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Scientific Miracles in the Prophetic Teachings for a Cure of Anger
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#1 3 Weeks Ago
Hina 11(MISS Einstein)
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Scientific Miracles in the Prophetic Teachings for a Cure of Anger

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Scientific Miracles in the Prophetic Teachings for a Cure of Anger

Here are some medical recommendations, published in one of the most important medical websites, to cure or avoid anger.

1- Abdullah Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrated that the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) said:
"teach, promise, don't preach hardships and if one of you got angry he should stay silent"
(Imam Ahmed in his Musnad 1/329, in Saheih Al gaame' 693, in Al tyalessy 2608 and in Al adab Al mofrad 245 by Al Bukhary)...

The medical recommendation says:

Take a “time out”...counting to 10 before reacting...

2- Abu Thar Al Ghefarey (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Himsaid :
"if one of you got angry while standing he should sit till he calm down, and if he did not, he should lie down"
(Musnad of Imam Ahmed 5/152, Saheih Al gaame' 694, Fayd Al Kadeer, Al manawy 408, Abu Dawood 4782 which is corrected by Ibn Hebban 5688)...

The medical recommendation says:

Do something physically (meaning change your physical status)...

3- A narrative about the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) mentions that he said: "Anger comes from the devil, and the devil is created from fire; and water extinguishes fire; so if you got angry you should go for ablution"

The medical recommendation says:

Swim

4- Salman Ibn Sard narrated that two men came to the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) one insulting the other with an angry red face then the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) said:
"There are words I know if he uttered, he would calm down; Allah forbid the devil Dieting "...

The medical recommendation says:

Find ways to calm yourself. Repeat a calming word or phrase to yourself such as “Take it easy!"

5- Abu Hurairah narrated that the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) said:
" the strong is not the one who defeat the others; it is the one who can control his anger" (Al Bukhary and Muslim)

The medical recommendation says:

Think carefully before you say anything.

The scientific miracles in the Prophetic teachings:
The Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) knows the human nature, he knows how hard it could be to control anger; especially if the reason is about religion or honor or money; so he (Peace Be Upon Him) prescribed his miraculous cure to control the anger and it's motivations, that can result in disasters. Now after fourteen centuries, medicine comes to prove and confirm that all what the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) said had its positive reflections upon anger and its negative results.
The Prophet's acclamation for those who can control themselves
Abdullah Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) said:
"when you have three traits, Allah will protect you, cover your secrets with His mercy and consider you of the beloveds". They asked: what are they, Prophet(Peace Be Upon Him) of Allah? He said: "thanking Allah for His gifts, forgiving while having the power to revenge and cooling down in anger"
(Al Hakem 1/214 with correct reference and Al Baihakie's Al sho'ab 4/154.

By:

Dr. Mohamed Abd Al Lateef Al A'groody

Pharmacist and a searcher of the scientific miracles in Qur'an and Sunnah.
__________________
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Believe the incredible and
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Strategies for Controlling Your Anger

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Strategies for Controlling Your Anger

(American Psychological Association)

(Charles Spielberger, Ph.D., of the University of South Florida in Tampa; and to Jerry Deffenbacher, Ph.D., of Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado, a psychologist who specializes in anger management).

Everybody gets angry, but out-of-control rage isn't good for those around you, and it plays havoc with your own body. Here are some tips to help you 'simmer down.'

Relaxation:

Simple relaxation tools such as deep breathing and relaxing imagery can help calm down angry feelings. If you are involved in a relationship where both partners are hot-tempered, it might be a good idea for both of you to learn these techniques.

Some simple steps you can try:
- Breathe deeply, from your diaphragm. Breathing from your chest won't relax you. Picture your breath coming up from your 'gut.'
- Slowly repeat a calming word or phrase such as 'relax' or 'take it easy.' Repeat it to yourself while breathing deeply.
- Use imagery; visualize a relaxing experience from either your memory or your imagination.
- Non-strenuous, slow exercises such as yoga can relax your muscles and make you feel much calmer.

Practice these techniques daily. Learn to use them automatically when you're in a tense situation.

Cognitive Restructuring:

Simply put, this means changing the way you think. Angry people tend to curse, swear, or speak in highly colorful terms that reflect their inner thoughts. When you're angry, your thinking can get very exaggerated and overly dramatic. Try replacing these thoughts with more reasonable ones. For instance, instead of telling yourself, 'Oh, it's awful, it's terrible, everything's ruined,' tell yourself, 'It's frustrating, and it's understandable that I'm upset about it, but it's not the end of the world and getting angry is not going to fix it anyhow.'

Be careful of words like 'never' or 'always' when talking about yourself or someone else. 'This machine never works,' or 'You're always forgetting things' are not just inaccurate; they also tend to make you feel that your anger is justified and that there's no way to solve the problem. They also alienate and humiliate people who might otherwise be willing to work with you on a solution.

For example,

suppose you have a friend who is constantly late when you have made plans to meet. Don't go on the attack; think instead about the goal you want to accomplish--getting you and your friend there at about the same time. Avoid saying things like, 'You're always late! You're the most irresponsible, inconsiderate person Iíve ever met!' The only goal that accomplishes is hurting and angering your friend.

State what the problem is, and try to find a solution that works for both of you; or take matters into your own hands.

For example,
you might set your meeting time a half-hour early, so that your friend will, in fact, get there on time, even if you have to trick him or her into doing it! Either way, the problem is solved and the friendship isn't damaged.

Remind yourself that getting angry is not going to fix anything, that it won't make you feel better (and may actually make you feel worse).

Logic defeats anger, because anger, even when it's justified, can quickly become irrational. So use cold hard logic on yourself. Remind yourself that the world is not 'out to get you,' you're just experiencing some of the rough spots of daily life. Do this each time you feel anger getting the best of you, and it'll help you get a more balanced perspective.

Angry people tend to demand things:
Angry people tend to demand things:fairness, appreciation, agreement, willingness to do things their way. Everyone wants these things, and we are all hurt and disappointed when we don't get them; but angry people demand them, and when their demands aren't met, their disappointment becomes anger. As part of their cognitive restructuring, angry people need to become aware of their demanding nature, and translate their expectations into desires. In other words, saying 'I would like' something is healthier than saying 'I demand' or 'I must have' something. When you're unable to get what you want, you will experience the normal reactions--frustration, disappointment, hurt--but not anger. Some angry people use their anger as a way to avoid feeling hurt, but that doesn't mean the hurt goes away.

Problem-Solving:

Sometimes our anger and frustration are caused by very real and inescapable problems in our lives. Not all anger is misplaced, and often it's a healthy, natural response to these difficulties. Some people have a cultural belief that every problem has a solution, and it adds to their frustration to find out that this isn't always the case. The best attitude to bring such a situation is to focus not on finding the solution but rather on how to handle and face the problem.

Make a plan and check your progress along the way. (People who have trouble with planning might find a good guide to organizing or time management helpful.) Resolve to give it your best, but also not to punish yourself if an answer doesn't come right away. If you can approach it with your best intentions and efforts, and make a serious attempt to face it head-on, you will be less likely to lose patience and fall into all-or-nothing thinking, even if the problem does not get solved right away.

Better Communication:

Angry people tend to jump to--and act on--conclusions, and some of those conclusions can be pretty wild.
The first thing to do:
if you are in a heated discussion is to slow down and think your responses through. Don't say the first thing that comes into your head, but slow down and think carefully about what you want to say. At the same time, listen carefully to what the other person is saying and take your time before answering.

Listen, too, to what underlies the anger. For instance, suppose you like a certain amount of freedom and personal space, and your 'significant other' wants more connection and closeness. If he or she starts complaining about your activities, don't retaliate by painting you partner as a jailer, a warden, or an albatross around your neck.

It's natural to get defensive when you're criticized, but don't fight back; instead, listen to what lies beneath the words. Perhaps the message is that this person feels neglected and unloved. It may take a lot of patient questioning on your part to uncover this, and it may require some breathing space, but don't let your anger--or a partner's--make a discussion spin out of control. Keeping your cool can keep the situation from becoming disastrous.

Using Humor:

'Silly humor' can help defuse rage in a number of ways. For one thing, it can help you get a more balanced perspective. When you get angry and call someone a name or refer to them in some imaginative phrase, stop and picture what that word would literally look like. If you're at work and you want to call a co-worker a 'dirt-bag' or a 'single-cell life form,' for example, picture a large bag full of dirt, or an amoeba, sitting at your colleagueís desk, talking on the phone, and going to meetings. Do this whenever you want to call another person by a rude name. If you can, draw a picture of what the actual thing might look like. This will take a lot of the edge off your fury; and humor can often be relied on to help un-knot a tense situation.

The underlying message of highly angry people is 'Things oughta go my way!' Angry people tend to feel that they are morally correct, that anything blocking or changing their plans is an unbearable indignity that they should NOT have to tolerate. Maybe other people do, but not them.

When you catch yourself feeling that way, picture yourself as a supreme ruler who owns the streets and stores and office space, striding alone and having your way in all situations while others defer to you. The more detail you can get into your imaginary scenes, the more chance you have to realize that maybe you are being a little unreasonable; you'll also realize how unimportant the things you're angry about really are.

There are two cautions in using humor. First, don't try to just 'laugh off' your problems; rather, use humor to help yourself face them more constructively. Second, don't give in to harsh, sarcastic humor; that's just another form of unhealthy aggression.

What these techniques have in common is a refusal to take yourself too seriously. Anger is a serious emotion, but it's often accompanied by ideas that, if examined, can make you laugh.

Changing Your Environment:

Sometimes it's our immediate surroundings that give us cause for irritation and fury. Problems and responsibilities can weigh on you and make you feel angry at the trap you seem to have fallen into, and all the people and things that form that trap.

Give yourself a break. Make sure you have some 'personal time' scheduled for times of the day that you know are particularly stressful. For example, a working mother might make a standing rule that when she comes home from work, the first 15 minutes will be quiet time. With this brief respite, she will feel better prepared to handle demands from her kids without blowing up at them.

Some other tips for easing up:
- Timing. If you and your spouse tend to fight when you discuss things at night--perhaps you're tired, or distracted, or maybe it's just habit--try changing the times when you talk about important matters so these talks don't turn into arguments.

- Avoidance. If you get furious every time you walk by your child's chaotic room, shut the door. Don't make yourself look at what infuriates you. Don't say to yourself, 'Well, my child should clean up the room so I won't have to be angry!' That's not the point. The point is to keep yourself calm.

- Finding alternatives. If your daily commute through traffic leaves you in a state of rage and frustration, give yourself a project. Perhaps you could find a different route, one that's less congested or more scenic. Or find an alternative way to travel, such as taking a bus or commuter train.

__________________
When you are down to nothing,
Allah is up to something.
the faithful see the invisible,
Believe the incredible and
then receive the impossible.....

mussafir..

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Economic Recession

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#1 4 Days Ago
haseeb69
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Economic Recession of world

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Economic Recession of world..

i need this ...plz...help me ....

any breif an comprehensive data..plz.....
__________________
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Kamiyab Insan Aur Nakam Aadmi Main Sirf 'Hosle' Ka Farq Hota hai

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Last edited by Princess Royal; 4 Days Ago at 12:09 AM.

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#2 4 Days Ago
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Economic Recession

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quote:
Originally Posted by haseeb69
Economic Recession of world..

i need this ...plz...help me ....

any breif an comprehensive data..plz.....

Economic Recession of world
The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.
On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren’t so vocal, influential and inconsiderate of others’ viewpoints and concerns.
Here goes the outline brother
Outline::
• A crisis so sever, the world financial system is affected
• Securitization and the subprime crisis
• Creating more risk by trying to manage risk
• The scale of the crisis: trillions in taxpayer bailouts
• A crisis so severe, those responsible are bailed out
• A crisis so severe the rest suffer too
• The financial crisis and wealthy countries
• A crisis signalling the decline of US’s superpower status?
• Europe and the financial crisis
• The financial crisis and the developing world
• Asia and the financial crisis
• Africa and the financial crisis
• Latin America and the financial crisis
• A crisis in context

A crisis of poverty for much of humanity
• A global food crisis affecting the poorest the most
• Human rights conditions made worse by the crisis
• Poor nations will get less financing for development
• Odious third world debt has remained for decades, banks and military get money easily
• A crisis that need not have happened
• Dealing with recession
• Rethinking the international financial system
• Reforming international banking and finance
• Reforming Trade and WTO
• Reforming the Bretton Woods Instituions (IMF & World bank)
• Reform and Resistance
• Rich countries resist meaningful reforms
• Rethinking economics

Remember me in your prayers…….

