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HostGator Black Friday Offer – 3 Years Webhosting for Just $35.64

2010-11-25T08:00:00.000-08:00

HostGator Black Friday Offer – 3 Years Webhosting for Just $35.64

We're very excited to unveil our Black Friday 2010 Promotion to our loyal HostGator Affiliates! This will be our best DEAL in 8+ years of hosting! We are releasing this to our Affiliates before ANYONE ELSE!

Please be advised that this Black Friday promotion starts at 12:00 AM Friday November 26th CST (-6 GMT) and will run until 11:59PM CST (-6 GMT) 11/26/2010. Remember you get FULL, regular commission on ALL Black Friday sales!

You do NOT want to miss out on promoting this offer. This is going to be a record breaking day for HostGator sales and HostGator's wonderful Affiliates!

Without further ado, here is our Black Friday 2010 Special Offer:

We're offering 50% OFF EVERYTHING From 12:00AM CST – 5AM CST

We're offering 80% OFF EVERYTHING From 5AM – 9AM CST WHILE SUPPLIES LAST (first come, first receive; so definitely don't miss out!)

From 9AM – 11:59PM CST OR after 80% OFF accounts have sold out, we will continue to offer 50% OFF EVERYTHING

This applies to ALL Accounts and ALL Term Lengths. So you're visitors and friends will have the opportunity to receive up to 80% off of up to 3 years worth of Hosting! That would come out to $35.64 for 3 FULL YEARS!

That includes Shared Hosting, Reseller Hosting, VPS Hosting AND even Dedicated Servers! Never before have we allowed the promotion on EVERYTHING including reseller, vps and dedicated servers AND ALL Term Lengths AND allowed our affiliates their full, regular commission on every sale you send us on Black Friday!

This will apply to the client's first invoice (first term length they sign up for whether that be 1 month or for 3 years).

This promotion gives our customers our award winning hosting for as little as:

Shared Hosting – $4.95/month AS LOW AS $0.99/month

Reseller Hosting – $24.95/month AS LOW AS $4.99/month

VPS Hosting – $19.95/month AS LOW AS $3.99 First Month

Dedicated Servers – $174/month AS LOW AS $34.80 First Month

As you can see, this is an absolutely CRAZY DEAL and you have an opportunity to make a LOT OF MONEY promoting our Black Friday 2010 Offer!

Here are several ideas for promoting this insane Black Friday offer:

* Post about the promotion on your blog
* Post on Twitter and Facebook
* Post about it on forums (follow all forum rules and don't spam)
* Tell your E-Mail lists (Again, don't spam!)
* Refer Friends and Family
* Push all of your hosting related traffic to HostGator and EARN BIG!
* Tell EVERYONE you know!

Simply login at http://ga.hostgator.com to access your account to get your affiliate link and monitor your Black Friday traffic and sales.

If you have forgotten your password, please reset your password at https://ga.hostgator.com/forgot using the primary email address on file. Once logged in be sure to update your contact and payment information to access your control panel!

Remember this offer is only running for 1 DAY on Black Friday. Don't miss out on this incredibly LUCRATIVE offer for our affiliates!

Help us make Black Friday our biggest day ever and we'll make sure that more events and promotions come soon!

Please feel free to contact us with any questions or concerns. We look forward to an amazing day of sales and earnings for everyone involved with the program!

Thank you again for your continued loyalty and referrals to our program, without you we we wouldn't be where we are today!

Best New Hostgator Coupon

2010-09-20T20:45:00.000-07:00

Best New Hostgator Coupon

Below you will find all the latest hostgator coupons work for all packages Hostgator - shared hosting, reseller hosting and dedicated servers

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Hostgator Coupon Code	Offer/Discount/Deal	How to Order for Less?	Last Checked
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Hostgator Coupon Code	Offer/Discount/Deal	How to Order for Less?	Last Checked
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Hostgator Coupon Code	Offer/Discount/Deal	How to Order for Less?	Last Checked
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Add this site now for all regularly updated and verified the validity hostgator coupon codes
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How to Find Keyword effectively for a beginner.

2010-09-20T19:33:00.000-07:00

How to Find Keyword effectively for a beginner.
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► https: / / adwords.google.com / select / KeywordToolExternal.
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Finally, he will Niche Long Tail Keyword on the line over there that could have made money future.Keyword then have to create the article or to the dominant Submit it (SEO focused accordance with as highlighting the major, each tiny number of Keyword, etc.).
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Keyword analysis process used to live.

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Keyword analysis process used to live.

Suppose that the keyword term digital download (actually it is the way I'm looking for. I think that I should write to the Capture screen) you may find quite the same time multiple. But I do recommend that each better.
Figure 0.1.

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Figure 0.2.

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Figure 0.3.

By Figure 0.3 is scheduled for display for use with Adsense Keyword

Figure 0.4

By Figure 0.4 is scheduled for display for use with Amazon Keyword

Figure 0.5

Figure 0.5 shows the results for the Keyword you selected.

Figure 0.6

By Figure 0.6 is the type of the Keyword Keyword to match demand First advisable Keyword General before the screening and bring back to Figure 1, but display a "phrase" to get the Niche Keyword matching and more.

Figure 0.7

Figure 0.7 is based on Keyword and interest can be satisfied. Export to a file store. Used to analyze Keyword analysis with the other more Keyword to get a chance to really make money.

If there is time to do very much better in the case that the Keyword Analysis Keyword Analysis in conjunction with other programs such as Market Samurai, Micro Niche Finder or other applications. Because each application will vary depending on features. Not to bind to a specific program is. Each program to be used with its outstanding capabilities. Will have greater effect. (For I rarely do, because this process was really time-consuming. But the good ).
Unaware may find your problems Keyword gold. I use the Keyword valuable and click on $ 5 - $ 8 a month of living. Prior to being competitive and pressure drop
I emphasize again that the method above is not formula I . That must always successful. Depends on several factors, but if I like a good Keyword Shop on if the road is like a bad Keyword Soi Open bottom. Get to the separation into a small soi.And important next step is.
1. Articles by Keyword SEO has to be the main, if Amazon is to insert the word motivation as distributed flyers advertising the same. Entered by .
2. Lid Link Exchange Buy Links Add signature to the employment sub-Smith took the right not Let Go Spam I .
3. Waiting period if the cover is quality Link Exchange (PR high Traffic and High) takes early last month, not just an impatient roll cover gradually add the article link indefinitely. Then the good itself . From start to see results in about 3-6 months .
4. If the Keyword to do a ranking ahead first, but does not sell, click No (to try installing the monitor, such as Google Analytics to analyze the cause again), most I found was Landin Page (Themes or Template. ) does not look suitable for work such as no more reliable Seem to play any input fill color image splendor and obscure the uniqueness of image products to it or put Ads (Ø Banner) blends too (color Ads in harmony with its tiny Chaweng Porma match where Ads are available in the type of Ads that blend. But the obvious point that links the Ads), or may be used to highlight the Ads for clarity. Which is best, it depends Themes or Template to be in general it does suggest that the vertical. Cool medium is best The past for me, I . For the beginner (like myself as well) all you lucky

Finally do not forget to follow up the table with each Keyword will not stray Walk and disciplined

Google Sitemap Generator

2009-12-08T19:51:00.001-08:00

NOTE: This Sitemap Generator has been completely revamped - It's awesome! It is now part of our Webmaster Tool, simply click on the webmaster tool image to start. Below you will find instructions for creating XML Sitemaps, Google Sitemaps and HTML sitemaps.

* Before you jump into this, you should read everything on this page.
* The SITEMAP GENERATOR respects sessions! If you are logged into your site and have delete privileges, the sitemap generator will follow all links, including 'delete links', so play it safe and make sure you are NOT logged into your website!
* In order to Generate Sitemaps, you'll need Sun's Java Runtime which is free and located here: http://www.java.com/en/download/manual.jsp
For other parts of the webmaster tool, such as checking your site for invalid links or finding out why it's not ranking well, visit the Webmaster Tools page.

You're probably here to generate a sitemap for your favorite search engine? At one time, Google had it's own sitemap format, Yahoo had their own version and everyone else was trying to catch up. Fortunately, a standard was developed for XML Sitemaps which are now accepted by Google, Yahoo and others.
There is still the traditional html sitemap, and we have taken that into consideration when building the sitemap generator; our webmaster tool provides you with the option to generate a XML sitemap or HTML sitemap – how you export (save) the file is up to you.
Creative website owners have been using sitemaps to get their content recognized by search engines for years; these html sitemaps predate Google and XML site maps. The nice thing about this type of sitemap is that it can be read by humans AND search engines.
To create these older style sitemaps, website owners need only use our program to generate an HTML sitemap, upload that file to their server's root directory (same location as the website's main page) and place a link to that file in their footer (bottom of the website's main page)

XML Sitemaps now the standard

A Google Sitemap (XML Sitemap) and the traditional sitemap differ in a number of ways. The XML sitemap is for made for search engines such as Yahoo, Google and MSN and when viewed by a human, it's not pretty.
The traditional sitemap (HTML Sitemap) is a graphical way to present your website's layout to humans to further aid in their navigation of your site.
If you want the search engines to see your webpages, a XML sitemap is the way to go. You can a Google sitemap (xml sitemap) and standard sitemap (html) running side by side and it will not negativly impact your site.

Why the Sitemap Generator

Google Sitemaps is a service that allows webmasters to submit an XML map of their site containing information such as change frequency, priority, date created and more. Google suggests a great sitemap program to create the site map, but you must have Python in order for it to run. For further reading on Google's program, visit Google Sitemaps FAQ.
I needed a way to accomplish this without installing Python or extra software on my server and Java was the perfect solution!

Free Site Map Builder

This free and easy to use site map builder is fast, efficient and allows you to build sitemaps that can instantly be submitted to Google. The only requirement is a popular browser that supports java, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox and others.

Sitemap Generator Overview

The easy way to create a Google or XML Sitemap is by watching our 60 second Webmaster Tool Video.
It's simple, just enter the website you would like to create a site map under the 'settings' tab, enter filters (if any), select any options (defaults work fine) and click the little green arrow to start crawling. The program will spider your site (nothing to do with spider bites:) and generate a sitemap using the default values, such as thread count of 5, include all files, etc. Care has been used to make sure the crawler does not follow external links :)
If you have a large site, you'll need to increase the memory allocated to the webmaster tool, more about this can be found on our forum and this 60 second video on Increasing Java Memory.

Sitemap Generator Details

This site map generator (now part of the webmaster tool) is loaded with tons of features and consists of six tabs:
'Project' tab - allows you to save and load your sitemap project. This can be very handy when building XML Sitemaps (or any type of sitemap for that matter). An example might be that your site is a few million pages long in size and you have access to a computer for a short period of time. Simply stop the job, save it out and open it later. Note: The project saves out as an XML file - don't confuse this with a XML Sitemap - they are NOT the same.
'Settings' tab - allows you to specify the way your site will be spidered and what will be included in your Google or XML sitemaps.

Project Name - This will be the name of your project
URL - The full address (including the http://) of the website you would like to create a Google or XML sitemap from
Filters - you can tell our tool to include or exclude certain files when building your HTML, Google or XML sitemap. All filters are case sensitive, so if you are trying to exclude .Jpg files, then use *.Jpg, not *.jpg, etc.
- Include Filter - This is a list of path patterns, asterisk (*) wildcard supported, case sensitive. When the sitemap generator / crawler is about to process a website, it is validated against all inclusion patterns. If none have matched then the location will not be processed and will not be included into sitemap. If you leave this area empty, then it is assumed that you want to include everything so that all locations will are processed (provided they conform to the rules listed below.
  Example:
  /dir1/* - process all files located below (recursively) directory "dir1"
  *.html - process all HTML files at any location
- Exclude Filter - Patterns included here will be excluded from processing. When the sitemap generator crawls a website, that site is validated against exclusion patterns. If any patterns match, the location will not be processed and included into Google sitemap.
  Say that you have a directory located at
  http://www.yoursite.com/private/messages.php?voice=112
  and you would like to prevent the messages.php from being included on the sitemap, then you would enter the following into the exclude filter
  */private/messages*
  Want to exclude everything in the private directory from being included in the sitemap? Enter the following
  */private/*
Rules - Allows you to set rules when creating your XML, HTML or Google Sitemap.
- Load From - Provides you with the option to process files from the entire server and below the initial directory which is specified by URL parameter. For example, if the URL parameter is a server address, this option does not effect the behavior of the google sitemap generator; However, if you enter a directory, say for example http://www.popupcheck.com/news/index.html, only files below /news directory will be processed including any sub directories.
- Respect Robots.txt file - you can tell the sitemap generator to honor this file or to ignore it.
- Respect Meta Robots.txt - you can do as this meta tag instructs or ignore it.
- Respect No Follow - If the sitemap builder finds a link with a no-follow tag, it will ignore or follow it depending on your selection.
- Ignore invalid links - If you find links that try to back up past your root directory, then you can choose to not include this in your sitemaps.
- Exclude images - Check this. Images will not be included anyway (not used)
- Download only new files - this works when you have a sitemap project that you have saved out
Options - Some cool stuff here and can be very important!
- Add skipped links to sitemap - when the webmaster tool crawls your site, it may find bad links. This option allows you to include those in the sitemap anyway.
- User agent - When you spider a site, you leave in the log files the name 'AuditMyPC Webmaster Tool' as the browser type. Some web hosting companies may block a browser if it is making too many requests. You can change the referrer (user agent) to something else by selecting from the drop down or typing it in!
- Max Level - the maximum depth the webmaster tool will dive down to when creating your sitemap. The default is all levels, but if you wanted to set it at 0, then only the root web pages would be found and included in your XML sitemap, if you have something like mysite.com/news/newat11.php then that file would be 1 deep and would not be included.

'Crawler' tab - Set the speed in which the sitemap is generated.

Request Delay - Our XML sitemap generator works extremely fast, the downside of this is that some internet service providers may find this places a heavy load on the server. If this is the case, then you can place delays between requests.
Connect Timeout - When building XML sitemaps which encounters pages that don't load or take too long, a timeout can be set.
Read Timeout - If the spider finds a page that goes on forever, you can specify a timeout for reading that page.
Transfer Rate - Each thread can transfer web pages at a very fast rate. You can tone that down a bit if necessary, but the default works fine.
Thread Count - The number of simultaneous crawling threads to run when creating the Google site map. This may significantly decrease overall crawling time if large number of threads are specified but will increase bandwidth usage - so use with caution or just run with the default.
Once you click on the button, crawling will begin and you'll be presented with status indicators for thread status, uri, values and more. All parameters are self explanatory and 'Finished' will appear once crawling is completed. You may stop the sitemap generation at any time by pressing the 'cancel' button.

'Sitemap' Tab - Contains a ton of information about each page and updates in real time. all the locations / files that have been crawled. Under the 'Sitemap' tab, you have sub-tabs, such as 'save sitemap', 'retry', 'row filter', 'column filter' and 'trees'.

Export - this is where you decide what type of sitemap you would like to build. You can choose 'URL Raw List', 'Delimited', 'XML File (not for sitemaps)', 'Sitemap XML (For creating sitemaps for Google, Yahoo and others) ', 'HTML Sitemap' and a 'HTML Report'.
Retry Failed - This option will retry to read pages from the sitemap that had problems on the last run
Row Filter - When building a sitemap (crawling a site), you can filter out rows based on just about anything you can thing of (see the question mark next to each item for details).
Column Filter - Save as the Row filter but for Columns.
Find - This allows you to search your xml sitemap for text.
You have the option to edit 'Modified', 'Change frequency' and 'Priority' cells for each row (or all rows - well get to that in a moment).
Listing of URLs (pages) - You'll see a listing of all your webpages that include items like Title, Status, Errors and more. For the Google sitemap, you can set the 'Change Frequency' and 'Change Priority' for on or multiple urls by highlighting the desired url(s) and right clicking, then choosing your option. You can also delete page from your Google or XML Sitemap by simply highlighting the desired urls and pressing your computer's delete key.
- Change frequency - Tells Google Sitemaps the frequency that content of a particular URL will change. Your options are "always", "hourly", "daily", "weekly", "monthly", "yearly" or "never". The value "always" should be used to describe documents that change each time they are accessed. The value "never" should be used to describe archived URLs.
- Priority - The priority of a particular URL relative to other pages on your site. You may select between 0.0 and 1.0, where 0.0 identifies the lowest priority page(s) on your website and 1.0 identifies the highest priority page(s) on your website.

The URL check, server headers and other parts of the tool are covered on the Webmaster Tools page.

How To Create Google Sitemap

To create a Google Sitemap, simply enter the full address of your website, select any sitemap options and choose 'Start Crawling".
When you have completed the crawling process and status reports finished, then select export under the sitemaps tab and choose Sitemap XML.
Enter the filename you would like the sitemap saved and click save (the default is sitemaps.xml which is fine).
You have now created a Google Compliant Sitemap and saved it to your computer - congratulations!
Now, you need to upload the new sitemap to your website. It seems every hosting company has a different method of doing this, but they are all basically the same:
Think of your sitemap.xml file as any htm (html, php or asp) file that you're going to place on your website.
There is probably some type of import option that your hosting company provides you - use it to move (FTP, Publish, etc) the sitemap.xml file from your computer onto your website. Place it in the same directory that holds the main page for your website.

Submit your Sitemap to Google

The final step is activating your Sitemap. Here's how:

Log into your Google Sitemaps account by visiting Google Sitemaps Account.
Click on the "Add a Sitemap" link.
Enter the URL for your Sitemap in the field, then click the [Submit URL] button.
Example: The URL for your Sitemap will be your website address, followed by the filename that you uploaded. For example, if I uploaded my 'sitemap.xml' file to my auditmypc.com site, the URL I would give to Google Sitemaps would be http://www.auditmypc.com/sitemap.xml

This will submit your Sitemap to the Google service. It may take Google a few hours to generate reports about your site, so be patient while they work their mojo.

