Genesis Outline January 11, 1985

SECTION 1 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:47:00.000-07:00

Photo by Lloyd Francis of Henry Kissinger in San Francisco, 1987. No discussion of the history of Mideast terrorism can get far without mention of Henry Kissinger, who served as Secretary of State in the Nixon and Ford administrations. His still-controversial opinions can be researched in various venues, but especially on his website at http://www.henryakissinger.com

Unpublished, academic class notes, “Hebrew University Notes March 1990-June 1990 Jerusalem”, from various classes I took as a visiting student at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (Section One, Dec. 26, 2009 post.)

Lurene's email in 2016: lurenexyz@gmail.com
(360) 656-6838 desk
(360)920-2896 cell

I was there as a one-year student during the 1989-1990 academic year, on loan from San Francisco State University’s International Program, as it was titled. I had to win a spot with grades and recommendations from Cal State University system. The first Intifadah raged on for the entire year I studied there. I was much more left-wing in those days, politically naïve, and too sure of my own opinions.

The Hebrew University, or “Ooniversitah Eevreet” as it is pronounced in Hebrew, is situated on Mt. Scopus in Jerusalem.

It was founded by several historical figures: scientist Albert Einstein, Psychologist/Dr. Sigmund Freud, philosopher Martin Buber, and the first Israeli President Chaim Weizmann.

I was there as a student, but am today angry with myself for losing/not saving more of my written work. It was, frankly, of only mediocre quality, if that even, but I still wish I had it. These notes, luckily, I found one day while digging around old papers in my closet.

These 1990 notes below are from Jerusalem only, not San Francisco. I still have books from those years in Israel with the text of original documents. For example, American President George Washington's words of welcome to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport, Rhode Island, in 1790.

Other work, both from the Hebrew University and from other colleges, remains lost. This means various notes from studies I did on 19th and 20th century Jewish history, anti-Semitism in Europe and elsewhere, the Hebrew language, the Holocaust, Nazis, history of fascism, a detailed history of Israel, the history of Mideast oil and its politics, terrorism, the history of Syria and the history of nationalism in Europe and the Mideast.

I studied Einstein in Jerusalem, but I'm pretty sure these readings and lectures were part of the Jewish history course. My college course focused only on Einstein's work was at San Francisco State.

I lost or neglected to save many less-exciting course notes as well, of course. I guess I lost most of this work in routine apartment moves between Berkeley and San Francisco, etc.

Outside this embarassing loss, I remember the Jerusalem campus as intellectually serious, but unpretentious and welcoming to all who were on it, whether they were scholars or not.

That atmospheric detail is an important note because I recall feeling a little intimidated during my first week on campus because of Mr. Einstein’s role in the founding of the school where these notes were taken:

TERRORISM, ONE, reading, March 14, 1990: DAVID RAPOPORT, THE POLITICS OF ATROCITY

Sec. One: Modern Revolutionary Terror:

No. A - Began mid-1800s – Russian Anarchists Nechaev, Bakunin, Kropofkin. Inspired by the Assassins. Before this, Islamic and Jewish religious groups. Sicarii, Zealots (against Rome).

No. B – K.K.K., The Sons of Liberty

Sec. Two – The Anarchist Tradition

No. A – Society full of latent hostility

No. B – Devised moral conventions

No. C – History replaces God as our final judge

No. D -- Atrocity frees/faces “convention” from soul and society.

Sec. Three – “the critical factor in generating reactions is the status of the assailants.” Govern. Suppress evidence, rebels publicize.

No. A – Credibility of terrorist groups over peaceful revolutionaries

No B – Terrorism drives victim population to frenzy, increase hatred.

No. C – The best situation for the terrorist may be an irresolute govt., torn between conflicting popular demands.

No. D – Compelling the strong to attack the weak

No. E – Terror as personal Therapy. Conflict.

No. F – Sadism, guilt-free terror exercises.

#

Governments have become a huge, squid-like form. Terrorism perhaps the only precise instrument visible to extremists. “Act-Up.” Not terrorist, but an example of publicity seeking tactics. – LKH #

Morality of Just Vengence

Theory of the lesser evil

Unavailability of access, Wil Konson, “political terrorism.”

# end March 14, 1990 terrorism class #

Hebrew March 14, 1990 class notes, but with actual handwritten Hebrew characters omitted:

Test - bohan
Hazot – this
All – kol
This – hazot
Vacation – hootsha
Twenty – One Hundred Numbers the same form, no feminine or masculine forms
16 – sheeshah essar
17 – sheva essar
12 – shnim essar
About or Approximately – bayerek
About as in “talking about…..” – al

# end March 14, 1990 Hebrew class lesson #

Syria class, March 14, 1990

What is the national psychology of Syria?

Drive for leadership in region and Arab world in Political development.

Dispute with Iraq ongoing, two rival civilizations, Mesopotamian, and Egyptians, was a single government under Omeya Dynasty, 7th to 13th century, competition between Baghdad, Cairo, Syria center, Mongols invaded Baghdad in 1215, since 1250. Syrians not able to be the capital of Muslim empire, al sham (Syria), Byzantia, Arabia border: al-sham. Byzantia main challenge to Moslem empire. Connections al-sham to your left. The sun of the North, maybe. Battle zone separating Islam from Dar al Harb, non-Islam. Syria’s obligation, traditional, to sprearhead the infidels. The enemy was Christian, and those areas were Dar al-Harb. From early period, Zealots in Syria.
Jund: military, administrative division in Syria. First, in 5 areas: Filistine (Israel), Ordan (Jordan), Damascus, Hims (North of Damascus), Qinnasria. Five provinces of Syria – which is how Assad defines Syria today. Mid-Seventh Century. Lebanon not part of this. Central control from Damascus. “Jund Junud”

Umayyad Period 661-750

Abbasid, 750-1258

In Abbasid, “Southern Syria” was Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Aleppo, the North Maghrib – North Africa/Eastern Syria. Included Cairo. Cairo, Baghdad always in competition over Syria. Damascus a prize. Muawyah – 661 – 750, Abbasid 750 – 1258, In Abbaside, Southern Syria, as it was known, was Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon. Jaleppo was the north.

Maghrib – Eastern Syria, which was actually North Africa. Included Cairo, Baghdad, which were two areas always in competition over Syria. Damascus was a prize. Muawyah – 661 in power – first Umayyad Caliph. He choose Syria as center of territory. He was married into the major tribes of Syria. First to unite Syria with Arabism and Islam. Named Caliph in Jerusalem first (religious), then Damascus (Arab center)

Caliph – Political, military, religious leader. In place of the prophet.

Until 661 Mecca was the Islamic Center. Jerusalem was in Syria. Syrians still see Jerusalem as their religious capital Umayyads built the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa.

Constantinople was constantly besieged by Syria because it was Christian. Every summer. Umayyads started falling though. Movement in Iraq.

Why was Damascus the capital?

Because it was ideally located, actually. But was moved for practical reasons – the empire was expanding. Antioch (northwest of Damascus) served as a capital when Umayyads attacked Byzantines. Moved eastward most of time. After 720s, Damascus only official capital, not practically.

In 725, people revolted against the Caliph. Started in Filistine [Philistine] and spread. Weakened the Umayyad Dynasty.

Economic, political frustration of people because of shifting economic base because of “capital” flight.

750 – Abbasids come to power. Still did not want Damascus as capital. Came to power with the head of the Persians – new converts. An Arab/Persian Rivalry. Iraq was more suited than Syria, the Persian Center (?). Islam a “missionary” religion. Persians were different, role was unique, played a “missionary” role.

Syrian-Iraqi Rivalry: Since 685, Umayyads killed Syrian Garrisons. People who resented Islam, its spread. Syrian Arabs came to dominate other Arabs.

New revolt when military centers of Syria shifted. Iraqis revolt. Syrian Arab Umayyads treated other Syrians preferentially.

Syrian army had tribal factions. Yamans from South Arabia, Qays from N. Arabia.

Heritage of factionalism in Syria. Tribes were very important to individual identity.

Military equipment started changing hands under Umayyad, contributing to the downfall of the Umayyad. Especially as they moved Eastward. Less control of army, no economic control. Capital moved. Abbasids had a natural opening. Umayyad period was unique because of the Syrian dominance in Arabia. Process of non-Arabs taking over.

# end March 14, 1990 notes #

March 15, 1990 Hebrew class notes:

Here – po
There – sham
Close to – kruval
Far from – rachoch may….
To help – la azor
There is a long line? – yesh toor aroke?
Short – ktsar
Limit – gvuul
To pay for – lay shalek
Party – miseebah
Fast – ma ar
Slow – le at
A lot – ha ravah
A little – katsat or may-oat
To smoke – le ashon
[unknown definition] – mitz oo yahn

# End Hebrew notes for March 15, 1990 #

# Start Terrorism class notes March 15, 1990. actual notes now write “Terrorism” in Hebrew, probably so I could spell the word as used in Jerusalem newspapers of day. #

What do modern terrorists wish to accomplish?

Distinction between political/social goals and personal goals. In insurgent terrorism (not state-sponsored), terrorism fights authority and instills fear in the establishment, shake confidence/publicity seeking also very important aspect sending a message, propagate/The anarchists in 1880’s doctrine of “propaganda by deed”. One bomb more effective than 100 leaflets.

In the modern era, terrorists successful at this. 1972 Munich games. Israeli athletes killed. 2nd question “what is it all about…” Symbiosis: Terrorism and the media. They love each other. Most terrorists may not achieve political power, but get their message across.

Drive the opponent into counter-terrorism: Destroy government image./French in Algeria in 1950s (The Battle of Algiers, movie) – French employed massive counter terrorism and in the long run the French lost to political pressures – PLO strategy of putting PLO bases in civilian centers – PLO argued Israel was equally terroristic

Destroy governments credibility among its citizens – mass insecurity in population – Red Brigades in Italy in 1970s created atmosphere of near-anarchy in Italy – Drug cartels in Columbia (distinction between individual terrorism, spot targets. Mass terrorism uses uninvolved civilians/Lechi in Israel went after Individual British.)

War by Proxy: important development in modern international relations; states use other terrorist organizations to accomplish ends – In 70s, substitute for potential nuclear war – one theory.

Individual goals of the terrorist – reconstruction of one’s dignity – response to a perceived humiliation – they want their grievance taken seriously. Terrorism is the weapon of the weak – terrorism is the only option for some, who would prefer conventional warfare.

France Fanon – Black psychiatrist, Algerian who belonged to liberation struggle – came up with “the wretched of the earth”, violence purifies – said the natives had been so humiliated that their self-respect had been destroyed by white men – violence will liberate psychologically – looked at terrorism s useful – leftist tradition of uneasiness with violence – Fanon “justified it” with writing – adopted by Black Panthers – from Martinique, he joined the Revolution in Algeria.

New recruits sent to violent initiation tasks to be “purified” – strengthen the individual – most terrorists are as sane as the general population. Initially, it was assumed they were pathological. Tried to study the “terrorist mindset”, but found nothing. Nothing clinically wrong with terrorists – it’s a creation of social, political circumstances – no real cyclical patterns.

PRE-HISTORY OF TERRORISM

History is full of events that qualify as terrorism. State terrorism, tyranny, most ubiquitous – Rulers who themselves do not respect the law – Instill fear in the people – Have to perpetuate this with more, more fear –

Doctrine of Tyrannicide; legitimacy of killing the Tyrant – Roman idea – Part of the education of the Roman Nobility was the “Tyranicide” doctrine – considered a virtuous act – Julius Caesar became a Tyrant and assassination was a legitimate form of resistance – With early Christianity, doctrine lost favor because of the strong criticism of violence –

Then, modern thinkers termed government as a “servant of the people”. – Tyranicide given some renewed legitimacy.

RELIGIOUS TERRORISM

Conducted by religious believers, is justified by religious rationales – “Holy Terror” – One of the most important branches of Modern Terrorism – Two examples: Sicarii before destruction of 2nd temple, suicide of Massada. Assassins.

Modern Sicaricin in Israel (targets leftist symbols) comes from Sicarii. Josephus the historian wrote about the final days of Judea – wrote a little about the Sicarii –

Sicarii were in the “Zealots”. Zealots did not want to compromise with the Romans. Politically insane position because Judea was only a colony in Rome’s Empire – Jews wanted MORE freedom, they were already allowed certain freedoms – Since Judaism is more than religion – Relations with the Romans deteriorated. The Zealots were true believers. Concluded that God would help. Carried out terrorist acts on Romans to radicalize them, and move opinion of Jewish moderates – “Sica” – Weapon used to stab Romans.

SICARII TERRORISM AGAINST JEWS

On holidays, they would move about Jerusalem stabbing notables – created atmosphere of fear – eliminated moderate Jewish leaders – Sicariis became leaders in the struggle – when the Romans closed in on Jerusalem, Sicariis burned all the food stores, hoping for divine intervention – Jerusalem, Temple destroyed – In the end, Massada suicide – Seen now as negative influence on Jewish thought, the Ultra-Orthodox – created civil war among Jews, contributing to final destruction.

1984, Jewish underground discovered. They were preparing to blow up the Dome of the Rock to bring back the Messiah, a Sicarrii-like tactic.

Assassins – Operated North of Iran. For 200 years used terrorism as its major mode of operation. High priest wanted to clean up Islam. They never succeeded, but survived for 200 years. Marco Polo wrote about them. Hashishia – users of hash. To kill in the name of God. Fedayeen: “Men of sacrifice”. Brought down in 13th Century of Moguls. – end – NEXT TIME, FRENCH REVOL. TERRORISM

Nationalism and Internationalism
March 15, 1990
New Western European Identity

The balance of power from 1945 reveals two centers of gravity: US/USSR. There has been a shift in the power balance in the case of both superpowers, but its cause is different. ANS: focus on client states rather than patron states.

Client states gaining independence. Transforming status economically.

Common Market – EEC – 1957. Did not allow American entry.

Book: Gordon Craig: “The Germans”

Tornado/Leopard – German-made weapons

USSR: Intrinsic decline

USA: Losing power relative to Europe

Russian Price: requisitions of property; Gold Reserves taken; No credit; Quotas for Soviets in production, set price.

Negative role models: when a state serves as a model for what should not be done.

Tradition of national strife between nations in Europe. France – German rivalry.

Nationalism

1) Loyalty to the nation
2) National independence, freedom from influence of another nation or power
3) Emphisis; National interests, national security.

Homework: Look up definition of “Nation”

Russia claimed to liberate Eastern Europe #

DEFINITION OF NATION: A large community of people associated with a particular territory. Usually, single language, some political character and aspirations.

DEFINITION OF STATE: Organized political community with its apparatus of govt. #

I & N
March 19, 1990 lecture

“Internationalism” under Russia for Eastern Europe; a sour idea, sour experience. They prefer 1789 situation. Reactionary ideas, the nation-state. Reactionary: repeating history re-action. Going back to old idea of the nation. Language, religion, ethnicity, culture ties.

1789 – French Revolution. Liberty, but for the French. Attacked other nations’ nationalism. Tried to spread influence of France. Russian example. Germany too.

From 1800, grew to condemnation of different races, different nation-states. (Lord Acton)

Why Eastern Europe does not have history of democracy:

Nation State, a sovereign state with relatively homogeneous people.

Russian/American ? example vis a vis Palestinians: who are “the nation”

1) Territorial Unit
2) Cultural Unit
3) Political Unit

The right to vote, elect national leadership – CITIZENSHIP.

American example preceded European model. 1776-American – 1789 – France.

Other definitions:

1) A people of common origin, traditions, language, capable of constituting a nation-state – Rigid, “who belongs to the nation? – British dictionary

WILSON’S 14 POINTS

1) Open, public diplomacy
2) Freedom of Navigation in Seas
3) Free trade
4) Arms control
5) Self-determination (?) of colonial populations consent with them
6) Guarantees for Balkan states, Serbia, Russia
7) Ottoman empire; autonomous development
8) Independent Polish state
9) An association of nations to guarantee security

#

KOHN – The Idea of Nationalism

From back to front:

Sovereignty; relations, state to citizen; relations between states

Nationalism; sympathy with other nationals; distrust of foreigners, indifference

• International relations are guided by a lack of permanent common interests
• Feelings in International Relations are subject to swift change. Nationality as “the whole”.
• Enlightened rationalism; faith in the oneness of humanity, value of the individual
• “Nationality is a state of mind corresponding to a political fact,” or striving to.

#

Acton –

“Exile is the nursery of Nationality, as oppression is the school of liberalism”

MARCH 19, 1990 LECTURE, CONTINUED….

Nation definitions, continued…

2) A community of people possessing a defined territory and Govt.
3) Historically developed community of people with a territory, economic life, culture and language in common. Fits U.S., not Europe….U.S. dictionary – Websters…all these definitions miss the psychological concept in the definition.

Homework: pgs 10-18 in workbook. Optional: Nations and Nationalism, 1-8, Gellner, Nationalism 62-92, Kedourie
#

HEBREW
MARCH 19, 1990

Mishmash – peaches
Ougat Mishmesh – peach cake or peach pie

Homework: write out budget for month, itemized, in Hebrew.

[Handwritten notes I took are left out for this 2010 version because of simple text/character difficulties. It would take long time to correctly duplicate for record here.]

#

TERRORISM READINGS, No. 2, Talmon

• Poor were left out of the “balance of French Revolution
• Revolutionary coercion – Jocobinism
• 1792 armed coup
• Legis. Assembly was elected on the basis of property qualification. Monarchy out. Feudal ties or dues abolished?
• Jacobins, for the welfare of the masses. Political, economic dictatorship enrages, anarchal social violence, Hebertists, Dantonists, legality, balance

JACOBINISM or ROBESPIERRISM

• Absolute belief in the revolution as the “natural, rational and final order”.
• Robespierr: There is one truth
• Paranoid, brutal, self-pity.
• Saint Just: Invocation to death as solace, sword for the opponents and the “indifferents”
• The “General Will” concept

To page 88-89

#

TERRORISM
March 19, 1990

French Revolution, Robespierre

December 1793, liberal faction of National Assembly were executed. Including Antoinette. Everyone was terrorized since even moderates were suspect.

Robespierre – Lawyer who developed the terrorism. Difference between constitutional and revolutionary govt. Preserve the individual, in constitutional government. To defend the citizens against govt. in Revolutionary govt, protect the Constitutional govt against usurpers. People must serve the revolution. In peace, virtue is the foundation of govt. Virtue and Terror the foundation of revolutionary govt. so terrorism is an extension of virtue. Those who doubted him were executed.

“Basically, peace, but temporary terrorism is useful” Natural goodness of man given. But the terrorism continued.

1794, July 24 – Robespierre himself executed.

In 19th Century:

Event seen as the natural outcome of popular democracy. Eventual growth of “Revolutionaries” in Europe – Marxists, Democrats, Anarchists. Majority of revolutionaries admired the Reign of Terror, but looked at it as failure.

The period of the Jacobins alive as a model. Neo-Jacobins.

The Anarchists – an attitude which rejects the state. Reject enforcement. Humans born free. Socialist bent, end result different than communism.

Anarchism is a lifestyle. Bakunin the guru of left wing movement in the 19th century. Russian intelligentsia was influenced by enlightenment, came from nobility.

In the 1840s, the spring of nations. Western Europe, Eastern Europe. Bakunin was involved in some; a “revolutionary type”. Finally sent to Russian prison after being sent back to Russia by the Germans. Marx, Engels also quite active then.

Nothing in Anarchist theory that adopts terrorism. Discovered the Neo-Jacobins. Liked the suitability of terrorism, the key to freedom. Complete equality. Only possible without government. Next time #3

#

Reading #2
SYRIA
MARCH 20, 1990

I. Christian persecution. Flight from Aleppo and Damascus, 1860, 1850, under Ottoman Empire.
II. Christian missionary schools. Revived Arabic. Most in Beirut.
III. Christian patriotism basis for Arab nationalism later.
IV. Opposition to Turks rule by Arabs in 1850. No respect for Turkish authority. Wanted freedom.

#

MARCH 20, 1990 TERRORISM READINGS #3

Anarchist Theory, late 1800s Europe. Names associated with anarchy:

Peter Kropotkin
Elisee Raclus
Jean Grave
Machael Bakunin
Enrico Malatesta
Johann Most
Emma Goldman
Alexander Berkman
Nechayev
Johann Must

I. Propaganda by deed

Italy, April 1877, Benevento Affair, stimulating, educating the masses.

II. Kropotkin 1879: Anarchist ideas should be spread by action.
III. Anarchists in 1870s were separate group in the “anti-authoritarians.”
IV. July 11, 1892, Ravachol, anarchist martyr. Set precedent. The attentats.

#

LECTURE (MISSED LAST ONE) SYRIA
MARCH 21, 1990 WEDNESDAY

Discussion
Transcripts of Syrian news
BBC Monitoring Service Part IV
FBIS Daily Report

Mid-19th Century – 1840, blood libels in Damascus. Anti-Semitism began resembling European Anti-Semitism.

1860 crisis. Lebanese autonomy under Ottomans.

Fighting by Christian/Druze because of religion, Muslim vs. non-Muslim; economic trade in hands of non-Muslims, as was tax collection; Christians exempt from taxes.

1831 Muhammad Ali conq. In 1839. Christian reforms, Muslim abolition of tax system.

1850s, 1860s Damascus Zealousness

Druze were hostile to Christians, Jews, 1860s, Damascus flooded by Christian refugees from Lebanon. Great time of indecision for Syrians. Christians were seen as collaborators with the Europeans.

Ulama – plural of alim. Majhs in local council were to lead the provinces using civil servants, but ulama took over the majlis. Majlis had own tax system controlled.

Waqf Tribe – formal owner of a property is God, proceeds go to Islam community after “manager’s” death. Ulama captured much of this property unlawfully. Mufti of Jerusalem used this money to finance the Arab Revolt of 1930s

Ulama did not want equal rights with Muslims and Jews/Christians.

Sharif of Mecca, family of descendants of Mohammed. Ulama. If the ulama in Damascus wanted new state formed, Ulama ruler the best. Preferably the Sharif of Mecca in 1858.

Process of modernization in Syria in mid-1800s.

1870s:

1) Muslim fundamentalism against the Ottomans.
2) Ottoman nationalism
3) Arab nationalism, result of different political system in Syria

Cultural clubs started springing Arab nationalism. Pan Arabism.