Regards….
__________________
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When Problems are so Big & Your Strength is no Longer enough to CaRRy them, Don't Give uP; Because where your Strength Ends the Grace of Almighty ALLAH Begins
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world mnister history

2009-11-20T01:34:00.000-08:00

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#1 2 Weeks Ago
doom_is_coming
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World's Minister History ...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Here are Names of The Kings , Sultans, Prime Ministers, and Presidents of Different Countries around the World. I hope you will Find it Interesting . If you think there are some are Errors in it , please report to me. I will Update the Countries with a Perid of Time . Here is my First Collection ....

Afghanistan
Note: Before 1881 there were essentially four rulers' capitals: Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, and Peshawar (the last now in Pakistan). All the rulers belong to the Abdali tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani on the accession of Ahmad Shah. They belong either to the Saddozay segment of the Popalzay clan (typically with the style padshah [king]) or to the Mohammadzay segment of the Barakzay clan (typically with the style amir, in full Amir al-Mo´menin [Leader of the Faithful]). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

Kabul
Kings
- Saddozay segment -
Jul 1747 - 16 Oct 1772 Ahmad Shah "Dorr-e Dorran" (b. 1724 - d. 1772)
16 Oct 1772 - 18 May 1793 Timur Shah (b. 1748 - d. 1793)
23 May 1793 - 1801 Zaman Shah (b. 1770/72 - d. 1844)
25 Jul 1801 - Jul 1803 Mahmud Shah (1st time)
13 Jul 1803 - 1809 Shoja` al-Molk Shah (1st time) (b. c.1792 - d. 1842)
3 May 1808 - 1808 Qaysar Shah (in rebellion)
3 May 1809 - 1818 Mahmud Shah (2nd time)
1818 - 1819 Soltan `Ali Shah
1819 - 1823 Ayyub Shah

- Mohammadzay segment -
1823 Habibollah Shah
1823 - 1826 Soltan Mohammad Khan Mohammadzay (regent)
1826 - 1836 Dost Mohammad Khan Mohammadzay (b. 1789 - d. 1863)
(regent)

Emir
- Mohammadzay segment -
1836 - 2 Aug 1839 Dost Mohammad Khan (1st time) (s.a.)

King
- Saddozay segment -
8 May 1839 - 5 Apr 1842 Shoja` al-Molk Shah (2nd time) (s.a.)
1841 - Apr 1842 Mohammad Zaman Khan Mohammadzay (regent) (in rebellion)

Emirs
- Saddozay segment -
29 Jun 1842 - 12 Oct 1842 Fath Jang Khan
12 Oct 1842 - Dec 1842 Shahpur Khan

- Mohammadzay segment -
Dec 1842 - 9 Jun 1863 Dost Mohammad Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
1863 - May 1866 Shir `Ali Khan (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1879)
May 1866 - 7 Oct 1867 Mohammad Afzal Khan (b. 1811 - d. 1867)
7 Oct 1867 - 8 Sep 1868 Mohammad A`zam Khan (b. 18... - d. 1869)
8 Sep 1868 - 21 Feb 1879 Shir `Ali Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Feb 1879 - 12 Oct 1879 Mohammad Ya`qub Khan (b. 1849 - d. 1923)
1879 - 31 Mar 1880 Mohammad Jan (minister-regent) (b. ... - d. 1880)
22 Jul 1880 - 3 Oct 1901 Abdor Rahman Khan (b. 1844 - d. 1901)

Herat
Kings
- Saddozay segment -
Jul 1747 - 1797 see Kabul
1797 Mahmud Shah (1st time)
1797 - 1818 see Kabul
1818 - 1819 Mahmud Shah (2nd time)
1819 see Kandahar
1819 - 1826 Mahmud Shah (3rd time)
1826 - Mar 1842 Kamran Shah
Mar 1842 - 1 Jun 1851 Yar Mohammad Khan Alikozay (minister-regent)
1 Jun 1851 - 15 Sep 1855 Sayyed Mohammad Khan Alikozay (minister-regent)
15 Sep 1855 - Jun 1856 Mohammad Yusuf Khan Mohammadzay (regent)
Jun 1856 - Oct 1856 Isa Khan Bardorani (minister-regent)
Oct 1856 - 27 Jul 1857 occupied by Iran

Emirs
- Mohammadzay segment -
27 Jul 1857 - 26 May 1863 Soltan Ahmad Khan (b. ... - d. 1863)
26 May 1863 - 9 Jun 1863 see Kabul
9 Jun 1863 - 8 Sep 1868 Shir `Ali Khan (s.a.)
8 Sep 1868 - 12 Oct 1879 see Kabul
Mar 1880 - 2 Oct 1881 Mohammad Ayyub Khan (b. 1855 - d. 1914)

Kandahar
Kings
- Saddozay segment -
Jul 1747 - 16 Oct 1772 see Kabul
16 Oct 1772 - 1772 Solayman Shah
1772 - 18 May 1793 see Kabul
18 May 1793 - 19 Jun 1793 Homayun Shah
19 Jun 1793 - 1804 see Kabul
1804 - 1805 Kamran Shah
1805 - 1808 see Kabul
1808 Mahmud Shah (1st time)
1808 - 1809 see Kabul
1809 - 3 May 1809 Mahmud Shah (2nd time)
3 May 1809 - 1818 see Kabul
1819 - 1826 Shirdil Khan Mohammadzay (regent)
1826 - 1839 Purdil Khan Mohammadzay (regent)
Apr 1839 - 5 Apr 1842 Shoja` al-Molk Shah (s.a.)
May 1842 - 1842 Safdar Jang Khan Saddozay (regent)
1842 -Aug 1855 Kohandil Khan Mohammadzay (regent)(b. 18...- d.1855)
Aug 1855 - Nov 1855 Mohammad Sadeq Khan Mohammadzay (regent)
Nov 1855 - Jul 1858 Gholam Haydar Khan Mohammadzay(b. 18... - d. 1858)
(regent)
Jul 1858 - 9 Jun 1863 see Kabul

Emirs
- Mohammadzay segment -
1863 - 1865 Mohammad Amin Khan (b. 18... - d. 1865)
1865 - Jan 1867 Shir `Ali Khan (1st time) (s.a.)
Jan 1867 - 7 Oct 1867 Mohammad Afzal Khan (s.a.)
7 Oct 1867 - Apr 1868 Mohammad A`zam Khan (s.a.)
Apr 1868 - 8 Sep 1868 Shir `Ali Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1868 - 12 Oct 1879 see Kabul
1880 - 21 Apr 1881 Shir `Ali Khan Barakzay (minister-regent)
21 Apr 1881 - 20 Jul 1881 see Kabul
20 Jul 1881 - 22 Sep 1881 Mohammad Ayyub Khan (s.a.)

Peshawar
1823 incorporated into Punjab (officially May 1834)

Kings
- Saddozay segment -
Jul 1747 - Aug 1801 see Kabul
Aug 1801 - Sep 1801 Shoja` al-Molk Shah (1st time) (s.a.)
Sep 1801 - 1818 see Kabul
1818 Ayyub Shah (1st time)
1818 Shoja` al-Molk Shah (2nd time) (s.a.)
1818 - 1823 Ayyub Shah (2nd time)

Ghazni
Emir
- Mohammadzay segment -
24 Dec 1879 - 21 Apr 1880 Musa Jan Khan (b. 1868 - d. 1951)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Afghanistan since 1881
2 Oct 1881 State of Afghanistan
9 Jun 1926 Kingdom of Afghanistan
17 Jul 1973 Republic of Afghanistan
30 Apr 1978 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
30 Nov 1987 Republic of Afghanistan
28 Apr 1992 Islamic State of Afghanistan
26 Oct 1997 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
13 Nov 2001 Islamic State of Afghanistan
19 Jun 2002 Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
26 Jan 2004 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

General secretaries of the People's Democratic (Communist) Party
27 Dec 1979 - 4 May 1986 Babrak Karmal (b. 1929 - d. 1996)
4 May 1986 - 28 Jun 1990 Mohammad Najibullah (b. 1947 - d. 1996)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Emirs
- Mohammadzay segment -
22 Jul 1880 - 3 Oct 1901 Abdor Rahman Khan (b. 1844 - d. 1901)
3 Oct 1901 - 20 Feb 1919 Habibullah Khan (b. 1872 - d. 1919)
21 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1919 Nasrullah Khan (b. 1875 - d. 1920)
28 Feb 1919 - 9 Jun 1926 Amanullah Khan (b. 1892 - d. 1960)

Kings¹
- Mohammadzay segment -
9 Jun 1926 - 14 Jan 1929 Amanullah Shah (s.a.)
14 Jan 1929 - 17 Jan 1929 Inayatullah Shah (b. 1888 - d. 1946)
Emir
17 Jan 1929 - 13 Oct 1929 Habibullah Ghazi (b. 1890? - d. 1929)
21 Jan 1929 - 23 May 1929 Amanullah Shah (s.a.)
(in rebellion, at Kandahar)
28 Jan 1929 - 29 Mar 1929 Sardar Ali Ahmad Khan (b. 1883 - d. 1929)
(in rebellion, at Jalalabad)
1929 - 15 Jul 1929? Sardar Ali Ahmad Khan (s.a.)
(in rebellion, at Kandahar)
1929 - 17 Oct 1929 Mohammad Nadir Khan (b. 1880 - d. 1933)
(in rebellion, at Khost)
Kings¹
- Mohammadzay segment -
17 Oct 1929 - 8 Nov 1933 Mohammad Nadir Shah (s.a.)

8 Nov 1933 - 17 Jul 1973 Mohammad Zahir Shah (b. 1914 - d. 2007)
President

17 Jul 1973 - 27 Apr 1978 Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan (b. 1909 - d. 1978)

Chairman of the Military Council

27 Apr 1978 - 30 Apr 1978 Abdul Qadir (b. 1944)

Presidents of the Revolutionary Council

30 Apr 1978 - 16 Sep 1979 Nur Mohammad Taraki (b. 1917 - d. 1979)
16 Sep 1979 - 27 Dec 1979 Hafizullah Amin (b. 1929 - d. 1979)
27 Dec 1979 - 24 Nov 1986 Babrak Karmal (s.a.)
24 Nov 1986 - 30 Sep 1987 Haji Mohammad Chamkani (b. 1947)
30 Sep 1987 - 30 Nov 1987 Mohammad Najibullah (s.a.)

Presidents

30 Nov 1987 - 16 Apr 1992 Mohammad Najibullah (s.a.)
16 Apr 1992 - 28 Apr 1992 Abdul Rahim Hatef (acting) (b. 1926)
28 Apr 1992 - 28 Jun 1992 Sibghatullah Mojadedi (interim) (b. 1925)
28 Jun 1992 - 27 Sep 1996 Burhanuddin Rabbani (b. 1940)
(continues in rebellion after 27 Sep 1996,
largely retaining international recognition)

Heads of the Supreme Council²27 Sep 1996 - 16 Apr 2001

Mullah Mohammad Rabbani (b. 1956 - d. 2001)
16 Apr 2001 - 13 Nov 2001 Mawlawi Abdul Kabir (acting)

Presidents

13 Nov 2001 - 22 Dec 2001 Burhanuddin Rabbani (s.a.)
(returns to Kabul 17 Nov 2001)
22 Dec 2001 - Hamid Karzai (b. 1957)
(chairman of the Interim Administration to 19 Jun 2002)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

