering

2020-01-14T10:33:00.003-08:00

Forensic engineering is the use of engineering knowledge to determine why a machine or structure failed. As per the 'National Academy of Forensic Engineers' it is the application of engineering sciences in matters relating to, or possibly related to, the system of jurisprudence, including alternative dispute resolution. The forensic engineers are using reverse engineering to determine why a structure, material or part failed to perform as intended. Instead, if that failure caused injury, property damage or was connected to some other criminal case, those results can be used as evidence in court.

Let us take an example of building collapse, bridge collapse, or plane crash; the forensic engineers are involved in identifying the cause, so that any legal action (if required), can be taken up by the Honorable Court to provide the justice to the society, nation, and/or the injured or the relatives.

Then, forensic experts can use their findings in court as evidence. Specifically, if the failure caused human injury or property damage they use their evidence in court.

Who Can be a Forensic Engineer?

To become a forensic engineer, you first need a full curriculum engineering degree and good experience in your area of expertise, because there are as many forensic engineering specialties as there are in general engineering practice disciplines. Forensic engineering may include but not limited to civil engineering, electrical engineering, aerospace engineering, computer science engineering, structural engineering, Audio-Video forensic engineering, etc.

Therefore, you must be a qualified and experienced engineer in any of the specialities, and in addition, you must have a thorough knowledge of the judiciary system (criminal justice system) of your country. It is always better to have a dual degree, means a combination of forensic science and engineering.

My advise is to go for your bachelors in engineering, get some industry experience, learn the process thoroughly, and then opt for masters or diploma in forensic science. In case you have already completed your bachelors in forensic science, then you can go for certain diploma or masters courses in engineering. But the later option is very limited, and do not offer courses in all engineering branches.

In case you do not have any engineering degree, still you can be a secondary forensic expert who will work on the primary engineering analysis reports by qualified engineers.

Skills Required:

1. Technical Skills

2. Investigative Skills

3. Communication Skills

4. Legal Skills (Knowledge of the Law and legal proceedings)

5. Court Presentation Skills

6. Basic Computer Skills

What are the Challenges?

Becoming a forensic engineer is a challenge in itself. It's a long term process. If you do not have your fundamentals clear at undergraduate level, it is very difficult to succeed as a forensic engineer later on. Secondly, no two cases are same, one may require one set of skills and expertise, and other may be completely different. In addition to examining the site, evaluating debris and assessing the cause, forensic engineers must also interview people involved in planning and construction to see what protocols they may or may not have followed. There is evidence beyond that too. Forensic engineers should have litigious expertise. This means understanding how to handle potential evidence, how to present it in court and how to document in great detail the entire investigative process.

The other challenge is the presence of a dual degree course. There are very few institutions around the world offering such courses, and few online options are also available. Some are:

1. National Academy of Forensic Engineers

2. Saddleback College

3. University of California at San Diego

4. Columbia University

5. University of California at Berkeley

6. Northwestern University

7. University of Amsterdams

8. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

9. Edward E. Whitacre, Jr. College of Engineering

10. TuDelft

However, if you have real passion, it is booming career with high demand and great pay. Also, you will be able to do lot of research in this area further.

Disclaimer: This post is for an idea only for your career path, more details can be checked on the link provided.

A Career in Forensic Accounting

2020-01-11T22:26:00.003-08:00

What is Forensic Accounting?

Forensic accounting uses accounting, auditing, and analytical skills to perform an investigation into an individual's or business ' finances. Forensic accountants are trained to look beyond the numbers to address a situation's business reality. For fraud and embezzlement cases forensic accounting is often used to explain the nature of a financial crime for court.In another scenario, one could ask the forensic accountant to investigate many different types of fraud. Investigation is the process of deciding if criminal matters have occurred, such as theft of employees, securities fraud (including falsification of financial statements), identity theft or insurance fraud.