How do I Resubmit my Sitemaps?

Initially, you just uploaded your site map file to your website and told Google the location of the site map. If you make a change, say add or delete information from the sitemap, you need to do the following:

Generate another sitemap with the same name as the original
Upload the sitemap file to your server just like before, but this time you will overwrite the original sitemap
Tell Google you have made a change to the sitemap – you can do this one of two ways:
- A) Sign into Google Sitemaps with your Google account and from the "Sitemaps" tab, select the checkbox beside it and click the "Resubmit Selected" button.
- B) Send Google an HTTP request by typing in a special address into your browser (also know as 'pinging google')

To resubmit your Sitemap using option B (a HTTP request), you simply enter the full location of your sitemap that you provided Google and place it into your browser (but, it must be encoded first! Here is how)
Enter the full address of your sitemap into the form below:
Example http://www.auditmypc.com/sitemap.xml
Click Encode URL
Copy the Encoded result and paste it into your browser's address bar (just like you would any website address).

Sitemap Encoder

Encoded Sitemap

Once you have entered the encoded sitemap address into your browser and pressed enter (or Go, etc), you'll receive a screen message from google telling you it has your information; Bookmark the address before you close it and next time you update your sitemap, just visit the bookmark. This saves you from having to go through this process again!

Encode your Google Sitemap

Although the form above encodes your sitemap url for you, you may be curious how exactly it works or want to manually encode your sitemap address.
As an example, if your Google Site Map is located at http://www.auditmypc.com/sitemap.htm, you'll enter the following website address into your browser:
www.google.com/webmasters/sitemaps/ping?sitemap=http://www.auditmypc.com/sitemap.htm
but, google asks that you encode the URL first.
You must URL Encode everything after the /ping?sitemap=
So, you'll actually enter:
www.google.com/webmasters/sitemaps/ping?sitemap=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auditmypc.com%2Fsitemap.htm
Notice how the '/' became '%3a', that's the hexadecimal representation of ':'. It's easier to just use the form on this page to encode your sitemap location :)
In Summary, take the address of your sitemap, enter it into the 'Site Map Location' area above and press 'Encode URL' button. Append the encoded result to the end of google sitemap url like this:
http://www.google.com/webmasters/sitemaps/ping?sitemap=[encoded result]

To decode a Google Site Map address, simply enter the encoded url into the 'Encoded Result' and press Decode URL
For more detail on how to resubmit the Google Sitemap, simply visit Google Sitemap.

Yahoo Sitemap Generator

Yahoo also has a sitemap program that allows you to submit a list of your webpages to Yahoo!
Create a Yahoo Sitemap xml file using our webmaster tool.
Use Yahoo Sitemap XML files to make sure that all your web pages are indexed by Yahoo. This can be done by creating a single xml file containing your sitemap. XML Sitemaps for Yahoo is a free service and easy to do.
To create your XML Sitemap file follow these steps:

Create the sitemap as normal using our Sitemap Generator (webmaster tool)
Click the 'Save Sitemap' tab located under the 'Sitemap' tab
Select 'Sitemap XML' to save it out as the name you would like and then upload the sitemap to your website
Submit your XML File to http://submit.search.yahoo.com/free/request

To use Yahoo Sitemaps, you will need a Yahoo account which is free. Then, add your website under 'My Sites'. Once in 'My Sites', click manage and add your Yahoo XML sitemap file that you just created.
You can provide Yahoo Sitemaps with a feed in the many formats other than XML (stick with XML).

RSS 0.9, RSS 1.0 or RSS 2.0, for example, CNN Top Stories
Sitemaps, as documented on www.sitemaps.org
Atom 0.3, Atom 1.0, for example, Yahoo! Search Blog
A text file containing a list of URLs, each URL at the start of a new line. The filename of the URL list file must be urllist.txt; for a compressed file the name must be urllist.txt.gz.

Yahoo Sitemaps is easy and a great way to get indexed on this search engine!

Top Sitemap Builder Suggestions

Suggestions (Thank You!) from users that have been using the Sitemap Generator and that have been incorporated into the application include:

Make XML Sitemaps for Yahoo Sitemaps, MSN and others.
Add a Google Sitemap URL Encoder / Decoder to help submit sitemaps.
Make the URL list sortable by clicking the column title. When generating a site map for larger sites, it can become overwhelming.
The ability to save your settings when you create a sitemap. The next time you generate a sitemap, you'll be able to refer to these settings.
Include in the sitemap program the ability to honor robots.txt files. When a site map is created, the program will look at its own filters first and then look at the website's robots.txt file if the option is selected.
Include in the sitemap builder the ability to honor meta tag robot rules. When a site map is generated, the program will look at its own filters first and then look at the website's robots.txt file and meta tag if the options are selected.

I want to thank everyone who has taken the time to suggest improvements!
Version history is included below.

Sitemap Bugs and Fixes

The current version is v1.2 realesed on 9/21/07. Major items fixed include supporting non-standard characters, updated Google Sitemap code and increased browser compatability with less popular browsers.

We provide free support on our Sitemap Generator Support Forum.
May 2007 - v1.1 Updated the sitemap generator so that when you export (save) your sitemap, it is in a format that is accepted by Google Sitemaps, Yahoo Sitemaps and other engines.
Feb 2006 - Sitemap Generator has been renamed to the AuditMyPC.com Webmaster Tool and is now at version 1.0. This new tool replaces the older sitemap generator and includes the ability to check sites for errors, server headers, XML sitemaps, and much more. If you select stay informed from the menu to your left, you'll be able to use this tool on your site. Those not on the list will still be able to use the old tool.
June 9th, 2006 - Latest Sitemap Generator update is now at version v2.32. Fixed a case sensitive issue that could cause some internal pages not to be recognized. Fixed a 'time out' problem where the site map generator would not stop or just hang.
May 19th, 2006 - Version 2.3 - Performance issues such as speed and calculations made.
May 18th, 2006 - Fixed a 'case' issue with the sitemap generator that would see urls with mixed case as different from urls with straight case. For example, if you entered AuditMyPC.com and the site has links pointing to auditmypc.com/firewalltest.asp, it would be considered and external link and excluded from the sitemap builder.
March 28th, 2006 - Version 1.7 released;

This version gives you the ability to look for and respect the rel='nofollow' tag. This tag is used to tell robots not to follow the link. The sitemap generator will now look for this tag and if found, will not include it when building a sitemap.
In rare configurations of the robots.txt file, the sitemap generator would not catch some entries.
Speed - enhancements to the speed at which generating sitemaps has been made and will also play a big part in the next major sitemap update.

December 1st, 2005 - Version 1.6 updated; when reading the robots.txt file, upper and lower case could cause a problem when building a sitemap. The sitemap generator is now case insensitive. Problem fixed.
October 28th, 2005 - Version 1.6 released; corrected a small bug that looks at a robots.txt file when generating a sitemap and if it sees 'disallow:', treats the command as disallow all. Although many people that generated sitemaps did not have this type of configuration, it forced the user to uncheck the 'Follow robots.txt rule'.
September 23rd, 2005 - Version 1.5 released; this addressed speed issues when building a sitemap.
September 14th, 2005 - Version 1.4 released; no bugs, site map cosmetic enhancements.
September 8th, 2005 - Fixed a bug where the sitemap generator would hang if spaces were found in the url.
July 27th, 2005 - Version 1.3 of Google Sitemap

Version 1.3 of the site map generator sports an entirely new skin, is more compact, has improved code and fixes a number of small bugs.
One of the biggest requests by users was greater detail when errors were discovered. If your website has any errors you will now have the ability to see exactly what caused the error when attempting to build a site map.
The number of invalid pages is easily identifiable. Each sitemap error can be expanded to see all related pages that point to that particular problem. You also have the ability to cut and paste Google Sitemap errors.

July 24th, 2005 - Updated site map submission instructions.
June 16th, 2005 - Identified and Fixed:

Drop downs appeared to be missing from the sitemap creator when the user changed format from 'Plain' and then switched back to 'XML' format.
Sometimes crawling startup failed when trying to generate a Google Sitemap.
When creating a Google sitemap from a website that contains more than 4,000 pages, the applet started to consume more system resources. The sitemap creator now supports up to 50,000 pages!
Added the ability to resize the site map applet to fit different size monitors.

June 15th, 2005 - Identified and fixed bug that when crawling over 3000 URLs, the Sitemap Generator would eventually drop down to one thread and may stop creating a sitemap entirely.

Google Site Map Generator v2

This version was RETIRED on 1/24/07 and was a major revision which included new features such as improved performance, the ability to ignore invalid relative links, ability to load from anywhere, max level, delay between requests, and the ability to save errors!

One of the most important and requested features have been the ability to regulate the speed with which the Google Sitemap Generator crawls a site. It's possible that some website hosting companies may view multiple requests in a short period of time as hostile; this could result in the sitemap not being generated correctly.
You now have the ability to place a value in seconds so that sitemap building requests are spaced out over time and more friendly.
We found a large number of sites have invalid links, such as../ rather than ./ which can create additional pages when combined with rewrites. Many of the users experiencing this problem thought it was our sitemap builder creating extra pages and was not aware it's actually a coding error on their site. Those users now have the ability to ignore these errors when building their Google Site Map.
We recommend you run the program without checking the 'Ignore invalid links' option to catch any errors. If our Google sitemap creator sees the file, so will the bots - it's a great way to make sure you're not generating duplicate content!
Another popular request was the ability to restrict the sitemap creator from going beyond (x) levels deep. For example, building a sitemap with a max level of 3 would go down three directories deep and ignore the rest of the sub directories.
By far the most requested enhancement is the ability to save out errors that have been reported when you build a site map. Site Map errors can now be saved so that you can review them later or work on them as time permits.
To access the new version of our free site map generator, simply click on our webmaster tool icon at the top of this page and you can start building your XML sitemap in minutes.

Sitemap Generator Support

Support for our Sitemap Builder can now be found on the Sitemap Generator page of our Forum. Listed below are some questions that may still be valid.

One of the major advantages of using this tool is that owners of websites find errors they never knew existed on their sites! These errors most often prevent sites from being indexed by Google, Yahoo MSN and others! Once fixed, site owners usually notice a major increase in search engine traffic!
It starts off with trying to make a sitemap for Google and discovering that the sitemap generator simply stops at the main page and doesn't find other pages within the site.
It is this very problem that people often write to me about. Almost always, after reviewing their site, I discover web pages that are missing beginning or ending tags, such as html, head and body tags.
I also discover that a large number of site owners are accidentally blocking robots from visiting their page. In the sitemap builder, you'll notice that there is an option to honor robots.txt files and no follow tags.
If you're having a problem with the sitemap builder and your page is formatted correctly, try deselecting the robots and no follow options. If this works, then the problem is with one of these items.
Every attempt has been made to make our webmaster tool behave as the search engine robots do when spidering a site. There are standards that each search engine subscribes to when reading websites and we subscribe to that same data. The point is, if we catch the errors, it's a very real possibility that the search engines will also.
A perfect example would be a hosting company blocking our spider because it's going to fast - chances are, the hosting provider is also doing this to the search engine robots and could be preventing them from seeing your entire site (which could lead to poor ratings). - See changing user agent above for solutions to this problem.

Creating a Sitemap - Common Questions

* Support for our XML Sitemaps and other site maps is now located on our forum.

Question: I have created a sitemap and it includes files that I want hidden from Yahoo and Google. If I take them out of the sitemap, then the search engines won't see them, correct?
Answer: Wrong – If the sitemap builder finds these pages that you want hidden, so will Yahoo, Google and other search engines. Sure, you can exclude them from the sitemap, but the problem is that you have links on your site to these files you want hidden.
You need to exclude them in your robots.txt file. My sitemap builder will respect the robots.txt file (obey it), just like the search engines and prevent them from being included in the site map.

Common Sitemap Builder Problems

* Our sitemap forum has up to date problems and solutions, the ones listed below are dated but still apply
Problem: You enter your website address and nothing happens.
Solution: Is that really your website's main page? For example, you might have entered http://www.mysite.com as the address, but if you type this in the browser and you end up at http://www.mysite.com/main/index.shtm, then you have a landing page that is different than your website address.
In this case, you would enter http://www.mysite.com/main/index.shtm as the site address.
Problem: I want to exclude images and css files.
Solution: enter the following in the exclude area:
*.jpg
*.bmp
*.gif
*.css
Problem: Site Map Generation slows down after 20,000 pages
Solution: Some webmasters have noticed that during a crawl of a very large site, the sitemap generator may slow down after spidering about 14,000 urls. This can happen if the site is heavily nested or has a complex linking structure.
People who experience this lag usually have rapid applet memory consumption and need to increase the amount. The site map builder by default is limited to 50-100m which can quickly be consumed on a complex web site.
To solve this problem, you can increase the amount of memory used by the site map builder. Simply navigate to the control panel and click on the Java Icon. Then, inside the Java Control Panel, click on the Java Tab, Java Applet Runtime Settings, View and then in the Java Runtime Parameters cell, enter '-Xmx256m'.
You can take it a step further when building a sitemap (if you're still having problems) and enter '-Xmx512m'.
Problem: You enter your website address and the site map builder stops immediately.
Solution: This is caused because your main page is redirected to another page (landing page). For example, you may have yoursite.com being redirected to yoursite.com/sales/products/sindex.htm
If this happens to you, simply enter your website address into your browser and notice where you are redirected to; take that redirected website address and enter it into the sitemap generator.
In the example I used above, you would enter:
yoursite.com/sales/products/sindex.htm
into the sitemap generator.
Problem: The sitemap generator misses a few or many files.
Solution: If you are having problems building a sitemap, it may be due to your Robots.txt file or your Metatag. Try unchecking the Follow robots.txt rules and/ or meta name robots rules.
Problem: I can't see the webmaster tool graphic button, so I can't start the test.

Solution: If that's the case, then your browser settings may be preventing sitemap generation.
In IE, look under Tools, Internet Options, Security, Custom Level, Scripting of Java applets and choose prompt. Active scripting should be enabled as well.
In Firefox, look under tools, options, web features and make sure the Enable Java and JavaScript is selected.
If after trying these you still have a problem, please let me know and I will do my best to get you up and running.
Problem: Google Sitemap Invalid Date Error Message
Solution: If you get an 'invalid date' when you submit your sitemap, check to make sure that the time in not in the future. A common mistake is to not to account for daylight savings when creating the sitemap, so make sure you use the time zone for your server and not the local timezone.
Note: This sitemap generator runs on your PC and not the server.

The Top 10 Blogger Template

2009-12-08T19:36:00.000-08:00

I Feel Dirty

Demo | Download

Grunge2

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Pyrmont V2

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iNove

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Probama

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Black Minimalism

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Glued Ideas Subtle

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Ocean Mist

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Green Marinee

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Top Secret

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Microsoft brings WordPress onto its cloud: Automattic blogs will go Azure

2009-11-21T05:20:00.001-08:00

At Microsoft (MSFT) Professional Developers Conference on Tuesday, company CTO Ray Ozzie (pictured) took the stage to talk about his company's latest endeavor into cloud computing. WindowsAzure called, this new offering from Microsoft will allow companies to write code on a cloud-based operating system that runs in data centers at Microsoft. After a year of testing, Azure is scheduled to go live in January, with paying customers on board in February.

Microsoft is playing catchup in the kingdom of clouds. Amazon (AMZN) and Google (GOOG) have both been running live-cloud computing offerings for over a year and have gained considerable traction with Internet companies and IT organizations that seek to avoid the limitations of physical servers, maintenance contracts for hardware and static bandwidth. The big surprise that Ozzie has presented, however, was not technology. In reality it was a customer: Automattic, the software of hot blog hosting company that is behind the popular WordPress platform.

Founder and CEO Matt Mullenweg Automattic took the stage with Ozzie to talk about why he chose to use for distributed Azure hosting for WordPress blogs and the millions of its customers are online. Automattic is known as a strong supporter of Open Source technologies. Mullenweg WordPress to run primarily built on top of open source software such as Linux, the MySQL database and the Apache Web server. Yet there he was on stage with Ozzie connect Microsoft. Huh?

Well, it seems like Microsoft has got his mojo back, maybe the worm has finally turned to the beat-down giant in Redmond. Early indications from the launch of Windows 7 is going to be a success for Microsoft and CEO Steve Ballmer. Wall Street analysts have been upgrading the stock, which hit 52 weeks high. Now it appears that Ozzie and his team of heads of propellers are finally in the future of Microsoft as an on-demand software and services giant clean and ready for the public.

As an early leader in Lotus back when that company was setting standards for collaboration tools, Ozzie has long enjoyed the status of cult hero among programmers, techies and venture capitalists. And he was seen within Microsoft, as the teacher cloud, the man who has pushed hard to move the Redmond company beyond its box-thinking software and a coming kingdom in which the software very little runs on PC. Rather, all software will be run remotely over the Internet in a data center - in the cloud, so to speak.

Cloud-computing revenues have remained low compared to revenues from software licenses earthly and sales of servers and data storage equipment. Amazon, probably the leader in cloud-computing services, is on track to make just $ 200 million in revenues from services cloud in 2009, according to the cloud computing Cloudscaling blog. And out of a pool of total revenue of over 20 billion U.S. dollars during that period.