25 Oct 1927 - Jan 1929 Sardar Shir Ahmad (b. 1885 - d. 19...)
Jan 1929 - 1 Nov 1929 Shir Giyan (b. ... - d. 1929)
14 Nov 1929 -May 1946 Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan(b. c.1885 - d. 1953)
May 1946 - 7 Sep 1953 Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan (b. 1890 - d. 1959)
7 Sep 1953 - 10 Mar 1963 Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan (s.a.)
10 Mar 1963 - 2 Nov 1965 Mohammad Yusuf (b. 1917 - d. 1998)
2 Nov 1965 -11 Oct 1967 Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal(b. 1919 - d. 1973)
11 Oct 1967 - 1 Nov 1967 Abdullah Yaqta (interim)
1 Nov 1967 - 9 Jun 1971 Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi(b. 1921 - d. 1979)
9 Jun 1971 - 12 Dec 1972 Abdul Zahir (b. 1910 - d. 1982)
12 Dec 1972 - 17 Jul 1973 Mohammad Musa Shafiq (b. 1932 - d. 1979)
1 May 1978 - 27 Mar 1979 Nur Mohammad Taraki (s.a.)
27 Mar 1979 - 27 Dec 1979 Hafizullah Amin (s.a.)
27 Dec 1979 - 11 Jun 1981 Babrak Karmal (s.a.)
11 Jun 1981 - 26 May 1988 Sultan Ali Keshtmand (1st time) (b. 1935)
26 May 1988 - 21 Feb 1989 Mohammad Hassan Sharq (b. 1925)
21 Feb 1989 - 8 May 1990 Sultan Ali Keshtmand (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1990 - 15 Apr 1992 Fazal Haq Khaliqyar (b. 1934 - d. 2004)
6 Jul 1992 - 15 Aug 1992 Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani (b. 1952 - d. 2007)
17 Jun 1993 - 28 Jun 1994 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (1st time) (b. 1947)
Nov 1994 - 1995 Arsala Rahmani (acting) (b. 1937)
1995 - 26 Jun 1996 Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai (acting) (b. 1944)
26 Jun 1996 - 27 Sep 1996 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (2nd time) (s.a.)
(continues under Burhanuddin Rabbani to 11 Aug 1997)
11 Aug 1997 - 21 Aug 1997 Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai (b. 19... - d. 1997)
(under Burhanuddin Rabbani)

¹Title Padshah-i Afghanistan (Dari language); De Afghanistan Bacha (Pashto language, official from 1937).
²As indicated by the country's 1997 name change, the de facto leader during the Taliban rule (27 Sep 1996 - 13 Nov 2001) was Taliban leader Mullah Mohammad Omar (b. 1959/62), styled Amir al-Mo´menin.
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Albania

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Albania

1478 part of Ottoman Empire
28 Nov 1912 independence
7 Mar 1914 Albanian Principality
31 Jan 1925 Albanian Republic (proclaimed 22 Jan 1925)
1 Sep 1928 Albanian Kingdom
7 Apr 1939 invaded by Italy; personal union with Italy to 1943
11 Jan 1946 People's Republic of Albania
28 Dec 1976 Socialist People's Republic of Albania
30 Apr 1991 Republic of Albania

First secretaries of the Albanian (Communist) Party of Labour

Nov 1948 - 11 Apr 1985 Enver Hoxha (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
11 Apr 1985 - 13 Apr 1985 Vangjel Çërrava (b. 1941)
+ Lenka Çuko (f) (b. 1938)
+ Simon Stefani (b. 1929)
(secretaries)
13 Apr 1985 - 4 May 1991 Ramiz Alia (b. 1925)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chairman of the National Assembly

28 Nov 1912 - 29 Nov 1912 Ismail Qemali Bej (b. 1844 - d. 1919)

Chairman of the Provisional Government

29 Nov 1912 - 22 Jan 1914 Ismail Qemali Bej (s.a.)
12 Oct 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Esat Pashë Toptani (b. 1863 - d. 1920)
(chairman Council of Elders of Central Albania,
in opposition in Durrës)
Chairman of the Central Government

22 Jan 1914 - 7 Mar 1914 Fejzi Bej Alizoti (b. 1876 - d. 1945)

Sovereign Prince

7 Mar 1914 - 3 Sep 1914 Wilhelm zu Wied (b. 1876 - d. 1945)

Chairman of the Administrative Commission

3 Sep 1914 - Sep 1914 Qamil Musa Haxhi Feza

Chairman of the General Council

Sep 1914 - 5 Oct 1914 Mustafa Bej Ndroqi

Chairmen of the Provisional Government

5 Oct 1914 - 24 Feb 1916 Esat Pashë Toptani (s.a.)
24 Feb 1916 - 28 Dec 1918 no national government
28 Dec 1918 - 28 Jan 1920 Turhan Pashë Permeti (b. 1839? - d. 1927)

Chairman of the National Government

28 Jan 1920 - 30 Jan 1920 Sulejman Bej Delvina (b. 1882 - d. 1932)
30 Jan 1920 - 25 Dec 1921 High Council
- Aqif Pashë Biçaku (b. 18... - d. 1926)
(to 22 Dec 1921)
- Luigj Bumçi (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
(to 22 Dec 1921)
- Abdi Bej Toptani (b. 1864 - d. 1942)
- Mihal Turtulli
25 Dec 1921 - 31 Jan 1925 High Council
- Omer Pashë Vrioni
(to 22 Jan 1922)
- Ndoc Pistulli
(to 22 Jan 1922)
- Sotir Peci (b. 1873 - d. 1932)
- Refik Bej Toptani
- Xhafer Ypi (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
(from 2 Dec 1922)
- Gjon Çoba
(from 2 Dec 1922)
2 Jul 1924 - 24 Dec 1924 Fan Noli (b. 1882 - d. 1965)
(acting for High Council)

President

31 Jan 1925 - 1 Sep 1928 Amet Zogu (b. 1895 - d. 1961)
Kings (title Mbret i Shqiptarëve; 1939-43 Mbret i Shqipërisë)
1 Sep 1928 - 8 Apr 1939 Zog I (s.a.)
9 Apr 1939 - 12 Apr 1939 Xhafer Ypi (s.a.)
(chairman Provisional Administration Committee)
12 Apr 1939 - 16 Apr 1939 Shefqet Bej Vërlaci (b. 1877 - d. 1946)
(acting head of state)
16 Apr 1939 - 3 Sep 1943 Vittorio Emanuele III (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
Lieutenants-general, representing Vittorio Emanuele III:
22 Apr 1939 -Mar 1943 Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino(b. 1894 - d.1973)
Mar 1943 - Sep 1943 Alberto Pariani (b. 1876 - d. 1955)
14 Sep 1943 - 20 Oct 1943 Ibrahim Bej Biçaku
(chairman Provisional Executive Committee)
20 Oct 1943 - 25 Oct 1944 Mehdi Bej Frashëri (b. 1872 - d. 1963)
(chairman High Council of Regency)

Chairmen of the Presidium of the People's Assembly

26 May 1944 - 1 Aug 1953 Omer Nishani (b. 1887 - d. 1954)
(chairman Presidium of Anti-Fascist Council of National
Liberation to 12 Jan 1946; chairman Presidium of
Constituent Assembly 12 Jan - 14 Mar 1946)
1 Aug 1953 - 22 Nov 1982 Haxhi Lleshi (b. 1913 - d. 1998)
22 Nov 1982 - 30 Apr 1991 Ramiz Alia (s.a.)

Presidents

30 Apr 1991 - 3 Apr 1992 Ramiz Alia (s.a.)
3 Apr 1992 - 6 Apr 1992 Kastriot Islami (acting) (b. 1952)
6 Apr 1992 - 9 Apr 1992 Pjetër Arbnori (acting) (b. 1935 - d. 2006)
9 Apr 1992 - 24 Jul 1997 Sali Berisha (b. 1944)
24 Jul 1997 (hours) Skënder Gjinushi (acting) (b. 1949)
24 Jul 1997 - 24 Jul 2002 Rexhep Meidani (b. 1944)
24 Jul 2002 - 24 Jul 2007 Alfred Moisiu (b. 1929)
24 Jul 2007 - Bamir Topi (b. 1957)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

27 Mar 1920 - 14 Nov 1920 Sulejman Bej Delvina (s.a.)
10 Dec 1920 - 19 Oct 1921 Ilias Bej Vrioni (1st time) (b. 18... - d. 1932)
19 Oct 1921 - 6 Dec 1921 Pandeli Evangjeli (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. af.1939)
7 Dec 1921 - 12 Dec 1921 Hasan Bej Pristina (b. 1873 - d. 1933)
12 Dec 1921 - 30 Dec 1921 Idhomene Kosturi (b. 1873 - d. 1943)
30 Dec 1921 - 4 Dec 1922 Xhafer Ypi (s.a.)
4 Dec 1922 - 5 Mar 1924 Amet Zogu (1st time) (s.a.)
5 Mar 1924 - 2 Jun 1924 Shefqet Bej Vërlaci (1st time) (s.a.)
2 Jun 1924 - 16 Jun 1924 Ilias Bej Vrioni (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Jun 1924 - 26 Dec 1924 Fan Noli (s.a.)
26 Dec 1924 - 6 Jan 1925 Ilias Bej Vrioni (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Jan 1925 - 30 Jan 1925 Amet Zogu (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Sep 1928 - 5 Mar 1930 Koço Kota (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1947)
5 Mar 1930 - 22 Oct 1935 Pandeli Evangjeli (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Oct 1935 - 9 Nov 1936 Mehdi Bej Frashëri (1st time) (s.a.)
9 Nov 1936 - 8 Apr 1939 Koço Kota (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1939 - 4 Dec 1941 Shefqet Bej Vërlaci (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Dec 1941 - 19 Jan 1943 Mustafa Merlika-Kruja (b. 1887 - d. 1958)
19 Jan 1943 - 13 Feb 1943 Eqrem Bej Libohova (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1948)
13 Feb 1943 - 12 May 1943 Maliq Bushati
12 May 1943 - 9 Sep 1943 Eqrem Bej Libohova (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Sep 1943 - 24 Oct 1943 Ibrahim Bej Biçaku
24 Oct 1943 - 3 Nov 1943 Mehdi Bej Frashëri (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Nov 1943 - 18 Jul 1944 Rexhep Mitrovica (b. 1888 - d. 1967)
18 Jul 1944 - 26 Oct 1944 Fiqri Dine (b. ... - d. 1960)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

1 Jan 1946 - 20 Jul 1954 Enver Hoxha (s.a.)
20 Jul 1954 - 18 Dec 1981 Mehmet Shehu (b. 1913 - d. 1981)
18 Dec 1981 - 22 Feb 1991 Adil Çarçani (b. 1922 - d. 1997)
(acting to 15 Jan 1982)

Prime ministers

22 Feb 1991 - 5 Jun 1991 Fatos Nano (1st time) (b. 1952)
5 Jun 1991 - 10 Dec 1991 Ylli Bufi (b. 1948)
10 Dec 1991 - 13 Apr 1992 Vilson Ahmeti (b. 1951)
13 Apr 1992 - 11 Mar 1997 Aleksandër Meksi (b. 1939)
11 Mar 1997 - 24 Jul 1997 Bashkim Fino (b. 1962)
24 Jul 1997 - 2 Oct 1998 Fatos Nano (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Oct 1998 - 29 Oct 1999 Pandeli Majko (1st time) (b. 1967)
29 Oct 1999 - 22 Feb 2002 Ilir Meta (b. 1969)
22 Feb 2002 - 31 Jul 2002 Pandeli Majko (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Jul 2002 - 11 Sep 2005 Fatos Nano (3rd time) (s.a.)
11 Sep 2005 - Sali Berisha (s.a.)
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Algeria

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Algeria

1536 Ottoman rule
1671 rule of semi-autonomous deys
1711 deys recognized as governors by the Ottomans
1830 French occupation
1842 French annexation
3 Jul 1962 independence (Algerian State)
25 Sep 1962 People's Democratic Algerian Republic

Military commanders

5 Jul 1830 - 3 Sep 1830 Louis de Bourmont (b. 1773 - d. 1846)
3 Sep 1830 - 21 Mar 1831 Bertrand, comte Clauzel (b. 1772 - d. 1842)
21 Mar 1831 - 6 Dec 1831 Pierre, baron Berthezène (b. 1775 - d. 1847)
6 Dec 1831 - 29 Apr 1833 René Savary, duc de Rovigo (b. 1774 - d. 1833)
22 Nov 1832 - Dec 1843 Abd-el-Kader (b. 1808 - d. 1883)
(Amir al-Mu´minin [also styled Sultan], in rebellion)
29 Apr 1833 - 27 Jul 1834 Théophile, baron Voirol (b. 1781 - d. 1853)