FORENSIC AUDIT's/ ACCOUNTING's goal is to find the audit evidence that is legally acceptable and, in doing so, the company's corporate veil can be disregarded.

Any fraud or neglect is considered following points?

Is that material for the effect?

Who are the people responsible?

How much can they recover?

What are the Common Types of Crime to be Investigated by Forensic Accountant or Forensic Auditor?

To provide an overview of the wide range of investigations that could be conducted, it is useful to categorize these types into three groups. The three types of fraud are corruption, misappropriation of assets and fraud involving financial statements.

A. Corruption: There are three forms of fraud involving corruption: conflicts of interest, bribery and extortion.

The fraudster exerts its power in a conflict of interest fraud to obtain a personal gain that detrimentally affects the business.

Bribery occurs when money (or something else of value) is being provided to manipulate a situation.

Extortion is the opposite of bribery, which happens when money is requested (rather than offered) to secure a specific outcome.

B. Asset Miss-appropriation: The most popular frauds are by far those involving misappropriation of properties, and there are many different types of fraud that fall within this category. The common feature is the theft of the company's cash or other items, like: cash theft, inventory frauds, fraudulent disbursements, misuse if assets, etc.

C. Financial Statement Fraud: This is also referred to as fraudulent financial reporting, and is a type of fraud that causes a material error in the financial statements. It may include intentional falsification of accounting records; omission of financial statements transactions, balance sheets or disclosures; or misapplication of financial reporting requirements. This is often done with the intention of presenting the financial statements with a particular bias, for example disguising liabilities to improve any liquidity and gearing analysis.

How You Can be a Forensic Auditor or Forensic Accountant?

Following skills are required for an efficient and fruitful Forensic Audit

1. Deep Knowledge of Accounting (You must have degree in accounting or forensic accounting)

2. Proper Understanding of Auditing (You can go ahead with a certification in auditing)

3. Required traits of Investigating (A forensic science degree will be a plus point)

4. Obvious should be distrusted (Your keen observatory skills)

5. Think differently and Develop an open mind (Analytical Skills)

Follow the links:

https://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=3797

https://www.coursera.org/learn/forensic-accounting

How Forensic Auditors Conducts the Investigation?

1. Accepting the assignments

2. Planning the investigation

3. Gathering the evidences

4. Reporting of the evidences to the client and to the court

5. Participate in court proceedings

Initially, the forensic accountant needs to consider whether their firm has the skills and experience necessary to accept the work. Forensic investigations are of a specialist nature, and the work requires detailed knowledge of techniques for investigating fraud and the legal framework.

The investigating team must carefully consider what they have been asked to achieve and plan their work accordingly. The objectives of the investigation will include: Identifying the type of fraud that has been in place, how long it has been in operation and how the fraud has been hidden, identifying the fraudster involved quantifying the financial loss suffered by the victim, collecting evidence to be used in court proceedings to warn against the recurrence of the fraud.

To gather detailed evidence, the investigator must understand the specific type of fraud performed, and how the fraud was committed. The evidence should be sufficient to prove, in the end, the identity of the fraudster(s), the fraud mechanics and the amount of financial loss suffered. If any evidence is inconclusive or there are gaps in the custody chain, then proof can be challenged in court, or even become inadmissible.

Truth Serum (Narco-Analysis)

2020-01-07T09:50:00.001-08:00

Most of us have heard about the term "Truth Serum," also called "Narco-Analysis," which has become one of the prime methods for crime detection or getting the truth from the suspect. Though there are always questions about the accuracy and admissibility of this test in the court of law, however, despite all controversies, it has become one of the widely used methods along with POLYGRAPGY (Lie Detection) and BRAIN MAPPING to get revealed the truth from the accused or the criminal.

What is Narco-Analysis?