#

TERRORISM LECTURE
MARCH 22, 1990

Usually, people whose lives are tolerable generally don’t need myths. People whose lives are troubled take more easily to myths. Positive, negative myths. PLO negative myth. U.S. Constitution a positive myth.

The Anarchists created the myth of terrorism. Fascists, Nazis invented myths to meet certain goals.

Anarchists actually used a minimum of violence, but the myth was carried off.

Sergei Nechaev ( Nacháyev) born in Russia, lower middle class, idealistic, criminal. 1866 – Czar Alexander II assassination attempt influenced him. Neo-Jacobin influence. With Bakunin, wrote little revolutionary thesis. Small document talks about the ideal life of the revolutionary, his character, his actions and emotions. Dehumanization element of terrorism outlined here. Excludes private vendettas, romanticism, written in Switzerland. Nechaev tried afterward to follow his own advice and spent the rest of his life in prison.

Paris Commune – the creation of a revolutionary commune in Paris. 1871 war between France/Germany. France lost. Socialists took over Paris afterward. Brought down by intense fights. Became the great myth of Anarchists.

Italian Anarchists: Propaganda by deed. Initial Socialist inspiration.

Dynamite was very useful to terrorism. Strong connection between technology and Socialist theory – “man’s progress tied to technology.”

“Dynamite is Democratic.” Most, anarchist.

French Anarchism of the 1880s. Intellectual groups in France. Center of Anarchist fermentation. Darwinian Survival flavor.

Declassé – unemployed by highly educated group. In fact, declassed.

Assassination cases of day: Ravashol, May 1, 1890. Mayday, French police put down protests brutally.

March 11, 1891 – Judge’s apt. blown up. “Wanted to terrorize the French,” Ravashol.

For oppressed –

1893, Dec. 9 – Vallant, threw bomb at French Parliament. Haunted by the idea of assassination.

June 24, 1894 – President of France assassinated by young Anarchist. Previous evening, an anarchist was executed. Even Anarchists of the day said it was too much.

European Anarchism tied to idea of revolution, terrorism was fighting the beginning of the Marxists as well.
#

NATIONALISM

Perception of nationhood different in Eastern Europe. Emphasis on national minorities, violent. No democratic tradition.

1878, Romania gained independence, but was autocratic. Political tendency toward nationalism.

America: Acquired characteristics, choice

Eastern Europe: Ethnicity criteria, barriers

Judeo-Phobia, Baldwin, “An American Abroad”

“Born in America” barrier

Ethnicity barrier.

Immigration Laws:

1) Foreigners encouraged; America
2) Law of return: Jews/Germans (ethnic concept). “No German may be deprived of the right to return to Germany” – 1949. Homogeneous nation-state.

Pg 19-24 work next time “American Perception”.
#

SUNDAY
MARCH 25, 1880
KERR
HAFEZ ASAD READINGS – A

Came to power Nov. 1970

Ba’ath party: Came to power 1963. Founded 1947 by two Damascus schoolteachers. In 1950, Akram Hourani joined, bringing army officers.
#

HEBREW
3-26-1990

Study past tense
Pages 88
Page 89: 5,4,3

[handwritten characters in Hebrew on this page of notes]
#

TERRORISM
MARCH 26, 1990

Russian Revolutionary Movement in America

Most moved to the U.S. along with huge waves of European immigrants. Turn of century, industrial revolution period. Few rights for workers. 1870s high unemployment. Riots, protests brutally suppressed. Major event: Haymarket Affair 1886, May 4, Chicago. Protest against Mayday violence.

Police tried to stop speaker from speaking. Bomb thrown. Police fired. Both sides injured. Chicago in pandemonium. Police arrested 9 anarchist leaders. Four sentenced to death, 4 to prison. Private owners had almost tyrannical power. Perpetrators of most violence. Labor movement began adopting these methods. Dynamite was used by Union members. No great ideology, simple, limited goals.

In the U.S., simple goal of destroying certain capitalist centers.

Organized crime in U.S. used such methods. Unions hired organized crime thugs, since they had a common enemy. In the 1890s, anarchism died down. Terrorism declined.

Russian Terrorism:

Narodniya Volia – Model of Idealistic Terrorism. Active roughly four years. Much notoriety gained. Best, brightest in Russia involved. Popular. Many were Jews. Many of these Jews came to Israel. Lehi cherished the “…Volia” tradition.

Started within the populist movement in the mid-1800s. Russian intellectual Alexander Herzen; disappointed in revolutionary movement. They hoped help would come from the West. Herzen developed an alternative Socialist analysis. Said Russia did not have to wait for Capitalism to “develop” for a revolution. Mir – Russian village in these areas, already widespread communist potential. Russian nobles owned these communes. His argument was to arm the peasants, introduce socialism. Don’t need the Western Europeans. Vision of a better society. This was the populist movement idea. There was already a communal idea present in Russian Culture. So the early ideas did not really change Russia.

Most of populist movement was idealistic. Not easily prone to violence. 1874, populist movement undertook idea of intellectuals talking to peasants; unheard of! The March to the People; great disappointment. Peasants were – well – STUPID. Social order was fine with the peasants. Many populists were jailed, as well.

After this great, comic failure, a few adopted terrorism.

1874 – 1879, many revolutionary incidents. Narodniya Volia born. Law of Center concept. Assassinate Czar and his friends.
#

MONDAY
MARCH 26, 1990
SYRIA
TEST ON WEDNESDAY BASED ON READING AND LECTURES

SAMPLE QUESTION: WAS THERE A SYRIAN NATIONALISM IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY? Cover material up to today. (Answer: No.)

1900-1920, nationalism. Intellectuals knew they needed wide support. 120 activists, roughly, who had access to mediums of communication. Small group. In first and second decade, no Syrian structure for reform. So they found Sharif Husayn b Cali. Had religious, national legitimacy, legal legitimacy from Ottomans, British 1908, was nominated Sharif of Mecca. The powers wanted him to hold their own legitimate power. British wanted to avoid a Jihad against the Christians (British Christians).

In 1911, the British held off on contacts with Sharif because war was coming and they didn’t want to give potential bargaining booty to Sharif if it was needed for European powers.

Where was the Arab Homeland the nationalists wanted?

Documents: 1) Husayn/McMahon correspondence
1) Sykes-Picot agreement

In Britain’s Public Records Office, documents are unavailable until a period of time has passed. Did the British have anything to hide in number 1? This is the first time Syria was discussed as a separate entity. 5 letters from each side, ‘till 1916, March. Sharif wanted all of “Arab Homeland”. British wanted a special status. British defined Syria as roughly the shape it is today…..

Start in marked area of notebook next typing session…… #

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SECTION 2 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:44:00.001-07:00

Photo by Lurene of the 1990 class notebook.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com

SECTION 2 POSTING:

After 1916, Brit., French, Russians Apr – Oct 1916 exchanged letters.

(Sharif under impression that he would control, dole out booty) Sharif wanted his own Hashemite Kingdom.

Sykes-Picot Agreement made public by Russians (Lenin Govt.). Syria the perfect concession for the allies of the British – not very valuable to the British.

Oct. 1915, British realized it would pay the French in Syrian Currency. Syria was important to French for historic, economic reasons. Wanted a Sea Route. British viewed Syria was less costly alternative.

Zone A – French influence
Zone B – French direct rule (Lebanon)

Clear definition of which parts would have which status. British continued to mislead both parties.

1918 – Faisal b. Husayn enters Damascus as first of British Units to enter Syria. Strengthened British chicanery. Declared King. Oct.

Now, Middle East officially divided. Iraq under British as was Transjordan, Palestine.

Syria under French. Internal aspects not important. British just wanted parts, oil, holy places, diplomatic duality.

Sept. 1918 – British pull out of Syria.

April 1920 – League of Nations approve British, French mandates.

July 1920 – Maysalun, final battle between French, Syrian. Faisal went to exile. Now, Maysalun a Syrian national symbol. Still commemorates.

- First struggle of Arab character on Syria

- Mandates. What did French want? What was Faisal’s mission? To forge first part of independent Middle East. Wanted Syria to be lynchpin. But he looked at the Middle East from British view, not French view.

- January 1919. Paris Conference. Faisal said he was only interested in Syria. This, of course, against French interests. Faisal knew the facts, but neglected the French factor. Trusted the British too much. But Faisal talked about British promises, did not mention correspondence, talked about U.S. President Wilson’s “self-determination” beliefs.

#

TUESDAY
SYRIA READINGS
#4 POLITICAL DICTIONARY, A

On Mandates: Article 22 of Covenant of League of Nations: “tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations as Mandatories on behalf of the League.”

“A Mandatories”: Palestine, Transjordan, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Syria (includes Lebanon), considered on their way to independence.

B and C: Overseas possessions of Germany in Africa and Oceania.

San Remo Conference, April 1920, decided distribution of Mandatories.

May 1926: Lebanon becomes republic w/constitution

French still control defense. Foreign affairs. Right to Veto.

June 1941 – Syria, Lebanon occupied by British, Free French forces ousting Vichy France.

Jan 1944 – Syria throws off mandatory

1945-1946 – French, British withdraw troops.
#

READING #4, 6

French intentions during mandate:

Specific:

• Opposing, weakening Arab nationalism
• Strengthen Christian, Alawis, Kurds
• Strengthen Lebanon

General:

• Need to build up strength of France
• Compete Great Britain
• Delay, curtail independence movements
• Bad example of Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930
• Fear of chain reaction in French possession in North Africa

French established several indigenous governments:

• Greater Lebanon Aug. 1920
• Alawis “State”, July 1922
• Druze, March 1921 (Jebel Druze)
• Aleppo and Damascus, Sept 1920 including the Sanjaq

1922 Federation failed. Modern Syria and Lebanon eventually emerged after WWII
#

SYRIA
#3 READING

THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE PEACE SETTLEMENT

Situation in 1914:

• Arab nationalists who hated Turks
• Christians who wanted French help in Lebanon
• French interest in Catholic, Christian elements. Mediterranean power
• British, Indian routes for oil
• Zionists: practical and political
• Weakening Ottomans (Turkey)

• Sharif Hussein: organize an Arab revolt for British against Turks. Hussein/McMahon letters 1915

• 1917 Balfour Declaration

• Sykes-Picot Agreement, may 16, 1916

• 1918 Wilson’s 14 points

• 1918 – Oct, WWI comes to Damascus, Famine, Turk oppression

After War

• French did not recognize correspondence between British, Hussein. Hostility toward France.
• Amir Faisal in 1919 conference. Informal agreement w/Zionist Weizmann.
• British pulled out: Anglo-French Agreement, Sept. 1919
• March 20, 1920: Faisal crown of Syria, Palestine, by Syrians. British, French reject this. Immediately after, the San Remo Conference.
• After Arab revolt against French, Faisal flees. 1920, July 25, Maisalun.

RESULT OF PEACE SETTLEMENT FOR ARABS:

• Lost Ottomans, Mandatory established through Syria-Colonial rule to them;
• Divided
• Jewish Zionism
• Anti-French feeling as French Mandate began

#

MARCH 28, 1990
NO HEBREW CLASS ON MONDAY

body….goof
head…rosh
stomach…beten
arm…yad, plural…yadim
leg….regel…regelim….[etc.]

[Note: these Hebrew class notes only available with original notebook. – Lurene, Dec. 2009]
#

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SECTION 3 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:42:00.001-07:00

Karl Marx photo from Wikipedia.

Class at The Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1990 focused much on Syrian history.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com

SECTION THREE POST

SYRIA – MARCH 28, 1990

1870s – 1880s – Sector of intellectuals in Syria. Reacted to Ottomans in Syria. Westernization, language, brutality.

“We are Arabs,” to Turks.
“We are Moslems,” to Europeans.

1918 to 1920 – Faisal in Syria Jan. 1919. Faisal gave up demands for all territories except Syria. “Arabistan” meant abrogating hundreds of treaties for the British and Tribal leaders. Arabs in Palestine opposed the mandate. Faisal liked idea of mandate and had friction w/nationalists, because of this.

French did not want Arab Hatred. Had North African interests. Sent advisors.

U.S. said 1916 agreement null and void, including Armenia, Iraq, Palestine, Syria.

King – Crane Commission August 1919 visited area and suggested American Suzerainity. Stupid, since America was isolationist. Clause that maybe, otherwise, back to British.

Sept. 1919, British pull out, leaving French and Arab nationalists to fight.
#
Faisal agreed to French control over coastal areas, let French “guide” policy, allow neutral zone between leb, Syria. Nationalists refused to ratify this, in March 1920, declared independence of Syria instead. May 1920, nationalists declare war on French.

July 14, 1920. Clash begins. Maysalun. No more Hashemite Kingdom in Syria. Less than 2 years of independent Syria. #

MARCH 29, 1990
HEBREW

[note: Hebrew characters of original notes not here]

Kadoor-kadoorim pills
Lukahat to take
Meta bed
Leshecov to lay down
Bate holim hospital
Lahiote to be
Bria well
Nola sick
Margeesh feel
Lemargeesh to feel
Tsamhonee vegetarian
Tsamonit vegetarians
Smeehoot…..etc…..

Pg.94 homework, 90, 91, 92, 93 due Wednesday
No class Monday
#

MARCH 29, 1990
THURSDAY
LECTURE
TERRORISM

[50 % of grade
midterm after vacation
after item #9 on list
hour ½
1 essay/50%
5 out of 7 terms
3 pages
half a page specific
today
completing 4
finished 5
starting 6]

Terrorism to bring down Czar in Russia. Terrorism the peak of radicalization pattern in all cases. Terrorists are not crazy, sane, but may be driven by political conditions. [?] of a radical group, can’t tell who a terrorist will be.

1878, Zasulitz shoots commander in St. Petersburg. Student radical. General Trepor wounded only, but important symbolically. 1879 Narodnya Voliya formed, adopts revolutionary platform, blows the top of Social pyramid! Terrorism adopted as strategy.

Norod. Voliya tried to bring an end to Russian oppression. Mainly the Central Committee. Were democrats, did not have the “catechism” idea, Nechayev’s ideas, felt guilty. Became cultural heroes. Idealistic Terrorism. Czar Alexander II assassinated finally, but N. Voliya broken up in (1881?).

N. Voliya also underestimated govt., upper class strength. By 1882, very few. 1884, N. Voliya finished. Major blow to populist movement. Made a psychological contribution to Russian Revolution.

In the short run, N. Voliya failed, but made great strides in changing the perception of authority in Russia. “The Emp is naked!”

Alexander Ulianov, elder brother of Lenin, liked N. Voliya. Was executed for his own activities. Influenced Lenin.

Once the regime was down, Bolsheviks were more brutal toward idealistic/Terrorist groups.

N. Voliya, many Jews. Total sacrifice. Morality central to them. Mindful of consequences. Practiced individual terrorism, not mass terrorism. Not indiscriminate. Usually a high civilian official. Limited terrorism which is aware of the moral problem, consequences. Narodraya Voliya at the top of “morality” stick in terrorism. “The left feels guilty and they have to explain,” in contrast to right-wing terrorists, who don’t feel as guilty. They don’t feel an explanation is necessary.

Lehi, although very rightist, cherished the N. Voliya. Shamir glorified terrorism in his writings. Lehi called themselves “terrorists” because, viewing N. Voliya, looked at it as virtuous.

Marxist Approach to Terrorism

Marx, Engels did not really like the idea of Terrorism. Hostile to terrorism. Social transformation was the goal of classical Marxism. Economic transform. Real revolution is when a new class takes over. Must be political. Did not like terrorism because he thought – Marx – it was unuseful toward any real social, political transformation. England, France, Germany were the nations of which he was speaking, countries which were producing large numbers of workers because of highly developed capitalism.

To Marx, Engels terrorism too distracting to workers. Bitter toward terrorism. But he did not reject the practice on occasion, like during a revolution. The ideology – propaganda by deed – was bullshit to him.

On Jacobins, “an immature move”, in the French Revolution – “Revolution of the Middle Class”. Marx was very angry at Bakunin, Marx, Engels. Laughed at Anarchists.

Also spoke @ Irish Terrorism. Did not take it seriously.
#

NATIONALISM & INTERNATIONALISM
MARCH 29, 1990

1. Jewish national consciousness holds a territorial tie to Eratz Israel (Genesis 17:2 Joshua 5:10)
2. The Arab national consciousness also holds a territorial tie to Eratz Israel (Koran: The confederated 33:26 pg 292) tribes.

Book: P.J. Vatikiah’s “Islam and the State”; Harkabi “Arab and Jew”

For Monday: Pg 116 PLO Charter, 123-125 Shipler

UMMA = Nation = Community of Believers

Joshua led the Jews into Cannan 1,250 B.C. Passover for 3,500 years.

Islam: “masters of the land”. 627, Jerusalem conquered by Islam.

Chapter in Koran on Jews: The Family of Imkam 3;110 – image of Jew as Coward and Evil-doer
Two competing ethnic conceptions of the nation.
Both oriented toward past.
#

APRIL 2, 1990 LECTURE
TERRORISM

Russian Revolutionaries

Government totally detached from Social Structures, they said. “You get a revolution, but not a socialist revolution.” The only time Marxists backed terrorism.

Lenin and Trotsky were orthodox Marxists. Were opposed to terrorism because they did not think it was useful to a true Marxist Revolution. Heated debate between Lenin and the “Social Revolutionaries.” Lenin said they were not serious, they were adventurers. Were losing touch with the people. Plus, Lenin said, you are always on the run; in no position to foster revolutionary consciousness within the people. Must have constant contact with the people, must educate them.

Intellectual Terrorism – Lenin’s alternative. Liked Jacobins.

Trotsky – Before revolution in early 20s. Communism and Terrorism, wrote book. Before rev., was critical of Narodnya Voliya and identified them, at the same time, as the gap between the Czarist regime and the people.

White Army was the army against Bolsheviks. Campaign of terror included the elimination of social revolutionaries, by Bolsheviks. Interventionists were separate from the Russian White Army, which was against the Red Army.

Trotskey said no fundamental difference between terrorism and war because in both you kill few to terrorize many. Terrorism as a symbol not Marxist theory.

Third World Marxism

This ends discussion of leftist terrorism.

Right Wing Terrorism –

George Sorel – cross between classical Marxism and modern Fascism. At least part of the intellectual, Fascist right had roots in Marxism.

Reflections of Violence, by Sorel. A disappointed Marxist. It was clear to him that Marxist theory did not work. What bothered him was that it was deterministic. Millions of people thought the future was theirs in the 19th Century, then were disappointed. It was clear that both sides did not behave according to Marxist thought. Sorel thought the Bg needed revitalization because they had become more accommodating with the workers.
#

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SECTION 4 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:40:00.000-07:00

Photo by Lurene, Egypt in 1990

SECTION FOUR POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MARCH 1990

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com

SYRIA LECTURE
APRIL 2, 1990

(See prof in 309 after class on Wednesday
Papers due 6 of June. Typed 15 double-spaced pages.)

Two-year reign of Faisal in Syria. How important was the period of Faisal?

Represented a political duality because he was a Hashemite. First legitimate Arab nationalist leader.

Arabization under Faisal – Turkish to Arabic
Mandate was a new innovation.

Supposed to start nations toward independence. No real teeth for enforcement. Syria had a “direct” mandatory – mid to high level posts. French.

Came on heels of Arab nationalist movement.

First national struggle 1925 in Syria. Druze. National revolt against French.

Druze not Muslims. 11th Century separation from Islam. Tradition of living in remote areas. Pay less taxes and better for wars. Hide their feelings if it will protect them, but rebelled against French in 1925.

Mashaikh – leaders of Druze. Angered with French. French did not realize legitimacy of the Mashaikh. Used Druze to serve French military system. Also, Sultan of al-Atrash (supreme leader of the Druze) was insulted, his home invaded.
#

SYRIA LECTURE
APRIL 4, 1990

Under French, Lebanon, Syria divided, dismembered. Old divide and rule trick.

1) Allepo
2) Damascus
3) Jabel Druze
4) Lebanon
5) Alawite

Latikiya capital of Alawite territory
Jazira – East of Euphrates in Syria

French gave druze a degree of independence, but there was a collaborative level

1925 – Druze rebellion. Added with other rebellions, it turned into a full-blown hostility against French.

Question: What was the last straw for the Syrians regarding French rule?

Added territories, economic structure changed because of border adjustments, French favoritism toward Christians, French dumped products on Syrians, contributing to inflation and glut. Composed forces of Druze and Alawites, but not muslims.

Most of the Army at time busy in Morocco, so existing force in Syria was very brutal.

In shadows, Amir Abdullah, British. British may have helped support the revolt with Abdullah. Main centers of fighting were secluded areas, another reason why it lasted for two years. 1925 contributed to the identity of Druze, Alawites as “Syrians”. Hence another step toward Syrian nationalism.

Ghuta Valley of Damascus – where very poor lived. They joined.

Jizira – Bedoins joined, who lost income for caravans. Started attacking military convoys.

Everyone had very different interests. In 1936, French added Druze area back to main Syria.

In Alawite state, French in 1936 reattached (Latakia) to Syria. 1939 separated. 1942 reattached.

Q – Why is the small natural port in South Turkey – Alexandretta – so important?

Good strategic natural port. Dispute on who majority was – Turk or Arab. Turkey in 1920, 1921 fighting for its existence.

In 1921, given to French by Turks for special favors for local population.

In 1935, Syrian said they wanted the Hatai returned. Turks wanted an independent state there.

League said “compromise with independent state”. State bi-national. The national Assembly in 1939 accepted annexation from Turkey. French acknowledged this. But this was a major violation of the mandatory. But on the eve of the war, a non-issue.

1922, French nominate first Syrian Cabinet. Seen as collaborators by nationalists. Faisal, to them, represented legitimacy.

After 1927, Dr. abd al Rahman Shahbandar and Sultan al atrash. New national leadership. Two new political parties: Istiklal (independence, no separate Syria, supporters of Faisal). Sha’b (for fighting the French only in Syria, young, active, less pan-Arab)

These two parties seen as collaborators

Still be nationalists, French wanted a constitution that recognized Syria, but also the mandate. And that’s what they did in 1930 (article 116)

1932, Iraqui independence from British

1932-33, Egyptians negotiate with British for independence.

Syrian (1933-34) begin negotiations with French. Since France was about to enter war, it was too expensive to support Syria.

French politics, in 3rd republic, did not favor colonies.

National Front Govt signed with Syria in Nov of 1936. Effective Nov. 1939, modeled after Irqui model. French kept forces there. Did not include Lebanon.

