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The Olympic Games

2012-07-16T11:07:00.004-07:00

The Olympic Games

"As in the daytime there is no star in the sky warmer and brighter than the sun, likewise there is no competition greater than the Olympic Games."Pindar, Greek lyric poet, 5th century BC

Origins

The ancient Greeks first had the idea of getting men together every four years to hold and witness sporting events (in those days women did not participate, though they had their own, independent, events). The idea was to have the best athletes from all over Greece gather in one field and compete every four years. All wars and fighting had to stop while the athletes and their supporters came together in the town of Olympia for a few days to compete in a few events, mostly related to warfare (throwing the javelin, running, wrestling, boxing and chariot racing).

The first written reference to the Games is 776 BC. They lasted until 389 AD. The idea of having the modern Games was suggested in the mid 19th century but they weren't a world event until 1896. Besides being postponed because of wars, they have been held since then every four years in different cities around the world.

Symbols

The Olympic Games have many important symbols that most people recognize. The five rings that appear on the Olympic flag (coloured yellow, green, blue, black and red) were introduced in 1914. They represent the five continents of Africa, the Americas, Australia, Asia and Europe. The flag is raised in the host city and then flown to the next one where it is kept until the next Games. The Olympic torch, a major part of the ancient Games, was brought back in 1928 and is carried with great fanfare and publicity to the host city where it lights the burning flame of the Games. It is kept burning until the close of the Games. The torch symbolizes purity, the drive for perfection and the struggle for victory.

Music

The rousing Olympic anthem is the simply named "Olympic Music" by John Williams, who wrote it for the 1984 Olympics, held in Los Angeles. What you hear first are the forty or so notes played on horns which form the "Bugler's Dream" (also called "Olympic Fanfare") by Leo Arnaud, first played in the 1968 Gam

es.

The torch, fanfare and flag are clearly evident in the Opening Ceremony, when everyone formally welcomes the participants and the Games can begin. Here we find the dramatic and colourful March of Nations, in which all the athletes from each country go into the venue to the sound of their country's anthem and march behind their flags, thus becoming representatives of their countries.

Athlete's Oath

One part of the Opening Ceremony that tries to keep the spirit of the Games and sportsmanship alive is when one athlete, representing all those participating, takes the Athlete's Oath:

"In the name of all the competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport, and the honour of our teams."

Medals

In the ancient Games, only the winner was celebrated. Each winner was given a simple crown of olive leaves to wear on his head. This was the only reward for his victory. Those who came in second or third got nothing. Interestingly, when the Games started again in 1896, silver medals were given to the first place winners. Later in 1904 in the St. Louis Games, gold was the top prize. Now, of course we have gold for first place, silver for second and bronze for third.

Motto

The Olympics' official motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius". This is Latin for "Swifter, Higher, Stronger". This is said to represent the Olympic spirit, supposed to be present throughout the Games and generally held to be a celebration of brotherhood, competition, sportsmanship, goodwill and peace. The Games help us see how similar we are, and help us celebrate our humanity.

People

As in ancient times, those who participate in the Games are famous for the rest of their lives. Today, it's estimated that some 100,000 people have competed in the Games. These athletes, all supposed to be amateurs (people who play and get no money for their play), have to qualify or win regional and national events. They often play on their countries' national teams. If they are ill or can't make it for an event, they have substitutes. When they start playing, they become competitors or opponents on the playing field.

Officials, referees, scorekeepers and umpires monitor their play, and judges score their performances. Spectators watch the events, and fans cheer the athletes on.

Helping the athletes in their chosen sports are their trainers and coaches. Helping the athletes in their business affairs are their agents and managers. Sometimes athletes have sponsors and after the Games are over the athletes become spokesmen for companies.

The Olympic Games also require people to take on the jobs of announcers, commentators and broadcasters. These people comment on, report and describe the events that are happening and tell us about the standings of the countries and the athletes who play the Games.

Unfortunate events in world history (the 1972 Munich Olympics and 9/11) mean that security is a major concern for the Games. Thus the Olympics also employs those who are responsible for the safe-being of the athletes and spectators, including police (city, provincial and federal) and even national troops or soldiers. They are pitted against 'common' criminals (thieves, pickpockets, vandals...) and terrorists.

In addition, the support staff get the fields, grounds and arenas ready and help to maintain the equipment and facilities.