Generally speaking, it's a kind of psychotherapy performed on a person by administering certain drugs, placing the person in a semi-sleep state. A person can usually lie easily, but in this test the subject's self-consciousness is allowed to sink by intrusion into his nervous system. In such a situation there is an attempt to extract information in the form of hints about the crime as it becomes extremely difficult for the subject to lie under the influence of drugs. This test is therefore a scientific technique for obtaining information from an individual in a natural state of sleep, and a person can not lie using his imagination.

Two most common drugs are used to put narco-analysis into action, and these are sodium amytal, also known as amobarbital or amylobarbition, and sodium pentothal, commonly known as thiopental or thiopentone used by psychiatrist in the controlled conditions on the subject to put him/her in the state of semi-sleep, so he is neither fully conscious nor unconscious, thus loses the ability to manipulate the answers from his consciousness. These drugs work on the principle of inhibiting the brain's process of thinking filtration. The narco-analysis is considered as the combination of hypnosis and narcosis. In a short time, the psychiatrist could gather more details of menial contents. Without large doses of sedative drugs, narco-analysis produces sleep.

Principle:

The theory behind this is that when we lie, the brain processes our thoughts and chooses what to show and what to unreveal by the subconscious. A person can no longer sift his idea by applying this procedure and is supposed to speak the truth, or so.

How the test is Conducted?

Narco-analysis test is conducted by 3 grams of Sodium Pentothal dissolved in 3000 ml of distilled water and the solution is intravenously administered along with 10 percent of dextrose over three hours with the aid of a trained anaesthetist. It is a barbiturate (thiopental sodium) that makes the neuronal membrane more permeable to chloride ions, leading to general inhibition, beginning with the cortex and progressing down to the lower brain regions with increasing biological effects to produce an alcohol-like disinhibition with only neural inhibitory effect. Hypnotist, who then has to frame certain leading question and evoke response in a way likely to produce accurate answer in the presence of the investigators, and forensic experts.

In short the person is quite close to unconsciousness, and is

•Mentally incapable of resistance to questioning

•Incapable of inventing lies to conceal guilt

•Looses inhibition & becomes talkative

•Depresses CNS, BP decreased with slow heart rate

•Susceptible to suggestion & reveals repressed feelings/ memories

Requirements in the Narco-room:

Important things involved in the tests are:

(i) Video recording set-up

(ii) Tape recorder set-up close to the subject

(iii) Narco-serum as mentioned-above

(v) A psychiatrist, hypnotist, anesthetist, a legal authority, and investigator.

(vi) The dose depends upon the suspect’s sex, age, health (physical and mental).

Every test is recorded in a video. How dosage was given to the subject, what questions were posed to him, what was his response, every minute detail is documented while the test is being performed. Entire process is recorded for the purpose to be presented in the court-room unbiasedly.

There are several legal consents to be obtained, guidelines to be followed, and precautions to be taken in the narco-room, which I will discuss in detail further in another post.

Limitations and Legal Implications:

1. The dosage itself is the biggest limitation in certain cases, that can raise a question in the court-room or to the human rights.

2. The subject's consent.

3. Any previous medical history, that may restrain this test.

4. If the person is already on medical treatment of similar drugs.

5. If the person is a drug abuser

6. Hypersensitivity to a particular drug

7. In many countries, it is still considered as a supportive tool in the criminal investigation, and many times is not admissible in the court (Human rights plays vital role here).

8. The success rate is not 100%, many subjects had been able to make false statements.

9. Right to self incrimination.

10. An analysis of a person without his or her consent will certainly undermine his or her individual rights

Conclusion:

As the world is changing rapidly, the pattern of crime is also changing rapidly. It seems to be very difficult in the present environment, where the eligible educated offenders begin to replace the suspect with obsolete investigative methods. In this case, the investigative authorities need to change the procedure according to the social environment and criminal behavior, and this can only be achieved by using analytical methodology in the investigation process. Hence, this can be well achieved by Narco-Analysis in this context. But keeping in mind the legal implications on the test, it is well suited as a collaborative and supportive evidence in the presence of other physical, circumstantial, and testimonial evidences.