New Syrian Parliament overwhelming nationalist. But disappointed in 37, 38 when French hesitated to ratify agreement. In 1938, agreement blew off by French. WWII dominant factor.

Two reactions by Syrians: Anti-French, anti-Syrian negotiators. In 1939, the political system in upheaval. Now, movement against both.

Naturally, British and French very unpopular. So they were pro-German, pro-Nazi.

French took over Syria again.

May 1990, Germans in Turkey. High Commissioner in Syria (French) declared loyalty to pro-Nazi Vichy Govt. in France.

June of ’41, Syria liberated by Free French Forces. (Moshe Dyan lost his eye in that battle).
#

Asad – Maoz, “Sphynx”
Seale, Patrick
Ex: Asad’s Foreign Policy
Arab
#

APRIL 5, 1990
NATIONALISM
1. Last week’s assi. Reading 36,39
2. Deutscher pg. 39; CHRR 35-38

[Why the rejection of nationalism after World War II]

Simulation Game: The Decision Making Process:

Q: Can Jews and Arab-Palestinians find a way to share the land

1) The players: Jews in Israel, USA; Palestinians in West Bank, East Jerusalem, deportees; U.S. Administration – Baker
2) Proposed 1947 Plan of Partition: Sadat formula, pg 137 in book

Distinctive Characteristics of Palestinians

1) Collective will, expresses self-definition
2) Refugee national assimilation by Jordan (1950)
3) Common Sense of Destiny (perceive ’48 war as catastrophe, will to return)
4) Common folklore, (Abu Amar – Yassir Arafat) Distinctive of Jews

Distinctive Characteristics of Jews

1) Pursuit of peace – Jewish philosophy
2) Needs peace in a practical way
3) Exodus 23:9 Thou shalt not oppress the stranger
4) Jerimiah 22:4 Do not violence to the stranger

1990

Q: What political factors work in favor of Sadat’s plan.
Q: Could both parties accept plan? American Jews, administration, holders of balance.

In 1979, Sadat overcame basic Islamic perceptions: Dar el Islam, idea of jihad, Khartoum conference of 1967 (no recognition, no peace, no negotiation).

Whose Diplomacy would be appropriate today?

Moses – Threats, Brinkmanship
Joshua – 100 years war
Aaron – Plebiscite, follower of public opinion

• assignment option instead of nationalism assignment.

#

SYRIA READINGS
#6 – PG 62-64

I. Germany invades Poland Sept. 1, 1939

• Sept. 3, England, France declare war on Germany
• Iraq, Egypt tied to Britain by treaty – territorial use in war
• Saudis: No agreement but Britain’s fleet controlled Red Sea, Persian Gulf. Britain also had air bases in Iraq, Egypt, Arden.

II. Arab states with Britain, but not very enthusiastically.
III. France stationed army in Syria and Lebanon under Gen. Weygand

• Britain had troops in Palestine, Egypt
• Iraq: had oil, next to Iranian oil fields, route via Persian Gulf to Palestine overland – main line in war from India to Egypt and Turkey.
• October ’39, Britain, France treaty with Turks for allied war effort if needed
• Oil outlets in pipeline from Iraq were in Haifa and Tripoli’s in Syria. Haifa had a refinery
• Need for large force in Mid-East motivated by fear of Italian invasion from Libya, internal Arab disorders

IV. British feared German attack of Balkans, so mid-East gained more importance
V. French wanted to create more fronts to lure Germans from Western front, esp. Gen. Gamelin. Weygand in the levant wanted Balkan Front. But the Soviet-Finnish War made mid-east more practical
VI. France and England planned hostile measures against Russia from Turkey. Attempted to revive 1937 Saad – Abad Treaty between Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq. Troops, most French in area, but Allied commanders rejected all action in the Balkans.

Syria and Lebanon (Levant)

• High Commissioner Puaux suspends Syrian constitution before war broke.
• Suspends Lebanese Constitution on Sept. 21, concentrates power in Lebanese cabinet and Sec. of State Bayhum and his French advisors
• Communists, pro-fascists (Syrian National Party) outlawed
• German-financed Arab-Nationalist Club in Damascus closed.
• Communist, nationalist leaders imprisoned.
• The main nationalists (National Bloc) and Dr. Shahbandar’s groups activities “limited.”
• loyalty to France out of fear.
• Distrust of Allies following cession of Alexandretta to Turkey in 1936-1939.
• In previous world war, hunger, terror, epidemics. Fear of war

[pg 173-192 Germany and the Syrian Campaign, continued on…]
#

TERRORISM
APRIL 23, 1990

Right Wing Terrorism –

1) Revolutionary Terrorism
2) The aggrieved Right, reaction to left not radical or ideological
3) Vigilante Terrorism – Restoring law and order. Not revolutionaries. See themselves as fulfilling law/governmental function
4) Racist Right – feel threatened by certain groups

Misperception that terrorism is from left – because rightists avoid the media.

Fascists are not popular since the war. The left, in general, feels guilt.

Rightists espouse “survival of the fittest” and don’t write books to explain their ideologies.

Leftists often behave the same, but speak the language of the left.

Scholars, for many years, rejected Fascism as not worth studying. Not a “doctrine”, like Marx wrote, but had an intellectual, cultural viewpoint.

• Construction of a new civilization
• Creative use of violence
• Dynamism
• Anti-Boug. Capitalism
• Anti-democracy, parliamentary
• Pro-Avante-Garde
• Total totalitarian system, not seen as negative then. Penetrates all spheres of individual life

Late 1800s, Socialists taking root in Europe. They said war was the business of the capitalists, for the poor to fight. Socialists were sure the poor workers would not fight. Thought they were class-conscious first, before nationalistic.

In 1914, August, WWI broke. Workers were loyal to respective countries. Major slap to Socialist theory. Philosophical disaster. Mussolini, in fact, turned from Socialism. Said the idea of the Nation was more important.

1914 created the social, political climate for fascism to grow.

Italian political sociology was developing at turn of century:

Micnels, Mosca, Poreto – studied 1900 democracy

Italians said, even in democracy, few get to top. Few remain at top. Pure democracy non-existent. Elites still control everything, and this is the natural order of things. Developed a normative theory. “Why talk about democracy?”

Also took Darwin’s theories and said only the fittest “ought to survive.”

Politics, policies best left to intuition. The leader (NAZI theory) should be a composite of the nation.

Tempista – person with perfect timing. Only the genius knows the moment – has the intuition.

Politics is the “superior activity” of LEADERS, fascists said. Vertical concept of politics – evolves from above. Does not flow from society. Intertwined with struggle and conflict.

MEANS in fascist thinking always justify ENDS. Violence inseparable from politics.

1) Ideological enemies of fascists suffered terrorism – like leftists
2) Race – directed terrorism. Usually applied against “inferior” groups. Conducted selectively. (leftist terrorism usually against the regime)
3) Considered terrorism proper method after a coup. Usually eliminate their enemies. Sponsored-terrorism by the new state, to keep people under constant terror. Use of terrorism against other regimes.

NAZI TERRORISM IN HISTORY

Had practical, historical roots. Called “Terrorism is practice”.

In Europe at that time, anarchy, chaos result of collapse of political system.

Infrastructure for democracy in Germany was not there. Communism was feared. Economic crisis. Total insecurity which helped foster morality crisis. Fricoor – small armies of several commanders, unemployed, who never accepted defeat. “Stab in the back” myth. So Weimar Republic started out on bad leg.

This created a climate of political violence all around. Communists, Armies, fascists, street violence. Coup idea popular.

S.A. – Storm Troopers
S.S. – Security Guards

Typical, classical terror organizations. S.A. made up of thugs from the tri-coor to disturb socialists and other enemies. Known as the brown-shirts. Private Army of impoverished people. Lived in a semi-military fashion. Roehm was the commander. Roehm member of Hitler’s party.

Hitler couldn’t trust the S.A. – too oriented toward socialism and Hitler NEEDED the rich.

So in 1925, he created the S.S., as a personal guard of the leader. Had each to swear allegiance to Hitler. Himmler in command. Given special tasks. Very carefully selected – egotistic and racist. Insisted on blind obedience. Socially, they came from upper-classes. Many were low-ranking officers of the Kaiser army. Ready to commit every act. So when in 1933 Hitler took power, he ordered S.A. eliminated, with Roehm. Afterwards, S.S. people entrusted with regulation of country and the military. With the Gestapo, the S.S. were in charge of internal state terrorism.

Distinction between terrorism and genocide.

 Terrorism kills few, terrifies many. Means of control.
 Genocide does not “send messages”. Simply kills people; fear and political meaning not important. Cambodia, Germany. Paranoia motivated.#

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SECTION 5 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:37:00.001-07:00

Propaganda photo depicts German soldiers (under Hitler regime) being happily welcomed by Soviet civilians in 1941 during Nazi invasion of U.S.S.R.

Terrorists and dictatorial regimes depend heavily on media to keep their target populations calm and confused. That is, their own populations and other populations. Photo found on Wikipedia, but is part of today's German Archive.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com

SECTION FIVE POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
APRIL 23, 1990

• Papers due first week of June

Lebanon 1920-1929 and WWII Period

1850-1861; 1914-1920 – Lebanon’s special status. First period of Syrian border.

British created Lebanon, semi-autonomous, with excuse of “saving” Christians. French in 1920 also were concerned, morally, politically, strategically, with Lebanon. Maronites wanted a greater Lebanon, then Beirut was not included. They wanted defense guarantees, as well.

August, 1920. Lebanese borders changed, expanded. Added the UPPER GALLILEE. This territory was mostly Shi’ite. Also added, Sunni area of Tripoli’s (port). To East, the Bekka Valley, Shi’ite and Sunni-French wanted to keep Christian majority. Whole sectarian structure changed.

1932 – 53% Christian 47% Muslim. (6.3% Druze, 6.3% Shi’ites)

1) Why did the French create Lebanon?
2) What is Lebanese nationalism?

Contradicting strains of nationalism. European, Christian wedge in Arab lands.

1926 – First Lebanese Constitution imposed by French. Article 95 speaks about proportional representation in the constitution. To this day it’s relevant.

1943 – Lebanon becomes independent.

But system, electoral, was reflection of 1932 census results. No proportion to representation. So, to conclude, the Lebanese nationalism expresses a certain oneness w/ Syria.

1936 – Agreement. Syria agreed Lebanon is separate entity. This was the French CONDITION for granting Syria independence. From Syrian view, imposed agreement. From Lebanese view, no clear movement to become part of Syria → PPS – popular Syria Party formed 1936 by Antun Sa’adah, Christian Lebanese.

Tried to form national movement to unify Syria, Lebanese under secular, fascist govt.

From the first day, Lebanese “identity” crisis.

→ Syria as an object for outside Activity 1936 on → two or three outside powers who did not really recognize Syrian independence: Iraq, Transjordan – both ruled by Hashemite rulers. Saudi Arabia the third power.

Why Saudis? Wanted no religious rival centers. Wanted control of Damascus. Dispute with Hashemites in J. and Iraq. Arab legitimacy out of Damascus – Saudi’s wanted control.

1936 – with arab revolt, emergence of two poles in mid-east. Saudi’s also wanted to fight the “Western enemy” through the only independent country in region. Wanted “throne”.

1936 – Abdullah in Transjordan wanted Syria – Jordan entity UNDER Jordanian crown. Abdullah meddled.

But Syrians:

1) No French/British dispute
2) British investment in Syria
3) Jordanians did not want to appear imperialistic

British did not want Germans in Region, so wanted quiet.

1939, Abdullah again wanted Syria for his Kingdom.

Abdullah’s reasons:

1) Free from French
2) Deserved a king
3) Unite Arab world under Hashemites
4) Also, wanted Holy sites under Hashemites

Saudis appealed to British to help with Abdullah.

British did not know that Hashemites were not well-loved by nationalists.

Saudi prince should become king of Syria – British, Germany said.

Dec. 1940 – Vichy regime takes Syria. Did not have any use for an independent Syria.

British really wanted Syria back in 1939, to enjoy pre-war I dominance. They said, if not the Saudis, then an Egyptian Prince, backed by Saudis and unprovoking of Hashemites.

Abdullah, exasperated, sold arms to Druze in Syria to gain influence. Hoped they would rebel against French. French knew very well what was going on. Knew British intelligence was in Druze area of Syria.

Abdullah was turned down flat on Syria.
#

SYRIA READINGS #6
CHAPTER 9

I. Germany and the Syrian Campaign

• Rashid Ali Govt in Iraq collapses, Nazis withdraw
• Germans still on North African front
• German’s left Manteuffel’s liaison group in Syria over Vichy’s objections
• Syria under Vichy France, but not completely with the Axis. Italian control commission there, as well.

II. Axis Activity in Syria Depended on Franco-German Relations

• Paris Protocols – German-French agreements. French said these agreements were in Germany’s interest, since any agreement could aggravate Franco-Anglo relations.
• Weygand, Boisson (French) talk with Germans @ protocols 1941, June. France wanted from Germany:

1) Restoration of French sovereignty over France, except where German troops stationed.
2) Special status for Alsace-Lorraine until conclusion of Peace Treaty
3) Gradual release of war prisoners
4) Reduction of occupation costs
5) German public statement renouncing claims on Syria, North and West Africa
6) Abolition of control commissions in Africa or their weakening

 Hitler hints to Darlan, May 11, that German concessions to France must not weaken Germany

• British imperial and Free French troops to France’s mandated territories June 8, nulling any serious talks.

Nazi intentions/foundations late Spring, Summer of 1941

• Lack of trust, aversion to French Vichy govt.
• Alliance with Italy had claims on France, also obstacle to Franco-German relations
• Nazis did not believe French-English clash would occur
• Nazis hoped U.S.S.R. attack would erase their need for such compromises.
• Actually, after fall of Iraq, Germans wanted to withdraw to keep British out. (Germans were fighting there)

→ Germans used restraint in Syria, but Syrian troops had Gaullist sympathies, mainly. Allies feared German control of the Levant, so British and Free France launched operation “Exporter” on June 8. German’s pull back, not wanting to meddle in Vichy France, British conflict.

But Germans pressured Vichy to uphold strong effort. Vichy France did not want to anger Germans, because they controlled metropolitan France.

 Germany, after more talks, agrees to help Vichy France by bombing North Palestine, Alexandria, Haifa on British troops, ships, as France requests. But they don’t go all out on this.
 Germans wanted airport, airstrip in Syria. French say no.

June 22, 1941 Hitler invades Russia.

After June 22, 1941, French quit relying on German support. Vichy France took negative view of German help, anyway, because it was afraid of French troops in Syria and American’s reaction. Didn’t want British attack on North African French possessions, either.

TURKEY AND THE WAR IN SYRIA
#

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 25
SYRIA LECTURE
JORDANIAN-HASHEMITE VIEW, IRAQUI VIEW OF SYRIA

1939-1942

Abdullah wanted to take over Syria. Why? Who would help – the British. But British did not want to control Syria through Abdullah. They backed the Iraqui Hashemites. They wanted Hashemites on their side, but not a commitment.

Iraqui attitude on Syria

• Since 1936, thought of themselves as superior to arab states.
• Independent in 1932
• Kings saw themselves as successors to King Faisal (of Syria)
• Wanted revenge
• Wanted Iraqui – Hashemite crown.

Iraq wanted to know what went wrong. Tried to calm Arab revolt in 1936, like the Saudis. This was beginning of Arab rivalry.

1935 – Nori al–Said, Iraqui prime minister, 1936 wanted to unite Iraq and mandatory Palestine. That union would eventually include Syria (including Lebanon).

Iraq leaders –

Faysal – died 1933
Ghazi – 1933-39
Regent Abdal-Ilah and Nurial-Said making decisions

1938 – French plan to bring Hashemite King to Syria. Why a king? (Lack of Syrian national feeling on this)

1943-1958 uniting (Iraq) the dominant idea

1943 –

British were against the Syrian Cresent Design. It was clear that the best bet was a fragmented mid-east. Supported Arab league, but Arab league a theatre for Egypt-Saudi/Hashemite Rivalry. But did not want, in 1941, to be seen as supporting fragmentation.

Development of Arab-Nationalism

Yearning for independence from Turks for Muslim-Arab entity. 1920-1945 – Get rid of Western powers (fr-Brit) and remove lines created by West. They succeeded in the former. Emergence of Arab Elites, new breed of nationalism. Each country developed a new, separate identity.

Syria still unsure of their role. 1945/48-1967-

1948 served as a painful remainder that unity not possible. Up to 1967, countries start going after THEIR interests. In 1967, the last united Arab effort.
#

APRIL 25
SYRIA READINGS, cont…
TURKEY AND THE WAR IN SYRIA

• Effective Vichy resistance depended on Turkey; afraid of British/Turkish collaboration
• Turks would have occupied North Syria, but only by agreement of both belligerents. Turks didn’t want trouble with Germany.
• Vichy govt. wanted petro, which Germans stored in Turkey. Vichy ended up having to use ocean lanes. Vulnerable to British Air, Naval attack.
• Vichy also requested Berlin’s diplomatic aid with the Turks. Also requested Italy do this. Both turned France down because of competitive intrigue.

German Activities Among Arabs

• German Activity in Syrian Campaign concentrated mainly in Turks, Vichy.
• After fall of Rashid Ali in Iraq, Germans considered using Arabs to sabotage oil lines, pumps. Drawing Arabs into fight against British, Gaullist forces.
• Arab leaders generally antipathetic toward France, distrustful of English. Leaned toward Germans.
• But Vichy, France controlled Syria. Germany, Vichy collaborated. So Germans not popular with Syrian nationalists.
• Shukri Quwatli, nationalist leader in Syria, wanted to use German-supplied weapons against France.
• There were Arab fighters, but they would not cooperate with Vichy as Germans wanted.
• Germany. Complain, Rahn, that Syrians complacent.
• Germany had no intention of challenging France’s designs on Syria and Lebanon.
• Damascus fell to British (after battle) on June 21, 1941.
• The Axis lost Syria, but did not try very hard. Germans were busy in Russia and the Nazi aversion to the French played a role.#

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SECTION 6 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:35:00.001-07:00

Photo from Wikipedia of (then) Free French Generals Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle with American President FDR and England's Winston Churchill. Casablanca Conference, Jan 14, 1943. The history of France includes battles with terror organizations;

photo of KKK rally in 1923. The American terror organization was targeting not only African-Americans, but women, teachers, Catholics and Jews. The KKK feared societal change and modernity, much like today's terror groups in the Mideast.

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SECTION SIX POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
APRIL 1990

TERRORISM READINGS
From: “Right-Wing Terrorism” – Terrorism 71-77

Johann Most

• Born Germany, 1846
• Arrested as radical agitator in Austria
• Later, leading figure of German Social Democrats
• An energetic organizer, good speaker, writer
• Fled Germany, though a member of the Reichstag. Left because of anti-socialist laws.
• 1879, still a Marxist, founded and edited Freiheit in London. A social-democratic weekly.
• Always more radical than the party leadership.
• Had some Russian influences – against Barbarians.
• Later, picked up on Anarchism
• Published Bakunin’s Revolutionary Catechism for German Revolutionaries
• “Long Live Hate! Long Live Vengence! – for all those who bear responsibility for the Servitude, exploitation and Misery of the People
• After hailing the assassination of Alexander II, Most sent to prison by a London Court. Expelled from German Social Democrats.
• Freiheit transferred to the U.S., now the world’s prominent Anarchist mouthpiece to U.S.
• Most did not advocate waiting for the unenlightened masses to revolutionize
• Social Darwinist. Liked Ragnar Redbeard.
• Most took a job in an explosives factory in Jersey City Heights. Invented letter-bomb.
• Believed in writing, propaganda, too.
#

Marxist Approach
Pg 63-69

Ghandi denounced terrorism in India (Russian inspired). Philosophy of the bomb.

The philosophies of the bomb argued in 1915 that revolution was not complete without terrorism: “…it shatters the spell of the subject race in the eyes of the world…proof of a nation’s hunger for freedom”

Ghandi’s gospel of love would not sway the British Viceroys and Generals. Righteous revenge on the Tyrant.
#

European/American Terrorism, end of 1800’s
Pg 54-62

• Narodnaya Volya still influenced revolutionaries.

Social Revolutionaries in Russia

Regarded Terrorism as one weapon among several – strengthened other forms of the struggle.

• Also Balkan terrorism – nationalists.
• Armenian Revolutionaries 1880s, 1890s facing hostile Turkish govt and hostile population. Led to Armenian Massacre after terrorist acts by Armenians#

Terrorism of the People’s Will
Pg 30-42

#

TERRORISM
THURSDAY
APRIL 26, 1990
MAY 10 THURSDAY MID-TERM
TERRORISM OF THE RIGHT….lecture

The aggrieved right – suffered from leftist aggression

Algerian Secret Army Organization – OAS. Established by French settlers in 1961. → 1954-1962, Algerian Liberation War.

F.L.N. – Algerian National Liberation Front.

Muslims against French (130 year occupation).

OAS – reaction to French grant of independence and Algerian resistance.

OAS not highly ideological. Losers! About to lose Algeria. Some French Generals joined, for French Prestige. Some fascist elements, as France has a long fascist history. 1950’s – over a million settlers, rather aristocratic. “Algeria as French as Paris.”

FLN – Wanted to create support in France. Lost badly, but inflicted great injury on local population, French settlers. Wanted to Assassinate De Gaulle – hero of WWII – ex-General who couldn’t live with politicians. For 12 years, he stepped down in protest of politics, until 1958.

→ 1958, “legal coup de etat”. Nat. Assembly voted on his return. Victory for the right.

→ Settlers thought their future secure, but De Gualle wanted to dump expensive Algeria. Army pissed off. 31 attempts on his life, out of pure vengeance.

Massive terror against France in Algeria, Europe. OAS obliterated after Algerian independence.

RACIST RIGHT-WING TERRORISM

Ku Klux Klan – founded June, 1866 in Tennessee. Not originally violent or terroristic. Reaction to Civil War. “Preserve the old values of the South.” Social gathering more than anything else, originally. “Magic” Symbols.

→ Imperial Wizard the head, supposed to be patriotic, protect the constitution → in favor of white dominance, however →

But reconstruction legislation transformed KKK into violent defence organization. July 1866 reconstruction laws?