But the pool of global cloud-computing service revenues is somewhere north of 17 billion U.S. dollars between different suppliers, according to tech tracker IDC. And if the cloud computing, like most other IT areas, consolidating to a handful of suppliers in a short period of time, then Microsoft could be in a good position to get a nice chunk of what he says IDC will almost triple in a market of 44 billion U.S. dollars within four years. The result? Microsoft may end up hitting on all cylinders, with its server and desktop software lines of business benefiting from a very refreshing in the coming years, and his efforts to touch the cloud - and nail the customers down, as Automattic - giving both big revenues and a return to prominence as a serious machine with legs of growth and a stock chart for correspondence.

Alex Salkever is Senior Writer for AOL Financial Daily on technologies and GreenTech. Follow me on Twitter @ alexsalkever, read his articles, or e-mail him alex@dailyfinance.com

Privacy policy

2009-09-24T02:39:00.001-07:00

Thank you for visiting our web site. This privacy policy tells you how we use personal information collected at this site. Please read this privacy policy before using the site or submitting any personal information. By using the site, you are accepting the practices described in this privacy policy. These practices may be changed, but any changes will be posted and changes will only apply to activities and information on a going forward, not retroactive basis. You are encouraged to review the privacy policy whenever you visit the site to make sure that you understand how any personal information you provide will be used.
Note: the privacy practices set forth in this privacy policy are for this web site only. If you link to other web sites, please review the privacy policies posted at those sites.
What information do we collect?
We collect information from you when you visit our site.
Like most websites, we use cookies and/or web beacons to enhance your experience, gather general visitor information, and track visits to our website. Please refer to the ‘do we use cookies?’ section below for information about cookies and how we use them.
What do we use your information for?
Any of the information we collect from you may be used in one of the following ways:
• To personalize your experience (your information helps us to better respond to your individual needs)
• To improve our website (we continually strive to improve our website offerings based on the information and feedback we receive from you)
• To improve customer service (your information helps us to more effectively respond to your customer service requests and support needs)
• To administer a contest, promotion, survey or other site feature
Do we use cookies?
Yes (Cookies are small files that a site or its service provider transfers to your computers hard drive through your Web browser (if you allow) that enables the sites or service providers systems to recognize your browser and capture and remember certain information
We use cookies to understand and save your preferences for future visits, keep track of advertisements and compile aggregate data about site traffic and site interaction so that we can offer better site experiences and tools in the future. We may contract with third-party service providers to assist us in better understanding our site visitors. These service providers are not permitted to use the information collected on our behalf except to help us conduct and improve our business.
If you prefer, you can choose to have your computer warn you each time a cookie is being sent, or you can choose to turn off all cookies via your browser settings. Like most websites, if you turn your cookies off, some of our services may not function properly. However, you can still place orders by contacting customer service.
DoubleClick DART Cookie
Google, as a third party vendor, uses cookies to serve ads on your site.
Google’s use of the DART cookie enables it to serve ads to your users based on their visit to your sites and other sites on the Internet.
Users may opt out of the use of the DART cookie by visiting the Google ad and content network privacy policy at the following URL - http://www.google.com/privacy_ads.html
Do we disclose any information to outside parties?
We do not sell, trade, or otherwise transfer to outside parties your personally identifiable information. This does not include trusted third parties who assist us in operating our website, conducting our business, or servicing you, so long as those parties agree to keep this information confidential. We may also release your information when we believe release is appropriate to comply with the law, enforce our site policies, or protect ours or others rights, property, or safety. However, non-personally identifiable visitor information may be provided to other parties for marketing, advertising, or other uses.
Third party links
Occasionally, at our discretion, we may include or offer third party products or services on our website. These third party sites have separate and independent privacy policies. We therefore have no responsibility or liability for the content and activities of these linked sites. Nonetheless, we seek to protect the integrity of our site and welcome any feedback about these sites.
Security
We follow accepted industry standards to protect any personal information you have provided to us. However, please be aware that no method of electronic storage can ever be 100% secure. Therefore as is the case with any organization - we are not in a position to guarantee the absolute security of your information.
You may submit any questions you may have about our security procedures by contact us via Post a Comment.
Online Privacy Policy Only
This online privacy policy applies only to information collected through our website and not to information collected offline.
Your Consent
By using our site, you consent to our web site privacy policy.
Changes to our Privacy Policy
If we decide to change our privacy policy, we will post those changes on this page.

How to Remove Your Post Date, Time and/or Author

2009-09-05T19:58:00.000-07:00

There are some reason for bloger to hide Post date, time and author. May be they want to see their blog looks clear or everything. Now I will show you the trick to "hide your post date, time and or author". the mothods is very simple, just find the code that I pointed to you and delete it. You can chose which part want to delete, date only, time only, author only or it all. Ok, if you decided to do it lets begin the hack.

1. Login to blogger the go to "Layout --> Edit HTML"
2. Click on the "Download Full Template" to back up your template first.
3. Check on the "Expand Widget Templates" check box.

Hide Post Date
find this code and delete it.
<data:post.dateHeader/>.

Hide Post Time
find this code and delete it.
<span class='post-timestamp'>
<b:if cond='data:top.showTimestamp'>
<data:top.timestampLabel/>
<b:if cond='data:post.url'>
<a class='timestamp-link' expr:href='data:post.url' rel='bookmark'
title='permanent link'><abbr class='published'
expr:title='data:post.timestampISO8601'><data:post.timestamp/></abbr></a>
</b:if>
</b:if>
</span>.

Hide Post Author
find this code and delete it.
<span class='post-author vcard'>
<b:if cond='data:top.showAuthor'>
<data:top.authorLabel/>
<span class='fn'><data:post.author/></span>
</b:if>
</span>
.

5. Save your editting

Bunny's Technorati Tags

2009-08-25T01:49:00.000-07:00

Bunny's Technorati Tags ¶

best way to install and keep up-to-date is through the PluginManager
Download version 0.5 zip
View source code

Now works with Wordpress 2.0'''

If you find a bug or want to suggest an improvement/enhancement, fill in a ticket!

Description and Installation ¶

Bunny’s Technorati Tags provides you with template function to easily display Technorati tags for your posts. The tags are stored in a Custom Field, so this plugin does not require any modifications of the database structure. The plugin adds a text input for that custom field in the appropriate admin pages.

Once you’ve installed and activated the plugin (manually or with the PluginManager), enter a space-separated list of tags in the 'tags' field, and place the following code in your template where you want the list of tags to appear:

If you're not happy with the default formatting, you can pass parameters to the_bunny_tags($before, $after, $separator) like this, for example:

', '

'); ?>

The default formatting is equivalent to:

Tags: ', '

', ', '); ?>

You can add a css style rule for .tags if you wish -- I personally just style it like .categories.

If you’re like me and you’ve been painfully entering comma-separated keywords for your posts using a Custom Field of same name, you can ask the plugin to use these keywords if there are no tags available for a given post. To do that, edit the plugin file and change the line under SETTINGS so that it reads:

$bunny_strict=false;

Feedback welcome!

You can now use multi-word tags by joining them together with a "+" sign.

Issues and Warnings ¶

If your blog is not utf-8, and you use accented characters in tags, your tags may not get indexed correctly by Technorati.
Plugin written for 1.5, now updated for 2.0!
Template function the_bunny_keyword_tags(), present in previous versions, has been removed. Use the_bunny_tags() instead, with a $bunny_strict=false setting.
Important: you need to specify 'full text' under Options > Reading for syndication feeds, or your tags will not be indexed''' (If somebody has a fix that adds tags in the fields, let me know.)

This Plugin Elsewhere ¶

You can download and install this plugin in 1-click if you have the PluginManager.

Please link to the present page if you want to link to the plugin.

Who's talking about it? ¶

Similar Plugins ¶

TechnoTag

Download in other formats:

Plain Text

Creating Unique Websites With Blogger (Paperback)

2009-07-31T09:41:00.000-07:00

Creating Unique Websites With Blogger (Paperback)

by Clarence Galapon (Author)

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List Price:	$17.98
Price:	$17.98 & eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping on orders over $25. Details
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Product Description
This book offers an easy way for anyone (within reason) to get started with blogging through Google's Blogger and making his/her Blogger website truly a unique, personalized, and professional-looking website. This book features five examples of unique websites that were created with Blogger. This book has a companion website. Through its companion website, this book is extended in so many ways. For example: 1) dynamic content; 2) you can ask the author; 3) you may post (with the author's permission). You also have a chance to interact with the author via the website's Blog area (for members only; the Blog was created using Blogger!). The purchase of this book is your ticket to the members-only (password protected) section of the companion website.

Product Details

Paperback: 122 pages
Publisher: lulu.com (April 23, 2009)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 055706645X
ISBN-13: 978-0557066452
Product Dimensions: 9 x 6 x 0.3 inches
Shipping Weight: 8.5 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review: No customer reviews yet. Be the first.

Free Blogger Template

2009-07-29T19:14:00.000-07:00

Free Blogger Elegant Bleu Magazine Blog Template

Free Download!

Free Blogger Dark Green Columns Web2.0 Template

Free Download!

Free Blogger Brown Garden Bird Web2.0 Template

Free Download!

Free Blogger Bleu Light Simple Web2.0 Template

Free Download!

Free WordPress Themes

2009-07-29T18:47:00.000-07:00

Free Wordpress Bleu White Elegant Theme Template

Free Download!

Free Wordpress Bleu Adsense Money Theme Template

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Free Wordpress Black Out Web 2.0 Theme

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Free Wordpress Balloons Black Web2.0 Theme

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Adsense friendly template 3 column clean

2009-07-27T05:58:00.000-07:00

Adsense friendly template 3 column clean

Support Adsense for search. friendly

Coming soon !!! Demo site

Remove Showing posts with label

2009-07-23T11:08:00.000-07:00

How to Remove Showing Posts With Label Blogger i.e Show all posts icon when we click on the labels link. If you dont like the section below in picture in your blog , then read below how to remove it from your blogspot.

1. Go To Edit Html > Click Expand Widgets

Search for below codes

<b:includable id='status-message'>
<b:if cond='data:navMessage'>
<div class='status-msg-wrap'>
<div class='status-msg-body'>
<data:navMessage/>
</div>
<div class='status-msg-border'>
<div class='status-msg-bg'>
<div class='status-msg-hidden'><data:navMessage/></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style='clear: both;'/>
</b:if>
</b:includable>

And now replace above codes with below

<b:includable id='status-message'>
<b:if cond='data:navMessage'>
<div>
</div>
<div style='clear: both;'/>
</b:if>
</b:includable>

Just done . Now save it. You have Done.

HTML Code appears in posting

2009-07-22T02:57:00.001-07:00

Characters	Notation (Name Code)	Notation (Number Code)	Remarks
<	<	<	less-than sign
>	>	>	greater-than sign
&	&	&	and
"	"	"	Double quote
±	±	±	Plus minus sign
Space			nonbreaking space
©	©	©	copyright
®	®	®	Registered

How to create a three column template in Blogger

2009-07-22T01:36:00.000-07:00

The Minima template is the easiest Blogger template to customise, as this is the simplest two column template, and has few parameters regarding margins, padding and the like. Once you have developed the third column, it will then be easier to alter font-size, colours and such so leave this until later on. We're going to concentrate on the actual layout first.

First of all, set your template to Minima (not the stretch template, but any colour will do!), then follow these instructions:

Go to Template>Edit HTML, leaving the "Expand widget templates" box unchecked.
Now, find this section in the HTML code: #sidebar-wrapper { width: 220px; float: right; word-wrap: break-word; /* fix for long text breaking sidebar float in IE */ overflow: hidden; /* fix for long non-text content breaking IE sidebar float */ } Copy this entire section, and paste it directly below. We're going to change the elements I've highlighted in red to the following: #<span>left-sidebar-wrapper</span> (this makes the css for this section unique) float: <span>left</span> (this will make the new sidebar float to the left of the main column) This will provide the styling for the new sidebar element which we will create next.
Now, you need to find this section further down the page: <div id="'main-wrapper'">. Immedietly before this section, you should paste the following piece of code: <div id="'left-sidebar-wrapper'"> <b:section class="'sidebar'" id="'left-sidebar'" preferred="'yes'/"> </div> Let me explain the elements of this code to help you understand what we've just done:
- This section tells the browser that the left-sidebar element exists here, and to look in the css for the appropriate styling for this element.
- This tells the browser the class of the sidebar element and all other elements (widgets) which may be included in this section. The ID of this element must be "left-sidebar" in order to make it unique, otherwie this would cause problems when viewing. It is preferred so that it will feature in the layout, even if no widgets are placed within it.
If you preview your template, you will notice that the right sidebar will be beneath the main section at the moment. This is because the outer-wrapper is still only wide enough to accomodate one sidebar. So now we need to expand the oputer wrapper to accomodate this new sidebar. Find this section in the HTML code: /* Outer-Wrapper ----------------------------------------------- */ #outer-wrapper { width: <span style="color:red;">660</span>px; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; text-align:left; font: $bodyfont; }We need to increase the width of the wrapper by the width of the left-sidebar-wrapper, in this case 220px. So, change the value in red to 880px.
You may also want to change the width of the header-wrapper to 880px so that it spans the new width of your blog: #header-wrapper { width:<span>880</span>px; margin:0 auto 10px; border:1px solid $bordercolor; }
At this point, you should save your template. At present, your new sidebar will not be seen as there are no widgets contained within it, though it will still be present in the markup of the page. Once you have saved your template, go to Template>Page elements in your Blogger dashboard.
Your layouts section should now look something like this: You can now add a page element (or two) to your new left sidebar.
But we aren't quite finished yet! If you add anything to this left sidebar, you will probably notice that it jams right up to the main section, like this: This is because there is no space defined between the left-sidebar and the main section. We need to create this space in the template's HTML. To do this, we will add a margin to the left hand side of the main posts section. Find the following code in your template's HTML and add the code defined in red: #main-wrapper { width: 410px; float: left; <span><strong>margin-left: 20px;</strong></span> word-wrap: break-word; /* fix for long text breaking sidebar float in IE */ overflow: hidden; /* fix for long non-text content breaking IE sidebar float */ }This defines a margin space of 20px between the left-sidebar and the main column. You should also ensure you adjust thw width of the outer-wrapper from 880px to 900px to ensure the width of your blog is enough to accomodate this margin too. Either that, or you could reduce the width of your main column/a sidebar by 20px to serve the same purpose. Now, your previewed template should look more like this:
Finally, save your template and enjoy your new sidebar!

The same principles described here can help you create a three column template from any Blogger template, though you may find that you'll need to adjust the width, margins and padding for your new sidebar in order for it to look the way you would like.

Also, you can configure your new sidebar to float to the right, and have two sidebars on the right of the main column if you prefer. Simply set the CSS of your new sidebar to float: right; instead.

Here is a download of the three column Minima template for reference (or if you prefer to use a preconfigured template instead!):

CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3

2009-07-21T06:11:00.000-07:00

1. Introduction

This section is not normative.

When elements are rendered according to the CSS box model [CSS21], each element is either not displayed at all, or formatted as one or more rectangular boxes. Each box has a rectangular content area, a band of padding around the content, a border around the padding, and a margin outside the border. (The margin may actually be negative, but margins have no influence on the background and border.)

The various areas and edges of a typical box. (This diagram is explained in the CSS2.1 Box Model chapter [CSS21].)

The child elements of an element usually create boxes of their own, that are placed inside the content area of their parent, although they may also be placed outside it.

The reason an element may result in more than one box, is that elements may be broken at the end of a line (for inline elements), at the end of a column or at the end of a page and create further boxes in the next line, column or page.

The properties of this module deal with the contents of the border area and with the background of the content, padding and border areas.

That background may be fully transparent (the default), or it may be filled with a color, one or more images, or both images and color. The background properties specify what color ( ‘background-color’) and images ( ‘background-image’) to use, where they are placed ( ‘background-position’), whether they are repeated or scaled ( ‘background-repeat’, ‘background-size’), etc.

The ‘border-image’ property can also define a background image, which, if present, is added on top of that of the background properties.

The border can either be a predefined style (solid line, double line, dotted line, pseudo-3D border, etc.) or it can be an image. In the former case, three properties define the style of the four border sides ( ‘border-style’), color ( ‘border-color’) and thickness ( ‘border-width’). In the latter case, the sides and corners are taken from the sides and corners of an image specified with ‘border-image’. The image can be sliced, scaled and stretched in various ways to fit the size of the border.

If an element is broken into multiple boxes, ‘border-break’ and ‘background-break’ define how the borders and background are divided over the various boxes.

There is also another kind of decoration that can be added to an element: a drop shadow, via the ‘box-shadow’ property.

2. Values

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS21].

‘’ values are defined in CSS Color Level 3 [CSS3COLOR].

‘’ values are defined by this specification as ‘’. (A future specification may expand the definition of ‘’ to allow other values, e.g. to define image slices.)

All other values are defined in CSS Level 2 Revision 1 [CSS21].