The nationalities you hear of in the Olympics fall mostly into certain suffix groups, for example:

ish (mostly European)	ese (mostly Asian)	i (mostly Middle Eastern)	an/ian	ch	other
British	Burmese	Bahraini	American	Czech	Filipino
Finnish	Chinese	Iraqi	Australian	Dutch	Greek
Irish	Japanese	Israeli	Canadian	French	Icelandic
Polish	Portuguese	Kuwaiti	German	-	Swiss
Spanish	Taiwanese	Pakistani	Indonesian	-	Thai
Turkish	Vietnamese	Saudi	Korean	-	Malagasy

Events

The ancient Games had only a few events. Foot racing was in every game and each race had a variety of lengths - the longest being the marathon named after the Greek city and famous battle. The pentathlon, supposedly developed by Jason of Golden Fleece fame, had five events (running, jumping, wrestling, discus throwing and javelin throwing) which were all scored together. Three pentathlon events were important and popular enough to have their own events. Wrestling, discus throwing and the javelin were all recorded in the Homeric poems and were seen as vital for all men to be skilled in. The javelin throw was separated into two categories: length and accuracy (aimed at a specific target). Boxing was one of the oldest events and was written about by Homer. Finally there was the pancration, a combination of boxing and wrestling and various events with horse racing.

Today, of course, there are many more events. The chart below lists the most popular modern events in the Summer and Winter Olympics.

Summer		Winter
kayaking	boxing	down hill skiing	snowboarding
swimming	diving	hockey	speed skating
equestrian	hurdles	curling	bobsledding
gymnastics	track & field	figure skating	luge
volleyball	basketball	biathlon	ski jumping
tennis	wrestling	skeleton	cross country skiing

NB. The following summer sports have been recently recognized and are now legitimate events: air sports; automobile; bandy; billiards; boules; bowling; bridge; chess; dancesport; golf; karate; korfball; life saving; motorcycle racing; mountaineering and climbing; netball; orienteering; pelote basque; polo; racquetball; roller sports; rugby; squash; surfing; tug of war; underwater sports; water skiing; wushu.

Competition

Athletes compete or play against each other in hopes of winning. That might mean crossing the finish line first or putting on a perfect performance. Throughout the Games, the contestants are supposed to play with a spirit of sportsmanship, which can be defined as the character and conduct worthy of a sportsman. This means that they are to play with honour, seeking only to do their very best in their sport, and not specifically to defeat the other players.

When the playing begins, the events have preliminaries, or official trials or contests, in which athletes have to meet specified minimum requirements. This is for the setting of standards and for athletes to gain the right to compete in the final contest.

Sometimes it seems that the spirit and the joy of the Games have been lost to commercialism and the overpowering desire to focus only on victory. When controversy and partisanship take over, it's good to remember what a churchman once said during the 1908 London Games, which is still true today:

"The important thing is not so much winning as taking part."

Unfortunately, some athletes and coaches have taken to cheating or doping, in an attempt to gain an unfair advantage. Steroids, drugs that encourage muscle strength and stamina, are one of the banned substances that give athletes an extra, and illegal, advantage.

In spite of the problems of cheating and doping, and nationalism which can be divisive, the Games carry on and remain popular. This is possibly because the Games show us what we as humans are capable of and that humanity is capable of engaging in friendly competition. We should keep in mind what the father of the modern Games, Baron Pierre de Courbertin, once said:

"Olympism is not a system, it is a state of mind."

Vocabulary
Vocabulary Quiz
Comprehension Quiz

New Games are all

2012-07-16T11:06:00.004-07:00

Prepositions & Conjunctions Games

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Gerunds (-ing) and Infinitives (to) Games

Gerunds and infinitives - ing or to - Duel Game

Adjectives and Adverbs Games

Adjectives and Opposites - Duel Game
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Adverbs of Frequency Hangman Game
Adverbs to describe verbs- Ending with - ly- -Hangman Game
Adjectives Opposite - Hangman Game
Word Building Quiz Games - Adjectives Opposites, Synonyms, Prefixes, Suffixes, Extreme Adjectives

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Bad reasons for using games in an adult class