Crime Scene Search Methods

2020-01-04T05:44:00.000-08:00

The Crime Scene is search for the physical evidences (visible or invisible). There are various types of search methods employed by the investigating officers and the forensic scientists at the scene of crime. The searching methods mainly depends on:

Type of Crime (Rape, murder, burglary, theft, etc.)

Nature of Crime (Homicide, suicide, or accident)

Size of the crime scene (macroscopic or microscopic)

Location of the crime scene (indoor, outdoor, combination of indoor or outdoor, or any remote area like underwater, desert, etc.)

Complexity of the crime scene

Before deciding the search method, all the investigators and the forensic experts must follow the general guidelines (check list) to observe the crime scene after due recording:

1. Are the doors and windows locked or unlocked? Open or shut?

2. Are there signs of forced entry, such as tool marks or broken locks?

3. Is the house or the crime scene is in good order? If not, does it look like there was a struggle or was the victim just messy?

4. Is there mail/post/suicidal note/threatening note/ etc. lying around? Has it been opened? Or where it is located?

5. Is the kitchen in good order? Is there any partially eaten food? Is the table set? If so, for how many people?

6. Are there signs of a party, such as empty glasses or bottles or full ashtrays?

7. If there are full ashtrays, what brands of cigarettes are present?

8. Is there anything that seems out of place? Is there a couch blocking a doorway?

9. Is there trash in the trash cans? Is there anything out of the ordinary in the trash? Is the trash in the right chronological order? If not, someone might have been looking for something in the victim's trash.

10. Are the bathroom towels wet? Are the bathroom towels missing? Are there any signs of a cleanup?

11. If the crime is a shooting, how many shots were fired? The CSI will try to locate the gun, each bullet, each shell casing and each bullet hole.

12. If the crime is a stabbing, is a knife obviously missing from victim's kitchen? If so, the crime may not have been premeditated.

13. Are there any shoe prints or any other footwear marks on the floor or in the area immediately outside the building?

14. Are there any tire marks in the driveway or in the area around the building?

15. Is there any blood splatter on floors, walls or ceilings?

Irrespective of the type of crime scene, the investigator has to decide the appropriate method immediately, without delay, so as to collect the evidences in the intact form as far as possible. Following are the basic search methods, usually commissioned on the crime scene:

1. Zonal Method

2. Strip Method

3. Line Search

4. Grid Method

5. Spiral Method (Outward Spiral & Inward Spiral)

6. Wheel Search Method

7. Random Search

Zonal Method: In this method the crime scene is virtually divided into different zones. The number of zones depends upon the size and complexity of the crime scene. This method can be applicable to both indoor and outdoor crime scenes. Different people will be employed in individual zones, and will search their zones thoroughly for the evidences normally as well as using different techniques (UV/IR/Video). After searching in their own zones, the zones will be exchanged to check the accuracy and double check for any missing items. This method cannot be applicable on very squeezed and complex crime scenes like elevators, lift shafts, or stairs.

Strip or Parallel Method: In this method the virtual strips or line are being imagined to walk through on the crime scene and look for the evidences. The method is well suited for the crime scene like class rooms, where rows are present already, each row can be considered as a strip. Also, minimum number of the personals are required for this method. One person will start the walk through from one corner of the strip and will move towards the other looking for the evidences. The walk through should be slow and thorough. If two personals are employed, then each of them can start from two different points and continuing to the different ends to double check the search.

Grid Method (two parallel strip): It is just like the strip method; the only difference is that two strips are considered to form a grid. Again, only two people can do the searching walking through on separate strips and then will switch their strips for the more accuracy. It is a good method for large indoors and outdoors crime scenes.

Spiral Method: This is well suited for lager indoor and outdoor crime scene with less obstacles (like furniture etc.). The searcher will start either from the center of the room (outward) or from the periphery (inward) search as show in the images below. Also, two investigators can search together, one moving from the center towards the periphery and other one vice versa.