→ Carpetbaggers, black vote influenced KKK → 1868, KKK turned to violence → Spread over deep south, general south → scare blacks from participation, and white sympathizers → 1,000 people killed in 1868 elections → special hostility toward women, teachers →

12 masked Klansmen would go for raid → Many thousands blacks and whites beaten, raped, forced out of homes, killed →

→ Very successful terror campaign → by 1870s they started disbanding because they reached goals → For 100 years, blacks did not register to vote

→ 1915, Second Klan created by Simmons, his father a Klansman in Alabama → First a fraternity, attracting middle-class, racist, believed in superiority of whites, “100% Americanism” → 1917 WWI began, nationalist, chauvinist element, identified with anti-immigration, anti-women, etc.

→ Simons recruited Journalist Clark, and Bessie Tyler → made Klan the Civil guard of South, Spoke about prohibition, morality → membership: 100,000 in Summer of 1921.

→ 1921, NEW YORK WORLD published series of articles, press campaign started → 1923, 2-3 million members → poor, underclassed Joined →

After War, economic crisis, Black unrest → classical situation for fascism →

→ KKK relied on local office holders → many democrats → Klan decentralized, lost touch with democracy. → so many Terrorist acts. Brutal. Another decline in 1925 → Fortunately, before crash of 1929, 1930s → all that remained was local, ineffective chapters

Again revived after WWII → In late 50s, early 60s → during Civil rights movement →

→ Today, Klan does not control radical right → many KKK-like organizations now → has spread East → (the burning cross, protestant, was symbol of true principal of religion) →

No KKK literature, but leaflets → “Klan Craft” – booklet, protestant oriented, against Catholics and catholic immigrants → Pope seen as wanting to take over U.S. →

→ KKK has fear of modernity→ immoral women, etc. → urban life→ Anti-Semitic as well →

KKK not a classical terror organization → Not an underground→ many useless ceremonies →

Terrorism of the right → poor people, part-time (unlike leftist Zealots) → Underground movements can not last so long as part-time movements →

Kahane rightist terrorism → Arayan Nation biggest in U.S. now, extreme right → have a sophisticated computer network to keep track of enemies – Jews, leftists, etc. → Survivalists, etc Viet War Vets → Animosity toward legal system →

The Order in Idaho → wiped out Jewish disc-Jockey →

ZOG – Zionist Occupied Govt. → concept of rightists/radicalists →

No international threat from right, like left → no state support →
#

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SECTION 7 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:33:00.000-07:00

SECTION SEVEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 1990

Notes on assigned essay reading: author, Francis Fukuyama, journal, The National Interest, Summer 1989, Fukuyama’s essay title, “The End of History?”

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com
This essay was thrilling for me as assigned reading in Jerusalem. The Berlin Wall was suddenly history, and college students everywhere looked in amazement at the new Europe. In 2010, people often consider this essay by Fukuyama as wrong, over-idealistic or smug. I differ. I think, yes, he might have been optimistic, but he was correct in several respects. That is, I honestly believe forms of government which ignore a population's need for freedom of thought and open speech are doomed. Liberal democracy is essential. Over and over through history, we've seen that authoritarian regimes can't encourage such freedoms.

Q: What is the main thrust of the article concerning political ideologies? Why does he claim that ideas have reached a point of culmination?

• The Century is moving to an unabashed victory of economic and political liberalism.

• The triumph of the Western idea is evident in the total exhaustion of viable systematic alternatives.

• What we may be witnessing is the end point of ideological evolution – liberal democracy as the final form of human govt.

• Still incomplete in the real or material world, but the victory of ideas has occurred in the REALM OF IDEAS and consciousness.

• The concept of history as a dialectical process with a beginning, middle, end borrowed by Marx from Hegel.

• Hegel said mankind a product of concrete historical, social environment. Man not a collection of fixed “natural” attributes.

• Hegel’s ideas were used by Marx. Kojeve’s work.

• Two world wars and related upheavals had the effect of extending these principals spatially.

• What remains is primarily economic activity, Kojeve’s theories said.

• The contradictions that drive history to exist are:

 in the realm of human ideas.
 can include religion, culture and the complex of moral values.
 Rooted in a prior state of consciousness, which creates the material world in its own image

• Not a single respectable contemporary theory of economic development addresses consciousness and culture as the matrix within which economic behavior is formed.

• Failure to understand that roots of economic behavior lie in realm of consciousness and culture lead to the common mistake of attributing material causes to phenomena that are ideal in nature.

• The material world can clearly affect in return the viability of a particular state of consciousness.

• The Central issue is the fact that the people’s republic of China…not a beacon for illiberal forces.

• At the end of history it’s not necessary that all societies become successful liberal societies, merely that they quit pretensions of representing higher forms of human society.

• Two challenges to liberalism-left: Religion and nationalism.

• Organized religious impulses, other than Islam, can be satisfied in a liberal-democratic context.

#

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SECTION 8 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:30:00.001-07:00

These fantastic, 2005 photographs were taken in the Great Souk near Aleppo, Syria. This area of the Mideast still has architecture/communities stemming from or influenced by the earliest days of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. We hear little of their busy commercial affairs in 2010.

These photos, and many others, can be found on zeledi.com

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SECTION EIGHT POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 1990

Wednesday May
SYRIA – LECTURE

Syria 1948-1949, last country to sign armistice with Israel. Wanted a fair quid pro quo.

Armistice did NOT mean a recognition of the jewish state. Created de-militarized zone, which in this case had no good definition. Syrians interpreted this as an area where no sovereignity has been decided upon.

If the Arabs lost Palestine, Syrians looked at themselves as responsible.

Arab nations had conflicting interests in Palestine.

Syria first country (arab) after the war of ’48 to experience military coup.

Mechanisms of Military revolutions in the Arab world: 5 or 6 key points in Capital city must be taken; parliament, military headquarters, T.V. station, presidential quarters. Must purge enemies, call forth loyalists.

Easy in Syria at time without functioning political administration. Hafez Assad first leader to use structure of Ba’ath party for his own use, to build a structure.

March 1949, 1ST revolution
August – 2nd
Dec 1949 – 3rd revolution

1) Hosni Za’im
2) Sami Hinawi
3) Adib Shishabli

3 communiques in 1949: all language used, policies followed, reflected Syrian interests. First realization of Syria as a separate entity.

(Meddling of outside forces helped these coups)

In 1949, no Syrian political structure functioning. 1949-1970, emergence of strong man idea as Syrian leadership character. And each ruler brought with him a clique.

Hosni Za’im – b. 1848. Son of Kurdish woman. Religious Muslim family. Was Ottoman officer. Arab-Syrian nationalist, but was officer under French. Also a friend of Mufti of Jerusalem. 1941, joined Vichy loyal forces. Took a pile of $ from Vichy and fled to Lebanon. 1948, went back to Syria. Was chief military officer in Syria in ’48. March of ’49, organizes coup against military leaders. Takes power. First Syrian strongman.

Put together Civilian Govt → Stayed in military → 3 weeks after revolution nominated Prime Minister (nominated himself) → Outlawed all political parties → followed with referendum as example of Eastern Europe → His foreign relations: first Syrian Foreign policy to take active role in region → was not very good at consultations with his regime → tried to put together Egyptian-Saudi coalition with Syrians, to control Jordan and Iraq → Also first to have an American Orientation

But he was not generous enough with his soldiers, which was a mistake → He made many mistakes →

(PATRICK SEALE)

Sami Hinawi → shot Za’im, took power → was commander of a Brigade along Israeli border → Arab-Kurdish family → was in Ottoman, French armies → Same age as Hosni → Established the Revolutionary Command Council, 10 members → Didn’t want to be main focus of legitimacy → Council comprised all sections of Syrian Society → est. all-civilian cabinet → first Syrian popular leader (supporters in Alleppo) → tried to do opposite of Za’im, freezed reforms → Nov. 1949, first parliamentary elections in Syria → nearly free, confident elections → But Army did not like this →

Adib Shishakli → brn 1909, 1948 was only a captain and not responsible as much for ’48 defeat → Was in Damascus as commander during coup →

Akram Hawrani → Cousin of Shishakli → originally from wealthy family, but family lost all property → Hawrani became socialist → was a thug → but later became lawyer → pro-Nazi in Iraqui revolt during war →
#

NATIONALISM
MAY 3, 1990

[Test at end of term on basic facts from text. Map pg. 68 for instance.]

The transition of the world Order from a nation-state structure to a supranational structure took place at Yalta (Feb. 1945)

The nation-state structure which had been the fundamental building block of the world structure is now replaced by a power structure in which individual states are ranked by reputation of military strength.

Pg 40 U.N. Roosevelt’s “one world” idea.
Pg – 116 about Israel
#

PATRICK SEALE # 7
SYRIA READINGS
PG 24 – 32

I. Marked by personal Rivalries among leaders of first independent Syrian years

The National Bloc

1) who were the members of Katla al-Watania? These were members of the Syrian National Bloc who waged struggle for Syrian independence against France between the wars.
2) Who did these leaders also face? The Ottoman Turks.
3) What happened to the treaty in 1936 the National Bloc negotiated with the French Blum Administration?

 It fell apart. The French Parliament failed to ratify it. The Authority of the Bloc was undermined. They also lost Alexandretta to Turkey in 1939, which also scarred them.

4) After the 1941 independence of Syria and Lebanon, who helped the Syrians complete process of independence from the French?

The British. In 1946, all foreign troops withdrew. But in 1919, the British withdrew leaving the French in Syria. So the Brits were not completely trusted.

5) Who was leading Syria after the July 1943 elections?

Shukri al-Quwatli and Sa’dallah al-Jibiri.

6) Who was murdered on July 7, 1940?

National Bloc critic Dr. Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar. Suspects included three nationalists who fled to Iraq. But since they did leave, this left Quwatli free to lead Syria.

7) What did Quwatli do?

Led in months between fall of Vichy admin. In Syria and allied occupation in June of 1941. Had contacts with Italian Armistice Commission and Germans who encouraged pan-Arabism.

8) What happened when the Allies invaded Syria?

Quwatli went to Saudi Arabia. Returned in Spring of ’42 on heels of Ibn Saud’s good graces with free French in Damascus. Quwatli had a history of cooperation with King Saud.

9) How did the National Bloc split?

Opposition to the ruling faction within the bloc since France’s failure to ratify 1936 treaty. Both sides of Bloc were conservative, though one faction a bit more tuned to social, economic questions. More divided on personal loyalties.

10) What was the National Party?

The break-away ruling wing of the Bloc which came about in the Spring of 1947. Damascus was its stronghold.

11) What’s important in Damascus politics?

Family ties, neighborhood loyalties. Elections engineered with help of neighborhood strongmen, in lower middle class sections. In the 1950s, modernization brought reforms

12) What did the People’s Party represent?

Opposition to Quwatli. Aleppo leaders, representing business interests. Aleppo leaders disliked the loss of revenue associated with the vanished trade route which existed before the 1920-1923 borders drawn. Wanted abolishment of Iraqui-Syrian frontier, lower trade barriers.

On Nov. 23, 1948, the party called for federation with Iraq. Had support of Ba’athists before this.

13) After the 1948 elections, did the new parliament function?

Yes, but by all accounts not very effectively. Syria did not have an existing political class.

#

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SECTION 9 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:28:00.001-07:00

Photo from kamal-joumblat.net website of Lebanese Druze Philosopher Kamal Joumblat, left, receiving Lenin Medal for Peace from Soviet Ambassador in 1972. The Druze communities of Lebanon, Syria have a rich history of political importance and academic study from nearly any perspective. They reside -- and survive -- in one of the toughest neighborhoods of the Mideast. As a Syrian, you would want always to remain on negotiable terms with the Druze.

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SECTION NINE POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 1990

SYRIA READINGS
CONTINUED, #7, CHAPTER 7
PG 58-63

Za’im’s Rule

1) Though Za’im only ruled for 4 1/2 months in 1949, what mark did he leave?

- Reinforced, reequipped the Army

• Restored Army Morale, gave it a political purpose
• Civil service reformed
• Damascus university curriculum modernized
• Public works projects, oil pipelines
• Shari’a laws replaced
• Women who were literate given the vote. More freedom for them.

2) What were some of Za’im’s mistakes?

• Paranoia about his legitimacy
• Alienated his supporters
• May 1949, outlawed political parties
• Eagerness to conclude Armistice with Israel in order to free-up Army troops
• Accused Jordan, Iraq of threatening Syria.

3) Why did the People’s Party oppose him?

Because of hostility toward Iraq

4) What was the Ba’athist attitude?

Resented police informers, gag on press, partisanship in inter-Arab disputes, worker’s grievances: (Za’im jailed Aflaq for this.)

5) What prompted Za’im’s attempt to form the Cairo-Damascus-Ridya union?

Iraq and Jordan renewed press and Radio Assaults on the regime and Iraq sent Muzahim al-Pachachi to Egypt to persuade them not to recognize Syrian elections.

6) Who formed a government for Za’im after the June 25, 1949 elections?

Mushin al-Barazi. Before the Coup, was with Quwatli, also secretly plotting against Quwatli with Za’im. Both Za’im and al-Barazi, were Kurdish. Was a lawyer, provided “legal whitewash”.

7) What were Za’im’s preferences for international alignments?

• Oppossed to a “greater Israel”
• Against Nuri Pasha in Iraq
• With King Faruq in Jordan.
• Pro-France
• Wanted U.S. help with Syrian reconstruction
• Made differentiation between local Communists and Soviet Union, giving locals no legitimacy
• Suspicious of Britain’s “Fertile Cresent” designs.

8) How did Za’im shock his initial nationalist supporters?

To gain power, Za’im convinced them that only a Military govt could War with the Jews successfully. After gaining power, he commenced talks @ armistice with Israel on April 12.

9) What were some of the details about the Armistice talks? (July 20, 1949.)

• Establishment of a demilitarized zone, under U.N. supervision
• Za’im wanted to meet with Ben-Gurion.
• Proposed Za’im – Ben Gurion meeting horrified Za’im’s military aides.

10) What were Za’im’s main marks?

• Strengthened the military’s political role
• Encouraged reforms, swept away “dead wood”
• Changed the nature of support any future regime would have to depend on.
• Made many enemies, i.e. Hashemite supporters, bourgeois sectors.

#

Syria Readings
Chapters 12, 13 Military Dictatorship

SHISHAKLI

1) Emerging as Syria’s leader after his second coup in Nov 1951, how did Shishakli differ from his predecessors?

• First extended military govt.
• More serious, more cautious
• Led a clash with people’s party, landlords in Central Syria
• Army invited to share fully in Civilian political disputes, became a political instrument.
• Modernized Army, promoted young nationalist officers
• Throughout most of his rule, without serious political rival
• Retained behind-the-scenes role. Colonel Fawzi Selu was head of state, prime minister and minister of defense.

2) What was Selu’s background?

Started in the Troupes Speciales in 1924. Commanded the Homs Military Academy after French departure in 1946. Headed Syrian delegation at Armistice talks after the Palestinian War. Defence minister in Civilian Cabinets from June 1950 to Nov. 1951

3) What were a few problems Shishakli had with reforms?

Land reform was violent. Shishakli’s aid Hawrani encouraged peasants in Central Syria to attack members of landholding families. The communists felt that Hawrani was taking over their moral platform.

In Sept. 1951, peasants staged a “anti-feudalist” rally in Aleppo.

4) What was Shishakli’s attitude toward foreign influence?

• Tried to control foreign private schools. New missionary schools outlawed, etc. Other measures.

5) What was his attitude toward religious groups?

He enforced the behaviour of religious figures and holidays. For example, in May 24, 1952, anyone breaking the Ramadan would be arrested. Outlawed the Muslim Brotherhood. Later, banned all political parties.

6) Did any sector of Syrian Society support him?

Yes, the press. They wanted even more far-reaching reforms. They praised the orderliness of Syria.

7) How did Iraq react?

They called for intervention and withheld recognition. Every other nation recognized the regime, though. Including the four powers, who wanted an allied middle east command.

8) Why did Shishakli have reservations about the Atlantic Powers?

Didn’t want to limit his sovereignty with a western defense system. Also, there was the Anglo-Egyptian dispute. He was not desirous of an affront to Egypt. Hawrani and friends considered any cooperation with the west a betrayal, as well. Shishakli, not surprisingly, refused U.S. point. lV aid., and feared meddling U.S. lV technocrats.

9) Why did “Arabism” become a warily used slogan in his early months of rule?

Because it conflicted with the PPS’s doctrines, with Pan-Syrian objectives. Later, he wanted Syria to lead the Arab world.

10) Describe Shishakli’s attempt to make a transition from military ruler to President.

1) Shishakli becomes “Vice-Premir”
2) Launches “Arab liberation Movement” from Damascus
3) Politicians resent this
4) Regime’s first anniversary; big military parade
5) After Cairo Visit, Lieut-Col. Adnan al-Malki presents reform demands. They are all jailed.
6) Ba’athist leaders Aflaq and Bitar flee to Lebanon, continue charging Shishakli regime with plots.
7) Shishakli loses touch with Military.
8) Shishakli becomes extremely paranoid.
9) New constitution passed, promotes Arabism.
10) Ba’athist leaders return to Syria under Amnesty.

11) What was the major reason for stability during Shishakli’s regime?

Agricultural expansion, due to Shishakli’s reforms (the cotton bureau) and Aleppo Merchants for financing.

THE OVERTHROW OF SHISHAKLI

1) Why did Shishakli fear the Druze?

• Traditionally resistant to Damascus rule
• Located in South Syria, they had good ties with Jordan
• A vehicle for Hashemite influence in Syria
• Had connections with the British
• Resented the incorporation of The Jabel in to Syria in 1945 – long history of feuding with Damascus

2) What did Qutwali do in 1947 to attempt to control the Jabal area?

He tried to create a peasant revolt against the land-holding Atrash family in the Jabal. Sultan Pasha was able to quell the fighting, along with Hasan al-Atrash

3) What happened in the Druze-dominated city of Homs, fief of the Atasi family?

July 4, 1953, all opposition groups to Shishakli met to make a national pact on his downfall. They agreed that each province should liberate itself, but would begin with the Jabel uprising. The plan did not turn out as planned, however.

4) What role did Iraq play in this?

Cooperated with Syrian politicians who were opposed to Shishakli, receiving payments in many cases. A “Plan X” was in existence to invade Syria.

5) What was the British position?

To help British interests in Egypt, Israel and form the Fertile Cresent. Probable aim: regional defence pact.

6) France’s position?

To regain influence on Syria.

7) What did British oil interests have to do with it?

A friendly Syria would have ensured safety of Iraq Petro. Co. pipelines to the Mediterranean. But relations with Syria were not really feasible, since it would have been widely opposed.

8) What was one unlikely Iraqui proposal in January of 1954?

An Iraqui-financed Arab Army and union of Syria, Iraq and Jordan. This made Egypt and Saudi Arabia suspicious, of course. Syria called it another “Fertile Cresent” idea.

9) In Beirut, why did Druze leaders meet?

To denounce Shishakli’s crackdown on Jabel Druze.

10) Who was Col. Mustafa Hamdun in Aleppo?

The Army Col. Who first called on Shishakli to flee in February 25, 1954. Other actions in Aleppo followed. Other revolt leaders were from Homs and Jabel.

11) Shishakli quickly resigned and fled to Lebanon by 11 a.m. Why?

• Afraid of Iraqui Army
• Not a combative man by nature
• Druze plot to get revenge
• Army was now hopelessly factionalized.

#

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SECTION 10 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:26:00.001-07:00

Terrorism sometimes meets goals of its tacticians. In this section, Israel and Algeria are examples, though it's a brief section. Whatever the goals, I would still say in 2010 that terrorism violates civilized standards of behavior.

First photo, above, posted on Wikipedia, of Avraham Stern, leader of Irgun and member of Lechi. (He attended Hebrew University in Jerusalem, where these class notes were taken by me in 1990.) Both Irgun and Lechi were Zionist terror groups, a subject of studies for me in Jerusalem in 1990.

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Stern, shot by British police in Tel Aviv for terror activities, died in 1942, too soon to see the state of Israel formally declared by his compatriots in 1948. So, to call him an Israeli terrorist is a little inaccurate since there was not yet a modern state of Israel when he died.

Next, nice photo of 2005 Algerian coastal town, tourist resorts in area. Pic by D. Boilley of France posted on Wikipedia.

In the late 1950s, when the F.L.N. was active against the French, the terror scenes with Algerian civilians were horrific. I found photos from that era, but they are too awful for me to post here. Graphic.

How graphic? Decapitated heads with the victim's frozen facial expression as he faced his own death. Both the F.L.N. and French Army committed acts of terror, according to modern historians who've studied that war.

I saw the 1960 French horror movie "Les yeux sans visage" in January of 2010 (Eyes without a face) made by Georges Franju (France 1912-1987). I could not help imagining this war in Algeria influenced some French cinema strongly in 1960. When it comes to this film, it's clear.

SECTION TEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 1990

TERRORISM

The Israeli Etzel and Lechi had a lot to do with British withdraw of Palestine, along with the U.N. and the United States. Etzel and Lechi rare example of successful terrorism. (in 1937-38, etzel had many anti-Arab operations)

F.L.N. in Algeria – First organization combining leftist orientation and nationalist struggle. Most nationalism right-wing. Marxist traditional anti-nationalists. More concerned with Supranational working class.

F.L.N. used terrorism as a major strategy. Like massive murder that took place in Vietnamese Villages by Viet-Cong.

Enforcement Terrorism – enforcing the people to side with YOU. Whether locals would be loyal to French or F.L.N. French tried to offer French citizenship. Unimaginable terrorism. Western-style cigarette smoking punishable by death. Limbs cut off. French came back with retaliatory terrorism against Moslems.

French Casba operation – used extreme torture. Eliminated terrorism by Algerians, but in 1956-1958 when French public heard, created huge controversy. 1959-1960 moral crisis in France. War was lost because of this. French brought De Gaulle back by French Right, but in 1960 he decided that France needed to give up Algeria. Again, terrorism worked. But at a vicious cost.
#

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SECTION 11 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:24:00.001-07:00

Photos found on Wikipedia. Syrian leader Shishakli in the early 1950s, photo from Online Museum of Syrian History. Egyptian leader Gamal A. Nasser in 1937 as a law school student.

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SECTION ELEVEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 1990

SYRIA LECTURE
MAY 9
WEDNESDAY

Shishakli ruled quite well by establishing a political structure.

1951 to 1953 – ideological, interests of groups – various clashes. Behind these riots were organizational thinking, which eventually gave rise to Ba’athism.

