Jepara origin of the name comes from the words of The Edge, Edge Jumpara Mara and who later became Jepara, which means a settlement where the traders who berniaga to various regions. According to the book “New History of the Tang Dynasty (618-906 AD)” noted that in the year 674 AD a traveler Tionghoa named I-Tsing Holing never visited the country or forth or Kalinga is also known as Java or Japa and believed to be located in the Keling, Jepara eastern today, and led by a king named her Queen Shima is known to be very strict.

According to a named Portuguese writer Tomé Pires in his book “Suma Oriental”, a new Jepara known in the XV century (1470 AD) as a small trading port of the new 90-100 inhabited by people and led by East Aryo and was under the rule of Demak. East Aryo then succeeded by his son named Pati Unus (1507-1521). Pati Unus trying to build a trading city of Jepara.

Pati Unus known to be very tough against the Portuguese occupation of Malacca which link the archipelago trade. After Pati Unus dies-in-law is replaced by Faletehan / Fatahillah in power (1521-1536). Later in the year 1536 by the ruler of the Sultan Trenggono Demak, Jepara handed over to the child and the law Retno Queen and Prince Attending Kencono husband. But after the death of Sultan Trenggono in the Military Expedition of Panarukan East Java in 1546, the emergence of rippled Demak kingdom struggle for the throne ended with the death of Princes Attend by Aryo Penangsang in 1549.

Death of a loved one makes the Queen Retno Kencono deeply grieved and leave palace life to meditate on the hill Danaraja. After the assassination Aryo Penangsang by Sutowijoyo, Queen Retno Kencono willing to come down from the monastery and became ruler of Jepara inaugurated by Queen Kalinyamat Nimas title.

In the reign of Queen Kalinyamat (1549-1579), Jepara flourished into major Airports Niaga in Java, which serve the import export. One also becomes naval base that has been initiated since the time of the Demak Kingdom.

As a ruler of Jepara, which Gemah Ripah loh Jepara jinawi because the existence at that time as a busy Commercial Airport, Queen Kalinyamat known to have anti-colonial patriotism. This is evidenced by the delivery fleet to Malacca to the Portuguese assault in 1551 and the year 1574. Is not excessive if the Portuguese at that time called the Queen as “RAINHA DE JEPARA” Senora DE Rica “, which means King of Jepara a woman who is very powerful and wealthy.

Attack the Queen of this brave involving nearly 40 ships which contain approximately 5000 soldiers. However, this attack failed, when the soldiers are doing Kalinyamat ground attack in an effort to stronghold surrounded the Portuguese in Malacca, the Portuguese army armor managed to break the siege Kalinyamat army.

But the Queen’s patriotism never faded and afraid of the Portuguese colonialists, who in the 16th century it was in the top of glory and is recognized as a brave nation in the world.

Twenty-four years later in October 1574 or, rather, the Queen sent a fleet of military Kalinyamat greater in Malacca. This second military expedition involving 300 ships including 80 large junks ships 15,000 soldiers manned option. Delivery of this second military force led by the most important commander in the kingdom called the Portuguese as “QUILIMO”.

Although the end of this second war that lasted for months Kalinyamat soldiers also managed to expel the Portuguese from Malacca, but has allowed the Portuguese confront fear and deterrence with the Kings this Jepara, proven Java freely from Portuguese colonization in the 16th century.

As a historical relic of the great war between Jepara and Portuguese, until now there are still complex in Malacca in the cemetery called Grave Army Java. In addition Queen Kalinyamat character is also very instrumental in civilizing ARTS UKIR currently a major mainstay of the economy Jepara carving Majapahit combination with Badarduwung Patih sculpture from the Chinese State.

According to historical records Kalinyamat Queen died in 1579 and was buried in the village Mantingan Jepara, on the tomb of her husband Prince Attending. Refers to all the positive aspects that have been proven by Queen Kalinyamat so Jepara became a prosperous nation, strong and the determination mashur Jepara Day So who takes the time he was crowned as the ruler of Jepara or coinciding with the date 10 April 1549 has been marked by TRUS sengkala Candra WORKS EARTH tataning or continue to work hard to build the region.

The history of ancient Mesopotamia begins with the emergence of urban societies during the Ubaid period, from ca. 5300 BCE. The history of the Ancient Near East is taken to end with either the arrival of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE, or with the arrival of the Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia and the establishment of the Caliphate, from which point the region came to be known as Iraq.

A cultural continuity and spatial homogeneity for this entire historical geography (“the Great Tradition”) is popularly assumed, though the assumption is problematic. Mesopotamia housed some of the world’s most ancient states with highly developed social complexity. The region was famous as one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was first invented, along with the Nile valley in Egypt, the Indus Valley in the Indian subcontinent and Yellow River valley in China (Although writing is also known to have arisen independently in Mesoamerica).

Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, and Babylon as well as major territorial states such as the city of Ma-asesblu, Akkadian kingdom, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Assyrian empire. Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders were Ur-Nammu (king of Ur), Sargon (who established the Akkadian Kingdom), Hammurabi (who established the Old Babylonian state), and Tiglath-Pileser I (who established the Assyrian Empire).

“Ancient Mesopotamia” begins in the late 6th millennium BC, and ends with either the rise of the Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BCE or the Islamic conquest of Persian Mesopotamia in the 7th century CE. This long period may be divided as follows:
• Pottery Neolithic:
Hassuna (ca. 6000 bce-? bce), Samarra (ca. 5700 bce-4900 bce) and Halaf (ca. 6000 bce-5300 bce) “cultures”

• Chalcolithic or Copper age:
Ubaid period (ca. 5900 BCE–4400 BCE)
Uruk period (ca. 4400 BCE–3200 BCE)
Jemdet Nasr period (ca. 3100 BCE–2900 BCE)

• Early Bronze Age
Early Dynastic Sumerian city-states (ca. 2900 BCE–2350 BCE)
Akkadian Empire (ca. 2350 BCE–2193 BCE).
Third dynasty of Ur (“Sumerian Renaissance” or “Neo-Sumerian Period”) (ca. 2119 BCE–2004 BCE)

• Middle Bronze Age
Early Assyrian kingdom (20th to 18th c. BCE)
First Babylonian Dynasty (18th to 17th c. BCE)

• Late Bronze Age
Kassite dynasty, Middle Assyrian period (16th to 12th c. BCE)
Bronze Age collapse (12th to 11th c. BCE)

• Iron Age
Neo-Hittite or Syro-Hittite regional states (11th–7th c. BCE)
Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th to 7th c. BCE)
Neo-Babylonian Empire (7th to 6th c. BCE)

• Classical Antiquity
Achaemenid Assyria (6th to 4th c. BCE)
Seleucid Mesopotamia (4th to 1st c. BCE)
Parthian Mesopotamia (3rd c. BCE to 3rd c. CE)
Roman Mesopotamia (2nd c. CE)
Sassanid Mesopotamia (3rd to 7th c. CE)
Muslim conquest of Persian Mesopotamia (7th c.CE)

Unlike mains transformers and audio transformers, a LOPT is designed not just to transfer energy, but also to store it for a significant fraction of the switching period. This is achieved by winding the coils on a ferrite core with an air gap. The air gap increases the reluctance of the magnetic circuit and therefore its capacity to store energy.

The primary winding of the LOPT is driven by a relatively low voltage sawtooth wave, which is ramped up (and sweeping the beam across the screen to draw a line) and then abruptly switched off (and causing the beam to quickly fly back from the right to the left of the display) by the horizontal output stage. This is a ramped and pulsed waveform that repeats at the horizontal (line) frequency of the display. The flyback (vertical portion of the sawtooth wave) is extremely useful to the flyback transformer: the faster a magnetic field collapses, the greater the induced voltage. Furthermore, the high frequency used permits the use of a much smaller transformer. In television sets, this high frequency is about 15 kilohertz (15.734 kHz for NTSC), and vibrations from the related circuitry can often be heard as a high-pitched whine. In modern computer displays the frequency can vary over a wide range, from about 30 kHz to 150 kHz.

The alternating current coming from the flyback transformer is converted to direct current by a high-voltage rectifier. If the output voltage of the LOPT is not high enough by itself, the rectifier is replaced by a voltage multiplier. Early color television sets (like the 1954 RCA CT-100) also used a regulator to control the high voltage. The rectified voltage is then used to supply the anode of the cathode ray tube.

There are often auxiliary secondary windings that produce lower voltages for driving other parts of the display’s circuitry — often the CRT’s filament will be driven from the flyback. In tube sets, a two-turn filament winding is located on the opposite side of the core as the HV secondary, used to drive the rectifier tube’s heater.

Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located at the western end of the Pacific Ocean, east of the Sea of Japan, and neighboring China, Korea, and Russia. The islands in the northern Sea of Okhotsk, and the most southern region of the small islands in the East China Sea, specifically in the south of Okinawa neighboring Taiwan.