Governors-general

27 Jul 1834 - 8 Jul 1835 Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte
d'Erlon (b. 1765 - d. 1844)
8 Jul 1835 - 12 Feb 1837 Bertrand, comte Clauzel (s.a.)
12 Feb 1837 -13 Oct 1837 Charles Denys, comte de Damrémont (b. 1783 - d. 1837)
1 Dec 1837 - 1840 Sylvain Charles, comte Valée (b. 1773 - d. 1846)
22 Feb 1841 - 27 Sep 1847 Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis
de la Piconnerie, (from 1844)
duc d'Isly (b. 1784 - d. 1849)
1 Sep 1845 - 6 Jul 1847 Louis Juchault de Lamoricière (b. 1806 - d. 1865)
(acting for Bugeaud)
6 Jul 1847 - 27 Sep 1847 Marie-Alphonse Bedeau (b. 1804 - d. 1863)
(acting for Bugeaud)
27 Sep 1847 - 24 Feb 1848 Henri Eugène Philippe Louis
d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale (b. 1822 - d. 1897)
24 Feb 1848 - 29 Apr 1848 Louis Eugène Cavaignac (b. 1802 - d. 1857)
29 Apr 1848 - 9 Sep 1848 Nicolas Anne Théodule Changarnier (b. 1793 - d. 1877)
9 Sep 1848 - 22 Oct 1850 Viala, baron Charon (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
22 Oct 1850 - 10 May 1851 Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul (b. 1789 - d. 1865)
10 May 1851 - 11 Dec 1851 Aimable Jean Jacques Pélissier
(1st time) (b. 1794 - d. 1864)
11 Dec 1851 - 31 Aug 1858 Jacques Louis César Alexandre,
comte de Randon (b. 1795 - d. 1871)
24 Nov 1860 - 22 May 1864 Aimable Jean Jacques Pélissier,
duc de Malakoff (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1864 - 27 Jul 1870 Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon (b. 1808 - d. 1893)
27 Jul 1870 - 23 Oct 1870 Louis, baron Durrieu (acting) (b. 1812 - d. 1877)
23 Oct 1870 - 16 Nov 1870 Jean Louis Marie Walsin-Esterhazy (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
(acting)

Extraordinary commissioners

16 Nov 1870 - 8 Feb 1871 Charles du Bouzet (b. 1817 - d. 1883)
8 Feb 1871 - 29 Mar 1871 Alexis Lambert (b. 1829 - d. 1877)

Governors-general

29 Mar 1871 - 10 Jun 1873 Louis Henri, comte de Gueydon(b. 1809 - d. 1886)
10 Jun 1873 - 15 Mar 1879 Antoine Chanzy (b. 1823 - d. 1883)
15 Mar 1879 - 26 Nov 1881 Albert Grévy (acting) (b. 1834 - d. 1899)
26 Nov 1881 - 18 Apr 1891 Louis Tirman (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
18 Apr 1891 - 1 Oct 1897 Jules Cambon (b. 1845 - d. 1935)
1 Oct 1897 - 26 Jul 1898 Louis Lépine (b. 1846 - d. 1933)
26 Jul 1898 - 3 Oct 1900 Édouard Laferrières (b. 1813 - d. 1901)
3 Oct 1900 - 18 Jun 1901 Charles Jonnart (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
(acting)
18 Jun 1901 - 11 Apr 1903 Paul Révoil (b. 1856 - d. 1914)
11 Apr 1903 - 5 May 1903 Maurice Varnier (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 19...)
5 May 1903 - 22 May 1911 Charles Jonnart (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
22 May 1911 - 29 Jan 1918 Charles Lutaud (b. 1855 - d. 1921)
29 Jan 1918 - 29 Aug 1919 Charles Jonnart (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
29 Aug 1919 - 28 Jul 1921 Jean Baptiste Eugène Abel (b. 1863 - d. 1921)
28 Jul 1921 - 17 Apr 1925 Théodore Steeg (b. 1868 - d. 1950)
17 Apr 1925 - 12 May 1925 Henri Dubief (acting)
12 May 1925 - 20 Nov 1927 Maurice Viollette (b. 1870 - d. 1960)
20 Nov 1927 - 18 Dec 1930 Pierre Bordes (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
18 Dec 1930 - 21 Sep 1935 Jules Carde (b. 1874 - d. 1949)
21 Sep 1935 - 20 Jul 1940 Georges Le Beau (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
20 Jul 1940 - 16 Jul 1941 Jean Abrial (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
16 Jul 1941 - 20 Nov 1941 Maxime Weygand (b. 1867 - d. 1965)
20 Nov 1941 - 20 Jan 1943 Yves Chatel (b. 1885 - d. 1944)
20 Jan 1943 - 3 Jun 1943 Marcel Peyrouton (b. 1887 - d. 1983)
3 Jun 1943 - 8 Sep 1944 Georges Catroux (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
8 Sep 1944 - 11 Feb 1948 Yves Chataigneau (b. 1891 - d. 1961)
11 Feb 1948 - 9 Mar 1951 Marcel Edmond Naegelen (b. 1892 - d. 1978)
12 Apr 1951 - 26 Jan 1955 Roger Léonard (b. 1898 - d. 1987)
26 Jan 1955 - 1 Feb 1956 Jacques Soustelle (b. 1912 - d. 1990)

Resident ministers

1 Feb 1956 - 9 Feb 1956 Georges Catroux (s.a.)
9 Feb 1956 - 13 May 1958 Robert Lacoste (b. 1898 - d. 1989)
13 May 1958 - 1 Jun 1958 André Mutter (b. 1901 - d. 1973)
13 May 1958 - 23 May 1958 Jacques Massu (b. 1908 - d. 2002)
(president of the Committee of Public Safety,
in rebellion)
23 May 1958 - 7 Jun 1958 Jacques Massu (s.a.)
+ Chérif Sid Cara (b. 1902 - d. 1999)
(presidents of the Central Committee of Public Safety,
in rebellion)

Delegates-general

7 Jun 1958 - 12 Dec 1958 Raoul Salan (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
12 Dec 1958 - 23 Nov 1960 Paul Delouvrier (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
23 Nov 1960 - 19 Mar 1962 Jean Morin (b. 1916)
21 Apr 1961 - 25 Apr 1961 Directorate (in rebellion)
- Maurice Challe (b. 1905 - d. 1979)
- André Zeller (b. 1898 - d. 1979)
- Edmond Jouhaud (b. 1905 - d. 1995)
- Raoul Salan (s.a.)

High commissioner

19 Mar 1962 - 3 Jul 1962 Christian Fouchet (b. 1911 - d. 1974)

Chairman of the Provisional Executive

7 Apr 1962 - 25 Sep 1962 Abderrahmane Farès (b. 1911 - d. 1991)

Chairman of the National Constituent Assembly

25 Sep 1962 - 27 Sep 1962 Ferhat Abbas (b. 1899 - d. 1985)

Presidents

27 Sep 1962 - 19 Jun 1965 Ahmed Ben Bella (b. 1918)
(head of state as prime minister to 20 Sep 1963)
19 Jun 1965 - 27 Dec 1978 Houari Boumedienne (b. 1932? - d. 1978)
(chairman Revolutionary Council to 11 Dec 1976)
27 Dec 1978 - 9 Feb 1979 Rabah Bitat (interim) (b. 1925 - d. 2000)
9 Feb 1979 - 11 Jan 1992 Chadli Bendjedid (b. 1929)
11 Jan 1992 - 14 Jan 1992 Abdelmalek Benhabyles (b. 1921)
(chairman Constitutional Council)
14 Jan 1992 - 31 Jan 1994 High State Committee
- Khaled Nezzar (b. 1937)
- Ali Haroun (b. 1927)
- Tedjini Haddam (b. 1921 - d. 2000)
- Ali Kafi (b. 1928)
(chairman from 2 Jul 1992)
- Mohamed Boudiaf (b. 1919 - d. 1992)
(16 Jan - 29 Jun 1992)
(chairman)
- Redha Malek (b. 1931)
(from 2 Jul 1992)
31 Jan 1994 - 27 Apr 1999 Liamine Zéroual (b. 1941)
(Head of State to 27 Nov 1995)
27 Apr 1999 - Abdelaziz Bouteflika (b. 1937)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Presidents of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
(in Tunis exile to 3 Jul 1962)

19 Sep 1958 - 27 Aug 1961 Ferhat Abbas (s.a.)
27 Aug 1961 - 27 Sep 1962 Benyoucef Ben Khedda (b. 1920 - d. 2003)

Prime ministers

27 Sep 1962 - 20 Sep 1963 Ahmed Ben Bella (s.a.)
8 Mar 1979 -22 Jan 1984 Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani(b. 1927 - d. 1996)
22 Jan 1984 - 5 Nov 1988 Abdelhamid Brahimi (b. 1936)
5 Nov 1988 - 9 Sep 1989 Kasdi Merbah (b. 1938 - d. 1993)
9 Sep 1989 - 5 Jun 1991 Mouloud Hamrouche (b. 1943)
5 Jun 1991 - 8 Jul 1992 Sid Ahmed Ghozali (b. 1937)
8 Jul 1992 - 21 Aug 1993 Belaid Abdessalam (b. 1928)
21 Aug 1993 - 11 Apr 1994 Redha Malek (s.a.)
11 Apr 1994 - 31 Dec 1995 Mokdad Sifi (b. 1940)
31 Dec 1995 - 15 Dec 1998 Ahmed Ouyahia (1st time) (b. 1952)
15 Dec 1998 - 23 Dec 1999 Smail Hamdani (b. 1930)
23 Dec 1999 - 27 Aug 2000 Ahmed Benbitour (b. 1946)
27 Aug 2000 - 5 May 2003 Ali Benflis (b. 1944)
5 May 2003 - 24 May 2006 Ahmed Ouyahia (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 May 2006 - 23 Jun 2008 Abdelaziz Belkhadem (b. 1945)
23 Jun 2008 - Ahmed Ouyahia (3rd time) (s.a.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Kel Ahaggar

c.1750 Kel Ahaggar Tuareg confederation established
1903 under French suzerainty
1962 confederation not recognized by independent Algeria
1975 confederation terminated

Rulers (title Amenokal)- Kel Rela "tobol" -

17.. - 17.. Salah
17.. - 17.. Muhammad al-Khir ag Salah
17.. - 17.. Sidi ag Muhammad al-Khir
17.. - 1790 Yunus ag Sidi
1790 - 1830 Ag Mama ag Sidi
1830 - 1877 al-Hajj Ahmad
1877 - 1900 Aytarel ag Muhammad Biskra
1900 - 1905 Attici ag Amellal
1905 - 27 Dec 1920 Musa ag Amastan (b. 1867 - d. 1920)
1920 - 26 Mar 1941 Akhamuk ag Ihemma (b. 1874 - d. 1941)
1941 - 1950 Meslar ag Amayas (b. ... - d. 1950)
1950 - 1975 Bayy ag Akhamuk (b. ... - d. 1975)
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American Samoa

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

American Samoa

17 Apr 1900 Tutuila ceded to United States
16 Jul 1904 Manu'a ceded to United States
2 Apr 1909 the Tui Manu'a lineage becomes extinct
17 Jul 1911 U.S. Naval Station Tutuila renamed American Samoa
20 Feb 1929 U.S. Congress formally accepts the cession of Tutuila and
Manu'a by their chiefs, with retroactive effect to 16 Jul 1904

Kings/Queens (title Tui Manu'a)-
Moa'atoa dynasty -

c.1828 Taalolomana Fanaese
c.1836 Tauveve
c.1888 Tauilima Alalamua
1 Jul 1891 - 29 Oct 1895 Matelita (f) (b. 1872? - d. 1895)
1899 - 2 Apr 1909 Elisara (b. 18... - d. 1909)

Commandants

17 Feb 1900 - 27 Nov 1901 Benjamin Franklin Tilley (b. 1848 - d. 1907)
27 Nov 1901 - 16 Dec 1902 Uriel Sebree (b. 1848 - d. 1922)
16 Dec 1902 - 5 May 1903 Henry Minett (acting) (b. 1857 - d. 1952)
5 May 1903 - 30 Jan 1905 Edmund Beardsley Underwood (b. 1853 - d. 1928)