3. Background properties

3.1 Layering multiple background images

The background of a box can have multiple layers in CSS3. The properties ‘background-image’, ‘background-origin’, ‘background-clip’, ‘background-repeat’, ‘background-size’, and ‘background-position’ may have multiple comma-separated values. If the values are specified as follows:

background-image: w₁, w₂, w₃,…, w_M
background-repeat: x₁, x₂, x₃,…, x_R
background-size: y₁, y₂, y₃,…, y_S
background-position: s₁, s₂, s₃,…, s_P

then the number of layers is N = max(M, R, S, P)

Each of the properties is interpreted as if it had N values, by repeating the specified values like this:

background-image: w₁,…w_M, w₁,…w_M, w₁,… /* N values */
background-repeat: x₁,…x_R, x₁,…x_R, x₁,… /* N values */
background-size: y₁,…y_S, y₁,…y_S, y₁,… /* N values */
background-position: s₁,…r_P, s₁,…r_P, s₁,… /* N values */

This set of declarations:

background-image: url(flower.png), url(ball.png), url(grass.png);
background-position: center center, 20% 80%, top left;
background-origin: border-box, content-box;

has exactly the same effect as this set with the origin values repeated (displayed in bold for clarity):

background-image: url(flower.png), url(ball.png), url(grass1.png);
background-position: center center, 20% 80%, top left;
background-origin: border-box, content-box, border-box;

Likewise, this set of declarations:

background-image: url(red.png), url(blue.png);
background-repeat: repeat-x, repeat-y, repeat-y;
background-position: 20% 25%, 40% 10%, 50% 15%, 70% 40%, 90% 35%;

has the same effect as:

background-image: url(red.png), url(blue.png), url(red.png),
 url(blue.png), url(red.png);
background-repeat: repeat-x, repeat-y, repeat-y, repeat-x, repeat-y;
background-position: 20% 25%, 40% 10%, 50% 15%, 70% 40%, 90% 35%;

Each of the images is repeated, sized, and positioned according to the corresponding value in the other properties. The first image in the list is the layer closest to the user, the next one is painted behind the first, and so on. The background color, if present, is painted below all of the other layers.

3.2 The ‘`background-color`’ property

Name:	background-color
Value:	[ / ]? \| /
Initial:	transparent
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	the computed color(s)

This property sets the background color of an element. The color is drawn behind any background images. The color after the slash, if present, is used instead of the first color in the case the element's specified bottom-most background image, if any, cannot be drawn. This color is called the fallback color. If the color before the slash is missing, it is assumed to be ‘transparent’.

Example:

h1 { background-color: #F00 }
div { background-color: / white; } /* Equivalent to background-color: transparent / white; */

Both the normal color and the fallback color are clipped according to the ‘background-clip’ value associated with the bottom-most background image.

3.3 The ‘`background-image`’ property

Name:	background-image
Value:	[ \| none ] [ , [ \| none ] ]*
Initial:	none
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	as specified, but with URIs made absolute

This property sets the background image(s) of an element. Images are drawn with the first specified one on top (closest to the user) and each subsequent image behind the previous one.

A value of ‘none’ counts as an image layer but draws nothing. An image that is empty (zero width or zero height), that fails to download, or that cannot be displayed (e.g., because it is not in a supported image format) has the same effect as ‘none’.

See the section “Layering multiple background images” for how ‘background-image’ interacts with other comma-separated background properties to form each background image layer.

Some examples specifying background images:

body { background-image: url("marble.svg") }
p { background-image: none }
div { background-image: url(tl.png), url(tr.png) }

Implementations may optimize by not downloading and drawing images that are not visible (e.g., because they are behind other, fully opaque images).

3.4 The ‘`background-repeat`’ property

Name:	background-repeat
Value:	[ , ]*
Initial:	repeat
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	as specified

Specifies how background images are tiled after they have been sized and positioned. The type stands for:

repeat-x | repeat-y | [repeat | space | round | no-repeat]{1,2}

Single values for have the following meanings:

repeat-x: Equivalent to ‘repeat no-repeat’.
repeat-y: Equivalent to ‘no-repeat repeat’.
repeat: Equivalent to ‘repeat repeat’.
no-repeat: Equivalent to ‘no-repeat no-repeat’
space: Equivalent to ‘space space’
round: Equivalent to ‘round round’

If a value has two keywords, the first one is for the horizontal direction, the second for the vertical one, as follows:

Should "positioning area" be "painting area" here or vice versa?

repeat: The image is repeated in this direction as often as needed to cover the background painting area.
no-repeat: The image is placed once and not repeated in this direction.
space: The image is repeated as often as will fit within the background positioning area without being clipped and then the images are spaced out to fill the area. The first and last images touch the edges of the area. If the background painting area is larger than the background positioning area, then the pattern repeats to fill the background painting area. The value of ‘background-position’ for this direction is ignored, unless there is not enough space for two copies of the image in this direction, in which case only one image is placed and ‘background-position’ determines its position in this direction.
round: The image is repeated as often as will fit within the background positioning area. If it doesn't fit a whole number of times, it is reduced in size until it does. See explanation under ‘background-size’. If the background painting area is larger than the background positioning area, then the pattern repeats to fill the background painting area.

Unless one of the two keywords is ‘no-repeat’, the whole background painting area will be tiled, i.e., not just one vertical strip and one horizontal strip.

body {
background: white url("pendant.png");
background-repeat: repeat-y;
background-position: center;
}

The effect of ‘repeat-y’: One copy of the background image is centered, and other copies are put above and below it to make a vertical band behind the element.

body {
background-image: url(dot.png) white;
background-repeat: space
}

The effect of ‘space’: the image of a dot is tiled to cover the whole background and the images are equally spaced.

See the section “Layering multiple background images” for how ‘background-repeat’ interacts with other comma-separated background properties to form each background image layer.

3.5 The ‘`background-attachment`’ property

Name:	background-attachment
Value:	scroll \| fixed \| local [, scroll \| fixed \| local]*
Initial:	scroll
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	as specified

If background images are specified, this property specifies whether they are fixed with regard to the viewport (‘fixed’) scroll along with the element (‘scroll’ and ‘local’).

The difference between ‘scroll’ and ‘local’ is only visible when the element has a scrolling mechanism (see the ‘overflow’ property [CSS21]): in the case of ‘scroll’, the background does not scroll with the element's content. (It is attached to the element's border, as it were.) In the case of ‘local’, the background scrolls along with the element's content. In this case, the background behind the element's border (if any) scrolls as well, even though the border itself does not scroll with the contents. The UA may, however, treat the ‘no-clip’ and ‘border-box’ values of ‘background-clip’ as ‘padding-box’ in cases where ‘background-attachment’ is ‘local’ and the contents of the element scroll.

Even if the image is fixed, it is still only visible when it is in the background painting area of the element or otherwise unclipped. Thus, unless the image is tiled, it may be invisible.

This example creates an infinite vertical band that remains “glued” to the viewport when the element is scrolled.

body {
background: red url("pendant.gif");
background-repeat: repeat-y;
background-attachment: fixed;
}

User agents that do not support ‘fixed’ backgrounds (for example due to limitations of the hardware platform) should ignore declarations with the keyword ‘fixed’. For example:

body {
/* For all UAs: */
background: white url(paper.png) scroll;
/* For UAs that do fixed backgrounds: */
background: white url(ledger.png) fixed;
}
h1 {
/* For all UAs: */
background: silver;
/* For UAs that do fixed backgrounds: */
background: url(stripe.png) fixed, white url(ledger.png) fixed;
}

See the section “Layering multiple background images” for how ‘background-attachment’ interacts with other comma-separated background properties to form each background image layer.

3.6 The ‘`background-position`’ property

Name:	background-position
Value:	[ , ]*
Initial:	0% 0%
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	refer to size of background positioning area minus size of background image; see text
Media:	visual
Computed value:	If one or two values are specified, for a the absolute value, otherwise a percentage. If three or four values are specified, two pairs of a keyword plus a length or percentage.

If background images have been specified, this property specifies their initial position within their corresponding background positioning area.

The stands for:

[
[ [  |  | left | center | right ] ]
[ [  |  | top | center | bottom ] ]?
|
[ center | [ left | right ] [  |  ]? ] ||
[ center | [ top | bottom ] [  |  ]? ]
]

If only one value is specified, the second value is assumed to be ‘center’. If two values are given and at least one value is not a keyword, then the first value represents the horizontal position (or offset) and the second represents the vertical position (or offset). and values here represent an offset of the top left corner of the background image from the top left corner of the background positioning area.

If three or four values are given, then each or represents an offset and must be preceded by a keyword, which specifies from which edge the offset is given. For example, ‘background-position: bottom 10px right 20px’ represents a ‘10px’ vertical offset up from the bottom edge and a ‘20px’ horizontal offset leftward from the right edge. If three values are given, the missing offset is assumed to be zero.

Positive values represent an offset inward from the edge of the background positioning area. Negative values represent an offset outward from the edge of the background positioning area.

The following declarations give the stated (horizontal, vertical) offsets from the top left corner:

   background-position: left 10px top 15px;   /* 10px, 15px */
background-position: left      top     ;   /*  0px,  0px */
background-position:      10px     15px;   /* 10px, 15px */
background-position: left          15px;   /*  0px, 15px */
background-position:      10px top     ;   /* 10px,  0px */
background-position: left      top 15px;   /*  0px, 15px */
background-position: left 10px top     ;   /* 10px,  0px */

Is this a reasonable syntax for specifying offsets from the bottom right corner? What do people think?

: A percentage for the horizontal offset is relative to (width background positioning area - width of background image). A percentage for the vertical offset is relative to (height background positioning area - height of background image), where the size of the image is the size given by ‘background-size’.

For example, with a value pair of ‘0% 0%’, the upper left corner of the image is aligned with the upper left corner of, usually, the box's padding edge. A value pair of ‘100% 100%’ places the lower right corner of the image in the lower right corner of the area. With a value pair of ‘75% 50%’, the point 75% across and 50% down the image is to be placed at the point 75% across and 50% down the area.

Diagram of the meaning of ‘background-position: 75% 50%’.
: A length value gives a fixed length as the offset. For example, with a value pair of ‘2cm 1cm’, the upper left corner of the image is placed 2cm to the right and 1cm below the upper left corner of the background positioning area.
top: Equivalent to ‘0%’ for the vertical position if one or two values are given, otherwise specifies the top edge as the origin for the next offset.
right: Equivalent to ‘100%’ for the horizontal position if one or two values are given, otherwise specifies the right edge as the origin for the next offset.
bottom: Equivalent to ‘100%’ for the vertical position if one or two values are given, otherwise specifies the bottom edge as the origin for the next offset.
left: Equivalent to ‘0%’ for the horizontal position if one or two values are given, otherwise specifies the left edge as the origin for the next offset.
center: Equivalent to ‘50%’ (‘left 50%’) for the horizontal position if it is not otherwise given, or ‘50%’ (‘top 50%’) for the vertical position if it is.

The following ‘background’ shorthand declarations use keywords to set ‘background-position’ to the stated percentage values.

  body { background: url("banner.jpeg") right top }    /* 100%   0% */
body { background: url("banner.jpeg") top center }   /*  50%   0% */
body { background: url("banner.jpeg") center }       /*  50%  50% */
body { background: url("banner.jpeg") bottom }       /*  50% 100% */

In the example below, the (single) image is placed in the lower-right corner of the viewport.

  body {
 background-image: url("logo.png");
 background-attachment: fixed;
 background-position: 100% 100%;
 background-repeat: no-repeat;
}

With the ‘calc()’ notation from the Values and Units module [CSS3VAL], background positions can also be relative to other corners than the top left. E.g., the following puts the background image 10px from the bottom and 3em from the right:

background-position: calc(100% - 3em) calc(100% - 10px)

See the section “Layering multiple background images” for how ‘background-position’ interacts with other comma-separated background properties to form each background image layer.

3.7 The ‘`background-clip`’ property

Name:	background-clip
Value:	[border-box \| padding-box \| content-box \| no-clip] [ , [border-box \| padding-box \| content-box \| no-clip] ]*
Initial:	border-box
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	same as specified value

Determines the background painting area. Values have the following meanings:

padding-box

The background is painted within (clipped to) the padding box.

border-box

The background is painted within (clipped to) the border box.

content-box

The background is painted within (clipped to) the content box.

no-clip

The background painting area is defined to be the border box; however if the background image is not repeated in a particular direction, then the image is not clipped in that direction and may paint outside the border box. (Background images may still be clipped by ‘overflow’ or by the viewport.) A value of ‘no-clip’ for the bottommost image also clips the background color to the border box.

Note that the background is always drawn behind the border, if any. See “Elaborate description of Stacking Contexts” in [CSS21].

See the section “Layering multiple background images” for how ‘background-clip’ interacts with other comma-separated background properties to form each background image layer.

3.8 The ‘`background-origin`’ property

Name:	background-origin
Value:	[border-box \| padding-box \| content-box] [, [border-box \| padding-box \| content-box]]*
Initial:	padding-box
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	same as specified value

For elements rendered as a single box, specifies the background positioning area. For elements rendered as multiple boxes (e.g., inline boxes on several lines, boxes on several pages) specifies which boxes the ‘background-break’ operates on to determine the background positioning area(s).

padding-box: The position is relative to the padding box. (For single boxes ‘0 0’ is the upper left corner of the padding edge, ‘100% 100%’ is the lower right corner.)
border-box: The position is relative to the border box.
content-box: The position is relative to the content box.

If the ‘background-attachment’ value for this image is ‘fixed’, then this property has no effect: in this case the background positioning area is the initial containing block.

Note that if ‘background-clip’ is ‘padding-box’, ‘background-origin’ is ‘border-box’, and ‘background-position’ is top left (the initial value), then the top left of the background image will be clipped.

See the section “Layering multiple background images” for how ‘background-clip’ interacts with other comma-separated background properties to form each background image layer.

3.9 The ‘`background-size`’ property

Name:	background-size
Value:	[ [ \| \| auto ]{1,2} \| cover \| contain ] [ [ , [ \| \| auto ]{1,2} ] \| cover \| contain ]*
Initial:	auto
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	see text
Media:	visual
Computed value:	for the absolute value, otherwise as specified

Specifies the size of the background images. Values have the following meanings:

contain

Scale the image, while preserving its intrinsic aspect ratio (if any), to the largest size such that both its width and its height can fit inside the background positioning area.

cover

Scale the image, while preserving its intrinsic aspect ratio (if any), to the largest size such that both its width and its height can completely cover the background positioning area.

[ | | auto ]{1,2}

The first value gives the width of the corresponding image, the second value its height. If only one value is given the second is assumed to be ‘auto’.

A percentage is relative to the background positioning area.

An ‘auto’ value for one dimension is resolved by using the image's intrinsic ratio and the size of the other dimension, or failing that, using the image's intrinsic size, or failing that, treating it as 100%.

If both values are ‘auto’ then the intrinsic width and/or height of the image should be used, if any, the missing dimension (if any) behaving as ‘auto’ as described above. If the image has neither an intrinsic width nor an intrinsic height, its size is determined as for ‘contain’.

Negative values are not allowed. A size of zero is allowed, but causes the image not to be displayed. (The effect is the same as if it had been a transparent image.)

Here are some examples. The first example stretches the background image independently in both directions to completely cover the content area:

div {
 background-image: url(plasma.png);
 background-size: 100% 100%;
 background-origin: content-box }

The second example stretches the image so that exactly two copies fit horizontally. The aspect ratio is preserved:

p {
 background-image: url(tubes.png);
 background-size: 50% auto;
 background-origin: border-box }

This example forces the background image to be 15 by 15 pixels:

para {
 background-size: 15px 15px;
 background-image: url(tile.png)}

This example uses the image's intrinsic size. Note that this is the only possible behavior in CSS level 1 and 2.

body {
 background-size: auto;            /* default */
 background-image: url(flower.png) }

The following example rounds the height of the image to 25%, down from the specified value of 30%. At 30%, three images would fit entirely and a fourth only partially. After rounding, four images fit. The width of the image is 20% of the background area width and is not rounded.

p {
 background-image: url(chain.png);
 background-repeat: no-repeat round;
 background-size: 20% 30% }

If ‘background-repeat’ is ‘round’ for one (or both) directions, there is a second step. The UA must reduce the size in that direction (or both directions) so that the image fits a whole number of times in the background area. In the case of the width:

If X ≠ 0 is the width of the image after step one and W is the width of the background area, then the rounded width X' = W / ceil(W / X)

The height is analogous. ceil() is a function that returns its argument if it is a whole number, otherwise the next bigger whole number.

If ‘background-repeat’ is ‘round’ for one direction only and if ‘background-size’ is ‘auto’ for the other direction, then there is a third step: that other direction is scaled so that the original aspect ratio is restored.

In this example the background image is shown at its intrinsic size:

div {
background-image: url(image1.png);
background-repeat: repeat;         /* default */
background-size: auto }            /* default */

In the following example, the background is shown with a width of 3em and its height is scaled proportionally to keep the original aspect ratio:

div {
background-image: url(image2.png);
background-repeat: repeat;         /* default */
background-size: 3em }             /* = '3em auto' */

In the following example, the background is shown with a width of 3em or slightly smaller, so that it fits a whole number of times in the width of the background. The height is scaled proportionally to keep the original aspect ratio:

div {
background-image: url(image3.png);
background-repeat: round repeat;
background-size: 3em auto }

In the following example, the background image is shown with a width of 3em and a height that is either the height corresponding to that width at the original aspect ratio or slightly less:

div {
background-image: url(image4.png);
background-repeat: repeat round;
background-size: 3em auto }

In the following example, the background image is shown with a height of 4em or slightly less, so that it fits a whole number of times in the background height. The width is the width that correspond to a 4em height at the original aspect ratio or slightly less:

div {
background-image: url(image5.png);
background-repeat: round;
background-size: auto 4em }

See the section “Layering multiple background images” for how ‘background-clip’ interacts with other comma-separated background properties to form each background image layer.

3.10 The ‘`background-break`’ property

Name:	background-break
Value:	bounding-box \| each-box \| continuous
Initial:	continuous
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	same as specified value

This property applies to elements when they are broken into several boxes (for example, across lines or across pages). It specifies how the background positioning area is derived from these multiple boxes and how the element's background is drawn within them.