Japan consists of 6852 islands that make an island. The main islands from north to south are Hokkaido, Honshu (the largest island), Shikoku, and Kyushu. Approximately 97% of the Japanese mainland in the fourth largest island. Most of the islands in the Japanese mountains, and some of which are volcanoes. Japan’s highest mountain is Mount Fuji which is a volcano. Japan’s population amounted to 128 million people, and is ranked the 10th most populous country in the world. Tokyo is the de facto capital of Japan, and status as a prefecture. Greater Tokyo is the name for Tokyo and several cities in the surrounding prefectures. As the largest metropolitan areas in the world, Greater Tokyo has a population of more than 30 million people.

According to traditional mythology, Japan was founded by Emperor Jimmu in the 7th century BC. Emperor Jimmu launch Japanese monarchy chain unbroken until now. Even so, throughout history, for most of the real power in the hands of the members of the court, the shogun, the military, and entered the modern era, in the hands of the prime minister. According to the Japanese Constitution of 1947, Japan is a constitutional monarchy under the leadership of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese Parliament.

For developed countries in the economic field, Japan has the largest gross domestic product second only to the United States, and entered in the order of three major shopping in balance ability. Japan is a member of the United Nations, the G8, OECD, and APEC. Japan has an adequate military force with modern defense systems such as Aegis and Suat large fleet of destroyers. In overseas trade, Japan is ranked the 4th largest exporting country and ranked the 6th largest importing country in the world. In developed countries, Japan’s population has a high standard of living (ranked 8th in the Human Development Index) and the highest life expectancy in the world according to UN estimates. In the field of technology, Japan is a developed country in the field of telecommunications, machinery, and robotics.

Although transistors in many cases the vacuum tube, but transistors generate considerable heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. quartz rock eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC) in 1958. The IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip called a semiconductor. The result, computers become smaller because the components were squeezed onto the chip. The progress of other third-generation computers are using the operating system hat allows machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer’s memory.

Defining a fifth-generation computer becomes quite difficult because this stage is still very young. Imaginative example is the fifth generation computer HAL9000 computer from fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL shows all the desired functions of a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), the HAL may have enough reason to do with human percapakan, using visual feedback, and learning from his own experience.

Although perhaps HAL9000 realization is still far from reality, many of the functions that have already materialized. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and are able to imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. This facility was simpler. However, these facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding is very dependent on the context and understanding rather than just translate the words directly.

Many advances in the field of computer design and manufacturing technology enables the fifth-generation computer. Two of mainly engineering progress is the ability of parallel processing, which will replace the von Neumann model. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system capable of coordinating a lot of CPU to work in unison. Another is technological advances that allow the flow of superconducting electric without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information.

Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institution ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it happen. Many of the news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring a new change in the paradigm of computerization in the world. We wait for information which is more valid and fruitful.

After IC, the development objectives became clearer that shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a chip tunggal.Ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to fit so much in a half-sized pieces of coins helped diminish the size and price of computers. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability of computers. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971 led to advances in IC by placing all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a small boiling chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.

Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer be dominated large corporations or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers to offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minikomputer, sold with the software package that is easy to use by the layman. The software is most popular at the time was word processing programs and spreadsheets. In the early 1980s, video games like Atari 2600 to attract more home computers are powerful and can diprogram.Pada in 1981, IBM introduced its Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computers) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a handheld computer that can (palmtops).

IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh computers in the market fighting. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.

At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the fourth-generation computer classes. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential of being developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network for memory sharing, software, information, and also to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic collaboration to complete an assignment process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or a phone cable, the network can become very large.

In 1948, the discovery of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of the electric machines dramatically reduced. Transistors into use in the computer starting in 1956. Another invention in the form of the development of magnetic core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is the supercomputer. IBM makes a supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atoms. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thus limiting its popularity. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and others in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington, DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.

In the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful second generation in business, at university, and the government. The computers of this second generation is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the current computer: printers, storage on disks, memory, operating system, and programs. One important example of a computer in the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information.

Program stored in the computer and programming language in it to give flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer could print customer invoices and purchase and then run the product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN) start commonly used. This programming language replaces complicated machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and manage the computer. Various emerging careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to emerge and grow during this second-generation computers.

With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war trying to develop computers to exploit the strategic potential of computers owned. This increased funding to accelerate the development of computers and computer technical progress. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.

Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode secret German used. Impact of The Colossus’s influenced the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, Colossus was not a multi-purpose computer general-purpose computer), it is only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of the machine was kept secret until decades after the war ended.

The work done by the Americans at that time produced some other progress. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is the long half-sized football field and has a range of 500 miles along the cable. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components. Beropreasi machine is slow (it takes 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic calculations and more complex equations.

We have a computer and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system at the supermarket Kassa who can read the code of goods purchases, telephone switch which handles millions of calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connects different parts of the world.