Wheel Search Method: This method is only applicable to the lager outdoor scenes like fields, desert, or other such open areas. It is like the zonal method; however, the wheel is divided into various zones depending upon the size of the crime scene. Different individuals will be employed in separate zones and then switching their zone for more accuracy. The investigators or the searchers can begin from the epicenter moving towards their zones to complete the search, and then returning back to the epicenter for the discussion or collection procedures.

Random Search Method: This is the most common method employed by the investigators, because of the feasibility at any location. No above-mentioned ruled to be followed for this method. It is also advisable to consider this method on complex crime scenes.

Levels of Searches:

First Level: search at the scene of crime

Second Level: through photographs, sketches, witnesses, relatives, and other sources

Third Level: Revisit the crime scene if possible, Interrogation etc.

Evidence Removal:

The investigator or the forensic expert has to be sure to document each and every evidence encountered at the particular scene. The evidences should only be removed after proper documentation (photography/videography/sketching/notes), and then should be properly collected in appropriate containers.

Crime Scene Protection

2020-01-03T07:19:00.002-08:00

By,

Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma

Forensic Expert & Associate Professor

Dear Students,

In the last few posts, we have already discussed the introduction to the crime scene, types of the crime scene, and crime scene processing. Now, let us start the first step of crime scene investigation i.e., Crime Scene Protection. It is done to ensure the safety, and integrity of the evidences as well as the crime scene.

Before starting with the protection of the crime scene, we must understand from what we want the crime scene to be protected i.e.; we need to identify the dangers. The common dangers to the crime scene and the evidences are:

1. Human Activity

2. Animal Activity

3. Natural Calamities, etc.

Let me take this with the help of an example:

A dead body of a 35-year-old woman has been found in an open desert area. In this case, we first need to identify the evidences like footwear impressions, blood stains (may or may not be), the weapon of offense (may or may not be), tire marks, dead body, injuries over the body, clothing, belongings, etc.

Do you think everything will remain as such for a more extended period? No. Because there are many dangers. A culprit himself can come to damage the evidences (human activity), there may be certain animals or scavengers (animal activity), or there may be rain, wind, storm, etc. (natural calamities). However, we can not control all the dangers, but as far as possible, we can easily control the human and animal activities as soon as we approach the crime scene. Else, as per the principle of progressive change, we may lose crucial pieces of evidence due to the delay.

General Consideration in Crime Scene Protection:

The very first step is to provide the medical assistance to the individual injured or fighting for the survival. After, that following steps should be followed:

1. Protection should be done to preserve the scene and the evidences.

2. No unauthorized people should be allowed to enter to the crime scene.

3. Unnecessary movement of the physical evidences should be avoided till the complete recording (photography, videography, and sketching) of the crime scene.

4. Barrication should be done at the entrance, exit, or surroundings.

5. Crime scene should never be left unattended. It is always better to position a post guard to note the activity, or to avoid the activity.

6. In case of road accidents, the traffic should be rerouted immediately to avoid the havoc.

7. The fragile evidences and the areas should be covered as soon as possible.

8. Avoid touching anything on crime scene bare-handedly, else we may damage or introduce our own fingerprints, etc.

9. Please, Please, Please avoid smoking, and eating on the crime scene.

10. Not to use the utilities (toilets, etc.) on the crime scene, and YOU KNOW WHY?

11. Do not discuss the crime scene with the bystanders, and other unauthorized people.

12. Please take the note of time of reporting of crime scene, who reported the crime, time of arrival of the protection team and the investigator, weather conditions, etc. These may be very crucial in the later stages of investigation.