Values have the following meanings:

bounding-box

The background positioning area is the smallest rectangle that encloses all broken boxes of the element. If the boxes are on different pages, the pages are treated as one continuous page—as if their page content areas were glued together in the block progression direction of the root element (i.e. glued together top to bottom for horizontal writing mode)—and the rectangle drawn on this continuous page. If the page content areas have different widths, then they are aligned on the start edge (as defined by the properties applied to the root element). The background is only painted where indicated by ‘background-clip’.

each-box

The background is drawn independently in each box of the element. A no-repeat background image will thus be rendered once in each box of the element.

continuous

The effect is as if, after the element has been laid out (including any justification, bidi reordering, page breaks, etc.), all the element's boxes are taken and put one after the other in visual order. The background is applied to the bounding box of this composite box and then the boxes are put back, with their share of the background.

For boxes broken across lines, first boxes on the same line are connected in visual order. Then boxes on subsequent lines are ordered according to the {containing block's | element's} inline progression direction and aligned on the baseline. For example in a left-to-right containing block (‘direction’ is ‘ltr’), the first box is the leftmost box on the first line and boxes from subsequent lines are put to the right of it. In a right-to-left containing block, the first box is the rightmost on the first line and subsequent boxes are put to the left of it.

For boxes broken across columns, the the columns are treated as one continuous element, as if the column boxes were glued together in the block progression direction of the multi-column element. For boxes broken across pages, the page content areas are glued together in the block progression direction of the root element. In these cases, if the pieces have different widths (heights, if the root element / multi-column element is in vertical writing moode), then each piece draws its background assuming that the whole element has the same width (height) as this piece. This ensures that right-aligned images stay aligned to the right edge, left-aligned images stay aligned to the left edge, and centered images stay centered.

3.11 The ‘`background`’ shorthand property

Name:	background
Value:	[ , ]*
Initial:	see individual properties
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	see individual properties
Media:	visual
Computed value:	see individual properties

stands for:

<'background-image'>
|| <'background-position'>
|| / <'background-size'>
|| <'background-repeat'>
|| <'background-attachment'>
|| <'background-origin'>
|| no-clip

where ''/ <‘background-size’>‘ must occur after ’<‘background-position’>'' if both are present.

stands for:

< 'background-image'>
|| <'background-position'>
|| / <'background-size'>
|| <'background-repeat'>
|| <'background-attachment'>
|| <'background-origin'>
|| no-clip
|| <'background-color'>

where ''/ <‘background-size’>‘ must occur after ’<‘background-position’>'' if both are present.

Note that a color is permitted in , but not in .

The ‘background’ property is a shorthand property for setting most background properties at the same place in the style sheet. It sets each of ‘background-color’, ‘background-position’, ‘background-size’, ‘background-repeat’, ‘background-origin’, ‘background-attachment’ and ‘background-image’ to the value given, or to its initial value, if no explicit value was specified. If the ‘no-clip’ keyword is present, it sets ‘background-clip’ to that value. Otherwise if ‘background-origin’ is present then it also sets ‘background-clip’ to that value, and if not it sets ‘background-clip’ to its initial value. I.e. background: no-clip sets ‘background-clip’ to ‘no-clip’ and ‘background-origin’ to its initial value. background: border-box sets both ‘background-origin’ and ‘background-clip’ to ‘border-box’. The ‘background’ shorthand does not set ‘background-break’.

The ‘::first-line’ pseudo-element is like an inline-level element for the purposes of the background (see section 5.12.1 of [CSS21]). That means, e.g., that in a left-justified first line, the background does not necessarily extend all the way to the right margin.

In the first rule of the following example, only a value for ‘background-color’ has been given and the other individual properties are set to their initial values. In the second rule, many individual properties have been specified.

body { background: red }
p { background: url("chess.png") (10em) gray
    40% round fixed border border}

The first rule is equivalent to:

body {
 background-color: red;
 background-position: 0% 0%;
 background-size: auto auto;
 background-repeat: repeat repeat;
 background-clip: border-box;
 background-origin: padding-box;
 background-attachment: scroll;
 background-image: none }

The second is equivalent to:

p {
 background-color: gray;
 background-position: 40% 50%;
 background-size: 10em 10em;
 background-repeat: round round;
 background-clip: border-box;
 background-origin: border-box;
 background-attachment: fixed;
 background-image: url(chess.png) }

The following example shows how a both a background color (#CCC) and a background image (url(metal.jpg)) are set. The image is stretched to the full width of the element:

E { background: #CCC url("metal.jpg") (100% auto) no-repeat top left }

Another example shows equivalence:

div { background: padding url(paper.jpg) white center }
div {
 background-color: white;
 background-image: url(paper.jpg);
 background-repeat: repeat;
 background-attachment: scroll;
 background-position: center;
 background-clip: padding-box;
 background-origin: padding-box;
 background-size: auto auto }

The following declaration with multiple, comma-separated values

background: url(a.png) top left no-repeat,
         url(b.png) center (100% 100%) no-repeat,
         url(c.png) white;

is equivalent to

background-image:      url(a.png),  url(b.png),        url(c.png);
background-position:   top left,    center,            top left;
background-repeat:     no-repeat,   stretch no-repeat, repeat;
background-clip:       border-box,  border-box,        border-box;
background-origin:     padding-box, padding-box,       padding-box;
background-size:       auto auto,   100% 100%,         auto auto;
background-attachment: scroll,      scroll,            scroll;
background-color:      white;

Note that ‘background: url(foo) white’ and ‘background: url(foo), white’ have the same effect.

3.12 The background of the canvas

The background of the root element becomes the background of the canvas and extends to cover the entire canvas, although any images are positioned and stretched relative to the root element as if they were painted for that element alone. If the root's background-color value is ‘transparent’, the color is UA dependent. The root element does not paint this background again.

For HTML documents, however, it is recommended that authors specify the background for the BODY element rather than the HTML element. User agents must observe the following precedence rules to fill in the background of the canvas of HTML documents: if either or both of the ‘background-image’ and ‘background-color’ properties on the HTML element is different from their initial values, then use the background of the HTML element, else use the background of the BODY element. This does not apply to XHTML documents.

According to these rules, the canvas underlying the following HTML document will have a “marble” background:




 <title>Setting the canvas background</title>
 


 My background is marble.

4. Border properties

4.1 The ‘`border-color`’ properties

Name:	border-top-color , border-right-color, border-bottom-color, border-left-color
Value:
Initial:	currentcolor
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	the computed color

Name:	border-color
Value:	{1,4}
Initial:	(see individual properties)
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	see individual properties

These properties set the foreground color of the border specified by the border-style properties.

‘Border-color’ is a shorthand for the four ‘border-*-color’ properties. The four values set the top, right, bottom and left border, respectively. A missing left is the same as right, a missing bottom is the same as top, and a missing right is also the same as top.

4.2 The ‘`border-style`’ properties

Name:	border-top-style, border-right-style, border-bottom-style, border-left-style
Value:
Initial:	none
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	specified value

Name:	border-style
Value:	{1,4}
Initial:	(see individual properties)
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	see individual properties

These properties set the style of the border, unless there is a border image (see ‘border-image’).

‘Border-style’ is a shorthand for the other four. Its four values set the top, right, bottom and left border respectively. A missing left is the same as right, a missing bottom is the same as top, and a missing right is also the same as top.

is:

none | hidden | dotted | dashed | solid | double | groove | ridge | inset | outset

Values have the following meanings:

none: No border. Color and width are ignored (i.e., the border has width 0, unless the border is an image, see ‘background-image’
hidden: Same as ‘none’, but has different behavior in the conflict resolution rules for tables [CSS3TBL].
dotted: A series of round dots.
dashed: A series of square-ended dashes.
solid: A single line segment.
double: Two parallel solid lines with some space between them. (The thickness of the lines is not specified, but the sum of the lines and the space must equal ‘border-width’.)
groove: Looks as if it were carved in the canvas. (This is typically achieved by creating a “shadow” from two colors that are slightly lighter and darker than the ‘border-color’.)
ridge: Looks as if it were coming out of the canvas.
inset: Looks as if the content on inside of the border is sunken into the canvas. Different meaning on table[ref] elements.
outset: Looks as if the content on the inside of the border is coming out of the canvas. Different meaning for table[ref] elements.

Borders are drawn in front of the element's background, but behind the element's content (in case it overlaps).

Example renderings of the predefined border styles.

Note: There is no control over the spacing of the dots and dashes, nor over the length of the dashes. Implementations are encouraged to choose a spacing that makes the corners symmetrical.

Note: This specification does not define how borders of different styles should be joined in the corner. Also note that rounded corners may cause the corners and the contents to overlap, if the padding is less than the radius of the corner.

4.3 The ‘`border-width`’ properties

Name:	border-top-width, border-right-width, border-bottom-width, border-left-width
Value:
Initial:	medium
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	width* of containing block
Media:	visual
Computed value:	absolute length; ‘`0`’ if the border style is ‘`none`’ or ‘`hidden`’
*) if the containing block has a horizontal writing mode, otherwise the height

Name:	border-width
Value:	{1,4}
Initial:	(see individual properties)
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	see individual properties
Media:	visual
Computed value:	see individual properties

These properties set the thickness of the border.

The is

 | thin | medium | thick

The may not be negative. The lengths corresponding to ‘thin’, ‘medium’ and ‘thick’ are not specified, but the values are constant throughout a document and thin ≤ medium ≤ thick. A UA could, e.g., make the thickness depend on the ‘medium’ font size: one choice might be 1, 3 & 5px when the ‘medium’ font size is 17px or less.

‘Border-width’ is a shorthand that sets the four ‘border-*-width’ properties. If it has four values, they set top, right, bottom and left in that order. If left is missing, it is the same as right; if bottom is missing, it is the same as top; if right is missing, it is the same as top.

Note that the initial width is ‘medium’, but the initial style is ‘none’ and therefore the used width is 0.

When the used width of the border is 0, we say that the border is absent.

4.4 The ‘`border-image`’ property

Name:	border-image
Value:	none \| [ \| ]{1,4} [ / {1,4} ]? [ stretch \| repeat \| round ]{0,2}
Initial:	none
Applies to:	All elements, except table elements when ‘`border-collapse`’ is ‘`collapse`’
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	any URI made absolute, any made absolute, other parts as specified

Specifies an image to use instead of the border styles given by the ‘border-style’ properties and an additional background image for the element. If the value is ‘none’ or if the image cannot be displayed, the border styles will be used.

The up to four numbers or percentages immediately following the specify which part of that image is used for which part of the border. They divide the image into nine parts: four corners, four edges and a middle part. The middle part is used as an extra background image.

The first of the four values is the height of the top edge and of the two top corners. The second is the width of the right edge and the two right corners. The third is the height of the bottom edge and the two bottom corners. The fourth is the width of the left edge and the two left corners.

If the fourth number/percentage is absent, it is the same as the second. If the third one is also absent, it is the same as the first. If the second one is also absent, it is the same as the first.

Percentages are relative to the size of the image. Numbers represent pixels in the image (if the image is a raster image) or CSS px units (if not). Negative values are not allowed and values bigger than the size of the image are interpreted as 100%.

Diagram illustrating the cuts corresponding to the value ‘url("foo") 25% 30% 12% 20%’

If the sum of the right and left widths is equal to or greater than the width of the image, the images for the top and bottom edge and the middle part are empty, which has the same effect as if a nonempty transparent image had been specified for those parts. Analogously for the top and bottom values.

If the slash is present in the property value, the one to four values after it are used for the width of the border instead of the ‘border-width’ properties (but only if the specified image can be displayed). The order of the values is the same as for ‘border-width’.

At the end of the value, there may be up to two keywords, that specify how the images for the sides and the middle part are scaled and tiled. If the second is absent, it is assumed to be the same as the first. If both are absent, the effect is the same as ‘stretch stretch’.

The nine images are scaled and tiled in four steps:

step 1

The two images for the top and bottom edges are made as tall as the top and bottom borders, respectively, (either using ‘border-width’ or the values specified after the slash) and their width is scaled proportionally.
The images for the left and right edge are made as wide as the left and right borders, respectively, and their height is scaled proportionally.
The corner images are scaled to be as wide and as tall as the two borders they are part of.
The middle image's width is scaled by the same factor as the top image unless that factor is zero or infinity, in which case the scaling factor of the bottom is substituted, and failing that, the width is not scaled. The height of the middle image is scaled by the same factor as the left image unless that factor is zero or infinity, in which case the scaling factor of the right image is substituted, and failing that, the height is not scaled.

Clarify that failing means factor is zero or infinity

step 2

If the first keyword is ‘stretch’, the top, middle and bottom images are further scaled to be as wide as the element's padding box. The height is not changed any further.
If the first keyword is ‘round’, the top, middle and bottom images are reduced in width, so that exactly a whole number of them fit in the width of the padding box, as follows:

If X ≠ 0 is the width of the image and W is the width of the padding area, then the rounded width X' = W / ceil(W / X)
If the first keyword is ‘repeat’, the top, middle, and bottom images are not changed any further.
The effects of ‘stretch’, ‘round’, and ‘repeat’ for the second keyword are analogous, acting on the height of the left, middle and right images.

step 3

If the first keyword is ‘round’, the top, middle, and bottom images are placed at the left edge of their respective parts of the border (the middle image is put in the padding area). Otherwise the images are centered horizontally in their respective areas.
If the second keyword is ‘round’, the left, middle, and right images are placed at the top edge of their respective parts of the border/padding area. Otherwise the images are centered vertically in their respective areas.

step 4

The images are then tiled within their respective areas. All images are drawn behind the element's content, in front of the element's background.

This example creates a top and bottom border consisting of a whole number of orange diamonds and a left and right border of a single, stretched diamond. The corners are diamonds of a different color. The image to tile is as follows. Apart from the diamonds, it is transparent:

The image is 81 by 81 pixels and has to be divided into 9 equal parts. The style rules could thus be as follows:

DIV {
border-image: url("border.png") 27 round stretch;
border: double orange 1em }

The result, when applied to a DIV of 12 by 5em, will be similar to this:

The ‘border-image’ property does not apply to table elements in a table with ‘border-collapse’ set to ‘collapse’.

4.5 The ‘`border-radius`’ properties

Name:	border-top-right-radius, border-bottom-right-radius, border-bottom-left-radius, border-top-left-radius
Value:	?
Initial:	0
Applies to:	all elements (but see prose)
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	two absolute s

Name:	border-radius
Value:	{1,4} [ / {1,4} ]?
Initial:	0
Applies to:	all elements, except table element when ‘`border-collapse`’ is ‘`collapse`’
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	see individual properties

The two length values of the ‘border-*-radius’ properties define the radii of a quarter ellipse that defines the shape of the corner of the outer border edge (see the diagram below). The first value is the horizontal radius. If the second length is omitted it is equal to the first (and the corner is thus a quarter circle). If either length is zero, the corner is square, not rounded.

The ‘border-radius’ shorthand sets all four ‘border-*-radius’ properties. If values are given before and after the slash, then the values before the slash set the horizontal radius and the values after the slash set the vertical radius. If there is no slash, then the values set both radii equally. The four values for each radii are given in the order top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left. If bottom-left is omitted it is the same as top-right. If bottom-right is omitted it is the same as top-left. If top-right is omitted it is the same as top-left.

border-radius: 4em;

would be equivalent to

border-top-left-radius:     4em;
border-top-right-radius:    4em;
border-bottom-right-radius: 4em;
border-bottom-left-radius:  4em;

and

border-radius: 2em 1em 4em / 0.5em 3em;

would be equivalent to

border-top-left-radius:     2em 0.5em;
border-top-right-radius:    1em 3em;
border-bottom-right-radius: 4em 0.5em;
border-bottom-left-radius:  1em 3em;

The padding edge (inner border) radius is the outer border radius minus the corresponding border thickness. In the case where this results in a negative value, the inner radius is zero. (In such cases its center might not coincide with that of the outer border curve.)

Backgrounds, but not the border-image, are clipped to the inner, resp., outer curve of the border if ‘background-clip’ is ‘padding-box’ resp., ‘border-box’. Other effects that clip to the border or padding edge (such as ‘overflow’) also must clip to the curve.

It is recommended that the UA style sheet apply overflow: hidden to elements (such as the element in HTML) that are expected to be replaced elements so that their corners automatically trim to the border radius.

When two adjoining borders are of different thicknesses the corner will show a smooth transition between the thicker and thinner borders. One of the borders may even have zero width.

The center of color and style transitions between adjoining borders is at the point on the curve that is at an angle that is proportional to the ratio of the border widths. For example, if the two widths are equal, that point is at a 45° angle, and if one is twice the width of the other the point is at a 30° angle. The line demarcating this transition is drawn between the point at that angle on the outer curve and the point at that angle on the inner curve. The transition must be contained within the segment of the border where the tangent of the inner curve either not defined or is not parallel with the sides of the box. It is not defined what the transition looks like, but a gradient is recommended for color transitions that don't involve dotted or dashed borders.

The two values of ‘border-top-left-radius: 55pt 25pt’ define the curvature of the corner.

The effect of a rounded corner when the two borders it connects are of unequal thickness (left) and the effect of a rounded corner on borders that are thicker than the radius of the corner (right).

All border styles ( ‘solid’, ‘dotted’, ‘inset’, etc.) follow the curve of the border.

Corners do not overlap: When the sum of two adjacent corner radii exceeds the size of the border box, UAs must reduce one or more of the radii. The algorithm for reducing radii is as follows:

The sum of two adjacent radii may not be more than the width or height (whichever is relevant) of the box. If any sum exceeds that value, all radii are reduced according to the following formula: Let f = min(L_i/S_i), where i ∈ {top, right, bottom, left}, S_i is the sum of the radii of the corners on side i, and L_top = L_bottom = the width of the box, and L_left = L_right = the height of the box. If f <>f.