Governors

30 Jan 1905 - 21 May 1908 Charles Brainard Taylor Moore (b. 1853 - d. 1923)
21 May 1908 - 10 Nov 1910 John Frederick Parker (b. 18... - d. 1911)
10 Nov 1910 - 14 Mar 1913 William Michael Crose (b. 1867 - d. 1929)
14 Mar 1913 - 14 Jul 1913 Nathan Woodworth Post (1st time)
(b. 1881 - d. 1938)
(acting)
14 Jul 1913 - 2 Oct 1914 Clark Daniel Stearns (b. 1870 - d. af.1941)
2 Oct 1914 - 6 Dec 1914 Nathan Woodworth Post (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
6 Dec 1914 - 1 Mar 1915 Charles Armijo Woodruff (acting)
(b. 1884 - d. 1945)
1 Mar 1915 - 10 Jun 1919 John Martin Poyer (b. 1861 - d. 1922)
10 Jun 1919 - 3 Nov 1920 Warren Jay Terhune (b. 1869 - d. 1920)
11 Nov 1920 - 1 Mar 1922 Waldo A. Evans (b. 1869 - d. 1936)
1 Mar 1922 - 4 Sep 1923 Edwin Taylor Pollock (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
4 Sep 1923 - 17 Mar 1925 Edward Stanley Kellogg (b. 1870 - d. 1948)
17 Mar 1925 - 9 Sep 1927 Henry Francis Bryan (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
9 Sep 1927 - 2 Aug 1929 Stephen Victor Graham (b. 1874 - d. 19...)
2 Aug 1929 - 24 Mar 1931 Gatewood Sanders Lincoln
(1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1957)
24 Mar 1931 - 22 Apr 1931 James Sutherland Spore (acting)
(b. 1885 - d. 1937)
22 Apr 1931 - 17 Jul 1931 Arthur Tenney Emerson (acting)
17 Jul 1931 - 12 May 1932 Gatewood Sanders Lincoln
(2nd time) (s.a.)
12 May 1932 - 10 Apr 1934 George Bertram Landenberger (b. 1879 - d. 1936)
10 Apr 1934 - 17 Apr 1934 Thomas Calloway Latimore (acting)
(b. 1890 - d. 1942)
17 Apr 1934 - 15 Jan 1936 Otto Carl Dowling (b. 1887 - d. 1946)
15 Jan 1936 - 20 Jan 1936 Thomas Benjamin Fitzpatrick (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
(acting)
20 Jan 1936 - 3 Jun 1938 MacGillivray Milne (b. 1882 - d. 1959)
26 Jun 1938 - 30 Jul 1940 Edward William Hanson (b. 1889 - d. 19...)
30 Jul 1940 - 8 Aug 1940 Jesse Rink Wallace (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1961)
8 Aug 1940 - 5 Jun 1942 Laurence Wild (b. 1890 - d. 1971)
17 Jan 1942 - 25 Apr 1942 Henry L. Larsen (b. 1890 - d. 1962)
(military governor)
5 Jun 1942 - 8 Feb 1944 John Gould Moyer (b. 1893 - d. 1976)
8 Feb 1944 - 27 Jan 1945 Allen Hobbs (b. 1899 - d. 1960)
27 Jan 1945 - 3 Sep 1945 Ralph Waldo Hungerford (b. 1896 - d. 1977)
3 Sep 1945 - 10 Sep 1945 Samuel Wakefield Canan (acting)
(b. 1898 - d. af.1964)
10 Sep 1945 - 22 Apr 1947 Harold Alexander Houser (b. 1897 - d. 1981)
22 Apr 1947 - 15 Jun 1949 Vernon Huber (b. 1899 - d. 1967)
7 Jul 1949 - 23 Feb 1951 Thomas Francis Darden, Jr. (b. 1900 - d. 1961)
23 Feb 1951 - 20 Jun 1952 Phelps Phelps (b. 1897 - d. 1981)
16 Jul 1952 - 23 Nov 1952 John C. Elliott (b. 1919 - d. 2001)
28 Nov 1952 - 4 Mar 1953 James Arthur Ewing
4 Mar 1953 - 5 Aug 1953 Lawrence M. Judd (b. 1887 - d. 1968)
1 Oct 1953 - 15 Oct 1956 Richard Barrett Lowe (b. 1902 - d. 1972)
15 Oct 1956 - 24 May 1961 Peter Tali Coleman (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 1997)
24 May 1961 - 31 Jul 1967 Hyrum Rex Lee (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. 2001)
1 Aug 1967 - 31 Jul 1969 Owen Stuart Aspinall (b. 1927)
1 Aug 1969 - 14 Oct 1974 John Morse Haydon (b. 1920)
15 Oct 1974 - 6 Feb 1975 Frank C. Mockler (acting)
6 Feb 1975 - 30 Sep 1976 Earl B. Ruth (b. 1916 - d. 1989)
1 Oct 1976 - 27 May 1977 Frank Barnett
28 May 1977 - 3 Jan 1978 Hyrum Rex Lee (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Jan 1978 - 3 Jan 1985 Peter Tali Coleman (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Jan 1985 - 2 Jan 1989 A.P. Lutali (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 2002)
2 Jan 1989 - 3 Jan 1993 Peter Tali Coleman (3rd time) (s.a.)
3 Jan 1993 - 3 Jan 1997 A.P. Lutali (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Jan 1997 - 26 Mar 2003 Tauese P. Sunia (b. 1941 - d. 2003)
26 Mar 2003 - Togiola Tulafono (b. 1947)
(acting to 7 Apr 2003)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Swains Island

13 Oct 1856 settlement founded by an American
4 Mar 1925 annexed to American Samoa

Leaders

13 Oct 1856 - 4 Dec 1878 Eli Hutchinson Jennings (b. 1814 - d.
1878)
4 Dec 1878 - 25 Oct 1891 Malia Jennings (f) (b. ... - d. 1891)
25 Oct 1891 - 24 Oct 1920 Eli Hutchinson Jennings, Jr. (b. 1863 - d. 1920)
24 Oct 1920 - Aug 1921 Ann Eliza Jennings (f) (b. 1897 - d. 1921)
+ Alexander Jennings
Aug 1921 - 4 Mar 1925 Alexander Jennings
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Andorra

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Andorra

8 Sep 1278 sovereignty shared between the count of Foix (France) and
the bishop of Urgel (Spain)
1589 the county of Foix becomes part of the crown lands; the
corresponding title of Andorran coprince is since held by
the French head of state
1793 - 27 Mar 1806 France renounces position of coprince
26 Jan 1812 -1 Dec 1813 annexed by France (part of Sègre[from 7 Mar 1813,
Sègre-Ter] département)

Coprinces (French heads of state)

1589 - 1793 French Man
27 Mar 1806 - French Man

Coprinces (bishops of Urgel)

4 Jul 1695 - 17 Jan 1714 Julià Cano i Thebar (b. 1646 - d. 1719)
17 Sep 1714 - 27 Aug 1737 Simeó de Guinda y Apéztegui (b. 1669 - d. 1737)
5 May 1738 - 12 May 1747 Jordi Curado y Torreblanca (b. 1682 - d. 1749)
15 May 1747 - 2 Oct 1756 Sebastià Josep de Victoria de
Emparán y de Loyola (b. 1683 - d. 1756)
6 May 1757 - 8 Sep 1762 Francesc Josep Catalán de Ocón
(b. 1701 - d. 1762)
10 May 1763 - 22 Apr 1771 Francesc Fernández de Xátiva y
Contreras (b. 1704 - d. 1771)
7 Jan 1772 - 15 May 1779 Joaquín de Santiyán y Valdivielso
(b. 1733 - d. 1783)
27 Nov 1780 - 23 May 1783 Joan de García y Montenegro (b. 1716 - d. 1783)
31 Mar 1785 - 8 Dec 1795 Josep de Boltas (b. 1738 - d. 1795)
29 Oct 1797 - 23 Sep 1816 Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y
Cisneros (b. 1753 - d. 1821)
28 Jul 1817 - 27 Sep 1824 Bernat Francés y Caballero (b. 1774 - d. 1843)
20 Dec 1824 - 22 May 1827 Isidor Bonifaci López y Pulido (b. 1774 - d. 1827)
4 Nov 1828 - 22 Aug 1851 Simó Rojas de Guardiola i
Hortoneda (b. 1773 - d. 1851)
10 Mar 1853 - 26 Aug 1879 Josep Caixal i Estradé (b. 1803 - d. 1879)
26 Aug 1879 - 24 Sep 1901 Salvador Casañas i Pagès (b. 1834 - d. 1908)
(acting to 22 Sep 1879 and from 27 Jul 1901)
24 Sep 1901 - 27 Dec 1901 Ramon Riu i Cabanes (b. 1853 - d. 1901)
2 Jan 1902 - 10 Sep 1902 Toribio Martín (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 19...)
10 Sep 1902 - 6 Dec 1906 Joan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera(b. 1866 - d. 1913)
30 Apr 1907 - 11 Jul 1907 Josep Pujargimzú (acting)
11 Jul 1907 - 7 Jan 1919 Joan Baptista Benlloch i Vivó (b. 1864 - d. 1926)
2 Jul 1919 - 1 Jun 1920 Jaume Viladrich i Gaspa (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
1 Jun 1920 - 31 Jan 1940 Justí Guitart i Vilardebò (b. 1875 - d. 1940)
2 Feb 1940 - 15 Apr 1943 Ricard Fornesa i Puigdemasa
(acting)
15 Apr 1943 - 19 Jun 1969 Ramon Iglésias Navarri (b. 1889 - d. 1972)
19 Jun 1969 - 31 Jan 1971 Ramon Malla Call (acting) (b. 1922)
31 Jan 1971 - 12 May 2003 Joan Martí Alanís (b. 1928)
12 May 2003 - Joan Enric Vives Sicília (b. 1949)

Personal representatives of the French coprince

Sep 1993 - Feb 1997 Jean-Yves Caullet (b. 1957)
Feb 1997 - May 1999 Pierre de Bousquet de Florian (b. 1954)
May 1999 - Jul 2002 Frédéric de Saint-Sernin (b. 1958)
Jul 2002 - Jun 2007 Philippe Massoni (b. 1936)
Jun 2007 - Sep 2008 Emmanuelle Mignon (f) (b. 1968)
Sep 2008 - Christian Frémont (b. 1942)

Personal representative of the episcopal coprince

1993 - Nemesi Marquès Oste (b. 1935)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

First syndics (from 4 May 1993, general syndics)

1841 - 1847 Josep Picart
1847 - 1858 Bonaventura Riba (acting)
1858 - 1861 Gil Areny
1861 - 1865 Francesc Duran (1st time)
1865 - 1866 Joaquim de Riba
1866 - 1868 Guillem Areny de Plandolit
1868 - 1875 Nicolau Duedra
1875 - 1878 Guillem Mora
1878 - 1880 Bonaventura Moles
1880 - 1881 Joan Pla Calvo
1881 Josep Palmitjavila (1st time)
1881 - 1883 Francesc Duran (2nd time)
1884 - 1885 Josep Palmitjavila (2nd time)
1886 Francesc Duran (3rd time)
1886 - 1888 Francesc Maestre
1888 - 1897 Antoni Moles
(jointly with following)
1893 - 1898 Bonaventura Maestre (1st time)
1899 - 1901 Josep Calva
1902 - 1905 Bonaventura Maestre (2nd time)
1906 - 1911 Pere Moles
1911 - 1912 Bonaventura Maestre (3rd time)
1912 - 1915 Bonaventura Moles
1915 - 1917 Pere Font (1st time)
1918 - 1920 Josep Vilanova
1920 Josep Grepa (acting)
1920 - 1923 Bonaventura Villarubia
1924 - 1927 Pere Font (2nd time)
1928 - 19 Aug 1933 Roc Pallares
Sep 1933 - 1936 Pere Torres
1936 - 1937 Francesc Molné
1937 - 31 Dec 1960 Francesc Cairat Freixes (b. 1880? - d. 19...)
31 Dec 1960 - Dec 1966 Julià Reig-Ribó (1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 1996)
Dec 1966 - Dec 1972 Francesc Escudé Ferrero (b. ... - d. 1996)
Dec 1972 - 29 Dec 1978 Julià Reig-Ribó (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Dec 1978 - 4 Jan 1982 Estanislau Sangrà Font (b. 1946)
4 Jan 1982 - 12 Jan 1990 Francesc Cerqueda Pascuet (b. 1942)
12 Jan 1990 - 15 Feb 1991 Josep Maria Beal Benedico
15 Feb 1991 - 12 Apr 1992 Albert Gelabert
12 Apr 1992 - 19 Jan 1994 Jordi Farràs Forné
19 Jan 1994 - 10 Mar 1997 Josep Dallerès Codina (1st time) (b. 1949)
10 Mar 1997 - 17 May 2005 Francesc Areny Casal (b. 1959)
17 May 2005 - 19 May 2009 Joan Gabriel Estany (b. 1963)
19 May 2009 - Josep Dallerès Codina (2nd time) (s.a.)