Question in 1951 was who would lead the riot police during riots. Ministry of interior or Army? Army was Anti-Capitalist, but Riot police didn’t have a political bent. Interior Ministry in hands of upper class People’s Party.

Shishakli in Oct, Nov of 1951 faced a clash on this question. Nov. 28, new government formed. Most ministers members of People’s Party, which means anti-army and anti-upper class. Nov. 29, 1951, many jailed by Shishakli. Until February 1954, Shishakli had effective control. Agricultural reform the big accomplishment, because in the Jazira (desert area) there were good crops. But Shishakli put limits on land ownership. Slipped the moral rug out from under the Ba’athists.

1952, Shishakli begins advocating Western ties. Why?

No one knows for sure. But he outlawed all political parties in 1952. 1953 97% said Shishakli should be president and change constitution.

July 1952 – Egyptian Coup. Nasser takes over, in 1954.

Imitation of Egyptians AND identity crisis were hallmark in Syrian politics. After 1952, Syria lost it’s predominance among Arab countries.

October 1953, beginning of end of Shishakli. Only 20 % turn out in next election. More street riots. Jan 1954: Arrested, respected Syria statesman and 1925 leader of revolt against French. Two most dignified symbols of Syrian independence. Atasi and Atash. Druze, Army clash. Druze villages bombed, hundreds killed.

Afraid that this revolt would give one of several parties reason to invade. Shishakli overthrown.

Revolutionary Council takes over. Army goes “back to the barrack”, as they say in a communiqué. Feb., March 1954, back to Civilian Regime. Now 3 main powers left to vie for power. P.P.S. one of them. Ba’athists.

BA’ATH PARTY:

They had an open field when Army stepped back. Revolution party wanted major change. Not EVOLUTIONARY but REVOLUTIONARY.

Also had eclectic support. Extremely anti-imperialist, but not too pro-Soviet.

In disharmony with communists, but was not much difference.

Arab Unity goal

Ba’athists established support on a personal, individual basis. Not based on broad families (Hamulah).

Transition to a national from traditional ideology. This changed the status of the Druze and Alawites, where politics were based on sectors.

Ba’ath Party Plan to establish Arab Unity:

1) Establish bases with similar Arab-Regimes
2) ? [notes missing here]

Adnan al-Maliki, charismatic top army officer. Assassinated while a senior army officer, big Ba’ath supporter in army, 1955.

Also in ’55, first Syrian-Soviet Arms Deal. But communists were credited for this, much to irritation of Ba’ath.

Syrian Ba’ath was in opposition to parliamentary powers. Afraid of communist/Russian or Syrian conservative alignment with U.S.

So Egypt Union discussed. Nasser at peak of his success. Nationalized Suez, snubbed British, French, Israelis. No alternative for Ba’athists.
#

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SECTION 12 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:20:00.001-07:00

Photo from University of Mississippi website exhibitoronline.com shows James Meredith in September of 1962. He was the first black student to enter and graduate from the university in those days of battle for the American civil rights movement.

In photo, Meredith is holding the newspaper that was on news racks the day he entered university. For Meredith to be admitted, the U.S. Supreme Court had to issue a ruling, and President John F. Kennedy had to order troops to the scene. Nonetheless, deadly riots broke out. Mississippi's then-gov. Barnett was trying to maintain racial segregation in Mississippi.

Even after Meredith was on campus, he was harassed by white, segregationist students day in, day out. It's a twisted American story altogether. (The university eagerly denounces segregationism today, teaches the school's history accurately and encourages African-American students to apply.)

You need to be careful while studying the 1960s because there is both romantic myth and ugly reality in the popular stories told in 2010.

Reality. Note headlines on paper for that 1962 day; terror in Cuba, terror at home. The 1960s were years of genuine fear for the United States and the world. If you want to learn about American terrorism, revisit events of the 1960s.

Today is January 17, 2010. Tomorrow is MLK day, a federal holiday. Martin Luther King, of course, was assassinated April 4, 1968 in Tennessee.

This posting only opens a small door on the 1960s. More terror notes about 1960s are on the way at this same address...Tune in:

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SECTION TWELVE POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 1990

NATIONALISM
THURSDAY
MAY 10, 1990

Since 1945, U.S. Foreign Policy Aims of World Stability. The strategy for attaining world stability changes in accordance with the changes in the power balance. The right to national freedom is not a U.S. foreign policy goal. It is an aftermath occurring as a consequence of the changing pattern of power.

Feb 1945 to Aug 1945 (Yalta to Potsdam), America saw a power equilibrium.

Truman agreed to “transfer” 2 million ethnic Germans from Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland back to Germany with no compensation. American embarrassment.

Einstein, Fermi, Oppenheimer all Jewish, also Teller.

America had unique diplomatic power, military and economic, too.

French, English, Arabic, Spanish, Russian the five official languages of official diplomacy.

Ford Memorandum of 1975:

• American Veto of all punitive measures against Israel
• Non-recognition of PLO. Read PLO charter pg. 116

#

1.40, 1.30: 2.70; Crackers 3.00 Cigs 6.00 Coffee 2.00 NORT. Creamer – later maybe – Call Oded

#

MATERIAL FOR FINAL STARTS HERE
TERRORISM [this word in Hebrew in 1990 notebook]
MAY 14, 1990
LECTURE

Terrorism since 1960s…

Differs because of modern communications. Captured imagination of world and became important subjectively. If one is objective, terrorism is still a small group phenomenon.

Terrorism since 60s took place in a permissive age. Has chance to gain some legitimacy. Leftist rhetoric re-emerged as a potent force. Marxism in a modern form re-emerged. The cold war and the involvement of nation-states. Wars by proxy. Terrorism several steps below nuclear conflict in superpower conflict. Use of intelligence networks, etc. Also, terrorism became international; Palestinians, Japanese, Germans operated in alternative international locations. Finally the emergence of world communication network. Propaganda by deed was a 19th Century concept, but used more effectively now. However, it is still a big myth that it is on the decline. Slowly being phased out. But several new categories of terrorism arose. Three out of five: Terrorism of new left, Latin America and Middle East. Also nationalist–separatist, neo-fascism.

NEW LEFT – least expected, least precedented. SLA in America, for example. Young, university radicals. 1968 encyclopedias didn’t even have an entry on Terrrorism. It was outdated. In 1935, there was an entry.

How did terrorism emerge in the modern, democratic world? In 1950s avant-Garde thought we had reached the end of ideology in era following War.

Delegitimization of post-war western structures, new effect of modern terror.

New left was never very organized, which was both its strength and weakness. 1960s were student revolt years. New left had an influence. New left itself has several stages of radicalization. Major target the idea of cold war; Stalinism and western democracy portrayal of leftism as Soviet monopoly.

C. Wright Mills – ideology of new left. He said classical Marxism Leninism and classical liberalism are conservative. Do not address modern problems. Nuclear holocaust emminant! Wrote THE POWER ELITE. Military-Industrial Complex term of Eisenhower coined in 1960.

POWER ELITE – says major decisions in Soviet u made by same, small group. Decisions made according to their interests. New movement of ideas needed.

Mystique of the Third World; new idea of “positive neutralism”. Indonesia Bandug Conference in 1955; Neuru of India, Nasser of Egypt and Tito of Yugoslavia. Formation of non-aligned groups; thus, Positive Neutralism.

Tremendous guilt in West about colonialism, imperialism, so it became popular.

In 1958, mass movement in England. Anti-nuclear movement. Civil rights movement begins in U.S. simultaneously, also associated with left, religion, non-violence.

This created at start of 60s an orientation in student new-left.

Princeburough, North Carolina. Feb. 1, 1960. Four black students enter greensburough Dept. Store whites only Cafeteria. Told to leave and refuse. Introduced idea of “sit-in”. Hundreds in 15 southern cities joined, mostly blacks, some whites.

This early activity contributed to change in mid-south, but in deep south resentment crystallized.

Freedom Rides between blacks and whites, on buses. Creation of SNCC – student non-violent coordination committee. Not radical, exception in regard to civil rights. King-like ideas of non-violence.

SDS – students for a democratic society established. Long statement in Port Huron by President Tom Hayden. Manifesto of Michigan Sociology Graduates.

Port Huron statement important, and rather brilliant document. Attacked the American establishment, military industrial complex, but, more important, critiques of civil condition. Discrimin. Danger of nuclear war. Said American parties too materialistic, not idealistic. Introduced important concepts; participatory democracy. Powerful Symbol of new left. Protest against the authoritarian treatment of University students, campus situation. Called the university a community of Controversy which they want to be.

SNCC and SDS became Spear-heads after 1962, entered extra-parliament politics. Talking about Rebellious politics, as not to work within establishment:

1) Mississippi Summer
2) Berkeley
3) Freedom and Democratic Party

1) Mississippi Summer – Voter Reg. drives. Many badly beaten. Met Ku Klux Klan. Killing of 3 students by local sheriff.

#

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SECTION 13 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:15:00.000-07:00

Syrian Michel Aflaq. This image of original painting was posted on Wikipedia under subject of 1950s Syrian Ba'athis, or Aflaq and Bitar. Original art composed by Sconosciuto, made in Iraq about 1954. This work is likely still considered under the legal protection of 2010 Iraq.

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SECTION THIRTEEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 14, 1990

Syria – lecture
Monday
May 14, 1990

1954 – 58 – Second democratic era.

Ba’athists had their problems with the communists, and the Western powers. 1956 they joined the Syrian government. Only to push an Egyptian-Syrian coalition, though.

(Books on Ba’athists: Abu Jaber, John Devlin)

This was to legitimize the Ba’athists, in fact

19th Ce. Romantic liberalism, socialist and fascist ideas; eclectic mixture in Ba’athist party. Humanitarian nationalism. Contradictions in ideology. State ownership –vs- small capitalism. Democracy –vs- strong leadership. Aflaq and Bitar were not leaders, really, but theorists. When Syria-Egypt talks on UAR commenced, Army officers sympathetic to Ba’ath went, not actual Ba’athists.

Ba’athists were secular, but had non-Sunni sectarian support. Many still see it as an anti-Sunni party.

Free elections of 1954: Syria was never in a position to make foreign policy decisions because no agreements in Syria between political parties. Not before 1958, anyway.

First Prime Minister 1954: Sabri al-Asakli – joined the nat. block in 56. with Vichy. In 1943 elected to Syrian Parliament. Kept close, secret relations with Hashemite Iraq (which means the Lebanese press published it!) Also, with Egypt and Saudi – the enemies of Hashemite Iraq! Could form any coalition he wished. Did so, in fact. Between National Bloc, people’s party, this was a “status Quo” arrangement.

Why no meaningful Syrian Union with other Arab nations:

1) Syrians can’t give up claim to Arabism, Arab-Unity still.
2) Till 1966, every Syrian politician benefited from meddlers. No more bribes or easy money.

More personal, regional politics than anything during this period in Syria. Much fermentation in Army. Oct., 1956 – first Syrian-Soviet Armistice, under al-Quwatli.

Dec. 56 – peoples party leave govt. leaves National Bloc and Ba’athists. Communist supported this union from sidelines.

Abd al-Hamid Sarraj – intelligence chief in Syrian military

Afif al-Bizri – Supporter of Communists.

Army in process of sympathizing with Ba’athists.

QUIZ WEDNESDAY
#

MAY 16, WED.
SYRIA LECTURE

1956 – Syria was in a catch. On one hand, Army officers though Western powers would meddle in Coup scenarios. Or, afraid of military attack from mid-east country BACKED by West.

Also thought Communists in Syria would get upper hand, or Soviets would do it.

Ba’athists saw this paranoia in Army and wanted to take advantage for their own use. Needed an outside force. Could only be Egypt.

No politician correctly read the intentions of Nasser. Each legitimate regime had to be…

1) Sunni
2) Arab (excludes Iran, Turkey)
3) Republic, socialist
4) Non-Aligned

…to qualify as a cooperative force with Egypt.
#

Syria Paper:

Was there a coalition between Iran and Syria and reasons WHY?

Why did Syria prefer a non-Arab ally?

Try to find Circumstantial evidence, informal treaty.

Planes over Iraq
Syrian border

1. Read 5 or 6 sources on war
2. Based

#
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SECTION 14 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:10:00.001-07:00

Che Guevara in 1951 Argentina. He was then about 22. This photo from Wikipedia entry on Guevara. I did not want to use the more common photo of Guevara here because it's too familiar already, often used today for politically-charged material, outright political nonsense and various jokes.

He was just one of many radicals running around in those days, though. Most of them were intellectually-driven activists, in favor of violence and separatism in many cases, and personally conflicted at stages.

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#

SECTION FOURTEEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 17, 1990
THURSDAY
TERRORISM (The word “terrorism” in Hebrew, but no point in displaying here.)

Radicalization of the American New left: SNCC, SDS.

Between 62 – 64, both organizations moved toward “insurgent politics”.

Mississippi Freeedom and Democratic Party MFDP – created by SNCC after voter reg. drive. Worked through democrats. 1964: Democratic Convention. MFDP. Ask that official Dem. Party was racist and not valid. LB Johnson needed votes of states, but party remained the same. MFDP only offered 2 delegate seats. Senator Hubert Humphrey was no help, either. Activists blamed the entire system, not just the South.

Berkeley – between 9/64 – 1/65, student demonstrations shut down the University. Free speech issue. University issue. Greatly attached to a cultural revolution. Students wanted out of the “Authoritarian System”

War in Vietnam: Single most important radicalization event. Gulf of Tonkin resolution passed in ’64 by both houses. Bombing of North Vietnam started. Argument was that North Vietnamese were helping rebels in South Vietnam. Supposed to bomb factories , but at the high altitude, no precision. Large #’s of civilians killed. Television brought pictures to states. Not popular, so the general anti-war movement began. Teach-ins around universities. War could not be defended.

The hard-core of this war movement, the SDS, were already highly critical by end of ’64. The racism together with war convinced them imperialism, capitalism responsible. Draftees or political draftees flocked to university chapters of SDS. Became “Marxized”. Until ’65, wanted to restore democracy. After ’65, questioned democracy as a system. Began to identify with Vietnamese victims. Started marching with Vietnamese flags. Mao, Ho Chi Min, Che Gueverra popular symbols.

Became SYMBOLIC Marxists, to de-legitimize lousy, cruel system. Campuses became inflamed.

SNCC – Carried a bible and a constitution. Non-violent. But after radicalization, disappointments, Stokley Carmichall took leadership. Took the “non-violent” out of SNCC. All the whites kicked out of organization. “We do not need wishy-washy whites”. Black power. Great identification with African struggles. 1967, bigger confrontations began increasing in univ.

Spring of 1968 – Student rebellion at Columbia U., as well as Paris! For nearly 5 weeks, no activity in Paris.

Take-over of President’s office in Columbia. He called the New York Police. Everyone around was hit, so it was a good recruitment tool for the SDS. (SDS planned this)

In president’s office, students found IDA files. Research organization. Studied counter insurgency, defoliation (sp) techniques. Final proof that university was with the administration. Admin. Paid for these studies.

Big media event. Tet offensive began New Years in Vietnam. Mass suicide attack by underground communists. Direct attacks on American facilities. Seen as proof that war could not be won. Even though attackers were killed.

1968, Chicago – “The Vietnam Convention” Mayor Daley orders police to storm in and there was bloodshed, television cameras.

Black Panthers, extremist organization started in Oakland in 1966. From the beginning, it was known that it was not purely defensive. Much unrest in Black Ghettos at time. Black Panthers tried to counter police brutality. Tried to project self-pride. Gave themselves very official titles.

May Day ’67. Black Panthers appear in California legislature with guns. Also at Cornell. Cherished idols of new left.

Eldridge Cleaver wrote SOUL ON ICE, autobiography. Killed @ 20 cops. [?]

Liked Frantz Fanon.

Between ’68 – ’70, some shoot-outs. They were the purist revolutionaries. They smeared the white liberals. During trial, the BERNSTEINS raised $$ for defense.

The Weathermen – next time.

#

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SECTION 15 OF 18: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, 1990

2010-06-30T09:08:00.001-07:00

ХОЛОДНАЯ ВОЙНА, in Russian, or "Cold War," as it is spelled in English. The Cold War was still in force when I arrived in Jerusalem in the summer of 1989 to study at The Hebrew University, still a lively topic of academic perplexity and debate. I was quizzed on Cold War issues far too many times to count as an American student.

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In this classic photo, Soviet tanks face U.S. tanks at Checkpoint Charlie on October 27, 1961. I was born in 1964, so for us kids this was always life as we learned it, Europe as we saw it. Berlin Crisis 1961 photo was found on Wikipedia site, Cold War entry.

SECTION FIFTEEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 17, 1990

Internationalism – lecture
Thursday
Exam 5/18 on only INTERNATIONAL
TOPIC: The Global System after 1945.
THEME: How the World War and Cold War were instrumental in propelling a global political orientation away from the idea of nationalism. (True cooperation among nations on a transnational basis)

On Exam – Know material in handbook. Read from page 54. For example, on Yalta Conference. What Iron Curtain idea is, cold war idea, Truman doctrine. Must answer 20 terms out of 30, a few lines for each. Marshal Plan, etc.

Reading pg 35-68, on general. Pg 65-71 for this lesson

• UNITED NATIONS NOT an organization of true cooperation.
• The league tried, but failed.
• The Marshall Plan, NATO succeeded.
• Warsaw pact, no. Russia took all of the decisions.

Also, concept of integration – as what Europe is attempting.

NATIONALISM EXALTS THE NATION

Pluralistic states – which have a plurality of nationalities.

At Potsdam, exaltation of the nation above others was forbidden. Germany forbidden self-determination. Under allied control.

• No peace agreement at end of war; Germany was dictated terms.

1945 on – the decline of nationalism #

May 20, 1990
Syria Readings

Syrian Political Parties up to independence…

1) What characteristic marked Syrian Political parties?

Excessive individualism. There was not party discipline or cohesion. The first real parties were during the French Mandate.

2) What did the National Bloc do in the Syrian Parliament (constituent assembly) in 1928?

They provided initiative and organization. Though they were the minority. When the Assembly’s draft of the new Syrian constitution was presented to the French and rejected, the Bloc refused to compromise. In 1930, the assembly was dissolved and a constitution was imposed by the French.

3) What was the national Pact?

Group of Syrian nationalists who in 1935, 36, demanded independence, the union of all of Syria except Lebanon, the end of Zionism, and a ban on all parties except the block.

4) Describe characteristics of Syrian Parties;

• The Bloc – only an alliance as long as there was a common foe. Broke up after the French left.
• The Syrian Social Nationalists – believed in a distinct Syrian nationalism. Promoted the natural unity of geographical Syria. Called for the nationalization of resources. Separation of religion and the state. Members included women – open to all. Continued later. #

Internationalism, Nationalism

On exam, know concepts like: IMF, Cold War, OEEC, Marshal Plan, Truman Doctrine, George Kennan, Bedelli-Smith.

1) How did the Cold War begin? Pg 63
2) America’s response to the Cold War fluctuates between unilateral and international (not bilateral) action.

Theme: Why was the Cold War instrumental in propelling the global system towards INTERNATIONALISM?

Americans skipped “Bi-lateralism”. England did not.

• Israel skipped From Unilateralism to international system.

Pgs 72 – 74 for next week 75 – 76
#

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SECTIONS 16, 17: HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES, MAY 21, 1990

2010-06-30T09:04:00.000-07:00

Top photo: Skulls pic taken by Adam Carr in 2005, posted on British Wikipedia. These Khmer Rouge victims died between 1975-1979 in Cambodia. Certainly, the Khmer Rouge was a full-blown regime of genocide AND terrorism for Asia in the late 20th Century. I can't help thinking people were not expecting to see this in the 1970s. We in the West were still getting used to life without Nazis.

Second photo: In this incredible find from Wikipedia, image shows Chinese Communist leader Mao, at right, greeting Che Guevara, at left, in Beijing in 1960. Asian man in background unidentified. The photo is at risk of editorial deletion at the still-standing request of the Aug. 2009 Cuban government.

The photo should strike you as somehow false, though, because it was more propaganda than anything else. In this regard, one needs to be a little careful in studies of terrorism or understandings of authoritarian regimes.

Guevara today is not considered a classic terrorist by today's academics, but he enthusiastically favored rebel actions and groups in his travels and through other means. Mao, in a far different corner of the globe, was routinely characterized by historians and Asian neighbors as a dictator, a deadly nightmare for much of rural China.

There are mixed feelings by commentators around the globe, though, on both men shown above. It's certainly difficult to find academic agreement in the affected regions.(Terrorism has grown increasingly propagandist by 2010, incidentally.)

In the next post, I get into the last available Mideast lectures of 1990, fractured then as they remain today. Arafat was still in Jerusalem in 1990, of course.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com
Parting note: This post has a variety of lecture, reading notes. While most are today available through research, I found it a bit difficult to find much information on South American terrorists of the 1960s on the internet in 2010. Especially the Brazillian terrorists cited in these 1990 notes below:

SECTION SIXTEEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES

MAY 21, 1990
TERRORISM

New left, continued…

Identification with Mao, Marx, Che Guevarra. Huge Psychodrama.

In 67, after 6-day war, the war was won. Everything was [?] @ right and wrong. “It took me a year to figure out what was going on.” - prof on his time as a grad student in the U.S.

1964 – Black Ghettos erupted. Violence bred violence and led eventually to terrorism. The V. war itself as played on television, and the protests emerged in this atmosphere.

Spring of 1968, the peak of Violence. Highest point of the Anti-War movement.

The Weathermen – leading figure was Dohrm. Mark Rudd second. Jewish background.

May 1970, U.S. invaded Cambodia. Intensified protests. Kent State, 4 students shot. In the South, black students killed. N.Y. police station, Army research center bombed by Weathermen. Freed Timothy Leary, from a California prison. He joined Eldridge Cleaver in Algeria. 1974 – PRARIE FIRE – book that admitted to weaknesses in Weathermen movement, after a low-profile of 3 years or so.

SLA – BLA

Symbionese Liberation Army – founded in California, 1974. Continuation of Black Panthers, mixed membership. (Actually started in Vacaville prison, Berkeley students visiting Black inmates. Patty Hearst kidnapping.

Shows that becoming a terrorist is a social process. New American left terrorists from primarily middle class background. In the group, these people developed “groupthink” and emotional dependency.#

TERRORISM
THURSDAY
MAY 31, 1990

Che Guevara – not involved in terrorism. In 1965, he disappeared from public. Went to the Congo where there was civil war.