Note that this formula ensures that quarter circles remain quarter circles and large radii remain larger than smaller ones, but it may reduce corners that were already small enough, which may make borders of nearby elements that should look the same look different.

For example, the borders A and D of the figure below might be the result of

box-width: border-box;
width: 6em;
height: 2.5em;
border-radius: 0.5em 2em 0.5em 2em

The height (2.5em) is enough for the specified radii (0.5em plus 2.5em). However, if the height is only 2em,

box-width: border-box;
width: 6em;
height: 2em;
border-radius: 0.5em 2em 0.5em 2em

all corners need to be reduced by a factor 0.8 to make them fit. The used border radii thus are 0.4em (instead of 0.5em) and 1.6em (instead of 2em). See borders B and C in the figure.

These rounded corner might be the result of ‘width: 6em; height: 2.5em; border-radius: 0.5em 2em 0.5em 2em’ for A and D; and ditto but with ‘height: 2em’ for B and C.

The UA may apply the border-radius properties to ‘table’ and ‘inline-table’ elements when ‘border-collapse’ is ‘collapse’ but is not required to. In this case not only must the border radii of adjacent corners not intersect, but the horizontal and vertical radii of a single corner may not extend past the boundaries of the cell at that corner (i.e. the cell's other corners must not be affected by this corner's border-radius). If the computed values of the border radii would cause this effect, then the used values of all the border radii of the table must be reduced by the same factor so that the radii neither intersect nor extend past the boundaries of their respective corner cells.

The CSS3 UAs should ignore border-radius properties applied to internal table elements when ‘border-collapse’ is ‘collapse’. The effect of border-radius on internal table elements is undefined in CSS3 Backgrounds and Borders, but may be defined in a future specification.

The UA may reduce or treat as zero the border-radius for a given corner if a scrolling mechanism is present in that corner.

This example draws ovals of 15em wide and 10em high:

DIV.standout {
 width: 13em;
 height: 8em;
 border: solid black 1em;
 border-radius: 7.5em 5em }

This example adds appropriate padding, so that the contents do not overflow the corners. Note that there is no border, but the background will still have rounded corners.

DIV {
 background: black;
 color: white;
 border-radius: 1em;
 padding: 1em }

4.6 The ‘`border-break`’ property

Name:	border-break
Value:	close \| [ \|\| \|\| ]
Initial:	none
Applies to:	elements with a border
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	any made absolute; any color computed; otherwise as specified

When a box that has a border is broken at a page break, column break, or, for inline elements, at a line break, a border and some padding can be inserted at the break, or the border can be left open.

If the value of ‘border-break’ is ‘close’, then each box is independently wrapped with the border and padding.

If the style is set to ‘none’, no border and no padding are inserted at the break.

Otherwise, padding is added as wide as the corresponding side of the ‘padding’ property and a border is added with the specified style, width, and color.

Note this means that padding is added if the border style is ‘hidden’, but not if the border style is ‘none’.

Two possibilities for ‘border-break’: on the left, the value ‘none’, on the right the value ‘solid’.

4.7 The ‘`border-top`’, ‘`border-bottom`’, ‘`border-right`’, ‘`border-left`’, and ‘`border`’ properties

Name:	border-top, border-right, border-bottom, border-left
Value:	\|\| \|\|
Initial:	See individual properties
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	see individual properties

This is a shorthand property for setting the width, style, and color of the top, right, bottom, and left border of a box. Omitted values are set to their initial values.

Name:	border
Value:	\|\| \|\|
Initial:	See individual properties
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	see individual properties

The ‘border’ property is a shorthand property for setting the same width, color, and style for all four borders of a box. Unlike the shorthand ‘margin’ and ‘padding’ properties, the ‘border’ property cannot set different values on the four borders. To do so, one or more of the other border properties must be used.

For example, the first rule below is equivalent to the set of four rules shown after it:

p { border: solid red }
p {
border-top: solid red;
border-right: solid red;
border-bottom: solid red;
border-left: solid red;
}

Since, to some extent, the properties have overlapping functionality, the order in which the rules are specified is important.

Consider this example:

blockquote {
border-color: red;
border-left: double;
color: black
}

In the above example, the color of the left border is black, while the other borders are red. This is due to ‘border-left’ setting the width, style, and color. Since the color value is not given by the ‘border-left’ property, it will be taken from the ‘color’ property. The fact that the ‘color’ property is set after the ‘border-left’ property is not relevant.

4.8 The ‘`box-shadow`’ property

Name:	box-shadow
Value:	none \| [ , ]*
Initial:	none
Applies to:	all elements
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	N/A
Media:	visual
Computed value:	any made absolute; any color computed; otherwise as specified

The ‘box-shadow’ property attaches one or more drop-shadows to the box. The property is a comma-separated list of shadows, each specified by 2-4 length values, an optional color, and an optional ‘inset’ keyword. Omitted lengths are 0, omitted colors are a UA-chosen color.

The type stands for:

inset || [   ? ? ||  ]

where the first two lengths are required. The components of each are interpreted as follows:

The first length is the horizontal offset of the shadow. A positive value draws a shadow that is offset to the right of the box, a negative length to the left.
The second length is the vertical offset. A positive value offsets the shadow down, a negative one up.
The third length is a blur radius. Negative values are not allowed. If it is 0, the shadow is sharp, otherwise the larger the value, the more the shadow is blurred. The exact algorithm is not specified.
The fourth length is a spread radius. Positive values cause the shadow to grow in all directions by the specified radius. Negative values cause the shadow to shrink. The shadow should not change shape when a spread radius is applied: sharp corners should remain sharp.
The color is the color of the shadow.
The ‘inset’ keyword, if present, changes the drop shadow from an outer shadow (one that shadows the box onto the canvas, as if it were lifted above the canvas) to an inner shadow (one that shadows the canvas onto the box, as if the box were cut out of the canvas and shifted behind it). Should this keyword be called "inner" instead?

An outer box-shadow casts a shadow as if the border-box of the element were opaque. The shadow is drawn outside the border edge only: it is not drawn inside the border-box of the element.

An inner box-shadow casts a shadow as if everything outside the padding edge were opaque. The inner shadow is drawn inside the padding edge only: it is not drawn in outside the padding box of the element.

If the box has a nonzero ‘border-radius’, the shadow is rounded in the same way. If an element has multiple boxes, all of them get drop shadows, but shadows are only drawn where borders would also be drawn, see ‘border-break’.

The shadow effects are applied front-to-back: the first shadow is on top and the others are layered behind. Shadows do not influence layout and may overlap other boxes or their shadows. In terms of stacking contexts and the painting order, the outer shadows of an element are drawn immediately below the background of that element, and the inner shadows of an element are drawn immediately above the background of that element (below the borders and border-image, if any).

Here is an example of single words with a drop shadow. Assume the words were enclosed in and the style rule was

span {border: thin solid; box-shadow: 0.2em 0.2em #CCC}

The result might look like this:

5. Definitions

5.1 Profiles

(NOTE: Check profiles because of changes made!)

CSS1 Profile:

‘background-color’
‘background-image’
‘background-repeat’: only repeat, repeat-x, repeat-y, no-repeat
‘background-attachment’
‘background-position’
‘background’: only color, image, repeat, attachment and position
‘background-origin’ always has value ‘content-box’
‘background-clip’ always has value ‘border-box’
‘background-break’ always has value ‘continuous’

CSS2 Profile:

‘background-color’
‘background-image’
‘background-repeat’: only repeat, repeat-x, repeat-y, no-repeat
‘background-attachment’
‘background-position’
‘background’: only color, image, repeat, attachment and position
‘background-origin’ always has value ‘padding-box’
‘background-clip’ always has value ‘border-box’
‘background-break’ always has value ‘continuous’

Mobile and TV Profiles (informative, see their specifications):

‘background-color’
‘background-image’
‘background-repeat’: only repeat, repeat-x, repeat-y, no-repeat
‘background-position’
‘background’: only color, image, repeat and position
‘background-attachment’: always has value ‘scroll’
‘background-origin’ always has value ‘padding-box’
‘background-clip’ always has value ‘border-box’
‘background-break’ always has value ‘continuous’

CSS3 Profile:

Everything (as described in this specification)

5.2 Conformance

A UA conforms to this module if it satisfies the rules given next. However, it is recommended that UAs try to conform to one of the levels (1, 2 or 3) or profiles ([CSS-MOBILE], [CSS-PRINT], etc.) of CSS, rather than to individual modules.

A UA that renders documents must interpret CSS style sheets according to the generic CSS grammar [CSS3SYN] and the individual grammars of each property in this module, it must understand at least type selectors [SELECT], it must apply the rules of cascading and inheritance [CSS3CASCADE], and it must render documents as defined for each property in this module.

A UA that writes style sheets, must write syntactically correct style sheets, according to the generic CSS grammar [CSS3SYN] and the individual grammars of each property in this module.

The inability of a UA to correctly render a document due to limitations of the device does not make the UA non-conformant. (For example, a UA cannot render color on a monochrome monitor.)

5.3 Glossary

The following terms and abbreviations are used in this module.

UA
User Agent: A program that reads and/or writes CSS style sheets on behalf of a user in either or both of these categories: programs whose purpose is to render documents (e.g., browsers) and programs whose purpose is to create style sheets (e.g., editors). A UA may fall into both categories. (There are other programs that read or write style sheets, but this module gives no rules for them.)
document
source document: A tree-structured document with elements and attributes, such as an SGML or XML document [XML11].
HTML document: A document that has the MIME type text/html [RFC2854] and conforms to that type.
XHTML document: A document that has the MIME type text/xhtml+xml or application/xhtml+xml [RFC3236] and conforms to either type.
style sheet: A document conforming to the generic CSS grammar [CSS3SYN].

5.4 CR exit criteria

As described in the W3C process document, a Candidate Recommendation (CR) is a specification that W3C recommends for use on the Web. The next stage is “Recommendation,” when the specification is sufficiently implemented.

For this specification to be proposed as a W3C Recommendation, the following conditions shall be met:

There must be at least two interoperable implementations for every feature in the Module. For the purposes of this criterion, we define the following terms:
feature

a section or subsection of the specification
interoperable

passing the respective test case(s) in the CSS test suite, or, if the implementation is not a web browser, an equivalent test. Every relevant test in the test suite should have an equivalent test created if such a UA is to be used to claim interoperability. In addition if such a UA is to be used to claim interoperability, then there must one or more additional UAs which can also pass those equivalent tests in the same way for the purpose of interoperability. The equivalent tests must be made publicly available for the purposes of peer review.
implementation
a user agent which:
1. implements the feature.
2. is available (i.e. publicly downloadable or available through some other public point of sale mechanism). This is the "show me" requirement.
3. is shipping (i.e. development, private or unofficial versions are insufficient).
4. is not experimental (i.e. is intended for a wide audience and could be used on a daily basis.)
A minimum of sixth months of the CR period must have elapsed. This is to ensure that enough time is given for any remaining major errors to be caught.
Features will be dropped if two or more interoperable implementations are not found by the end of the CR period.
Features may/will also be dropped if adequate/sufficient (by judgment of CSS WG) tests have not been produced for those feature(s) by the end of the CR period.

6. Acknowledgments

Tapas Roy was editor of the Border Module, before it was merged with the Background Module.

A set of properties for border images was initially proposed by fantasai. The current simplification (one image cut into nine parts) is due to Ian Hickson. (Though the original idea seems to originate with some anonymous Microsoft engineers.)

Thanks to Ben Stucki for defining what happens with rounded corners if the two adjoining borders are of unequal thickness or one of them is zero; to Arjan Eising and Anne van Kesteren for the ‘border-radius’ syntax.

Emrah Baskaya and Simon Pieters were among the people who argued for a fallback color (see ‘backgound-color’), which is only shown when any specified image(s) cannot be loaded.

Finally, special thanks go to Brad Kemper for his feedback and suggestions for many of the features in the draft.

7. References

Normative references


[CSS21]: Bert Bos; et al. Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification. 19 July 2007. W3C Candidate Recommendation. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-CSS21-20070719
[CSS3CASCADE]: Håkon Wium Lie. CSS3 module: Cascading and inheritance. 15 December 2005. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-cascade-20051215
[CSS3COLOR]: Tantek Çelik; Chris Lilley. CSS3 Color Module. 14 May 2003. W3C Candidate Recommendation. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/CR-css3-color-20030514
[CSS3SYN]: L. David Baron. CSS3 module: Syntax. 13 August 2003. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-css3-syntax-20030813
[SELECT]: Daniel Glazman; Tantek Çelik; Ian Hickson. Selectors. 15 December 2005. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-selectors-20051215

Other references


[CSS-MOBILE]: Svante Schubert. CSS Mobile Profile 2.0. 19 October 2007. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-css-mobile-20071019
[CSS-PRINT]: Melinda Grant. CSS Print Profile. 13 October 2006. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-css-print-20061013
[CSS1]: Håkon Wium Lie; Bert Bos. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS1) Level 1 Specification. 17 December 1996. W3C Recommendation. Revised 11 January 1999. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-CSS1-19990111
[CSS3TBL]: Bert Bos; David Hyatt. CSS3 Tables Module. (forthcoming). W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.)
[CSS3VAL]: Håkon Wium Lie; Chris Lilley. CSS3 Values and Units. 19 September 2006. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-css3-values-20060919
[RFC2854]: D. Connolly; L. Masinter. The 'text/html' Media Type. June 2000. Internet RFC 2854. URL: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2854.txt
[RFC3236]: P. Stark; M. Baker. The 'application/xhtml+xml' Media Type. January 2002. Internet RFC 3236. URL: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3236.txt
[XML11]: Tim Bray; et al. Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition). 4 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. Revised 29 September 2006 URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816

Property index

Property	Values	Initial	Applies to	Inh.	Percentages	Media
background	[ , ]*	see individual properties	all elements	no	see individual properties	visual
background-attachment	scroll \| fixed \| local [, scroll \| fixed \| local]*	scroll	all elements	no	N/A	visual
background-break	bounding-box \| each-box \| continuous	continuous	all elements	no	N/A	visual
background-clip	[border-box \| padding-box \| content-box \| no-clip] [ , [border-box \| padding-box \| content-box \| no-clip] ]*	border-box	all elements	no	N/A	visual
background-color	[ / ]? \| /	transparent	all elements	no	N/A	visual
background-image	[ \| none ] [ , [ \| none ] ]*	none	all elements	no	N/A	visual
background-origin	[border-box \| padding-box \| content-box] [, [border-box \| padding-box \| content-box]]*	padding-box	all elements	no	N/A	visual
background-position	[ , ]*	0% 0%	all elements	no	refer to size of background positioning area minus size of background image; see text	visual
background-repeat	[ , ]*	repeat	all elements	no	N/A	visual
background-size	[ [ \| \| auto ]{1,2} \| cover \| contain ] [ [ , [ \| \| auto ]{1,2} ] \| cover \| contain ]*	auto	all elements	no	see text	visual
border	\|\| \|\|	See individual properties	all elements	no	N/A	visual
border-break	close \| [ \|\| \|\| ]	none	elements with a border	no	N/A	visual
border-color	{1,4}	(see individual properties)	all elements	no	N/A	visual
border-image	none \| [ \| ]{1,4} [ / {1,4} ]? [ stretch \| repeat \| round ]{0,2}	none	All elements, except table elements when ‘border-collapse’ is ‘collapse’	no	N/A	visual
border-radius	{1,4} [ / {1,4} ]?	0	all elements, except table element when ‘border-collapse’ is ‘collapse’	no	N/A	visual
border-style	{1,4}	(see individual properties)	all elements	no	N/A	visual
border-top, border-right, border-bottom, border-left	\|\| \|\|	See individual properties	all elements	no	N/A	visual
border-top-color , border-right-color, border-bottom-color, border-left-color		currentcolor	all elements	no	N/A	visual
border-top-right-radius, border-bottom-right-radius, border-bottom-left-radius, border-top-left-radius	?	0	all elements (but see prose)	no	N/A	visual
border-top-style, border-right-style, border-bottom-style, border-left-style		none	all elements	no	N/A	visual
border-top-width, border-right-width, border-bottom-width, border-left-width		medium	all elements	no	width* of containing block	visual
border-width	{1,4}	(see individual properties)	all elements	no	see individual properties	visual
box-shadow	none \| [ , ]*	none	all elements	no	N/A	visual

Social bookmark

2009-07-20T16:40:00.000-07:00

	60094	6
BlogMarks.net
Social Bookmarking with thumbnails. Atom enabled.

	438516	3
Blauer Bote Bookmarks
Bookmarak Manager in German and English

	9781	7
LQ Bookmarks
Social Bookmarking, tagging and annotating all things Linux and Open Source.

	295993	6
de.lirio.us
Social Bookmarking, Tagging, Blogging & Notes. Mmmmmm, Notes.

	2180	8
del.icio.us
Currently the most used software application.

	0	7
digg
Digg is a technology news website that combines social bookmarking, blogging, RSS, and non-hierarchical editorial control. With digg, users submit stories for review, but rather than allow an editor to decide which stories go on the homepage, the users do.

	2378882	5
feedmarker
A free, Web based RSS/ATOM aggregator and bookmarks manager.

	672284	1
FriendSite
Get free storage and share your photos & videos, get your own url and customize your page, create free evites and invitations, add friends, message people, create discussion forums and groups, blog, share and store your bookmarks & much more...

	445264	5
frassle
Frassle helps you read and publish weblogs, track bookmarks, and find relevant content organized your way.

	1928721	0
FuzzFizz
FuzzFizz is a brand new social bookmarking site, where users vote for the most interesting and important news stories.