Heads of government

8 Jan 1982 - 21 May 1984 Òscar Ribas Reig (1st time) (b. 1936)
21 May 1984 - 12 Jan 1990 Josep Pintat-Solans (b. 1925 - d. 2007)
12 Jan 1990 - 7 Dec 1994 Òscar Ribas Reig (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Dec 1994 - 27 May 2005 Marc Forné Molné (b. 1946)
27 May 2005 - 5 Jun 2009 Albert Pintat Santolària (b. 1943)
5 Jun 2009 - Jaume Bartumeu Cassany (b. 1954)
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Angola

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Angola

1 Feb 1575 Portuguese colony
11 Jun 1951 Portuguese overseas province
11 Nov 1975 independence (People's Republic of Angola)
27 Aug 1992 Republic of Angola

Governors

1698 - 1701 Luís César de Meneses (b. 1653 - d. 1720)
1701 - 1702 Bernardino de Tavora de Sousa
Tavares (b. 16... - d. 1702) 1705 - 1709 Lourenço de Almada (b. c.1650 - d. 1729)
1709 - 1713 António de Saldanha de Albuquerque
Castro e Ribafria
1713 - 1717 João Manuel de Noronha
1717 - 1722 Henrique de Figueiredo e Alarcão
1722 - 1725 António de Albuquerque Coelho
de Carvalho
1725 - 1726 José Carvalho da Costa (acting)
1726 - 1732 Paulo Caetano de Albuquerque (b. ... - d. 1732)
1732 - 1738 Rodrigo César de Meneses
1738 - 1748 Joaquim Jacques de Magalhães (b. ... - d. 1748)
1748 - 1749 Fonseca Coutinho (acting)
1749 - 1753 António de Almeida Soares e
Portugal, conde do Lavradio (b. 1699 - d. 1761)
1753 - 1758 António Alvares da Cunha
1758 - 1764 António de Vasconcelos
1764 - 1772 Francisco Inocéncio de Sousa
Coutinho
1772 - 1779 António de Lencastre (b. 1721 - d. ...)
1779 - 1782 José Gonçalo da Gama
1784 - 1790 José de Almeida e Vasconcelos,
barão de Moçâmedes (b. 1737 - d. 18...)
1790 - 1797 Manuel de Almeida e Vasconcelos,
visconde da Lapa
1797 - 1802 Miguel António de Melo
1802 - 1806 Fernão António de Noronha
1807 - 1810 António de Saldanha da Gama (b. 1778 - d. 1839)
1810 - 1815 José de Oliveira Barbosa
1816 - 1819 Luís da Motta Fêo e Torres (b. 1769 - d. 1823)
1819 - 1821 Manoel Vieira Tovar de Albuquerque
1821 - 1822 Joaquim Inácio de Lima
1822 - 1823 Junta
1823 Cristóvão Avelino Dias
1823 - 1829 Nicolau de Abreu Castelo-Branco (b. 1781 - d. 18...)
1829 - 1834 José Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida
e Vasconcelos, barão de Santa
Comba Dão (b. 1787 - d. 1872)
1834 - 1836 Junta
1836 Domingos de Saldanha Oliveira e
Daun (b. 1800 - d. 1836)

Governors-general

1837 - 1839 Bernardo Vidal
1839 António Manuel de Noronha (b. 1772 - d. 18...)
1839 - 1842 Manuel Eleutério Malheiro (acting)
1842 - 1843 José Xavier Bressane Leite (b. 1780 - d. 1843)
1843 - 1845 Lourenço Germack Possolo (b. 1779 - d. 18...)
1845 - 1848 Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha (b. 1801 - d. 1850)
1848 - 1851 Adrião de Silveiro Pinto
1851 - 1853 António Sérgio de Sousa (b. 1809 - d. 1878)
1853 António Ricardo Graça
1853 - 1854 Miguel Ximenes Rodrigues Sandoval
de Castro e Viegas, visconde de
Pinheiro (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
1854 - 1860 José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral
(1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
1860 - 1861 Carlos Augusto Franco
1861 - 1862 Sebastião Lopes de Calheiros e
Meneses (b. 1816 - d. 1899)
1862 - 1865 José Baptista de Andrade
(1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1902)
1865 - 1868 Francisco António Gonçalves
Cardoso (b. 1800 - d. 1875)
1868 - 1870 José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1870 - 1873 José Maria da Ponte e Horta
1873 - 1876 José Baptista de Andrade
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1876 - 1878 Caetano Alexandre de Almeida
e Albuquerque (b. 1824 - d. 1916)
1878 - 1880 Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses
(b. 1824 - d. 1905)
1880 - 1882 António Eleutério Dantas
1882 - 1886 Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do
Amaral (b. 1844 - d. 1923)
1886 - 1892 Gilherme Auguste de Brito Capelo
(1st time)
25 Aug 1892 - Sep 1893 Jaime Lôbo de Brito Godins (acting)
1893 - 1896 Álvaro Ferreira
1896 - 1897 Gilherme Auguste de Brito Capelo
(2nd time)
1897 - 1900 António Duarte Ramada Curto
(1st time) (b. 1849 - d. 19...)
1900 - 1903 Francisco Xavier Cabral de
Oliveira Moncada
1903 - 1904 Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa
(1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1907)
1904 Custódio Miguel de Borja (b. 1849 - d. 19...)
1904 - 1905 António Duarte Ramada Curto
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1905 - 1906 Caminho de Ferro de Mossámedes
1906 - 1907 Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1907 - Jun 1909 Henrique Mitchell de Paiva
Couceiro (b. 1861 - d. 1944)
1909 Álvaro António da Costa Ferreira (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
(acting)
1909 - 1910 José Augusto Alves Roçadas (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
1910 - 1911 Caetano Francisco Cláudio Eugénio
Gonçalves (acting)
1911 - 1912 Manuel Maria Coelho (b. 1857 - d. 1943)
1912 - 1915 José Mendes Ribeiro Norton de
Matos (b. 1867 - d. 1955)
1915 - 1916 António Júlio da Costa Pereira de
Eça
1916 - 1917 Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim
(b. 1862 - d. 1929)
1917 - 1918 Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
1918 - 1919 Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral (b. 1873 - d. 1934)
1919 - 1920 Mimoso Guera (acting)
1920 - 1921 Francisco Coelho do Amaral Reis,
visconde de Pedralva (b. 1873 - d. 1938)

High commissioners and governors-general

1921 - 1924 José Mendes Ribeiro Norton de
Matos (s.a.)
1924 João Augusto Crispiniano Soares
1924 - 1926 Francisco Cunha Rêgo Cháves
1926 - 1928 António Vicente Ferreira
1928 - 1929 António Damas Mora (acting)
1929 - 1931 Filomeno da Câmara
1931 - 1933 José Dionisio Carneiro de Sousa
e Faro
1933 - 1935 Eduardo Ferreira Viana
1936 - 1940 António Lopes Matheus
1940 - 1942 Manoel da Cunha e Costa Marques
Mano
1942 - 1943 Álvaro de Freitas Morna
1943 - 1947 Vasco Lopes Alves (b. 1898)
1948 - 1955 José Agapito de Silva Carvalho
1955 - 1956 Manoel de Gusmão Mascarenhas
Gaivão (b. 1901)
1957 - Jan 1960 Horacio José de Sá Viana Rebelo
(b. 1910 - d. 1995)
15 Jan 1960 - Jun 1961 Álvaro Rodrigues da Silva Tavares (b. 1915)
23 Jun 1961 - 26 Sep 1962 Venâncio Augusto Deslandes (b. 1909 - d. 1985)
Sep 1962 - 1966 Silvino Silvério Marques
(1st time) (b. 1918)
27 Oct 1966 - 1972 Camilo Augusto de Miranda Rebocho
Vaz (b. 1920)
Oct 1972 - May 1974 Fernando Augusto Santos e Castro
(b. 1922 - d. 1983)
May 1974 - 15 Jun 1974 Joaquim Franco Pinheiro (acting)
15 Jun 1974 - 24 Jul 1974 Silvino Silvério Marques
(2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1974 - 28 Jan 1975 António Alva Rosa Coutinho (b. 1926)
(acting to 29 Nov 1974)
28 Jan 1975 - 2 Aug 1975 António Silva Cardoso (b. 1928)
2 Aug 1975 - 26 Aug 1975 Ernesto Ferreira de Macedo
(acting)
26 Aug 1975 - 10 Nov 1975 Leonel Cardoso (b. 1919 - d. 1988)

Presidents

11 Nov 1975 - 10 Sep 1979 Agostinho Neto (b. 1922 - d. 1979)
10 Sep 1979 - José Eduardo dos Santos (b. 1942)
(acting to 21 Sep 1979)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

11 Nov 1975 - 9 Dec 1978 Lopo do Nascimento (b. 1942)
19 Jul 1991 - 2 Dec 1992 Fernando José de França Dias
Van-Dúnem (1st time) (b. 1934)
2 Dec 1992 - 3 Jun 1996 Marcolino Moco (b. 1953)
3 Jun 1996 - 29 Jan 1999 Fernando José de França Dias
Van-Dúnem (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Dec 2002 - 30 Sep 2008 Fernando da Piedade Dias dos
Santos (b. 1952)
30 Sep 2008 - Paulo Kassoma (b. 1951)

Democratic People's Republic of Angola (counter-government, at Huambo)
Presidents of the Joint National Council for the Revolution

11 Nov 1975 - Feb 1976 Holden Roberto (b. 1923 - d. 2007)
+ Jonas Savimbi (b. 1934 - d. 2002)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

23 Nov 1975 - Feb 1976 José Ndele (b. 1940)
+ Johnny Eduardo Pinnock (b. 1942 - d. 2000)
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Anguilla

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Anguilla

1882 part of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
(see Saint Kitts and Nevis)
12 Jul 1967 independence proclaimed (not recognized by U.K.)
6 Feb 1969 Republic of Anguilla proclaimed
19 Dec 1980 Anguilla becomes a separate dependency de jure

Presidents

12 Jul 1967 - 4 Aug 1967 Peter Adams (b. ... - d. ...)
4 Aug 1967 - 1967 Ronald Webster (b. 1926)

Chief Executive and Chairman of the Anguilla Council

1967 - 1968 Ronald Webster (1st time) (s.a.)

Commissioner

8 Jan 1968 - Jan 1969 Anthony Lee (1st time) (b. 1923?)

Chief Executive and Chairman of the Anguilla Council

Jan 1969 - 19 Mar 1969 Ronald Webster (2nd time) (s.a.)

Commissioners

19 Mar 1969 - 20 Apr 1969 Anthony Lee (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Apr 1969 - 1969 John Alfred Cumber (b. 1920 - d. 1991)
1969 - 1971 Willoughby Harry Thompson (b. 1919)
1971 - 1974 Arthur Christopher Watson (b. 1927 - d. 2001)
1974 - 1978 David Le Breton (b. 1931)
1978 - Apr 1982 Charles Harry Godden (b. 1922)

Governors

Apr 1982 - 1983 Charles Harry Godden (s.a.)
Nov 1983 - 1987 Alastair Turner Baillie (b. 1932)
1987 - 1989 Geoffrey Owen Whittaker (b. 1932)
1989 - 1992 Brian G.J. Canty (b. 1931)
14 Aug 1992 - 1995 Alan W. Shave (b. 1936)
3 Nov 1995 - Dec 1996 Alan Hoole (b. 1942 - d. 2000)
Dec 1996 - 27 Jan 2000 Robert Harris (b. 1941)
(acting to 29 May 1997)
27 Jan 2000 - 4 Feb 2000 Roger Cousins (acting)
4 Feb 2000 - 29 Apr 2004 Peter Johnstone (b. 1944)
29 Apr 2004 - 28 May 2004 Mark Capes (1st time) (acting) (b. 1954?)
28 May 2004 - 2 Jun 2006 Alan Huckle (b. 1948)
2 Jun 2006 - 10 Jul 2006 Mark Capes (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
10 Jul 2006 - 11 Mar 2009 Andrew George (b. 1952)
11 Mar 2009 - 21 Apr 2009 Stanley Reid (acting) (b. 1968?)
21 Apr 2009 - Alistair Harrison (b. 1954)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chief ministers

10 Feb 1976 - 2 Feb 1977 Ronald Webster (1st time) (s.a.)
2 Feb 1977 - May 1980 Emile Gumbs (1st time) (b. 1928)
May 1980 - 12 Mar 1984 Ronald Webster (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Mar 1984 - 18 Mar 1994 Emile Gumbs (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Mar 1994 - 6 Mar 2000 Hubert Hughes (b. 1933)
6 Mar 2000 - Osbourne Fleming (b. 1940)
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Antigua and Barbuda

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Antigua and Barbuda

1632 British colony (Antigua)
1671 - 1816 part of Leeward Islands
1833 - 1 Jan 1960 part of Leeward Islands (Antigua, British Virgin Islands,
Dominica [to 1940], Montserrat, Saint Christopher-Nevis-
Anguilla)
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 part of the Federation of the West Indies
(see under Trinidad and Tobago)
27 Feb 1967 associated state
1 Nov 1981 independence as Antigua and Barbuda

Leeward Islands

1871 Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands
1 Jul 1956 Territory of the Leeward Islands
1 Jan 1960 dissolved