Tried to apply his revolutionary theory. Decided to go to Bolivia, start Guerrilla movement. Was caught, executed. Castro martyred him, but Bolivians refused to allow body back to Cuba.

His major contribution was symbolic. Died young. Idealistic. Believed in small movements. Intellectual. A real revolutionar.

Mao Ze Dong (sp?) – wrote theories. Guevara didn’t add a lot.

Guevara, “2,3, many Vietnams.” Only way to bring down America, to make a forced over-extension.

Don’t have to wait for all the conditions of a revolution to be present. Most important battles in the countryside – Guerrilla Warfare. Not terrorism. He thought it would damage the cause of the revolution. Build an Army in the countryside. 30-50 skilled revolutionaries could begin the whole thing.

Regis Debray – French idol of young 60s revolutionaries. Son of a very conservative family. Studied philosophy. Studied in Cuba. Gave new expression to Basic Guevara idea. Advocated total class war.

FOCO – focus in English. Debray said the revolutions must start at the focal point. Must establish a FOCO. Then expand the FOCO, and fighting under all conditions. Last, political and military attack on existing regime. No need to consult with anyone, just take decision and go.

Guevara was not very impressed with Debray. Debray eventually imprisoned, but when released renounced terrorism by start of 70s. Today in Mitterrand Govt.

Urban Guerrillas – Big ideas in 70s.

Tapamaros – Uruguay based, conducted terror operations.

Carlos Marighella – Brazillian revolutionary. Not as young as Che. Helped create new myths, models. Wrote the “Mini Manuel of the Urban Guerrilla”. Didn’t start these activities until much later in life. Was in communist party.

ALN – Action for National Liberation
VPR – ?

August, 1968: Marighella published study of Brazillian movement. Turned into a manifesto. Charles Gundrick kidnapped, who was an American diplomat.

Grand strategy of Urban Guerrilla was to bring government to a terrorist level. According to this theory, no government can afford to have terrorism at home. A repressive regime will be PRODUCED, Marighella said.

Instead, military Juntas held continual take-overs.
#

SECTION SEVENTEEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
MAY 31, 1990

NATIONALISM
THURSDAY
MAY 31, 1990

Pg. 77 BAGHDAD PACT

The Cold War as a centripetal force: directing nation-states towards international cooperation

NATO -- 1951 ANZUS – 1951
SEATO – 1954 OAS – 1948
WARSAW PACT – 1955

The impact of the Cold War on Middle East Alliance Formations, the Baghdad Pact, 1955.

The Cold War as a centrifugal force? Why did France leave NATO and develop a separate national defense programme?

Read 71 – 74 79 – 92
#

Evidence of Syrian-Iranian Cooperation in Iran/Iraq War, or….

Winter 1989
From MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
AFTER THE GUNS FELL SILENT: IRAQ IN THE MIDDLE EAST
By Laurie A. Mylroie

“The failure to solve the Palestinian problem undermines the position of Iraq’s allies Egypt and Jordan, while promoting the interests of its foes, particularly Syria, Iran’s most important Arab Ally.”

• Fall of 1987 – Sept. – Shift in Israeli support of Iran began. Foreign Minister Shimon Perez called for “a durable ceasefire in the Persian Gulf.”
• A month later, the U.S. made complaints to Israel’s govt. about possible arms sales to Iran.
• Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin was in favor of arms to Iran. (A short time later following the Iran-Contra affair in the U.S. in November of 1986)
• Israeli Defense Ministry then reissued orders banning sales of spare parts for anti-aircraft missiles and airplanes to Iran.
• Israel’s back-off from Iran may have been inspired then by both U.S. pressure and domestic pressure. Also, Iraq may have been moderating in stance toward Israel, a chance Israel did not want to pass up.
• Iraq possessed the most experienced Arab air force, as well. Iran couldn’t even get spare parts after the fall of the Shah, who kept American Equipment (?).
• Iran supported Hizballah in Lebanon with some 5 million a month. Wants to liberate Jerusalem. Targeted Lebanese Jews, Israeli Defense Forces around the Security Zone, which severed Syrian interests.
• Eventually, Israel came to have reservations about kindling the anger of Iraq. Fear of an “Eastern front”
• Iran may have also preferred ties with Syria because of Israeli history of support of Shaw. Israeli contempt for Islamic fundamentalism.
• Iran cooperation with Syria irritates the Syrian-Iraqui rivalry, which works to the benefit of both Iran (then) and Syria.

• Iran shut out all of her regional neighbors through the policy of exporting the revolution, except Syria.

R.K. Ramazan, THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL, Spring ’89, Iran’s Foreign Policy: Contending Orientations
#

NATIONALISM
JUNE 4, 1990

From handbook, 35-43, 54-93, 108-9, pg 116 UNRWA, UNO, Sec Council, IMF, GATT, Comecon, EEC, Statute of Europe (Time span, membership, policy, goals)

? Fukuyama article → Question – Why doesn’t Fukuyama address Racism more completely and why doesn’t he ask what transformations may take place when “liberal democracy” is the universal idea? Totalitarianism again?
#

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FINAL LECTURE NOTES #18, HEBREW UNIVERSITY, JUNE 1990

2010-06-30T09:00:00.000-07:00

Top photo, taken June, 1970 in Amman, Jordan shows from right to left Nayef Hawatmeh, Yasser Arafat and Kamal Nasser holding a press conference. Photo from Al Ahram Weekly, posted on Wikipedia;

Second photo, taken March 21, 1978, shows Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, front, arriving in U.S. at Maryland Air Force base with Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan behind him. Photo taken by U.S. Air Force, posted on Wiki;

Third and fourth photos, also found on Wiki but property of German Federal Archive, show Jerusalem's Grand Mufti Haj Amin al-Hussein with Bosnian SS volunteers in Nov. of 1943, and al-Hussein with Adolf Hitler in Dec. 1941. Photo of Jerusalem's Grand Mufti with Hitler was taken by Heinrich Hoffmann.

These notes from the end of notebook point to patterns, more than anything else. We have not seen a great shift in the Palestinian ideological structure, in my opinion, since these earlier days with Arafat.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com
Syrians have the same problems with dictatorship as do other peoples in the region, but the country must be studied distinctly; Syrians do not consider themselves the same, historically or ideologically, as the surrounding populations and governments. It would not be possible, after study, to liken the interests of Syria with the interests of Iraq or Jordan or Saudi Arabia.

I personally think we make too much of the Islamic world's complaints about Israel. If Israel were to move elsewhere next week, Cairo would still be Cairo, Damascus would still be Damascus, etc. I think we in the West need to let them resolve their own problems with one another.

We need to let the Palestinians examine themselves closely, their finances, encourage them to quit leaning on others.

The United States and other Mideast states are not helping Palestine by pretending sympathy all the time, throwing more cash at them each year. They would benefit from a slow, well-regulated stoppage of cash aid from the U.S. (The exchange of funds between the PLO, Hamas and various donors lack transparency. So, in 2010, we lack accurate information about Palestinian accounting.) I initially wanted to say the same about Israel, but changed my position. Israel's financial records are relatively open for study, easier to negotiate. Aid to Israel goes more toward the cost of defense against Islamic states in the region, not the local peace process, if my understanding is correct.

Whatever the numbers, we're retarding Palestinian economic progress, their negotiations with Israelis. I don't think there is a peace process in 2010 between Israel and Palestine. We need to quit calling it a peace process immediately.

Even if we had all paid civil respect to Islam, I think these areas of the East will continue to meet tragedy until they adopt a new philosophy. A philosophy more respectful of economic realities, commercial variety, and a philosophy less welcoming to dictatorship in general.

A new style of government for the Islamic world does not have to copy the lifestyle or history of Europe, the United States or Israel. Such government only needs to maintain non-violent, open economic relations with the liberal-democratic states. Freedom of speech would engineer the Islamic world's disputatious path to this end.

Having said that, no country has an easy ride to long-term wealth or stability, including the United States. The Palestinians must see this fact.

SECTION EIGHTEEN POST
HEBREW UNIVERSITY NOTES
JUNE 1990

TERRORISM
MONDAY
JUNE 4, 1990

Latin American Terrorism – Large organizations

The corrupt regime of Bautista collapsed. Big impact.

PLO, MIDDLE EAST TERROR

Product of the Israeli occupation. Started out as “Terrorism as a practice”.

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem – Haj Amin al-Hussein. 1920s. Responsible for the beginnings of Anti-Zionist terror.

Sheik Iz a dim al Kassen – Muslim preacher, graduated from a Cairo University. In anti-French revolt in Syria. Hated Jews and British in Palestine. Began preaching around Haifa – organized THE BLACK HAND. 1929 – 1935. Went underground in 1935 and began to strike again. After Battle with British, Sheik was killed and thousands and thousands came to funeral. Fedaiim (sp) associated with this.

1936-1939 – The Great Arab Revolt. Strengthened the Jewish community.

Nashashibis – as patriotic as the Husseinis, but moderate. Conflict. So more Arabs died of terror than Jews.
#

SYRIA – LECTURE
JUNE 4, 1990

1) What happened to the ba’ath party from 1963 to 1966?

Struggle over the future of Syria divided the party. Many executed, so divided the party. Many executed, so Assad’s rivals were thinned out. 3 Syrian main groups:

A) People who advocated progressive independence. Nasserism without Nasser.
B) Nasserites
C) Ba’athists

Ba’athists believed the economy, Israel affair needed change. Economy was developed under the state.

Beginning of two trends: Left-wing Ba’athists toward Marxism, U.S.S.R. Anti-American, nationalization. Ideologically independent from other Arab countries. Idea of a “popular struggle”.

Al-Fatah (PLO) originated in Syria in line with these ideas above. Later, they joined with the PLO.

Other trend: more moderate, less dogmatic, Aflaq, Bitar. They were prepared to compromise. Emphasized less dependence on U.S.S.R., low profile.

NATIONAL COMMAND: Aflaq, Bitar, Christians. “Moderates”
REGIONAL COMMAND: Alawites, Sunnis. Aminal-Hafiz, Jadid. “Radical”

Also a “far left”. Late ’64, regional command took over Syria. A lot of infighting. Alawites came to power. Coup in 1966, separated the 2 commands. One Iraq, one Syria.

Each had its own national and regional command.

June 18, 1990 -- presentation.
#

Resemblance between Arab nationalism and Socialism; when did it start and why?

Alawite officers: after Syrian separation from Union, Alawites now identified with independent Syria idea. Legitimate idea now, and traditional minority stand.

Between Army ranks, not much economic diversity.
#

JUNE 7, 1990
THURSDAY
TERRORISM

PALESTINIANS

Tremendous gap in perception of POWER and real power with Palestinians. Two stages, before British withdraw and after. Before, no organization. Elite of society left. They were sure Israel would be invaded after British withdraw. Only the poor stayed.

Pact of Palestinian terror was based on desire for respect. Jordan offered them citizenship, wanted to annex their East Bank. Abdullah’s action, though not recognized by other nations, except de-facto. They were “Arab refugees” to most nations. Arabs wanted to instill guilt. Also convenient for Israel, since they were “refugees” and not a national entity, in eyes of world.

Infiltrators of 1950s; destructive to the Arabs, the low intensity violence.

Israel had to rethink its military conception. Moshe Dayan created Paratroop unit under Ariel Sharon. Attack or retaliate against Egypt and Jordan. 1956 Sinai campaign reduced level of conflict. But this also began the rise of modern PLO terrorism.

This period saw the reconstruction of the Palestinian identity. 1959 the year the PLO created by Shukeiri, Achmed. He worked for other Arab govts, Syria ambassador to United Nations. Young Palestinians saw the Arab states as manipulators. First Palestinian charter.

Nasser was the most admired person in the Arab world in the 1950s. Drove British out of the Suez Canal, major effort in ’56 left Nasser IN power. Symbolized the brave Arab. Palestinians desired to make use of such bravery.

Fatah of Yasser Arafat. Symbolized the reconstruction of the Palestinian identity. General Union of Palestinian Students – GUPS. Success of Algerian revolution big impression on them. Some studied in Algeria – influence of Frantz Fanon (“violence liberates”)

PFLP – Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – George Habash. Very radical in his ideology. Didn’t only speak of the Palestinians, but imperialism, etc. Considered dangerous by established Arab governments. V. Hadad – specialized in skyjacking. 1968, major shift in Habash organization.

Created:

Hawatme – one group, leftist.
PF and P. General Command – Achmad Gibril

N. Hawatme was a Trotskey follower. Wanted to trigger a major revolution in the middle east.

Gibril, to the right of Habash. Didn’t care about ideology. Pro-Syria. Syria believed Palestine should be part of Syria. Gibril a skillful terrorist. Extracted much from Israel.

Also:

Abu Nidal – Fatah Revolutionary Command. Terrorist. Not ideological. Just wants to kill, works for Qaddafi. Saddam Hussein. Syria. A mercenary.

Black September – early ‘70s. Terror wing of Fatah. Named after King Hussein’s campaign against Palestinians in Jordan. Killed the Israelis athletes in 1972 Munich games (11 Israelis killed)

Abu Abbas Organization – small organization considered a part of the PLO, but fairly independent. Killed Klinghoffer, tried the 1990 May Tel Aviv failed beach attack.

Ideology and strategy – Palestinian Charter the major constitution of the organization. Amended in 1968 under Yasser Arafat. Younger generation took over. PLO is a loose federation. Palestinian National Council meets to decide strategies, etc.

1) Palestine belongs to the Palestinians. No validity in international law regarding Palestine.
2) De-legitimization of Zionism. Expulsion of Zionists.
3) Israel should be replaced by an independent, democratic, secular state.
4) Military struggle is a strategy, not a tactic. Main road to the reconstruction of Palestine. Fedayeen action.

Originally a terrorist document. Combination of de-legitimization of Israel and latter point above. When they said “Armed Struggle” they did not just mean Jews. It was a desire to “do it on their own.”

Interpretations of the text have emerged through the years.

Dentonation Strategy – force Arab nations to face Israel in War. It worked: ’67 War.
#

 laundry detergent, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, choco, creamer, coffee, library for books on Syria, internationalism…maybe in terrorism, pg. 93 – Venice declaration in handbook.

# END NOTEBOOK JUNE 7, 1990; TERRORISM, INTERNATIONALISM, SYRIA#

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461: "Simply Einstein..." 2004 reading notes

2010-03-09T14:50:00.000-08:00

Hubble Telescope photo; Photo of Charlie Chaplin and Albert Einstein, 1931, from website of Dr. Andreas Aste, University of Basel.

The Hebrew University (see them online at http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/) will be celebrating Mr. Einstein with events on campus and online through March 2010. Mr. Einstein took personal interest in The Hebrew University, left many of his papers to the Israeli school; my scruffy copy from internet of Einstein's June 30, 1905 paper, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies."

461.

Undated, unpublished reading notes by Lurene Helzer, undated, but likely early 2004 notes.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com

The book (on tape) was “Simply Einstein: Relativity Demystified” by Richard Wolfson, published in late 2003 by W.W. Norton and Co. in New York.

I do not remember why I decided to check out the Wolfson book, but I was obviously looking for something energizing to read in early 2004. I found these notes in scrap box just today, February 28, 2010.

I like such notes for my blogs because it gives people an opportunity to discover the magic of physics and philosophy. While taking these fun notes in 2004, I felt like a child watching cartoons Saturday morning.

I thought I'd studied relativity while at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as a visiting student, but I reviewed my records in July of 2010 and see the class on relativity was actually taken by me at San Francisco State University, Fall 1988. Still, in 2010 I enjoy re-learning Einstein's theories at libraries.

It was a summary course for science-outsiders like me; I did some routine study, but no memorable writing about physics or Albert Einstein while in school. (These quick-style notes should be for glancing only. Those truly curious should examine the book by Mr. Wolfson, or Mr. Einstein's works.)

But the course planted with me a genuine interest in physics and, by extension, philosophy. Physics and philosophy are closely related, as this book cheerfully reminded me once again:

PHYSICS AND PHILOSOPHY

1 -- “THE PROBLEM OF GRAVITY”
PROF. R. WOLFSON

Gen. Theory of Relativity is about gravity. The same laws of physics for all references. The same for all observers. When dealing with acceleration, it changes. Newton laid down general principles of gravity. But unsatisfying for special relativity. Problem with distances, which are not always well defined. Depends on observer. [like consciousness.]

General Relativity – Galileo discovers force of gravity same on two objects. Same acceleration, regardless of mass. The force of gravity proportional to object’s mass. Weight related directly to mass. They fall at same rate – tennis ball and basketball – because one has more gravitational mass than the other.

Einstein said principle of equivalence says effects of gravity and acceleration indistinguishable. Falling ball in elevator example. Astronauts seem weightless because they are accelerating with/inside an object. Both are falling. Uniform motion. We can “eliminate” gravity in free fall. Until one drops, that is.

Freefalling is the closest we can come to the frame of reference to gravity free frame.

EINSTEIN’S RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM REV.

General Theory – theory of gravity, laws of physics same for all observers? No. Un-Uniform, accelerating motion is the case with Einstein’s case scenario.

Newton’s theories don’t work in wider spheres because action is delayed over distance, and distance calculations can be relative to the observer.

Goes back to Galileo, saying things fall at same speed. Force of gravity proportional to its mass.

Inertial Mass – equivalent w/Gravitational mass same thing. “Principal of Equivalence.” This means a man in a falling elevator has same speed of falling than elevator, man, and ball he takes out of his pocket.

Weightlessness in space is because they are all being accelerated at same rate. Falling freely is still under influence of gravity.

OR if one is acting OUTSIDE gravity, in interstellar space, there is weightlessness.

This is what is meant by principle of equivalence.

Free fall is closest we can come to uniformly-moving frame of reference.

Time does not have an objective reality, as is [does] gravity. It’s not real.

Tidal forces are real, falling objects stretch and move closer together. This is dramatic with large sources of gravity. Geometry of space-time forces two balls together as they fall. The geometry of the universe is not normal. It is curved. Ball (curved) vs. flat board (Euclid).

Straightest possible line in curved space-time is how an object moves. That’s why airplane has to use different lines than a falling board.

Parallel straight lines intersect in curved space-time. This is why two falling objects converge as they fall close to earth.

Gravity IS the curve of space-time.

LECTURE #14

What causes space-time to curve? Matter and energy. General theory – published 1914.

Math for curved space-time is non-Euclidian – very complex. This describes laws of physics. Einstein developed this theory by himself. He had to try experimental math, because no way to prove it.

SpaceTime is four-dimensional.

Large and small ball on saran-wrapped surface. The small ball is moving in the straightest possible path in its curved space-time field. This is the geometry of space-time.

So what predictions from relativity? In places where gravity is not weak, where Einstein is relevant, things are different.

Orbital Precession -- Happens in solar system – Mercury. Mercury is closest to sun. Orbital behavior of Mercury just a bit different. 1/100s degree of angle per century.

Neutron Star, very dense, or Pulsars – collapsed stars. Very massive.

Time runs slower where gravity is strong, or space-time is greatly curved. 1960 – 74-foot tower experiment. Saw shift in decay of atom.

Can also see slower emissions from compact bodies like the sun.

This should not be confused with regular time dilation.

This is practical when working with satellites. Relativity is abstract, but relevant.

General relativity predicts light must be bent.

< LIGHT BEAM >

STAR SUN EARTH

Beam of light [represented by arrows above] is bent by gravity.

Gravitational Lensing – Caught by Hubble Space Telescope. Einstein Cross.

Micro Lensing, Gravitational waves, go the speed of light.

Special relativity predicts black holes, too. #

BLACK HOLES

Gravity decreases with distance – its force weakens. Takes finite amount of energy to escape gravity. There is an escape speed – 7 miles a second for earth. Escape speed from sun is more. [400 m – per second from the sun.] After it escapes, it keeps going.

Concentration of mass – works on escape speed. Can be so dense that even light cannot escape.

It takes major compression to make gravity that strong.

A Black Hole – not even light can escape – Gravity too intense.

Event horizon – point of no return by Black Hole.

Gravitational Time Dilation – at event horizon, time dilation infinite.

Russians call them Frozen Stars.

We don’t see what happens past event horizon because of time dilation. They don’t suck things in, but if you run into one, you can’t go back.

You would be crushed inside hole, eventually. But you’re in “infinite future.” – all of eternity has passed back home after you fall into black hole.

Supernovas are the end of stars. We are made from material from Supernova. Can’t sustain itself against its own gravity, which is why it must turn into Frozen Star.

Binary Star system – Black Hole, accretion disk, distorted star, x-rays, as stream.

Newton’s, Einstein’s, laws tell us what a black hole is. Energy emitted is less, or about to be absent.

Black Holes are standard in space. But scientists did not easily accept them. They’re bizarre. Very massive black holes in most or all galaxiesm, including our own. Compact, but contain matter of 40 million plus suns. Quasars may be black holes at heart.

Mass, charge, rotation speed. That’s all they mean. They destroy everything that goes in.

Wormholes may exist though black holes, but who knows? Black holes are simply bizarre. #

INTO HEART OF MATTER

In quantum realm, our language is insufficient. It is more abstract. Realm of philosophy.

Quantum physics: About the nature of matter. Sub-atomic world. Makes the stuff of which we are constructed, and live. Very small, very large. Deep, profound philosophical questions. String theory.

Democritus – atoms, indivisible, made up universe, he said. 460 – 370 bce. Greek. First description of atomic theory. Atoms, he said, indivisible.

1766-1844 John Dalton, arranged elements by atomic weight.

No. of electrons-charged-Atomic No.

Dmitri Mendeleev [Менделеев] 1834 – 1907 Russian

mass of atom is atomic weight.

Mendeleev made Periodic Table of the Elements – by # of electrons. How it reacts w/other atoms. Chemistry.

France:

Becquerel 1852 – 1908; Uranium, film image. Discovered radioactive material.

Curries – discovered other properties of radiation. Discovered atoms are dividable.

Cathode Rays – JJ Thompson, born 1856 – died 1940 – discovered electron.

Lord Kelvin – “Plum Pudding” 1900. Atoms have no charge, but electrons in atom make it neutral??

Matter comes in discrete chunks/packets.

1909-1911 Rutherford in England. Particle tracks. Could not accelerate particles, but used radioactive particles. Gold foil. Geiger was his partner. All alpha particles went through, some did not go through gold foil. Marsten, too, was scientist. They said there must be nucleus in atom that carries most of the mass. 1911. More like a solar system. Now, matter was being discovered more as it is, though it’s still early in science.