Types of Barrication Tapes and Recovery Kits:

a. Yellow barrier tape is used to create an outer perimeter and staging area when determined appropriate.

b. Red barrier tape is used to create an inner perimeter when determined appropriate.

c. Crime scene evidence markers are used only when:

1. Evidence may be lost, stolen, or damaged prior to the arrival of Forensic Services Division personnel, and

2. Use of the crime scene evidence markers reduces the likelihood that the evidence will be lost, stolen, or damaged, and

3. An inner and outer perimeter is created by the use of red and yellow crime scene barrier tape, or

4. When directed by a supervisor.

I hope, this brief protection guide will help you to make your detailed notes with examples.

How to prevent your Instagram?

2020-01-01T11:46:00.003-08:00

By,

Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma

Forensic Expert

We are living in the age digital era where everything is so easy and exciting at every moment. We have never thought of a life like this a decade or two back. We all enjoy sharing our best pics, experiences with the world just in one click. Many of us have an urge to become as famous as possible or at least people should know us for our work. Hence, social media is the best tool for this.

Instagram is one of the most popular social media platforms after Facebook, especially among adolescents and early adults who created a profession out of it. For some reason, like forgetting your login password, checking what your child did on Facebook, or seeing if your wife deceived you, etc., you might need to hack your own Instagram account or someone else's. But let me warn you forensically that "IT IS A CRIME". Hacking is of course a crime.

Nowadays, with the increase in the technical knowledge, availability of facilities, internet, the feasibility of the tools and devices, a perpetrator can easily breach into your social media account. Below are some of the common techniques used by hackers:

By Using Forgot Password Feature of Instagram

If someone get hold of the Instagram account holder’s email id and password, this is the simplest method ever. The hackers usually follows the steps below to breech into the account:

1. He/She Downloads the Instagram on your phone and tap on Add Account on the Login page.

2. Then he enters the username and clicks on Forgot your login details? Get help signing in. Then he clicks on Use Username or Email from the options, and he has your phone/tablet with him; he will select the Send an SMS option.

3. He will then receive a code, and will use it to reset the password and enter the user’s account with a successful hack.

Using Instagram Trackers

There are number of softwares either freely available on internet or on purchase ( I would not like to name any for security purpose). In this method the hacker will simply visit the official tracker website to sign-up and verify email address. The website directs him to the control panel, which will guide him to install the app on the other person’s phone. Then he need to be sneaky to install that on any desired device, and will login into the website and can track the person’s activity on his dashboard. How cool is this :). But please do not try any such things!

Using the Spy Key-loggers (softwares)

To name a few (I m not promoting any criminal activity through this, it is just for prevention and knowledge) "ikeyMonitor", "Arroapp," "Flexispy," etc. Again I am warning that I have never used such tools; it is only the details collected from different sources. These are usually the tools used to hack the passwords. The perpetrator will easily login to these websites and will download app on your device to get the password. Thing to remember, such things only works on jailbroken devices, resold devices.

There are many other ways, in which such activities can be committed. Our attention, in this article is 'How to Prevent Instagram Hacking'. So, let us discuss here the prevention parameters on a broader sense to help the society as a whole:

Your Password is the Key to Protection:

Using a strong password is always difficult for the perpetrators and the softwares to hack. It is always recommended to use a “combination of at least six numbers, letters, and punctuation marks,” most security experts suggest a minimum password length of 8 characters. Also, You should also periodically change your passwords — according to most experts, at least once or twice a year. You might even want to use a password manager to monitor your passwords and manage them.

Your Two Factor Authentication:

Almost all major applications now offer some form of two-factor authentication (or 2FA), including Instagram. With two-factor authentication turned on, you will be prompted to enter a SMS security code together with your username and password if you log into Instagram from an unrecognized device. This can help prevent hackers from trying to log into your account and change your contact information.

Secure Your Email Accounts:

Your email is a bit like a key to your online accounts — if someone has access to it, they've got access to almost everything else you've used your email for. So make sure it's safe! Most email providers have systems in place to block undesirable login attempts and provide security measures such as email encryption and authentication of two factors.