Governors

May 1699 - Feb 1704 Christopher Codrington, Jr. (b. 1668 - d. 1710)
Feb 1704 - Jul 1704 John Johnson (1st time) (acting) (b. 16... - d. 1706)
Jul 1704 - 4 Dec 1704 Sir William Mathew (b. 16... - d. 1704)
Dec 1704 - Jul 1706 John Johnson (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
Jul 1706 - 7 Dec 1710 Daniel Parke (b. 1669 - d. 1710)
Dec 1710 - 1711 Walter Hamilton (1st time)
(acting)
1711 - 1714 Walter Douglas
1714 - 1715 William Mathew, Jr. (1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1752)
(acting)
1715 - 1721 Walter Hamilton (2nd time)
1721 - 1728 John Hart (b. ... - d. 1740)
Aug 1728 - 12 Sep 1729 Thomas Pitt, Earl of Londonderry (b. c.1668 - d. 1729)
1729 William Cosby (acting) (b. 1690 - d. 1736)
1729 - 1752 William Mathew, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.)
1753 - 1766 George Thomas (b. c.1695 - d. 1774)
1766 - 1768 James Vercild
1768 - 1771 William Woodley (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1793)
1771 - 1776 Sir Ralph Payne (1st time) (b. 1738 - d. 1807)
1776 - 1781 William Mathew Burt
1781 - 1788 Thomas Shirley (1st time) (b. 1727 - d. 1800)
1788 - 1790 John Nugent (b. 17... - d. 1814)
1790 - 1791 Thomas Shirley (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Aug 1791 - 1793 William Woodley (2nd time) (s.a.)
1795 - 1799 Charles Leigh
1799 - 1807 Ralph Payne, Baron Lavington
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1808 - 1814 Hugh Elliott (b. 1752 - d. 1830)
1814 - 16 Oct 1816 Sir James Leith (b. 1763 - d. 1816)
1833 - 1871 the governors of Antigua
1871 - 1873 Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (b. 1809 - d. 1891)
1873 - 1874 Sir Henry Turner Irving (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
1874 - 1875 William Cleaver Francis Robinson (b. 1834 - d. 1897)
1875 - 1881 Sir George Berkeley (b. 1819 - d. 1905)
1881 H.J.B. Bufford-Hancock (acting)
1881 - 1884 Sir John Hawley Glover (b. 1829 - d. 1885)
1884 - 1885 Sir Charles Cameron Lees (b. 1837 - d. 1898)
1885 Charles Monroe Eldridge (acting) (b. ... - d. 1888)
1885 - 1888 Jenico William Joseph Preston,
Viscount Gormanston (b. 1837 - d. 1907)
1888 Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell (b. 1836 - d. 1899)
(acting)
1888 - 1895 Sir William Frederick Haynes Smith (b. 1839 - d. 1928)
1895 - 1901 Sir Francis Fleming (b. 1842 - d. 1922)
1901 - 1902 Sir Henry Moore Jackson (b. 1849 - d. 1908)
1902 - 1904 Sir Gerald Strickland (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
1904 - 1905 Sir Clement Courtenay Knollys (b. 1849 - d. 1905)
1906 - 1912 Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott (b. 1857 - d. 1941)
1912 - 1916 Sir Hesketh Bell (b. 1864 - d. 1952)
1916 - 1921 Sir Edward Marsh Merewether (b. 1858 - d. 1938)
1921 - 1929 Sir Eustace Edward
Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes (b. 1864 - d. 1943)
1929 - 1936 Sir Thomas Reginald St. Johnston (b. 1881 - d. 1950)
1936 - 1941 Sir Gordon James Lethem (b. 1886 - d. 1962)
1941 - 1943 Sir Douglas James Jardine (b. 1888 - d. 1946)
1943 - 1947 Sir Leslie Brian Freeston (b. 1892 - d. 1958)
1947 - 1948 W.R. Macnie (acting)
1948 - 17 Sep 1950 Oliver Ridsdale Baldwin, Earl
Baldwin of Bewdley (b. 1899 - d. 1958)
17 Sep 1950 - 18 Oct 1956 Kenneth Blackburne (from 1952,
Sir Kenneth Blackburne) (b. 1907 - d. 1980)
18 Oct 1956 - 1 Jan 1960 Alexander Thomas Williams
(from 1958, Sir Alexander
Thomas Williams) (b. 1903 - d. 1984)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Antigua

Deputy governors

1698 - 1715 John Yeamans
1715 - 4 Dec 1741 Edward Byam (b. 1662 - d. 1741)
1742 - 1747 George Lucas
1747 - 1816 none

Governors

1816 - 1819 George William Ramsay (b. 1770 - d. 1838)
1819 - 1826 Sir Benjamin D'Urban (b. 1777 - d. 1849)
1826 - 1832 Sir Patrick Ross
1832 - 1836 Evan John Murray MacGregor (b. 1785 - d. 1841)
(acting to 1834)
1837 - 1842 Sir William MacBean George
Colebrooke (b. 1787 - d. 1870)
1842 - 1846 Sir Charles Augustus Fitzroy (b. 1796 - d. 1858)
1847 - 1850 James Macaulay Higginson (b. 1805 - d. 1885)
1850 - 1855 Robert James Mackintosh
1855 - 1863 Ker Baillie Hamilton (b. 1804 - d. 1889)
1863 - 1868 Sir Stephen John Hill (b. 1809 - d. 1891)
1869 - 1871 Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (s.a.)
Administrators
1936 Hubert Eugène Bader (b. 1902 - d. 1936)
1936 - 1941 James Dundas Harford (b. 1899 - d. 1993)
1941 - 1944 Herbert Boon
1944 - 1946 F.S. Harcourt
1946 - 1947 Leslie Stuart Greening (b. 1895 - d. ...)
1947 - 1954 Richard St. John Ormerod Wayne (b. 1904 - d. 1959)
1954 - 1958 Alec Lovelace (b. 1907 - d. 1981)
3 Oct 1958 - 1964 Ian Turbott (b. 1922)
6 Mar 1964 - 1966 David James Gardiner Rose (b. 1923 - d. 1969)

Governor

27 Feb 1967 - 1 Nov 1981 Wilfred E. Jacobs (from 19 Jul
1967, Sir Wilfred E. Jacobs) (b. 1919 - d. 1995)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chief minister

1 Jan 1960 - 27 Feb 1967 Vere Cornwall Bird (b. 1910 - d. 1999)

Premiers

27 Feb 1967 - 14 Feb 1971 Vere Cornwall Bird (1st time) (s.a.)
14 Feb 1971 - Feb 1976 George Walter (b. 1928 - d. 2008)
Feb 1976 - 1 Nov 1981 Vere Cornwall Bird (2nd time) (s.a.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Antigua and Barbuda

Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)

1 Nov 1981 - 10 Jun 1993 Sir Wilfred E. Jacobs (s.a.)
10 Jun 1993 - 17 Jul 2007 James Carlisle (from 9 Nov 1993,
Sir James Carlisle) (b. 1937)
17 Jul 2007 - Louise Lake-Tack (from 17 Oct
2007, Dame Louise Lake-Tack) (f) (b. 1944)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime Ministers

1 Nov 1981 - 9 Mar 1994 Vere Cornwall Bird (s.a.)
9 Mar 1994 - 24 Mar 2004 Lester Bird (b. 1938)
24 Mar 2004 - Baldwin Spencer (b. 1948)
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Argentina

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Argentina

Note: There was no universally accepted national government from 16 Feb 1820 until roughly 1852. Therefore, the governments of each province during that period are listed separately. Most of the time there was civil war, and the "national" authorities were acknowledged by only a partial (and varying) set of provinces. There was also a gap in national government between 1861 and 1862, for which the governments of the provinces are also listed. The Province of Buenos Aires was actually in secession between 1852 and 1862.

1 Aug 1776 (Spanish) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
(modern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay)
separated from Viceroyalty of Peru
25 May 1810 first autonomous government, claiming initially to rule on
behalf of deposed King Fernando VII of Spain
9 Jul 1816 independence proclaimed (United Provinces in South America)
16 Feb 1820 collapse of the national government
23 Jan 1825 United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
4 Jan 1831 Argentine Confederation
1 Oct 1860 Argentine Nation (also styled Argentine Republic)
12 Dec 1861 collapse of the national government
12 Apr 1862 national government restored

Viceroys

Oct 1777 - 12 Jun 1778 Pedro Antonio de Ceballos Cortés
y Calderón (b. 1715 - d. 1778)
12 Jun 1778 - 7 Mar 1784 Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo (b. 1719 - d. 1799)
7 Mar 1784 - 4 Dec 1789 Nicolás Francisco Cristóbal del
Campo, marqués de Loreto
4 Dec 1789 - 16 Mar 1795 Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo (b. 1740 - d. 1802)
16 Mar 1795 - 15 Apr 1797 Pedro de Melo y Portugal y Vilhena (b. 1733 - d. 1797)
2 May 1797 - 14 Mar 1799 Antonio Olaguer y Feliú Heredia
López y Donec (b. 1740 - d. 1807)
14 Mar 1799 - 20 May 1801 Gabriel de Avilés y del Fierro,
marqués de Avilés (b. 1730 - d. 1810)
20 May 1801 - 11 Apr 1804 Joaquín del Pino y Rozas, Romero
y Negrete (b. 1729 - d. 1804)
23 Apr 1804 - 10 Feb 1807 Rafael de Sobremonte Núñez
Castillo Angulo y Bullón Ramírez
de Arellano, marqués de Sobremonte (b. 1746 - d. 1827)
(acting to 6 Oct 1804)
10 Feb 1807 - 30 Jun 1809 Santiago Antonio María de Liniers
y Bremont (acting) (b. 1753 - d. 1810)
30 Jun 1809 - 25 May 1810 Baltazar Hidalgo de Cisneros y la
Torre (b. 1775 - d. 1829)

President of the First Junta

25 May 1810 - 18 Dec 1810 Cornelio Saavedra (b. 1760 - d. 1829)

Presidents of the Big Junta

18 Dec 1810 - 26 Aug 1811 Cornelio Saavedra (s.a.)
26 Aug 1811 - 23 Sep 1811 Domingo Matheu (b. 1765 - d. 1831)
23 Sep 1811 - 8 Oct 1812 First Triumvirate
- Feliciano Antonio Chiclana (b. 1761 - d. 1826)
- Manuel de Sarratea (b. 1774 - d. 1849)
- Juan José Paso (to 23 Mar 1812) (b. 1758 - d. 1833)
- Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (b. 1777 - d. 1850)
(from 23 Mar 1812)
8 Oct 1812 - 31 Jan 1814 Second Triumvirate
- Juan José Paso (s.a.)
- Nicolás Rodríguez Peña (b. 1775 - d. 1853)
- Antonio Álvarez Jonte (b. 1784 - d. 1820)
(to 19 Aug 1813)
- Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (b. 1757 - d. 1833)
(from 19 Aug 1813)

Supreme Directors

31 Jan 1814 - 9 Jan 1815 Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (s.a.)
9 Jan 1815 - 15 Apr 1815 Carlos María de Alvear (b. 1789 - d. 1852)
18 Apr 1815 - 20 Apr 1815 Juan José Viamonte (b. 1774 - d. 1843)
20 Apr 1815 José Rondeau (1st time) (b. 1775 - d. 1844)
20 Apr 1815 - 17 Apr 1816 Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (b. 1787 - d. 1857)
17 Apr 1816 - 12 Jul 1816 Antonio González Balcarce (b. 1774 - d. 1819)
(acting for Pueyrredón from 3 May 1816)
3 May 1816 - 9 Jun 1819 Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (s.a.)
12 Jul 1816 - 29 Jul 1816 Governmental Commission
(acting for Pueyrredón)
- Francisco Antonio de Escalada
- Miguel de Irigoyen (b. 1764 - d. 1822)
9 Jun 1819 - 11 Feb 1820 José Rondeau (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Feb 1820 - 16 Feb 1820 Juan Aguirre López (acting) (b. 1781 - d. 1837)

Governor of Buenos Aires, exercising the National Executive Power

23 Jan 1825 - 8 Feb 1826 Juan Gregorio de Las Heras (b. 1780 - d. 1866)

Presidents

8 Feb 1826 - 9 Aug 1827 Bernardino Rivadavia (b. 1780 - d. 1845)
9 Aug 1827 - 17 Aug 1827 Vicente López y Planes (b. 1785 - d. 1856)
(provisional)