	125861	5
Jumptags
Jumptags.com is a revolutionary Web 2.0 social bookmarking web service for collecting, storing, sharing and distributing web bookmarks, notes, RSS feeds, contacts, and much more. Based on AJAX and other next generation web development techniques, Jumptags.com offers the easiest, fastest, most intuitive and productive way of maintaining and collaborating bookmarks and other internet resources online.

	833758	5
linkroll
Linkroll is a free link blogging service. At a personal level you can bookmark, categorize and comment on all the great web pages/links you find. All your bookmarks are then sortable and searchable by category and date. All bookmarks are also accessible, by category and/or user, in the form of RSS feed (for your news aggregator), or JavaScript (for syndication on your own web site)

	60011	4
loom
Collaborative bookmarking application written in PHP.

	181086	6
MyProgs
Social bookmarking for programs you use.

	1	7
Yahoo Search myweb2 beta
A social search engine integrating social bookmarking with search.

	0	0
NEWNOOZE
Social Bookmarking on just about every subject. A Digg.com clone site. Beta Stage.

	1328526	4
openBM
It's just linking cool sites together. openBM is a little tool for everybody. openBM just keep's your bookmarks and provides them for other people on the web.

	122873	6
Reader²
Share the list of books you read or recommend, find new books by tags/authors. Multilanguage.

	0	7
reddit
Social bookmarking where your votes affect your karma points.

	0	6
scuttle.org
amongst others are based on the scuttle software.

	0	5
Scuttle
Another open source clone of del.icio.us.

	0	5
unalog
Open source bookmarking software written in the Python programming.

	2308711	3
aworldofhelp
Users submit and rate links in numerous categories. The highest rated make the front page.

	1150083	5
beanrocket
Beanrocket.com is a community and a news reader.

	63378	6
BlinkList
Social bookmarking with slick interface and new ways for organizing tags.

	98113	7
CiteULike
Social bookmarking for academic papers.

	162993	6
commontimes
Provides community-based media distribution services and solutions along with BitTorrent hosting and consulting for individuals and organizations of all sizes.

	699250	5
Connectedy
This service allows the establishment of pseudonymous online link libraries. Users may impose arbitrary categorical hierarchies on their links and choose which categories and links to make public and which ones to keep private. The Connectedy site has par SEO properties.

	0	7
Connotea
Social bookmarking for scientists.

	0	0
dinnerbuzz
Dinnerbuzz is a social guide to restaurants, bars, and coffee shops. It's designed to make it easier for you to find a place for dinner or drinks anywhere in the world.

	0	4
Wiklink
Tools to synchronize bookmarks with your browser.

	0	5
FeedMeLinks
Social Bookmarking since 2002.

	0	3
FlipSkipper
social bookmarking manager that allows users to pull concurrent searches from Yahoo!, Google News, and del.icio.us when surfing.

	0	8
Furl
Similar to del.icio.us: stores copies of the pages saved, automates finding users with similar interests, archives can be exported in MPLA or APA citation format.

	0	4
GiveALink
Donate your bookmarks for academic research.

	0	4
IndiaGram
Allows social bookmarking. Aim is to develop a community that shares information about websites on diverse topics.

	0	6
jots
Jots is a collaborative bookmarking system that allows you to Store, Share and Discover relevant links. Store your own links and choose whether to share them with the world, with a select group of people or just for yourself to use. Discover new links based on specific users or topics of interest.

	0	4
leze.de and
German Internet Bookmarking Service

	0	0
LibraryThing
Deli.cio.us for books. Cataloging based on some 30+ libraries using the Z39.50 protocol.

aStore Social Bookmark

Web Directories to Submit your RSS Feed!

2009-07-20T04:53:00.000-07:00

Web Directories to Submit your RSS Feed!

These RSS directories require free username registration.

Good luck promoting your RSS feeds to these great RSS Directories!

INSERTING IMAGES WITH CSS

2009-07-20T04:45:00.000-07:00

INSERTING IMAGES WITH CSS

This article assumes that you know at least basic HTML; you know what a tag is and how to use simple tags like the <img> or the <p> tag. If this is confusing you, you need to read my tutorial for total beginners on web design - it's really easy and people seem to like it, so give it go!

Download the source files for this article.

Ok, I assume that everyone knows what images are, as we all have seen images on web pages. Images are not technically inserted into a web page (to be nerd precise), rather images are linked to web pages and typically we use the image tag (<img>) to create holding space (or a reference to the image) for the image.

When someone loads a web page (by going to the URL), it is the browser, at that moment, that actually gets the image from the web server and inserts it into the page for you to see - makes sense?

This is different from using a program like MS Word for example, where with Word, when you insert an image into a Word document, the image actually becomes 'part' of the actual document. When you save a Word file, all you need to keep track of is that one Word file, and you know the images you inserted will be there when you open it again no matter where you move the file.

Where as with an HTML page, since you are only referencing the images with the image tag, you have to make sure that the images you are linking to always stay in the same spot in relation to the web page. When people mess up that path between the HTML page and the images it is referencing, you get that broken link icon that everyone loves to see. You are seeing that broken link icon because the browser can't find the image you are referencing in the <img> tag.

Ok, if you didn't know much about the mechanics of images loading in web pages, now you know too much! Lets move to something practical.
Using CSS to insert images into your web pages

This next part is really easy to understand, easy to use and can be very powerful - triple bonus! With CSS, all block-level and inline elements (tags) can have background images inserted into them. block-level tags are <p> and <div>.

Even though you can insert images into any type of tag (block-level or inline), I think it is better form in most situations to use block-level tags for this sort of thing. But in reality it doesn't matter if you use block-level tags, or inline tags because you can turn any tag into a block-level tag and vice versa; with this simple CSS code I change any tag to block-level:

display: block;

Or the reverse:

display: inline;

So what? Remember my newsletter where I talked about inserting backgrounds with CSS? In the same way you can insert images in the backgrounds of your web pages, you can do it with any other element. This combined with some extra padding and you have your headline image where you want it.

Take a look at this code where I use this technique:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<title>CSS image placement</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

<style type="text/css" media="screen">

#headline1 {

background-image: url(images/newsletter_headline1.gif);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-position: left top;

padding-top:68px;

margin-bottom:50px;

}

#headline2 {

background-image: url(images/newsletter_headline2.gif);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-position: left top;

padding-top:68px;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div id="headline1">

Some text …

</div>

<div id="headline2">

Some more text ..

</div>

</body>

</html>

To keep this example easy to follow, I inserted the CSS code into the web page itself. Typically I would place my CSS code in a separate CSS file and link to it so that I could reuse the CSS code on many pages.

In the above CSS code you will notice that I insert a background image for each ID (headline1 and headline2) and I increase the padding at the top (padding-top:68px) to push down the text to make space for the background images.

This may seem unclear now, so just take a look at the page and then pop open the source code and check it out for yourself. Feel free to take a copy and play with the padding number and see how it changes things. Why did I add 68px to the padding? The image is 68px tall, but I could put any number I like to get the placement I want. Padding does not affect the background image; it only affects the contents inside the tag/element. In this case I used <div> tags.

CSS Tutorial Part 3

2009-07-20T04:21:00.000-07:00

In part 2 of the tutorial we broke down the major sections of HTML on the page and established separation using DIV tags with unique ID's attached to them:

<div id="navigation"> ... </div>

<div id="centerDoc"> ... </div>

Using DIV's (to position the major page sections) is the alternate method to what most people use: tables. I would argue one method is not necessarily better than the other. But consider that CSS in the 'official' method to position page elements and tables should only be used to hold tabular data.

On the other hand there are simply times when using tables is much easier and CSS just doesn't cut it.

That said, our current layout (left or right side navigation) CSS is far easier to use and is an overall better solution.

Now that we have that covered, everything gets really easy from here. We've established our main document and the major sections are in place, all we need to do is add our text and images.

Breaking down the page:

This page is simple, we have just a single heading:
<h1>The Main Heading</h1>

And a single paragraph:

<p>

Go to the Web Designers Killer Handbook home page and grab the practice HTML page that we will used as the starting template for this tutorial. You can find it under the heading: 'To create the practice HTML page do the following:'. Follow the instructions there and create your basic HTML page ... and do it now!

</p>

We define how the paragraphs and the headings will look in our CSS code:

p {

width: 80%;

}

h1 {

font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;

font-size: 18px;

font-weight: bold;

color: #000000;

}

This is pretty much self-explanatory. The only thing that should be mentioned is that we set the width of the <p> tags to 80%. This allows us to control all of our text width in one easy to edit spot.

The only thing missing from the page is the actual navigation. The best and easiest way to do this, is by using list (<li>) tags. That makes sense, since navigational menus are essentially a list of pages.

We styled the list item tags with this CSS:

li {

list-style-type: none;

line-height: 150%;

list-style-image: url(../images/arrowSmall.gif);

}

The above code uses an image as the bullets for the list and makes the space between the listed items 1 and ? times larger than normal (I like a little more 'breathing room'). You don't have to have an image for the bullets, you could leave it with no images and no bullets by just removing the attribute:
list-style-image: url(../images/arrowSmall.gif);

Or you could use on of the built in bullet options: 'disc', 'circle' and 'square'.

Next you should add to the HTML page an unordered list (<ul></ul>) in between the navigation DIV's just under the 'main navigation' heading:

<h2>The Main navigation</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="cssTutorialPage1.htm">Page One</a></li>

<li><a href="cssTutorialPage2.htm">Page Two</a></li>

</ul>

To make things easier (for the purpose of the article), change the CSS affecting the list item tags (<li>) so that we use a built in bullet:

li {

list-style-type: disc;

line-height: 150%;

}

Now we have the navigation!

That pretty much covers our goals for this tutorial, but we have just scratched the surface of CSS. As you can see, we created a nice looking page, while using very few types of HTML tags. At this time there isn't much text on the page, but we could add to the page easily, building it out to include lots of information and images with practically no HTML work at all!

HTML Codes Characters and symbols

2009-07-20T04:04:00.000-07:00

Standard ASCII set, HTML Entity names, ISO 10646, ISO 8879, ISO 8859-1 Latin alphabet No. 1
Browser support: All browsers

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47	20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F	! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /	! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /	" &	space exclamation point double quotes number sign dollar sign percent sign ampersand single quote opening parenthesis closing parenthesis asterisk plus sign comma minus sign - hyphen period slash

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63	30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?	< >	zero one two three four five six seven eight nine colon semicolon less than sign equal sign greater than sign question mark

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79	40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F	@ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O	@ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O		at symbol

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95	50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F	P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _	P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _		opening bracket backslash closing bracket caret - circumflex underscore

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111	60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F	` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o	` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o		grave accent

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127	70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F	p q r s t u v w x y z { \| } ~	p q r s t u v w x y z { \| } ~		opening brace vertical bar closing brace equivalency sign - tilde (not defined in HTML 4 standard)

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143	80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F				(not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard)

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159	90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F				(not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard) (not defined in HTML 4 standard)

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175	A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF	¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯	¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯	¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯	non-breaking space inverted exclamation mark cent sign pound sign currency sign yen sign broken vertical bar section sign spacing diaeresis - umlaut copyright sign feminine ordinal indicator left double angle quotes not sign soft hyphen registered trade mark sign spacing macron - overline

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191	B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB BC BD BE BF	° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿	° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿	° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿	degree sign plus-or-minus sign superscript two - squared superscript three - cubed acute accent - spacing acute micro sign pilcrow sign - paragraph sign middle dot - Georgian comma spacing cedilla superscript one masculine ordinal indicator right double angle quotes fraction one quarter fraction one half fraction three quarters inverted question mark

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207	C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF	À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï	À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï	À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï	latin capital letter A with grave latin capital letter A with acute latin capital letter A with circumflex latin capital letter A with tilde latin capital letter A with diaeresis latin capital letter A with ring above latin capital letter AE latin capital letter C with cedilla latin capital letter E with grave latin capital letter E with acute latin capital letter E with circumflex latin capital letter E with diaeresis latin capital letter I with grave latin capital letter I with acute latin capital letter I with circumflex latin capital letter I with diaeresis

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223	D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF	Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß	Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß	Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß	latin capital letter ETH latin capital letter N with tilde latin capital letter O with grave latin capital letter O with acute latin capital letter O with circumflex latin capital letter O with tilde latin capital letter O with diaeresis multiplication sign latin capital letter O with slash latin capital letter U with grave latin capital letter U with acute latin capital letter U with circumflex latin capital letter U with diaeresis latin capital letter Y with acute latin capital letter THORN latin small letter sharp s - ess-zed

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239	E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED EE EF	à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï	à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï	à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï	latin small letter a with grave latin small letter a with acute latin small letter a with circumflex latin small letter a with tilde latin small letter a with diaeresis latin small letter a with ring above latin small letter ae latin small letter c with cedilla latin small letter e with grave latin small letter e with acute latin small letter e with circumflex latin small letter e with diaeresis latin small letter i with grave latin small letter i with acute latin small letter i with circumflex latin small letter i with diaeresis

ASCII			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255	F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF	ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ	ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ	ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ	latin small letter eth latin small letter n with tilde latin small letter o with grave latin small letter o with acute latin small letter o with circumflex latin small letter o with tilde latin small letter o with diaeresis division sign latin small letter o with slash latin small letter u with grave latin small letter u with acute latin small letter u with circumflex latin small letter u with diaeresis latin small letter y with acute latin small letter thorn latin small letter y with diaeresis

HTML 4.01, ISO 10646, ISO 8879, Latin extended A and B,
Browser support: Internet Explorer > 4, Netscape > 4

			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

338 339 352 353 376 402	152 153 160 161 178 192	Œ œ Š š Ÿ ƒ	Œ œ Š š Ÿ ƒ		latin capital letter OE latin small letter oe latin capital letter S with caron latin small letter s with caron latin capital letter Y with diaeresis latin small f with hook - function

			HTML	HTML
Dec	Hex	Symbol	Number	Name	Description

8211 8212 8216 8217 8218 8220 8221 8222 8224 8225 8226 8230 8240 8364 8482	2013 2014 2018 2019 201A 201C 201D 201E 2020 2021 2022 2026 2030 20AC 2122	– — ‘ ’ ‚ “ ” „ † ‡ • … ‰ € ™	– — ‘ ’ ‚ “ ” „ † ‡ • … ‰ € ™	€	en dash em dash left single quotation mark right single quotation mark single low-9 quotation mark left double quotation mark right double quotation mark double low-9 quotation mark dagger double dagger bullet horizontal ellipsis per thousand sign euro sign trade mark sign

CSS Tutorial Part 2

2009-07-19T21:37:00.001-07:00

In Part 1 we created a classic two-column layout with left side navigation using CSS and only a few types of HTML tags.

Part 1 presented the code for the page and explained what HTML tags we were going to use. Now we will look at the actual HTML code used so far and the CSS.

Our page so far is really very simple. As you may already know, all the content (text, images, Flash etc) that the user sees when viewing a web page is marked-up/coded with HTML in-between the <body> and </body> tags*.

In this case we have this:

<body>

<div id="navigation">

<h2>The Main navigation</h2>

</div>

<div id="centerDoc">

<h1>The Main Heading</h1>

<p>

Go to the Web Designers Killer Handbook home page and grab the practice HTML page that we will used as the starting template for this tutorial. You can find it under the heading: 'To create the practice HTML page do the following:'.

Follow the instructions there and create your basic HTML page ... and do it now!

</p>

</div>

</body>

In the above code we see that we have 2 main sections demarked by using <div> tags. As you learned in part one of this tutorial, <div> tags are designed to be used to create a 'division' in the document or in other words create a container. We have created two such containers and given them each of them a unique ID:

<div id="navigation">

...

<div id="centerDoc">

You will notice that the entire contents of the page are contained in one of these two major page divisions. So the first questions are what are the rules of ID's in HTML pages and why do we use them and assign them to page elements like DIVs?

1. First of all you can assign ID's to any HTML tag. So I could have assigned an ID to a <p> tag as well.

2. An ID in a page should only be used once. That is to say that no two elements should have the same ID. ID's are meant to uniquely identify a page element. So in the above example we know that there is only one page element with an ID of 'navigation' and only page element with an ID of 'centerDoc'. I like to use ID names that talk to you, it is pretty clear what is going on in each division we created above.

3. ID's on HTML page elements (tags) are used in CSS. We can target ID's in our CSS code to change the appearance, position and even behavior of that element by referencing the ID of the element.

Inside the <div> tags we use header tags (<h1> and <h2>) to set the headers. I speak to what header tags mean in part 1 of this tutorial.

And finally I have some <p> tags, and of course I insert the text that makes up this simple page in-between them.

Now I am going to jump to our CSS file that is attached to the HTML page. We attach the CSS document with this line of code in between the <head> </head> tags:

<head>

<link href="myCSS.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

</head>

Like a normal page link we have an 'href' attribute this time pointing to a CSS document that has all our CSS code that will affect this page since it is linked to it. This is not the only way to associate CSS code to pages (there are a few other ways) but we will leave that to another article. So in the above link we name the CSS file name with this: 'href="myCSS.css"' and we tell the browser that the link is to a CSS page with this attribute: 'type="text/css"'. All that is important here is that the link point to a CSS file with the name: 'myCSS.css'

So now that we got the style sheet linked to the document, lets look at some CSS code. This first snippet of code 'styles' the unique ID's we were talking about before:

#navigation {

position: absolute;

width: 210px;

height: 600px;

margin: 0;

margin-top: 0px;

border-right: 1px solid #C6EC8C;

font-weight: normal;

}

#centerDoc {

position: absolute;

padding: 0 0 20px 0; /*top right bottom left*/

margin-top: 50px;

margin-left: 235px;

}

There is a lot going on here so we will focus on just a few elements for now. In the above elements we have 2 selectors, one for each ID and each selectors are grouped/contained by using the curly brackets: { }. So here is the CSS selectors code with all their guts removed:

#navigation {

/*Look ma no CSS rules!*/

}

#centerDoc {

/*Look ma no CSS rules!*/

}

I just inserted the text: '/*Look ma no CSS rules!*/' to show you where the CSS code would normally be. So now you can see that anything in between the curly brackets is part of one group or package that in CSS can generically be called a selector.