Follow Your Own Security Tips"

1. Use Instagram’s New Account Recovery Process

2. Check Your Email Account for a Message From Instagram

3. Log out of Instagram if you are on a shared device

4. Change your passwords frequently

5. Do not open unknown links

6. Do not open attachments from unknown sources

7. Use an anti-virus software, whenever possible

8. Use different passwords for different accounts

I hope, these simple tips will keep you away from the malicious offenders. Good Luck! and enjoy your social platform.

Forensic Psychiatry & Forensic Psychology as Your Career Option

2019-12-26T23:47:00.002-08:00

By,

Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma

Forensic Expert & Associate Professor

Forensic psychiatry is a specialist medical branch that deals with the evaluation and treatment of mentally disordered prisoners in jails, secure hospitals, and the community. It requires sophisticated understanding of the interface between mental health and the law.

In other words, Forensic Psychiatry is a medical sub-specialty in which research and clinical experience is applied to legal issues in the form of civil, criminal, correctional or legislative matters: forensic psychiatry should be practiced in compliance with the standards and ethical principles enunciated by the psychiatric profession.

Forensic Psychiatry Vs. Forensic Psychology

Both forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology deal with the human mind. A forensic psychiatrist, however, is a medical doctor who can evaluate and testify about the physical aspects of mental disorders, including their biological basis, psychotherapeutic considerations, and their family and social relationship. We can use laboratory tests and, if necessary, prescribe medicines.

A forensic psychologist has a Ph.D. in psychology rather than a medical degree. Their specialty may include giving psychological tests and providing psychotherapy and related expertise.

What Forensic Psychiatrist Do?

In the Courts, forensic psychiatrists provide expert witness testimony to courts at all levels on a regular basis. Psychiatrists in other specialties may also have sufficient training to do this, but more commonly, forensic psychiatrists are called to the higher courts–including the courts of the courts or the Court of Appeal in more serious criminal cases such as homicide, other serious violence and sex offenses. They may also be asked for expertise in the family court or on other civil matters, such as compensation after major trauma or disaster. Areas of expertise required include:

Fitness of the defendant to plead and fitness for trial
Advice for psychiatric protections open to the courts
Families can be tested to see if they are fit and able to have their child's physical or legal custody in a divorce.
Adequacy and circumstances needed for the admission of a person to the hospital for evaluation
Adequacy of the treatment of mental health at the time of sentencing
Identify the nature of a specific mental illness and the association with potential risks
"Appropriate diagnosis" prognosis and availability

In normal consultation work, Forensic psychiatrists are expected to provide a thorough evaluation including advice on:

Risk of harm to others, including the use of formal risk evaluation / professional resources
Expertise in approaches to pharmacological and psychological treatment of aggressive mental disorder behaviors
Psychodynamic case formulation, psychotherapeutic strategy included
Community forensic work provides opportunities in facilities run by Prison and Probation Service and/or third sector agencies to identify and collaborate with mentally disordered prisoners.

How You can Become Forensic Psychiatrist?

1. You need a medical degree specialized in psychiatry

2. You need a medical license or certificate to work

3. Knowledge and understanding of the legal procedures in the country. It is always beneficial to have a diploma or certificate in criminal justice system along with psychiatry degree

Forensic Psychologist:

Forensic psychology is a fascinating career combining psychology with the system of law. Forensic psychologists are generally focused on applying psychological theory and practice to criminal, court and correction systems. Forensic counselors serve to aid in the operation of the justice system and court leaders. Many legal concepts need to be applied to understand psychological principles, such as state of mind, memory, and perception.

How to Become Forensic Psychologist?

1. Either a bachelors degree in criminal justice/forensic with masters in psychology.

2. A bachelors degree in psychology with a masters in forensic science or criminal justice

3. No medical degree required, however a bachelors in medicine with a masters in psychology will work too.

4. An alternative is to major in a law topic and minor in psychology, but some graduate schools accept only candidates with a psychology bachelor's degree.