Governors of Buenos Aires, entrusted with the Foreign Relations

17 Aug 1827 - 1829 see under Buenos Aires

Governor of Santa Fe, entrusted with the Foreign Relations

1829 Estanislao López (b. 1786 - d. 1838)

Governors of Buenos Aires, entrusted with the Foreign Relations

1829 - 20 Sep 1851 see under Buenos Aires

Supreme Chief of the Confederation

20 Sep 1851 - 3 Feb 1852 Juan Manuel de Rosas (b. 1793 - d. 1877)
Governor of Entre Ríos, entrusted with the Foreign Relations

3 Feb 1852 - 31 May 1852 Justo José de Urquiza (b. 1801 - d. 1870)

Presidents

31 May 1852 - 5 Mar 1860 Justo José de Urquiza (s.a.)
(Provisional Director to 5 Mar 1854)
5 Mar 1860 - 5 Nov 1861 Santiago Derqui (b. 1809 - d. 1867)
5 Nov 1861 - 12 Dec 1861 Juan Esteban Pedernera (acting) (b. 1796 - d. 1886)
12 Apr 1862 - 12 Oct 1868 Bartolomé Mitre (b. 1821 - d. 1906)
(Governor of Buenos Aires, exercising the National
Executive Power, to 12 Oct 1862)
12 Oct 1868 - 12 Oct 1874 Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (b. 1811 - d. 1888)
12 Oct 1874 - 12 Oct 1880 Nicolás Avellaneda (b. 1837 - d. 1885)
12 Oct 1880 - 12 Oct 1886 Julio A. Roca (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1914)
12 Oct 1886 - 6 Aug 1890 Miguel Juárez Celman (b. 1844 - d. 1909)
6 Aug 1890 - 12 Oct 1892 Carlos Pellegrini (b. 1846 - d. 1906)
12 Oct 1892 - 23 Jan 1895 Luis Sáenz Peña (b. 1822 - d. 1907)
23 Jan 1895 - 12 Oct 1898 José Evaristo Uriburu (b. 1831 - d. 1914)
12 Oct 1898 - 12 Oct 1904 Julio A. Roca (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Oct 1904 - 12 Mar 1906 Manuel Quintana (b. 1835 - d. 1906)
12 Mar 1906 - 12 Oct 1910 José Figueroa Alcorta (b. 1860 - d. 1931)
12 Oct 1910 - 9 Aug 1914 Roque Sáenz Peña (b. 1851 - d. 1914)
Apr 1914 - 12 Oct 1916 Victorino de la Plaza (b. 1840 - d. 1919)
(acting for Sáenz to 9 Aug 1914)
12 Oct 1916 - 12 Oct 1922 Hipólito Irigoyen (1st time) (b. 1852 - d. 1933)
12 Oct 1922 - 12 Oct 1928 Marcelo T. de Alvear (b. 1868 - d. 1942)
12 Oct 1928 - 6 Sep 1930 Hipólito Irigoyen (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Sep 1930 - 20 Feb 1932 José Félix Uriburu (b. 1868 - d. 1932)
(president of the Provisional Government)
20 Feb 1932 - 20 Feb 1938 Agustín P. Justo (b. 1876 - d. 1943)
20 Feb 1938 - 27 Jun 1942 Roberto M. Ortiz (b. 1886 - d. 1942)
12 Aug 1940 - 4 Jun 1943 Ramón S. Castillo (b. 1873 - d. 1944)
(acting for incapacitated Ortiz to 27 Jun 1942)
4 Jun 1943 - 7 Jun 1943 Arturo Rawson Corvalán (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
(president of the Provisional Government)
7 Jun 1943 - 9 Mar 1944 Pedro Pablo Ramírez Machuca (b. 1884 - d. 1962)
(president of the Provisional Government to 18 Jun 1943)
25 Feb 1944 - 4 Jun 1946 Edelmiro J. Farrell (b. 1887 - d. 1980)
(acting for Ramírez to 9 Mar 1944)
4 Jun 1946 - 21 Sep 1955 Juan Perón (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1974)
21 Sep 1955 - 23 Sep 1955 José Domingo Molina Gómez (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
(chairman of military junta)
23 Sep 1955 - 13 Nov 1955 Eduardo A. Lonardi (provisional) (b. 1896 - d. 1956)
13 Nov 1955 - 1 May 1958 Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
(provisional)
1 May 1958 - 29 Mar 1962 Arturo Frondizi (b. 1908 - d. 1995)
29 Mar 1962 - 12 Oct 1963 José María Guido (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1975)
12 Oct 1963 - 28 Jun 1966 Arturo Umberto Illia (b. 1900 - d. 1983)
28 Jun 1966 - 29 Jun 1966 Revolutionary Junta
- Pascual Pistarini (b. 1915 - d. 1999)
- Benigno Ignacio Varela (b. 1917 - d. 1996)
- Adolfo Teodoro Álvarez (b. 1919)
29 Jun 1966 - 8 Jun 1970 Juan Carlos Onganía (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
8 Jun 1970 - 18 Jun 1970 Pedro Alberto José Gnavi
(chairman Junta of Commanders)
18 Jun 1970 - 22 Mar 1971 Roberto Marcelo Levingston (b. 1920)
22 Mar 1971 - 25 May 1973 Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (b. 1918 - d. 1996)
(chairman Junta of Commanders to 26 Mar 1971)
25 May 1973 - 13 Jul 1973 Héctor José Cámpora (b. 1909 - d. 1980)
13 Jul 1973 - 12 Oct 1973 Raúl Alberto Lastiri (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 1978)
12 Oct 1973 - 1 Jul 1974 Juan Perón (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1974 - 24 Mar 1976 Isabel Perón (f) (b. 1931)
13 Sep 1975 - 16 Oct 1975 Italo Luder (acting for Perón) (b. 1916 - d. 2008)
24 Mar 1976 - 29 Mar 1976 Military junta
- Jorge Rafael Videla (b. 1925)
- Emilio Eduardo Massera (b. 1925)
- Orlando Ramón Agosti (b. 1924 - d. 1997)
29 Mar 1976 - 29 Mar 1981 Jorge Rafael Videla (s.a.)
29 Mar 1981 - 11 Dec 1981 Roberto Eduardo Viola (b. 1924 - d. 1994)
11 Dec 1981 - 22 Dec 1981 Carlos Alberto Lacoste (acting) (b. 1929 - d. 2004)
22 Dec 1981 - 18 Jun 1982 Leopoldo Galtieri (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
18 Jun 1982 - 1 Jul 1982 Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean (acting) (b. 1926)
1 Jul 1982 - 10 Dec 1983 Reynaldo Bignone (b. 1928)
10 Dec 1983 - 8 Jul 1989 Raúl Alfonsín (b. 1927 - d. 2009)
8 Jul 1989 - 10 Dec 1999 Carlos Saúl Menem (b. 1930)
10 Dec 1999 - 21 Dec 2001 Fernando de la Rúa (b. 1937)
21 Dec 2001 - 23 Dec 2001 Ramón Puerta (acting) (b. 1951)
23 Dec 2001 - 1 Jan 2002 Adolfo Rodríguez Saá (interim) (b. 1947)
31 Dec 2001 - 2 Jan 2002 Eduardo Camaño (b. 1946)
(acting [for Rodríguez Saá to 1 Jan 2002])
2 Jan 2002 - 25 May 2003 Eduardo Duhalde (b. 1941)
25 May 2003 - 10 Dec 2007 Néstor Kirchner (b. 1950)
10 Dec 2007 - Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (f) (b. 1953)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cabinet Chiefs

8 Jul 1995 - 28 Mar 1996 Eduardo Bauzá (b. 1939)
28 Mar 1996 - 10 Dec 1999 Jorge Rodríguez (b. 1944)
10 Dec 1999 - 5 Oct 2000 Rodolfo Terragno (b. 1943)
5 Oct 2000 - 21 Dec 2001 Chrystian Colombo (b. 1952)
21 Dec 2001 - 23 Dec 2001 Humberto Schiavoni (b. 1958)
23 Dec 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Luis Lusquiños (acting) (b. 1951?)
31 Dec 2001 - 3 Jan 2002 Antonio Cafiero (b. 1922)
3 Jan 2002 - 3 May 2002 Jorge Capitanich (b. 1964)
3 May 2002 - 25 May 2003 Alfredo Atanasof (b. 1949)
25 May 2003 - 24 Jul 2008 Alberto Fernández (b. 1959)
24 Jul 2008 - Sergio Massa (b. 1972)
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Armenia

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Armenia

30 May 1918 - 2 Dec 1920 Republic of Armenia
29 Nov 1920 Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia
12 Mar 1922 part (with Azerbaijan and Georgia) of the

Federative

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia
(see under Georgia)
13 Dec 1922 part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
Republic (see under Georgia)
30 Dec 1922 T.S.F.S.R. founding component of the Soviet Union
5 Dec 1936 T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Armenian S.S.R. becomes a full
union republic (see Soviet republics)
23 Aug 1990 Republic of Armenia
23 Sep 1991 independence declared
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)

Chairman of the National Council

30 May 1918 - 1 Aug 1918 Avetis Aharonyan (b. 1866 - d. 1949)
(not present on the territory of Armenia until 19 Jul 1918)

Chairman of the Council of Armenia

1 Aug 1918 - 5 Aug 1919 Avetik Sahakyan

Chairman of Parliament

5 Aug 1919 - 2 Dec 1920 Avetis Aharonyan (s.a.)

Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces

2 Dec 1920 - 4 Dec 1920 Drastamat Kanayan (b. 1884 - d. 1956)

Chairmen of the Military Revolutionary Committee

4 Dec 1920 - 5?May 1921 Sarkis Kasyan (b. 1876 - d. 1937)
18 Feb 1921 - Jun 1921 Simeon Vratsyan (b. 1882 - d. 1969)
(chairman Committee for the Salvation of the Fatherland;
in Yerevan to 2 Apr 1921, then in dissidence)
5?May 1921 - 21 May 1921 Aleksandr Myasnikyan (b. 1886 - d. 1925)

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars

21 May 1921 - 2 Feb 1922 Aleksandr Myasnikyan (s.a.)

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee

2 Feb 1922 - Jun 1925 Sarkis Ambartsumyan (b. 1880 - d. 19...)
Chairman of the Supreme Council

4 Aug 1990 - 11 Nov 1991 Levon Ter-Petrosyan (b. 1945)

Presidents

11 Nov 1991 - 3 Feb 1998 Levon Ter-Petrosyan (s.a.)
4 Feb 1998 - 9 Apr 2008 Robert Kocharyan (b. 1954)
(acting to 9 Apr 1998)
9 Apr 2008 - Serzh Sarkisyan (b. 1954)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

30 Jun 1918 - 28 May 1919 Hovhannes Kachaznuni (b. 1868 - d. 1937)
(not present on the territory of Armenia until 19 Jul 1918)
28 May 1919 - 5 May 1920 Aleksandr I. Khatisyan (b. 1876 - d. 1945)
5 May 1920 - 25 Nov 1920 Hamazasp Ohandzhanyan (b. 1873 - d. 1947)
25 Nov 1920 - 2 Dec 1920 Simeon Vratsyan (s.a.)
Apr 1922 - 24 Jun 1925 Sergey Lukashin (b. 1885 - d. 1937)
(chairman Council of People's Commissars)
13 Aug 1990 - 26 Sep 1991 Vazgen Manukyan (b. 1946)
26 Sep 1991 - 22 Nov 1991 Hrant Bagratyan (1st time) (b. 1958)
(acting)
22 Nov 1991 - 30 Jul 1992 Gagik Arutyunyan (b. 1948)
30 Jul 1992 - 2 Feb 1993 Khosrov Arutyunyan (b. 1948)
2 Feb 1993 - 4 Nov 1996 Hrant Bagratyan (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 12 Feb 1993)
4 Nov 1996 - 20 Mar 1997 Armen Sarkisyan (b. 1953)
20 Mar 1997 - 10 Apr 1998 Robert Kocharyan (1st time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1998 - 11 Jun 1999 Armen Darbinyan (b. 1965)
11 Jun 1999 - 27 Oct 1999 Vazgen Sarkisyan (b. 1959 - d. 1999)
3 Nov 1999 - 2 May 2000 Aram Sarkisyan (b. 1961)
2 May 2000 - 12 May 2000 Robert Kocharyan (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
12 May 2000 - 25 Mar 2007 Andranik Markaryan (b. 1951 - d. 2007)
4 Apr 2007 - 9 Apr 2008 Serzh Sarkisyan (s.a.)
9 Apr 2008 - Tigran Sarkisyan (b. 1960)
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