2012-07-16T10:50:00.000-07:00

Killing time - A good language learning game has a clear purpose and finishes whenever students could more usefully move onto something else. If you think your teacher is making you play games when these two things are not true, for example by making you play a game again when you got a perfect score the first time, then you could ask the school manager/ head teacher if the teachers could clearly explain the reason for each game before you are asked to play it.
Learning just like kids - Although adults can learn a lot from how kids naturally pick up a language, the adult brain is very different from a child's one and a class that made children learn the language quickly is not usually one that would work perfectly for adults without some changes. If your teacher seems to be making the assumption that you should learn just like children, then it might be worth asking him or her to explain their language teaching philosophy to you.
The teacher just want to try something new - This is a difficult one to judge as a teacher who is always trying new ideas to make better and more interesting classes is usually a good teacher- but that does not always mean that the new game will make the best possible lesson for you today. If you think your teacher is being too experimental with your class, a good way to approach this is to suggest what things you would be happy to do again with comments like "I really enjoyed..." and "Before the test could we ... again?"
It's fun for the teacher - Teachers are human too and want to have fun in their jobs sometimes, but the teacher is only one of the people in the class and if the majority of students agree that a game is useless it might be a good time for you to finish the game off quickly and show that you want to move on by opening your book etc.
The teacher thinks smiling faces means happy students - Many teachers are surprised when a student who was smiling, laughing and taking part in games later complains about that game or that there are too many games in class. If you enjoy the games but don't think they are useful, it is worth explaining exactly this to the teacher rather than saying that you "don't like games".
The teacher doesn't know what else to do - Many English teachers are trained to use games and if the school tells them to stop using them it can be very difficult to think of other interesting and motivating ways of practicing the language. If you have specific ideas for what you could do in class instead, for example something that you did in another class, suggesting this to the teacher or school manager might help them come up with suitable ideas.

Good reasons for using games in an adult class

2012-07-16T10:47:00.002-07:00

More drilling/ controlled practice - There is a limit to how many times you can repeat the same grammar or sentence before your brain switches off. With some games, however, it is possible to repeat the same language many more times in interesting ways and so improve your ability to produce next time you have a real conversation in English.
Fun and memory - When you are having fun the language that you hear and use is more likely to make an impression on your memory and so be easy to recall in the future.
Class spirit - Many classroom games help students to get to know each other and learn to work together. The team spirit this produces improves your motivation to come to class and do your best, and so helps increase your English skills.
Knowing when you are doing well - When you are speaking a foreign language it is very difficult to know when you are speaking well and when you are speaking badly. In a game with points it is much clearer when you have done well.
Warmers - Sometimes you need waking up before your brain is ready to absorb new language, and the best way of doing this is usually with a short game.
Using different parts of your brain - Normal classroom learning usually uses your memory quite a lot for vocabulary learning etc, and also sometimes uses the logical parts of your brain for things like working out grammar rules. If you can also engage other parts of your brain with things like drawing, hand eye coordination and music, this will help you learn the language more fully. The easiest way of bringing these things into class is usually language games.

2012-05-27T10:44:00.001-07:00

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2012-05-27T10:42:00.000-07:00

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2012-04-08T09:37:00.000-07:00

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2012-04-08T09:32:00.000-07:00

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Ludwig Wittgensein

2011-10-28T10:47:00.000-07:00

Ludwig Wittgenstein was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word game in his Philosophical Investigation.Wittgenstein demonstrated that the element of games, such as play, rule, and competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the term age to a range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call family resemblances.

Definitions

2011-10-28T10:41:00.001-07:00

Look up gmae in Wikitonay
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Game are Goal

2011-10-28T10:39:00.000-07:00

Key components of games are goals. rules, challenge, and intercaction. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many game help develop practical skills, serve as a form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educationa, simulational, or psycholigical role, According to Chris Crawford, the requirement for player interaction purt activities such as jigsaw puzzles and solitaire game into the category or puzzles rather than games

Attested as early as 2600BC games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur. Senet and Macala are Some of the oldest known games

gamescitybd.com

most used game

RSS Feeds News

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games

Origins

Symbols

Music

Athlete's Oath

Medals

Motto

People

Events

Competition

New Games are all

Prepositions & Conjunctions Games

Prepositions Game - For Elementary to Pre-intermediate Levels - Spin off Game

Conditionals Games

Gerunds (-ing) and Infinitives (to) Games

Adjectives and Adverbs Games

Adjectives Hangman Game

Adverbs of Frequency Hangman Game

Adverbs to describe verbs- Ending with - ly- -Hangman Game

Adjectives Opposite - Hangman Game

Assorted Grammar Games

Newest Items : ESL Games -Board, Card & PPT Games - Click on product to tour.

Bad reasons for using games in an adult class

Good reasons for using games in an adult class

New Games

Welcom Message

Ludwig Wittgensein

Definitions

Game are Goal