5. PhD can be an added qualification.

6. License of clinical or counseling psychologist (depending on the country requirements)

Expert Witness in The Court:

Unlike fact witnesses, who are restricted to testimony about what they know or have learned, expert witnesses have the ability to express opinion because, as their name suggests, they are considered to be "experts" in a certain subject. They possess specialized knowledge about the subject.

Expert witnesses are invited to testify on mental health issues (clinical expertise) or other areas of expertise such as social, experimental, cognitive, or developmental issues. The task of being an expert witness is not primary and is usually performed in tandem with the role of a consultant, educator, evaluator, or clinical psychologist. A defendant is examined by qualified forensic psychologists and then called upon as expert witnesses to testify about the defendant's mental state.

Required Skills:

1. Good Communication Skills : For a forensic psychologist, the ability to express complex ideas is extremely important, because much of what they do is explain things to those who do not grasp a particular concept or theory of psychology.

2. Critical Thinking: Forensic psychologists need to be able to assess a situation or individual–examples include assessing a sexual offender's risk of recurrence, determining a witness's competency, or conducting human memory research. A forensic psychologist must be able to think outside the box and look at issues from unusual perspectives and angles.

3. Observatory Skills: Forensic psychologists must be able to receive information, interpret it, and then present it to the client, whether the client is an attorney, judge, or juror panel. The better observational skills a forensic psychologist has, the more they can provide guidance and conclusions.

4. Be a Researcher: Analysis and research skills are required whether a forensic psychologist performs formal and experimental analysis or cross-checking an opposing expert witness's formal conclusions.

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WHERE TO STUDY - SGT UNIVERSITY GURUGRAMhttps://sgtuniversity.ac.in/science/index.html

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Blood Spatter Analysis

What is Blood Spatter Analysis?

What are the Types of Blood Patterns?

Why Blood Pattern Analysis is Needed?

What are Different Velocities Considered in Blood Spatter Analysis?

What are the various factors that affects the formation of particular blood spatter?

How to determine the point of origin of blood spatter ?

How Fingerprint Scanner Works?

Types of Fingerprint Scanners:

Optical Fingerprint Scanner

Capacitive Fingerprint Scanner

Ultrasonic Fingerprint Scanner

What is Forensic Nursing? A Career Guide

What Forensic Nurses do?

Categories of Forensic Nurses:

How you can be a Forensic Nurse?

Top 10 use of Forensic Science in Corporate World

A Career in Forensic Engineering

Who Can be a Forensic Engineer?

Skills Required:

What are the Challenges?

A Career in Forensic Accounting

What is Forensic Accounting?

How You Can be a Forensic Auditor or Forensic Accountant?

How Forensic Auditors Conducts the Investigation?

Truth Serum (Narco-Analysis)

Principle:

How the test is Conducted?

Requirements in the Narco-room:

Limitations and Legal Implications:

Conclusion:

Crime Scene Search Methods

Levels of Searches:

Crime Scene Protection

General Consideration in Crime Scene Protection:

Types of Barrication Tapes and Recovery Kits:

How to prevent your Instagram?

By Using Forgot Password Feature of Instagram

Using Instagram Trackers

Using the Spy Key-loggers (softwares)

Your Password is the Key to Protection:

Your Two Factor Authentication:

Secure Your Email Accounts:

Follow Your Own Security Tips"

Forensic Psychiatry & Forensic Psychology as Your Career Option

Forensic Psychiatry Vs. Forensic Psychology

What Forensic Psychiatrist Do?

How You can Become Forensic Psychiatrist?

Forensic Psychologist:

How to Become Forensic Psychologist?

Required Skills:

By,
Prof. (Dr.) Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma
Professor of Forensic Science (18 years experience in Forensic Teaching & Research)
SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
Website:
https://sgtuniversity.ac.in/science/programmes/index.html

WHERE TO STUDY - SGT UNIVERSITY GURUGRAM
https://sgtuniversity.ac.in/science/index.html