In our above examples you can see that there is some text that appears before a curly bracket. That text gives a name to the selector. So in this case we have two selector names and thus to selectors: #centerDoc and #navigation. So why do we have the # symbol in front of the text? Why can't we call it simply 'centerDoc' and 'navigation'?

Like HTML and programming certain text in certain places have special meaning that tells the system to do something particular. In this case whenever you have a # symbol in front of a name of a CSS selector we are saying that this selector is a special type of selector called an 'ID' selector. What is so special about an ID selector? That type of selector can only be applied to one element in the HTML page. Sounds familiar?

So those of you not asleep at the computer, now see that we have a CSS ID selector for each of our HTML divs that have an ID, and they have the same corresponding names. So the CSS selector #centerDoc applies to the div: '<div id="centerDoc">' , you got it? Whatever CSS rules/styles we choose to code into our ID selector will change what appears inside the corresponding div. So for the div with the id of: 'navigation' we have these CSS rules:

#navigation {

position: absolute;

width: 210px;

height: 600px;

margin: 0;

margin-top: 0px;

border-right: 1px solid #C6EC8C;

font-weight: normal;

}

Notice at the bottom we say all text will have a font-weight of 'normal':

font-weight: normal;

We could just as easily have said that we want all the text to appear in the div (the div with the ID 'navigation') bold instead:

font-weight: bold;

But I digress, I already go into detail about CSS in a my previous article on CSS. This tutorial was about creating an easy to use page template so I will point out the 2 main elements that make this thing work.

In our page the navigation div is sitting on the left and it has a border ... why? It has a nice light green 1 pixel border because I set this in my CSS:

border-right: 1px solid #C6EC8C;

Pretty self explanatory, no? I would suggest changing the color of the border and changing the pixel thickness of the border and see how it looks.

Why is the navigation sitting on the left of the page while the centerDoc is to the right of it? Well first thing to look at is this line in the navigation selector:

position: absolute;

This tells the browser to just place this div on the page as is. This is oversimplifying the subject, but for our purposes this works for now.

The real magic in this is the CSS code for centerDoc:

#centerDoc {

position: absolute;

padding: 0 0 20px 0; /*top right bottom left*/

margin-top: 50px;

margin-left: 235x;

}

The line :

padding: 0 0 20px 0; /*top right bottom left*/

Tells the browser to insert 20px (pixels) of padding to the bottom of the div with the ID 'centerDoc'.

Let's back up here a second. We just used something called 'padding' and it is what it sounds like: Space that is wrapped around our element (tag).

CSS has this feature and concept of a box model that essentially is a box that wraps around HTML elements. This box model consists of: padding, margins, borders and the actual content. This allows us to place a border around elements and space elements in relation to other elements. From the inside out it is ordered like so:

content -> padding -> border -> margin

So in our case anything in between our <div> tags is the 'content'. Right after that comes the padding. Then there is a border and finally a margin. Margin and padding may seem like the same thing but if you think about it, you can see how being able to control the space before the border (padding) and after the border (margins) can really effect your layouts.

In this example you notice that the navigation div sits higher up on the page than the centerDoc div. This is not because of the order that which they appear in the HTML, as they normally would without CSS, rather it is because of the margin settings I set for each selector; for centerDoc I set the top margin to 50px:

margin-top: 50px;

And for the navigation div I set it to:

margin-top: 0px;

This sets its top margin to 0 pixels so it will therefore be 50 pixels higher than the centerDoc div. I would suggest that you move the position of the navigation div under the center doc div in the HTML just to see if it changes anything, you will see that where the div appears in the actual HTML code has nothing to do with how it will appear to the user now that CSS positioning has been used. Another thing to try is to play with the CSS values and see what happens, change the padding, change the margins etc .

Let's finish this discussion of CSS in Part 3.

? Continue to Part 3

1. There is more HTML that appears on top of the first <body> tag that is very important to the page but does not actually directly have anything to do with what appears in the page (from the users perspective) so I won't discuss it in this article.

CSS Tutorial Part 1

2009-07-19T21:32:00.000-07:00

CSS REDUCES THE NUMBER OF TAGS USED

Because of the power of CSS, we will be able to reduce the number of HTML tags we use in a page big time, all the while still being able to layout great looking pages using only 6 types (for lack of better words) of HTML tags.

The tags we will use to layout the content:

1. <h> The Heading tags which range from '<h1></h1>' to '<h6></h6>', are going to be used to mark/tag headings in our pages. So the most important heading will be wrapped in a <h1> tag and the least important in a <h6> tag.

An example of a heading:
<h1> CSS Template Layout </h1>

This tells the browsers and the search engines too, that this page is primarily about: 'CSS Template Layout'

All browsers have a default size (for each <h> tag) as to how it renders text when placed between these tags. Many of these defaults can be unusable (especially <h1>) because they come out too big. But never fear, CSS is here. We will use CSS to make the text sizes more to our liking.

2. <p> The Paragraph tag is used to mark parts of the pages as being 'paragraphs', simple enough. Paragraph tags are what they call a 'block element'; that means that it acts like a block where a space is automatically inserted before and after each <p> tag pair. You see it work in the examples coming up.

3. <ul> and <ol> List tags will be used to create our menus. The tag <ul> is the 'un-ordered list tag' that creates a list with bullets or other images/icons that do not specify or denote an order; hence the term 'un-ordered'. The other list tag mentioned (<ol>) is the 'ordered list tag' and it creates a list that, instead of bullets, the list elements are marked with numbers or letters. Code examples to follow.

4. <div> We all know what the <div> tag is about since we all read the previous article, right? We will use div's to create containers for parts of our page. One div will be used to 'hold' our navigational menu and another div to 'hold' the main page.

5. <a href> The most important tag in HTML: the 'link tag' or the 'hyperlink tag'. This makes text 'hyper' so that when we click on it we can load another page or activate/call some JavaScript (otherwise known as ECMA script).

6. <img> This is the 'image tag', allows you to link to images so that they show up in our pages. In HTML images are not embedded into the actual page, instead the image tag (<img>) only points to where the image is and the browser will attempt to load that image when a surfer loads your HTML page.

That covers the HTML tags we will use in our layout! No need for table tags, <br> tags and nasty <font> tags.
THE BASIC PAGE TEMPLATE

Go to the Web Designers Killer Handbook home page and grab the practice HTML page that we will use as the starting template for this tutorial. You can find it under the heading: 'To create the practice HTML page do the following:' Follow the instructions there and create your basic HTML page.

Once you have created the template page, create a folder and name it something like: 'myCSSwebsite' and then drop the HTML page into it. In that same folder, create a new text document and call it: 'myCSS.css'. Once created open that file and paste in this template CSS code and then save it:

/* Generic Selectors */

body {

font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;

font-size: 14px;

color: #333333;

background-color: #F9F9F9;

}

p {

width: 80%;

}

li {

list-style-type: none;

line-height: 150%;

list-style-image: url(../images/arrowSmall.gif);

}

h1 {

font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;

font-size: 18px;

font-weight: bold;

color: #000000;

}

h2 {

font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;

font-size: 16px;

font-weight: bold;

color: #000000;

border-bottom: 1px solid #C6EC8C;

}

/**************** Pseudo classes ****************/

a:link {

color: #00CC00;

text-decoration: underline;

font-weight: bold;

}

li :link {

color: #00CC00;

text-decoration: none;

font-weight: bold;

}

a:visited {

color: #00CC00;

text-decoration: underline;

font-weight: bold;

}

li a:visited {

color: #00CC00;

text-decoration: none;

font-weight: bold;

}

a:hover {

color: rgb(0, 96, 255);

padding-bottom: 5px;

font-weight: bold;

text-decoration: underline;

}

li a:hover {

display: block;

color: rgb(0, 96, 255);

padding-bottom: 5px;

font-weight: bold;

border-bottom-width: 1px;

border-bottom-style: solid;

border-bottom-color: #C6EC8C;

}

a:active {

color: rgb(255, 0, 102);

font-weight: bold;

}

/************************* ID's *************************/

#navigation {

position: absolute;

width: 210px;

height: 600px;

margin: 0;

margin-top: 50px;

border-right: 1px solid #C6EC8C;

font-weight: normal;

}

#centerDoc {

position: absolute;

padding: 0 0 20px 0; /*top right bottom left*/

margin-top: 50px;

margin-left: 235px;

}

Don't let the CSS freak you out, I will explain the important details and you will soon see how easy it really is. One last thing for you to do before I finish this part of the tutorial, we need to add some code to our HTML page.

In between the <body></body> tags you will need to insert this code:

<div id="navigation">

<h2>The Main navigation</h2>

</div>

<div id="centerDoc">

<h1>The Main Heading</h1>

<p>

Go to the Web Designers Killer Handbook home page and grab the practice HTML page that we will used as the starting template for this tutorial. You can find it under the heading: 'To create the practice HTML page do the following:'.

Follow the instructions there and create your basic HTML page ... and do it now!

</p>

</div>

And in between the <head> </head> tags you will need to insert this:

<title>First CSS Tutorial</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

<link href="myCSS.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

With this in place we will be able to start styling our page. If you take a look at the HTML page now you may be surprised to see that we already started!

INTRODUCTION TO CASCADING STYLE SHEETS

2009-07-19T21:19:00.000-07:00

INTRODUCTION TO CASCADING STYLE SHEETS

CSS is the acronym for: ‘Cascading Style Sheets’. CSS is an extension to basic HTML that allows you to style your web pages.

An example of a style change would be to make words bold. In standard HTML you would use the <b> tag like so:

<b>make me bold</b>

This works fine, and there is nothing wrong with it per se, except that now if you wanted to say change all your text that you initially made bold to underlined, you would have to go to every spot in the page and change the tag.

Another disadvantage can be found in this example: say you wanted to make the above text bold, make the font style Verdanna and change its color to red, you would need a lot of code wrapped around the text:

<font color="#FF0000" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>This is text</strong></font>

This is verbose and contributes to making you HTML messy. With CSS, you can create a custom style elsewhere and set all its properties, give it a unique name and then ‘tag’ your HTML to apply these stylistic properties:

<p class="myNewStyle">My CSS styled text</p>

And in between the <head></head> tags at the top of your web page you would insert this CSS code that defines the style we just applied:

<style type="text/css">

</style>

In the above example we embed the css code directly into the page itself. This is fine for smaller projects or in situations where the styles you’re defining will only be used in a single page. There are many times when you will be applying your styles to many pages and it would be a hassle to have to copy and paste your CSS code into each page.

Besides the fact that you will be cluttering up your pages with the same CSS code, you also find yourself having to edit each of these pages if you want to make a style change. Like with JavaScript, you can define/create your CSS styles in a separate file and then link it to the page you want to apply the code to:

<link href="myFirstStyleSheet.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

The above line of code links your external style sheet called ‘myFirstStyleSheet.css’ to the HTML document. You place this code in between the <head> </head> tags in your web page.
HOW TO CREATE A LINKED EXTERNAL STYLE SHEET

To create an external style sheet all you need to do is create a simple text document (on windows you simply right-click and select new -> text document) and then change the file from type .txt to .css.

You can change the file type by just changing the files' extension. The files' extension on windows tells the computer what kind of file it is and allows the computer to determine how to handle the file when for example you try to open it.

You probably guessed it; CSS files are just specially formatted text files, and much in the same way HTML pages are. There is nothing special or different in the file itself, rather it is the contents of the file that make an HTML document and a CSS page what they are.

When working with a external CSS document, there are a couple of points to remember:

1. You don’t add these tags in the CSS page itself as you would if you embedded the CSS code in your HTML:

<style type="text/css">

</style>

Since the CSS link in your web page says that you are linking to a CSS page, you don’t need to declare (in the external CSS file) that the code in the CSS page is CSS. That is what the above tags do. Instead you would just add your CSS code directly to the page like so:

.myNewStyle {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
color: #FF0000;
}

.my2ndNewStyle {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
color: #FF0000;
}

.my3rdNewStyle {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 12pt;
color: #FF0000;
}

In the above example I have created a series CSS classes that can be applied to any HTML tag like so:

<p class="myNewStyle">My CSS styled text</p>

or

<h2 class=”my3rdNewStyle”>My CSS styled text</h2>

You will notice that in the above example I applied a CSS style to a <h2> tag. Normally this tag sets the size of the text that it wraps to a size that is preset in the browser (ex: 10 pixels).

When you apply a CSS class to it, the CSS code overrides the default size that you would normally get with an <h2> tag in favor of the size specified in the CSS class. So now you can see that CSS can override default HTML tag behavior!

In the above examples, I have CSS code where I define my CSS classes and then ‘apply’ them to various elements in the page. Another way to apply CSS is to globally redefine an HTML tag to look a certain way:

h1 { font-family: Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 200%; }

What this CSS code does is set the font style and size of all <h1> tags in one shot. Now you don’t have to apply a CSS class as we did before to any <h1> tags since they are automatically all affected by the CSS style rules.

Here is another example of where I give the whole page bigger margins:

body { margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; }

As you can see, you can redefine any tag and change the way it looks! This can be very powerful:

div {
background: rgb(204,204,255);
padding: 0.5em;
border: 1px solid #000000;
}

The above CSS code sets that any <div></div> tag will now have a background color of ‘rgb(204,204,255)’ and have a padding of 0.5em and a thin 1 pixel border that is solid black.

A few things to explain about the above:

Color in CSS can be expressed in a few ways:

1. In Hex -> for example: #000000 – this is black and this: #FF0000 is red.
2. In rgb -> rgb(204,204,255) is a light purple blue color.
3. With named colors like: ‘red’ or ‘blue’

I typically use hex color since I am familiar with them or I just use named colors. So the last example can be rewritten like so:

div {
background: green;
padding: 0.5em;
border: 1px solid #FF0000;
}

So instead of ‘rgb(204,204,255)’ , I just specified ‘green’.

By using RGB (RGB is the acronym for: ‘Red Green Blue’) and Hex color, you can really get the exact color you want easily when you know your codes. Luckily many programs (like Dreamweaver) provide easy to use color pickers for you so you don’t need to know the values for the code.

In this last example I will show you the ‘super cool’ CSS code that allows you to create link roll-over affects without images:

a:link { color: rgb(0, 0, 153) }
a:visited { color: rgb(153, 0, 153) }
a:hover { color: rgb(0, 96, 255) }
a:active { color: rgb(255, 0, 102) }

The above CSS will cause your links to change color when someone hovers their mouse pointer over it, instant rollovers with no images! One important note with the above code, is that it is important that the style declarations be in the right order:

"link-visited-hover-active",

... otherwise it may break it in some browsers.

CSS is very powerful and allows you to do things that you can’t do with standard HTML. It is supported nicely now in all the modern browsers and is a must learn tool for web designers.

The above examples are just a small sample of what you can do with CSS, but it should be more than enough for you to start styling your pages nicely.

Like with many technologies CSS has a lot of capability that most people will not need to use often, if at all. So don’t get caught in the trap of thinking that if there is some functionality/feature available that you have to use it.

BTW: The killersites forum has a search engine that allows you to do some pretty powerful searches against what was discussed.

For example if you type ‘CSS’ in the search box, you will get a list of all the post regarding CSS. This feature will makes the forum archive a great source of information

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3. Background properties

3.1 Layering multiple background images

3.2 The ‘background-color’ property

3.3 The ‘background-image’ property

3.4 The ‘background-repeat’ property

3.5 The ‘background-attachment’ property

3.6 The ‘background-position’ property

3.7 The ‘background-clip’ property

3.8 The ‘background-origin’ property

3.9 The ‘background-size’ property

3.10 The ‘background-break’ property

3.11 The ‘background’ shorthand property

3.12 The background of the canvas

4. Border properties

4.1 The ‘border-color’ properties

4.2 The ‘border-style’ properties

4.3 The ‘border-width’ properties

4.4 The ‘border-image’ property

4.5 The ‘border-radius’ properties

4.6 The ‘border-break’ property

4.7 The ‘border-top’, ‘border-bottom’, ‘border-right’, ‘border-left’, and ‘border’ properties

4.8 The ‘box-shadow’ property

5. Definitions

5.1 Profiles

5.2 Conformance

5.3 Glossary

5.4 CR exit criteria

6. Acknowledgments

7. References

Normative references

Other references

Property index

3.2 The ‘`background-color`’ property

3.3 The ‘`background-image`’ property

3.4 The ‘`background-repeat`’ property

3.5 The ‘`background-attachment`’ property

3.6 The ‘`background-position`’ property

3.7 The ‘`background-clip`’ property

3.8 The ‘`background-origin`’ property

3.9 The ‘`background-size`’ property

3.10 The ‘`background-break`’ property

3.11 The ‘`background`’ shorthand property

4.1 The ‘`border-color`’ properties

4.2 The ‘`border-style`’ properties

4.3 The ‘`border-width`’ properties

4.4 The ‘`border-image`’ property

4.5 The ‘`border-radius`’ properties

4.6 The ‘`border-break`’ property

4.7 The ‘`border-top`’, ‘`border-bottom`’, ‘`border-right`’, ‘`border-left`’, and ‘`border`’ properties

4.8 The ‘`box-shadow`’ property