Problems: Energy in Rutherford’s atom is not explainable and colors it emits are strange, inconsistent. Also, color shifts. Red – toward yellow – blue – ultra violet. “Ultra-Violet Catastrophe.” #

QUANTUM

Classical physics in question by turn of century. The photoelectric effect, senses light differently.

Quantum Mechanics: Wave or Particle?

Is light a wave or particle? 1629-1695 – Huygens – 1600s – worked on light

Thomas Young 1775-1829 – Wave interference. Slits. Light must be particles…Continue later in notes #

Energy of Light is in Photons. Almost as if light is a particle. Einstein said light behaves like particles. Light bounces, bends, produces color. Wave Interference experiment. Screen and barrier. You get two patterns of semi-circular waves. Places were wave crests and troughs meet. Destructive and constructive interference. Alternating light, dark bands show on screen. Red and green lights have separate patterns. Maxwell, 1860s, showed magnetic fields. Light bundles are photons, Einstein says. So, in 1905, light is dual, in the way that science understood it.

Compton – hit electron with X-rays electromagnetic wave. Classical explanation of scattering. But quantum, says electron hit by photon, photon loses some energy, goes to lower wavelengths. Called “Compton Shift.” This is particle behavior.

So, which is it? Particle or wave? Quantum physics says both.

If you take same barrier, block one slit, no wave behavior. Particle like because you’ve destroyed interference pattern! Alternating bands of light on screen.

So light is wave and particle. No way around it. It does both things. The photons “know” what you’re doing! More likely to find photon with strong light. Probability depends on amplitude of light. The connection between two is fuzzy. Complimentary aspects of the same reality, Niels Bohr. Not contradiction. Never both behaviors, light, particle, at same time. It depends on what you want to do with the light. Complimentary Principle of Light.

This seemed absurd: 1901-1976 Hiesenberg; Can nature be as absurd as it appears to us in these atomic experiments? #

QUANTUM UNCERTAINTY, TAPE 2

Heisenberg uncertainty principle. There’s a limit to the amount of investigation we can do in our investigations, because we affect the result by examining it.

Wave Packet – Broad or narrow, varying frequencies. Broad – Photon not localized, long wavelength, low freq.

Narrow – Photon localized, short wave length, high frequency.

BROAD NARROW

----VVVVV--- ----vvvvv---

Quantum Light Experiment – Shine light on electron. Detect where electron is. “A Thought Experiment.” Localize photon first, interacts with electron. Unfortunately, though, the high frequency electron is disturbed by high energy photon, takes off with unknown velocity.

So, you destroy the information. Can try lower frequency, minimize disturbance. But, photon was not localized, don’t know where electron was, is.

Can’t measure Position and Velocity. Not simultaneously. Not with high precision.

The product of the uncertainty in position with the uncertainty in momentum (mass x velocity) cannot be less than Planck’s Constant h.

▲V – How uncertain? What is velocity and how uncertain is it? = h
M = mass
▲x – Uncertainty of position

M▲X▲V>h

Uncertainty Principle….

Mass /times uncertainty of position/uncertainty of velocity > h Planck’s Constant (33 zeros) 1/1,000,000,000,000…..

It’s the smallness involved in h that makes it so uncertain. You don’t know where anything is.

Logical Positivism – Philosophy that says immeasurable things are not worth talking about. Copenhagen Interpretation. Most physicists subscribe to this interpretation. Or they do quantum mechanics and try not to ponder philosophy of it at all, because Quantum is useful in real world! It makes no sense to say it has a given Velocity.

Language fails us in quantum mechanics. Niels Bohr – Copenhagen position. Electron is uncertain, fuzzy. You can’t give precise information. We can’t determine future behavior. Farewell to the determined, clockwork universe.

Bohr, Einstein disagreed. E. said “God doesn’t play dice.”

“It is hard to sneak a look at God’s cards, but that he would play dice with the world is something I cannot believe for a single moment.”

Other physicists, philosophers working still on Einstein.

Many now say it looks like E. was wrong. It looks like Quantum Mechanics has given us a new, strange philosophical picture of the world. Very imprecise, fuzzy. #

PARTICLE OR WAVE

Light is both particle and wave. But matter? 1923 de Broglie. Wavelength of particles associated with particle.

H – Planck’s Constant
Wavelength = ―
MV – Particle mass times its speed

There’s a limit to how much you can subdivide things. Wavelength is difference between two wavecrests: ~~~~~

Light travels in wavelengths far different than the wavelengths of sound. Light is pretty small.

Even a moving tennis ball has a wavelength, small, we do not notice, because it’s matter. But for atoms, or electron, the wavelength is comparable to the size of the object itself. Quantum effects. Absolute Zero temperature will slow down wavelength activity. Low-Temp Physics – Double slit experiment. So, light and matter are both wave and particle. Beautiful symmetry. Both light and matter have aspects of wave behavior.

Erwin Schrodinger 1887-1961

1926, E.S. came up with equation for matter waves. It gives us probability that we’ll find particle, or electron. Where wave is big, we’ll find matter particle. This is view of Quantum Physics. Classical physics wanted particle behavior equation and wave behavior equation. Now, the wave equation told us probability of finding a particle.

We gain understanding of orbits in atoms for electrons. Allowed orbits, strings that connect.

Quantum Tunneling – Matter wave easily found between barriers. Harder to find particle outside barrier.

Quantum Tunneling device – coral – using absolute zero temps. Trap electrons inside barrier.

Matter wave – continuous. Wavelength, hence velocity, precisely known. Infinite uncertainty about where particle is. But wave packet, position well known. Have to use many wavelengths, though. So you can’t measure both wave and particle aspects simultaneously. Uncertain and fuzzy. #

SCHRODINGER’S CAT AND QUANTUM WEIRDNESS:

Super-position state. Wave nature is important. Two waves is a superposition. Ambiguous states. Electron is in a superposition when talking about waves. Can’t have an atom in between, electron. Lower or upper. Mix of two possible positions of electron.

But measuring it forces it into one of two states. Wave behavior vanishes. What, then, does measurement mean? It interacts with system itself! Forces system in definite state.

So, process of measurement destroys what you were trying to gauge. Lose old properties of system. When you are not looking at it, you put atom in a definite place. Before, it was equally likely to be in either of 2 places.

Can this have bearing on macroscopic world? Schrodinger’s Cat experiment. This is example of Quantum laws affecting every day world because 50/50 chance of cat dying of radioactive effects. Random Event. Not clockwork. Not deterministic. No going deeper than 50/50 in quantum world. [note from Lurene: I’ve never quite accepted this theory, but enjoy learning about it.]

But according to Copenhagen school, it’s in both places. Cat is half-dead, half-alive. Strict interpretation. But if you open the box, it determines a posit. Because when you open box, wave system is collapsed. Then, further question of cat’s consciousness as part of quantum system.

Does universe bifurcate between two possibilities? Does universe split into each possible outcome? Multiple universes, one for each outcome possible? Put yourself in cat’s position? Many world theory. Both/all universes are realized each time I open the box. Logically consistent with quantum physics.

Where is boundary between classical and Quantum? Where is mid-scale – is that where consciousness is? Between the classical, Quantum world system of physics?

EINSTEIN, PODOLSKY, ROSEN EXPERIMENT –

Particle with undetermined spin. If I determine spin as up, right is down. Before it went through detector, though, it was indeterminate. As if the two particles communicate. Copenhagen interpretation of Q. Mechanics.

In 1964 in Switzerland, John Bell, put second spin detector in play. Showed spin is created by measurement itself. Now, different locations in Switzerland show same dynamic. [For example, measuring spin of particle in Hayward determines spin orientation of particle in Fremont. ]

“Spooky action at a distance,” said Einstein.

We don’t know what the spin is going to be, however. Somehow, 1st and 2nd particle, even at a distance, are connected in Quantum way. Big realization for theosophy and philosophy, especially. ##

THE PARTICLE ZOO

By 1990s, complete theory developed. Particle physics. The structure of matter; Molecules; Atoms; electron; electron appears to be structureless.

Can’t take it apart. Building block of universe probably. Lasts forever. Rutherford.

Nucleus is atom, composed of nucleons, which are Protons (H) and Neutrons (neutral). Protons, neutrons made up of Quarks. Quarks carry fractional electron charge. Up and down Quarks. Gives each a charge. Quarks are probably structureless. Quarks and electrons. Quarks up or down charge. Electrons, quarks fundamental building blocks of universe. Neurons not stable.

Quarks/Anti-Quarks = Mezzans.

All this held together by “force.” 3 fundamental forces:

1) Gravity. Weakest force. Geometry of Spacetime. More apparent in presence of enormous bodies of matter.
2) Electroweak Force, electromagnetic force, magnetic force, weak force-nuclear. Aspect of force.
3) Color Force – Binds Quarks. Can’t do this. Does not decrease with distance. So you will never see an isolated quark.

Standard model: Leptons, neutrinos – which hardly interact with matter at all. Very small mass. Particles in Standard Family model:

1st Family 2nd 3rd

Up Quark charmed Quark Top Quark

Down Quark Strange Quark Bottom Quark

Electron Muon Tan

Electron- muon-neutrino tan neutrino (2)
Neutrino (1)

(1) All necessary for standard matter, approximately
(2) Tan neutrino can oscillate to other neutrino forms to left, i.e., electron-neutrino or muon-neutrino

Only the first family stable. Other two play modest, unstable role. Early universe had more role for 2nd, 3rd family.

Force carrier – Virtual photon → Photon. Virtual photon is temporary particle. Other force carrying particles – W, Z boson, gluon for color force. Gravitation for gravity force.

Graviton is a shady subject in quantum. Particle accelerator in Switzerland will shed more light on these particles. [March 9, 2010 note from Lurene: We presume.] #

COSMIC CONNECTIONS

Our universe is expanding, and has certain beginning. Edwin Hubble – 1889-1953 – finds all galaxies moving away. Further away, moving faster. Knew this from sound wave frequencies – Doppler effect.

 what happened in past if galaxies are expanding, 12-15 billion years ago, Universe began – big bang.

Theory – Cosmic Microwave Radiation. 1960s. Cosmic Microwave Background remnants. Fuzz on television is this. Very old.

Advances in particle physics – confirmed big bang theory.

Universe starts out incredibly dense. Cosmic Timeline: Planck time, Quantum Gravity…Cosmic inflation…Protons, Neutrons form…Helium Nucliei form…etc.

Universe overall 75% Hydrogen, Helium, etc.

Then, Atoms form after Nuclei are formed. Universe emits electromagnetic radiation. Fossil remnant of universe still there now. 100 million years after B. Bang, galaxies form. 5 billion years ago – Earth forms. 10 Billion, 15 Billion years out, intelligence forms. Many physicists believe it is natural outcome of matter made intelligence in lots of other places, too.

Cosmic Futures – Universe expands forever. Spacetime curved OR just barely expands forever OR universe eventually collapses.

Expansion could be accelerating, too. Recycled Einstein theories that he threw out.

Dark Matter – We do not know what it is. Most of matter we don’t even know about, probably. We might be insignificant.

We are children of big bang. Star children, literally.

Dyson – said intelligence could continue to exist and communicate with itself. Princeton.

Intelligence once established continues to exist.#

TOWARD A THEORY OF EVERYTHING

We have no idea of WHY things are as they are. WHY? Why are there 3 forces? We DO have Theory of Relativity, and Quantum Physics. We don’t have theory that puts those 2 together. We’ve never had reason to have to use them together.

“Quantum Gravity” is this theoretical missing discipline. When would this matter? At center of Black Hole.

Richard Feynman – 1918-1988 – Quantum electrodynamics – Theory of Physical Reality. Other than black hole, beginning seconds of universe Quantum gravity would be relevant, if we could do it.

History of Physics – Unification of Physical Forces

Things are more complex now than they were at beginning.

1. Gravity
2. Electricity
3. Magnetism

Electricity and Magnetism lead to Electromagnetism. From there, we see Electroweak Force, Weak Force in Nuclear Reactions, important to Sun, Color Force (Binds Quarks), Theory of Grand Unified Force, THEORY OF EVERYTHING….

Force underlying all others, String Theory.

String, vibrates, Planck length, all matter. Tiny, tiny entities. Nothing smaller. 1970 theory. 1995 stunning breakthroughs in String Theory.

Strings vs. Particles. If particles were loops of string, interaction is continuous. No unique point in spacetime.

String theory – 10 space dimensions, one time. THE ELEGANT UNIVERSE.

11 dimensions in total instead of 4, like compactified tube. Curled up. Strings vibrate.

Is this the end of physics? No. We still use classical physics, usually. Also, there may be other eras with new realities, and dark matter. Also, there is a rich future unfolding.

Probably no conceivable end to physics. ## END OF ALL TAPES/COURSE

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GENESIS, OUTLINE, 1985

2010-01-24T08:12:00.000-08:00

Unpublished outline for biblical book of Genesis, January 11, 1985, instructor Barbara Pope, Interdisciplinary Studies in Letters and Science (ISLS) program, Chabot College, Hayward, CA, by Lurene Helzer.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com

This was not a religious course. We worked on the first book of the bible to get insight on Western thought.

Photo by Lurene Helzer, Palm Springs, CA, 2005.

Genesis Outline
1-11-85
Lurene Helzer
ISLS B. Pope 2108

I. The Creation

A) The first seven days
B) God creates Adam and Eve

II. Adam and Eve are driven from the garden

A) Adam and Eve eat the forbidden fruit and learn good from evil

III. Cain and Abel are born

A) God favors Abel’s sacrifice
B) Cain kills Abel
C) Cain is cursed by God and driven out to Nod
D) Lamech kills Cain
E) Seth is born from Eve

IV. God sees wickedness in the world

A) God finds virtue in Noah
B) Noah builds an ark, as God requests
C) Noah takes two of each animal and his family and lives on the ark while it rains for 40 days and nights

V. Noah starts new generations on the earth

A) God makes a covenant with Noah; the rainbow. He promises to never again destroy the earth by flood

VI. Noah’s son, Ham, covers Noah’s nakedness.

A) Ham’s son, Canaan, is cursed.

VII. The Tower of Babel

A) The people try to build the tower to reach heaven
B) God gives them all different languages, so that they can not build the tower

VIII God promises Abram a nation

A) Abram takes Lot with him, and Sarai, his wife
B) They go to Canaan
C) Abram goes to Egypt, because of a famine in the land

VIII. Abram lies to the Egyptians to save his life

A) Abram tells the Egyptians that his wife is his sister
B) The Egyptians give Abram gifts, since Sarai is fair
C) God plagues the Egyptians
D) Abram leaves Egypt when the Pharaoh finds out what the problem is

IX. Abram and Lot Separate

A) The land is not rich enough to support them both; the herdsman fight
B) Lot goes east

X. Lot goes to Sodom

A) The people in Sodom are wicked
B) Meanwhile, God promises land to Abram and his offspring. Abram moves to Mamre in Hebron.

XI. Lot is taken captive by the people of Sodom and Gomorrah

A) Abram learns of Lot’s captivity and rescues him and his goods
B) The kings offer Abram food and wine. Abram refuses. Does not want them to say “I made Abram rich.”

XII. God promises Abram a son

A) God tells Abram he will have as many children as there are stars in the sky he can count
B) Makes a covenant with God – The promised land which is spoken of in Exodus [Genesis 15:13]

XIII. Abram has a child by Hagar

A) Sarai becomes jealous – Hagar flees
B) An angel tells Hagar to return and call the child Ishmael. The child is prophesized to be violent.

XIV. God makes a covenant with Abraham about the promised land.

A) All of his children to be circumcised, or any children bought with his money.

XV. Sarah overhears that she will bear a child, and laughs.

A) Sarah denies laughing

XVI. Abraham bargains with God for the Sake of Sodom

XVII. Lot is given mercy so he may escape from Sodom

A) God tells Lot and his family not to look behind them when they run
B) Lot’s wife looks over her shoulder and turns into a pillar of salt

XVIII. Lot’s daughters bear children from him while he is sleeping

XIX. Abraham again tells people that Sarah is his sister and brings punishment to them. Then god forgives them

XX. Sarah bears a son to Abraham

A) Hagar flees with her son and leaves him to die
B) God saves them both with water

XXI. God tempts Abraham

A) God tells Abraham to sacrifice his son
B) Abraham attempts to do so – as god commands
C) He is stopped, and then blessed for being faithful to God

XXII. Abraham purchases Machpelah to bury Sarah
XXIII. Abraham makes a covenant with his servant to find a wife for Isaac

A) Abraham promises the Servant Freedom from the promise if he can’t find a woman to follow him
B) The servant finds Rebekah, and she marries Isaac

XXIV. Abraham dies

A) He gives everything to Isaac
B) Abraham is buried next to his wife

XXV. Rebekah has twins

A) Esau becomes a hunter
B) Jacob dwelled in tents and was a “plain man”
C) Esau sells his birthright to Jacob in exchange for food (Jacob is near death)

XXVI. Jacob steals Esau’s blessing of Isaac

A) Jacob tricks Isaac into blessing him with the help of his mother
B) Esau is told he must serve his brother all his life
C) Esau plans to slay his brother
D) Jacob leaves until his brothers wrath subsides

XXVII. Jacob wins Rachel

A) Jacob has to also marry Leah
B) Leah bears children but Rachel can’t
C) Rachel finally bears Joseph

XXVIII. Jacob leaves Laban and is pursued by him

A) Rachel steals her father’s belongings
B) Laban and Jacob make a covenant with each other, and separate

XXIX. Jacob is blessed
XXX. Jacob meets with Esau

A) Jacob gives Esau gifts
B) They Separate

XXXI. Dinah is sought by Shechem and defiled

A) The males of the city are circumcised so they can marry Dinah
B) Rachel’s brothers kill them for defiling Rachel

XXXII. Rachel dies
XXXIII. Joseph’s brothers are consumed with jealousy

A) They sell Joseph to Ishmeelites
B) Jacob thinks Joseph is dead

XXXIV. Joseph is falsely imprisoned

A) Joseph interprets dreams
B) Joseph is sent to Interpret the Pharaoh’s two dreams

XXXV. Joseph is given power over Egypt

A) Gives food during famine
B) His brothers come to buy food
C) Joseph accuses them of being spies

XXXVI. Joseph detains his brothers
XXXVII. Joseph sends for Jacob
XXXVIII. Jacob departs for Egypt
XXXIX. Jacob’s illness
XL. Return to Canaan prophesized
XLI. The burial of Jacob

--30--

Okay Lurene, this is a good, detailed outline. Now, to go onward in analysis, look for large ?? -- whole sections that have same topic, or characters, or action. Then, use some kind of visual aide to tie together ideas, themes, actions (e.g. covenants); - colors are useful for this – underlining, over-lining, boxing in parts, connecting lines. All this leads to understanding how parts work into whole organizing purpose (O.P.).

C. Pope

Use ch./verse references. Makes it much easier to find things. – end--

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DARWIN, ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION, OUTLINE, 1984

2010-01-24T08:09:00.000-08:00

Sumatran Tiger family in Auckland, New Zealand Zoo: http://www.aucklandzoo.co.nz/

See photo credit in margin.

Unpublished outline for Charles Darwin’s book On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1984-1985, instructor Barbara Pope, Interdisciplinary Studies in Letters and Science (ISLS) program, Chabot College, Hayward, CA, by Lurene Helzer. This book by Mr. Darwin, originally published on November 24, 1859, is today almost as important as it was when it first appeared.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com
It remains widely misunderstood because of Darwin’s popular phrase “survival of the fittest.”

The phrase means that species, for example, that can swim will survive in the ocean and species that can not swim will not be as suited for oceanic life. The poor swimmers will die out naturally. It does not mean that some vengeful club of hateful, bloodthirsty sharks murder smaller sharks for amusement.

Chapter IV Natural Selection N.S. = Natural Selection

On The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin

Pg. 80

Can the principal of selection apply in nature? Natural Selection: The preservation of favorable variations and the rejection of injurious variations.

Pg. 82

Natural Selection caused by climatic changes: Extinction, chain reaction, immigration of inhabitants to other places.

Unless there are natural or other barriers.

Pg. 82

Unless profitable variations do occur, N.S. can do nothing.

No country is so stable, species-wise, that it is so well adjusted as to no need of further variation.

Pg. 83

The superiority of nature in its methods of gradual adoption and variation: Compare and contrast of man vs. nature, Survival of the Fittest.

Pg. 84

The perpetuity of N.S. – Civilizations inability to observe it in its intricate capacity (daily, hourly).

Pg. 84

Variations of color and flesh & N.S.

The role of N.S. in keeping a species’ characteristics true and constant.

Pg. 85

Unknown correlations of growth: Variation and N.S. or variation leads to Natural Selection eventually.

Pg. 86

Natural Selection guarantees that the modifications will not be injurious to the species. Insect example.

Pg. 86

The vastness of N.S.:

Does not work singularly, but always to the eventual benefit of the community, or to the species. But not for an individual organism.

Pg. 87

Sexual Selection:

Caused or put into effect by the struggle of Males for the Females. Ensures or helps preserve strong, healthy offspring. Applies mostly to carnivorous or polygamous animals.

Pg. 88

Sexual Selection in Birds:

The coloring and characteristics of birds is selected by the mating habits of successive generations: The most “beautiful” bird (male) is always chosen by the female: Characteristics are passed through Generations.

Pg. 89

Conclusion on Sexual Selection in Birds: Slight variations in birds are due to sexual selection. These various characteristics have survived because they are advantageous to the males when the females select or mate. Or, the females find these attractive. But there are some contradictions to this theory.

Pg. 90

Example of N.S. in Wolves: Swiftest wolves will survive when Deer population decreases.

Pg. 91

Examples of N.S. due to innate individual tendencies in certain species. Specifically, eating habits. Different climates also cause variation in eating habits. Explanation on why these habits may differ in species.

Pg. 91

Example of N.S. in cross breeding and the benefits. Those oftenest crossed will be selected.

Pg. 94

Division of Labor to Separate the sexes – may be temporary for N.S.

Pg. 94

Example of how bees and their flowers might adapt to each other through N.S. or – gradual deviations in structure.

Pg. 95

Argument for previous examples: Use previously disputed geological theory to back up this theory. Uses analogy. Tries to dispel “instant modification” idea.

Pg. 96

Theory: Hermaphrodites, at some time, concur for reproduction of their kind. Introduction to brief digression.

Pg. 96

Why Hermaphrodites must, at least occasionally, interbreed: Cross breeding gives strength and vigor to species while close interbreeding weakens.

Pg. 97

Example: Bees who carry pollen from one Hermaphrodite to another.

Pg. 98

Further example of how bees assist in Hermaphrodite reproduction process: Proves by using example of contradictions in self-reproductive process.

Pg. 99

Asserts that interbreeding between “varieties” is advantageous, but when between “species” is the reverse.

Pg. 99

Differences between Flowering tree reproduction in different countries. Digression.

Pg. 100

Introduces idea of Hermaphrodite animals occasionally crossing: Says there is no proof to the contrary. All animals, at some time, cross.

Pg. 101

States that, if Hermaphrodites do intercross, they have very small functional differences.

Pg. 101

Concludes digression on Hermaphrodite reproduction: An occasional intercross is the law of nature. Self-fertilization can not be truly perpetual.

Pg. 101

Circumstances favorable to N.S.: Although inheritable and diversified variability is favorable, mere individual differences suffice.

Theorizes that not only is N.S. favorable to the preservation of the species, it is necessary in a competitive environment to avoid extinction of the species.

Pg. 102

N.S. and Intercrossing and Size of Environment: Man’s breeding will be unsuccessful if intercrossing takes place. But when this breeding is less deliberate, it can be successful. In a large area, different districts will present different conditions of life. Intercrossing will most affect animals who unite for a birth. Slow breeding animals.

Pg. 103

The effects of intercrosses, even in slow breeding animals, will not completely retard N.S.

Pg. 103

The role of Intercrossing in keeping a species uniform: Intercrossing can only sustain the species if the conditions of life remain the same, through inheritance, and through N.S. weeding out the variations. Otherwise, the principals of N.S. must sustain them.

Pg. 104

Isolation’s Role in N.S.: In these areas, life will be uniform, intercrosses will be prevented, will allow new species to evolve if a change in environment occurs.

If the area is small, the number of individuals will be small and retard new species through N.S.

Pg. 105

Although a small enclosed area, like an island, is instrumental in the evolution of new species, it is impossible to conclude whether or not these conditions are superior to a large area, such as a continent, because of the differing time scales.

Pg. 105

Small Area –vs- Large Area to produce New Species; Large Area is Superior: Because,

1.) Large Area species endure and expand widely over the area
2.) Because of large number of individuals, there is a better chance of favorable variations
3.) Conditions of life are complex, which is advantageous to the growth of Species
4.) The strongest species have strength because they have had to compete with a wide variety of individuals to survive
5.) They will, therefore, give rise to new species and change the organic world

Pg. 106

The effect of diminished competition on the Species: On a small island, where there is little competition, there is less competition and less modification of the Species. Darwin referred to these island Species as “living fossils” since they have been subject to few variations over time.

Pg. 107

Conclusion: Reiteration of principals concerning large and small areas. But when small area joins a large area, extinction may take place. N.S. will resume over the area.

Pg. 108

Asserts that the slow rate at which N.S. operates is consistent with geological studies.

Pg. 109

Darwin talks about the perpetuity of N.S. as compared to Man’s methods of artificial selection.

Pg. 109

Extinction: Less favored species will become rare, then extinct. Darwin uses geology to back up his argument. The number of specific forms does not increase indefinitely. Yet, no region of the world is fully stocked.

Pg. 110

Species with the largest number of variations will have the best chance of surviving.

Pg. 110

Form closest to those undergoing favorable variations will suffer the most. The forms of any species will, likewise, press hardest against their closest kindred. The same applies to domestic selection.

Pg. 111

Varieties are species in the Process of formation: incipient species. Mere chance might cause variations in individual animals of the same species, but it is more than simple chance when the variation shows up habitually.

Pg. 111

Horse example of divergence of character using domestic Selection as an illustration.

Pg. 112….

--end—

Professor’s note:

Lurene –

Looks good – accurate. Can you look over the whole outline and see any major parts? And in relation to previous chapters? To later ones?

Sorry you missed the lecture on structural analysis of whole book and especially Ch. 1 – 4 today, Friday.

BP

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CHAUCER, THE CANTERBURY TALES, PAPER, 1984

2010-01-24T08:07:00.000-08:00

Photo by Bryan McNally of Ireland in June of 2008.

224.

Unpublished essay by Lurene Helzer on The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, January 30, 1984, Interdisciplinary Studies in Letters and Science (ISLS) program, Chabot College, Hayward, CA. I added on March 4, 1985 a second paper, which was a slightly revised version of this first paper.

The Canterbury Tales were written between 1380 and 1400 in England. I honestly do not think this was a very good paper while reviewing it again in October of 2009. I was just not interested, and it shows clearly today. Why?

I could not in January of 1984 appreciate Chaucer’s meaning to the England of 1400. Also, Chaucer’s writing, back in 1984, seemed to me hard to follow, unexciting. Nor could I appreciate the Middle English style of writing.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com
Today, I think Chaucer’s work gives one hundreds of insights into England as it existed for people centuries ago, so is worth the reading effort. You laugh because it keeps occurring to you that people are the same in multiple ways, century after century:

Lurene Helzer
ISLS
1/30/84
The Canterbury Tales
By Chaucer

The Canterbury Tales center around a group of medieval pilgrims’ journey to Canterbury and the tales they tell about each other in order to repent their sins, the sins that are known as The Seven Deadly Sins.

The Oxford Cleric plays an important role in the tales with his message to the reader about patience. [Prof comment: Thesis?]

The character Griseld, who portrays a wife who marries above her social status only to be subject to a series of harsh tests by her husband, shows her consistency and patience. She is obedient to her husband through such tests as polygamy and the killing of her children.

In his closing words to the reader, the Oxford Cleric warns readers that such consistency is not easy to find.

“Husbands, be not so hardy as to assail the patience of your wives in hope to find Griseld’s, for you certainly will fail”
(page 372)

It is important to remember that the Cleric was not advocating that spouses (women in particular) subject themselves to abusive tests in order to be virtuous.

“This story does not mean it would be good/ for wives to ape Griseld’s humility/ it would be unendurable they should/But everybody in his own degree/Should be as perfect in his constancy/as was Griselda.”

As the Oxford Cleric is described in the prologue, he is an intellectual that would rather consume books than food.

“Whatever money from hi s friends he took/he spent on learning or another book/And his horse is a symbol of his frailty from malnourishment…his horse was thinner than a rake…”
(page 27)

Not a sentence came out of his mouth that was simple or shallow.

“Short, to the point, and lofty in his theme/a tone of moral virtue filled his speech.”

He was not a religious person.

“He had found no preferment in the church”
(Page 27)

The descriptive paragraphs in the prologue give clues as to his presence in tales told by the other pilgrims. The other pilgrims, of course, point out in their stories that the Cleric is not sin-free.

In the Miller’s tale, the Cleric is portrayed as a man who uses his intelligence and youth to further his habits of adultery and trickery.

The cleric takes advantage of a carpenter’s dim wits in order to sleep with his youthful wife, creating a horrific tale of a flood that is about to strike the town.

In the end, the cleric gets his just reward, as the carpenter is made the laughing stock of the community.

“But his hot iron was ready with a thump/He smote him in the middle of the rump”
(Page 121)

This passage describes the wrath of another town citizen when he finds out that he has been tricked and his hostility is directed toward the cleric. An important [point] about Chastity can be learned from this tale, I would imagine.

The cleric pops up again in a tale about marriage (several of them actually) in The Wife of Bath’s tale. The cleric plays the part of the fifth husband of the wife of bath. As he is described in the prologue, he is a regular bookworm in this tale. It is the cause of friction between the couple. (Professor Pope’s comment in margin: -- and how does this tale’s point of view compare to the wife’s…?)

All of the tales that the Cleric appears in seem to have a theme of marriage. Perhaps this is Symbolic of the deadly sin of envy and it’s a solution of love.

The Canterbury Tales
Translated by Nevill Coghill
[Prof: Incomplete bibliography. please complete it.]

Lurene,

This is a good topic and you have some good ideas and evidences. I want to see you about some ideas of organization. Especially you need a thesis statement. Keep writing about Chaucer – how he’s using the tale. With a clear thesis, this is easier to do. See me right away about revision

--end—

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THE INFERNO BY DANTE, PAPER, FEBRUARY 1985

2010-01-24T08:02:00.000-08:00

Photos of front pages of Jerusalem Post, October 8, 2000; New York Times, August of 1968.

Unpublished essay by Lurene Helzer on The Inferno, by Dante. February 25, 1985, Interdisciplinary Studies in Letters and Science (ISLS) program, Chabot College, Hayward, CA. Another paper, a revision of this version, was written a week later. On these old papers, I rarely notice grades. I can usually make out critical remarks by the instructor in pencil, though.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com
The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri was written between 1308 and 1321 in Italy. The Inferno is the first of three parts which comprise The Divine Comedy. It’s a long, fictional poem critical of the church’s merciless role in society, to put it simply. It took centuries before historians even understood Dante’s full impact on European history, most historians today agree.

When I look at these early papers of college, I can’t recognize myself. The punctuation and organization was comparatively poor. A few years later, however, I was able to get regularly published in local newspapers, so this must have been a period of academic growth for me:

Lurene Helzer
ISLS/B. Pope
The Inferno
February 25, 1985

Dante used political and religious characters (heavily) in The Inferno to provide a mirror image of the political climate of his day.

Dante, in Canto 4, provides the reader with an image of the church as being unfair to society. He writes about the virtuous Pagans who are guilty of not being baptized. In this passage, Virgil, Dante’s guide, explains the Virtuous Pagan’s situation to Dante.

I wish you to know before you travel on that these were sonless and still their merits fail, for they lacked baptisms grace, which is the door of the true faith you were born to. Their birth fell before the age of the Christian mysteries and so they did not worship God’s Trinity in fullest duty. I am one of these. For such defects are we lost, though spared the fire and suffering of Hell in one affliction only: that without hope we live on in desire.

(Page 50 and 51)

In these lines, the reader can assume that Dante thought the church’s teachings about baptism and the price one must pay for not being baptized, even though you would have if it might have been possible, were very unfair. The church, he seems to be saying, was being cruel to society in its impossible demands. The church was basically saying that, even if you were good all your life, you were born too late so you’re not going to heaven. Whether or not Dante believed this was a doctrine of the church, or of God, is not clear. But Dante clearly writes about the Virtuous Pagans with pity, and, judging from Virgil’s place in The Inferno, with great respect.

In Canto 9, however, Dante meets the Heretics who, instead of gaining his pity, apparently gain his scorn because of their denial of God’s gift of immortality. Dante, in this Canto, shows his loathing for real sinners. Dante gives them a severe punishment: to spend eternity in flaming graves. By telling people that life after death is nonexistent, the Heretics suffer a much worse fate than the Pagans who are in their situations because of circumstances beyond their control.

An interesting contrast can be seen in Dante’s treatment of the political sinners as compared to the religious sinners. It seems that the political sinners give Dante information all through the journey that is meant to be taken back up to the normal world. Again, Dante is only explaining to the reader what the political climate was in his time. Because politicians are often everything but honest, Dante told the real story in The Inferno by portraying them as telling it themselves in the form of a sort of symbolic confession. Perhaps this was Dante’s way of telling the politicians of his day that their sins would not go unnoticed forever and, likewise, not unpunished.

An example of this can be found in Dante’s treatment of such political figures as Azzolino and others with him in the boiling river of blood. The river of blood probably represents the blood of others that the sinners have shed in the course of their own evil doing. This seems to be a “make your bed and sleep in it too” type of punishment that Dante uses often with political sinners.

Playing the part of a messenger in Canto 10, Dante meets Farinata Degli Uberti and Cavalcante Dei Calvalcanti, who all carry on a discussion with Dante from their graves.

And as you hope to find the world again, tell me: why is that populace so savage in the edicts they pronounce against my strain?

(Page 98)

Dante tells, or should I say reminds, the doomed man of his sins and lets the reader know what is going on, as well as letting that particular politician know that he had better repent. Dante is expressing his own views to a certain extent, so it was safer for him to accuse political foes and inform the public of those accusations in the context of fictional poetry than to risk death by being overt about it.

So through these various political and religious characters in The Inferno, Dante is relaying his own political theories and pointing out to the reader who the political figures are that are the base of political unrest. Of course, he merely uses them to attack the ideas that they share: power through bloodshed and corruption. And even in his day, he recognized the destructive role that the church was capable of playing in society.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dante, The Inferno. Translated by John Ciardi. New York: New American Library, 1954

[Some of 1985 handwritten notes, in faint pencil, on the original paper from Professor Barbara Pope, to extent I can today read them:]

Lurene –

This paper is much better organized than the C.T. paper. There needs to be a revised paper written here, not an outline. The thesis is good and you need to describe more in your own words. For example, on page 1 The Cano 4 quotation stands for all your evidence. It is not led up to by an introduction to the topic and what it has to do with your thesis.

On page 2, paragraph 1 – you introduce a contrast – comparison – where is the evidence for it?

And – What is the nature of Dante as messenger? Certainly not to an imagined soul in hell.

-- end--

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APOLOGY OF SOCRATES, OUTLINE, ESSAY, JANUARY 1985

2010-01-24T08:00:00.000-08:00

Unpublished outline for Apology of Socrates, January 14, 1985, Interdisciplinary Studies in Letters and Science (ISLS) program, Chabot College, Hayward, CA, by Lurene Helzer. The ISLS program was a special selection of courses at the community college for students who showed interest in obtaining full degree at university, and had minimal qualifications or requirements for doing so. I think I had to be approved for entrance to the program. Photo by H.D. of Grand Teton in 2007.

Lurene's email in 2014: lurenexyz@gmail.com

Lurene Helzer
Outline for Apology of Socrates
January 14, 1985

I Socrates defends his speaking style.
A) Quotes enemies as saying “Don’t be deceived by his eloquence.”
B) Calls himself deficient, but truthful.

II Socrates speaks of old charges from old accusers.

A) Calls them the accusers who he can not defend himself against, since the rumors are ancient.

III Says he will try to abolish evil rumors.

A) Says he hopes to succeed “if it be well for you and me.”
B) Makes the defense “as god wills” and in obedience to the law.

IV Speaks of old charges.

A) Old charges said to be…

Searches below earth and in heavens
Makes the worse appear the better cause
Teaches the above to others

B) Mentions the Comedy of Aristophanes and says he is uninvolved in these studies.
C) Urges those who know him to speak of him truthfully to others.

V Socrates talks about teaching for money.

A) Refutes the charges.
B) Calves/Humans argument.
C) Says that he is not knowledgeable enough to teach.

VI Socrates speaks of his wisdom.

A) Says that, according to the gods, there is no man wiser.

VII Socrates explains why he has an “evil name”.

A) Explains his search for a man wiser than himself.
B) Talks of a politician who is unwise, but thinks he is wise.
C) Talks of his advantage over the politician since he admits that he is not wise, and he knows it.

VIII Socrates goes to others to search for the meaning of the Oracle.

A) Finds the Oracle irrefutable.
B) Goes to challenge the poets, and finds them unwise because they do not understand their own poetry.
C) Finds himself superior to them because they think they are wise by virtue of their poetry.

IX Socrates challenges the artisans

A) Comes to the conclusion that he has neither their knowledge or ignorance.
B) Finds the meaning of the Oracle.

X Speaks of wisdom and his devotion to God.

A) Says that only god is wise; the wisdom of men is little or nothing.
B) Speaks of his search of wisdom in others.
C) Says he is in poverty because of his devotion to god.

XI Speaks of his numerous enemies.

A) Says his enemies are angry at him instead of themselves for their lack of wisdom.
B) Mentions his enemies by name.
C) Says that their hatred is proof of his telling the truth.

XII Socrates introduces the new charges.

A) Corrupter of youth.
B) Does not believe in the gods of the state.
C) Believes in other new divinities.
D) Proceeds to question Meletus about the first charge.

XIII Socrates questions Meletus.

A) Meletus says that Socrates is the only corrupter of youth.
B) Socrates accuses Meletus of contradicting himself.
C) Socrates says Meletus has no interest or knowledge in youth.
D) Socrates discusses the second charge, and the third.
E) Meletus calls Socrates an atheist.
F) Socrates calls him a liar and proceeds to unveil his contradictions.
G) Socrates asks Meletus if it is possible to believe in horsemanship, but not horses, and in same way, of gods.

H) On the strength of that defense, he proves Meletus a contradictory man.

XIII Socrates closes his argument against Meletus.

A) Says men should not be concerned with death.
B) Says men should be concerned not with death, but disgrace.

XIV Socrates talks about fear of death.

A) Calls the fear of death a pretense of wisdom; the appearance of knowing the unknown. Asks if it is not a conceited and disgraceful ignorance.
B) Says he will never avoid a possible good rather than a certain evil.
C) Vows to never alter his ways.

XV Socrates warns them about killing him.

A) Says that they will suffer more than themselves, and that it is not natural that a good man is injured by a bad man.
B) Warns them that they will not find another like him.
C) Calls his poverty proof that he does not teach for pay.

XVI Socrates talks of his duty toward the state.

A) Explains why he does not advise the state.
B) Says that the oracle always forbids him from doing certain things.
C) Says that no man who is really concerned with righteousness will save his own life in war.

XVII Socrates tries to prove that he is unyielding to death.

A) Tells of his experience as a senator.
B) Says that his only fear was doing an unrighteous or unholy thing.

XVIII Socrates explains why people like to converse with him.

A) Says that people like to hear the pretenders of wisdom cross-examined.
B) Says he is on a mission from God.
C) Says that if he had corrupted the youth, they would have taken revenge.
D) Speaks of his friends.
E) Says that his friends support him for the sake of truth and justice.

XIX Socrates closes his defense.

A) Explains why he does not bring his family into court.
B) Says such conduct is a disgrace.
C) Says that men fancy that something dreadful will happen to him if he dies.
D) Says that men make the mistake of linking life with immortality.

XX Socrates says his last words of defense.

A) Says a judge should not make a present of justice, but give fair judgment.

XXI Socrates acknowledges his condemnation.

A) Condemned by thirty votes.
B) Says that he has escaped Meletus.

XXII Socrates speaks of his penalty.

A) Says he is not afraid since he does not know whether death is good or evil.
B) Says that the greatest thing a man can do is converse about virtue.

XXIII Socrates speaks to the men who have sentenced him to death.

A) Socrates says men should avoid using every way of escaping death.
B) Socrates says the difficulty is not avoiding death, but avoiding unrighteousness.
C) Socrates calls his condemners condemned to suffer by the truth.

XXIV Socrates leaves a prophecy for his accusers.

A) Says that they will have many more accusers than he has now.
B) Says that they can avoid the accusers by improving themselves.

XXV Socrates talks of the Oracle.

A) Calls his condemnation good.

XXVI Explains what might happen after death that is good.

A) A state of unconsciousness, like a single dreamless night.
B) An opportunity to converse with others who have died and to continue searching for wisdom.

XXVII Socrates says that death can not harm him.

A) No evil can happen to a good man either in life or after death.
B) Says he is not angry with his accusers.
C) Says they have done him no harm, but can only blame them for doing him no good.

XXVIII Socrates asks for his friends to look after his sons.

A) Tells his friends to correct his sons if they think they are something when they are nothing.
B) Describes this as justice.

XXIX Socrates departs the court.

A) Says god only knows if life is better than death. –30--

#########################################

Unpublished essay on The Apology, Plato, January 14, 1985, Interdisciplinary Studies in Letters and Science (ISLS) program, Chabot College, Hayward, CA, by Lurene Helzer. One thing I remember clearly about the instructor, Ms. Barbara Pope, is she did a great job of challenging students like me by demanding superior academic performance.

There were no easy grades in this course, probably because she thought easy grades would deter us at the university level. The assignments, like the one here, obviously were not light, either.

There is nothing simple in the arguments put forward by Plato. In my nightmares, Plato is an attorney interrogating me as I cry.

In The Apology, Plato writes of his friend Socrates defending himself against a society that does not understand his search for true wisdom and his daily commitment to virtue.

Socrates attempts to defend himself mainly by exposing the weaknesses in others. In The Apology, he tells the jury about these weaknesses both by demonstrating them in Meletus and by telling the jury of his experiences in his travels.

Socrates exposes Meletus’s weaknesses in front of the courtroom by making an argument of analogy:

“Tell me: does this also apply to horses do you think? That all men improve them and one individual corrupts them? (pg. 28)

Later, he calls the bluff:

“You have made it sufficiently obvious, Meletus, that you have never had any concern for our youth; you show your indifference clearly; that you have given no thought to the subjects about which you bring me to trial.”

Socrates attempts to explain why he has made enemies in the past by explaining the weaknesses he had exposed in some politicians:

“Then, when I examined this man – there is no need for me to tell you his name, he was one of our public men – my experience was something like this: I thought that he appeared wise to many people and especially to himself, but he was not. I then tried to show him that he thought himself wise, but that he was not. As a result, he came to dislike me, and so did many of the bystanders.” (pg. 25)

The weakness that Socrates tried to expose in others was not a lack of wisdom, however:

“….those who were thought to be inferior were more knowledgeable.” (pg. 26)

So it appeared that, according to Socrates, the only requirement of wisdom was to simply know that you were not wise. This was the weakness that Socrates continually tried to point out in others. He reasoned that no wisdom that was attainable by man was truly wisdom.

“….human wisdom is worth little or nothing…” (pg. 26)

Similarly, Socrates did not consider certain accusers to be his enemies, but the weaknesses that they possessed.

“This will be my undoing, if I am undone, not Meletus or Anytus but the slanders and envy of many people. This has destroyed many other good men and will, I think, continue to do so. There is no danger that it will stop at me.” (pg. 31)

As weak as he thought humanity was, Socrates had faith in the rewards of consistent virtue.

“….and keep this one truth in mind, that a good man cannot be harmed either in life or in death.” (pg. 42)

Of course, to point out the weaknesses of others is not proof of innocence in Socrates. Knowing this, Socrates remained constant with his own words.

“….death is something I couldn’t care less about, but that my whole concern is not to do anything unjust or impious.” (pg. 35)

Socrates leaves one ironic question in the work, however. What is to be attained by the unattainable wisdom? --30--

Bibliography necessary. I think this is answered! It’s what the entire work of Plato is about – What is wisdom? And he uses the life of Socrates as an object demonstration of true wisdom. Bring the paper for our conference and will talk about it. Also, look over the form, paragraphing, etc. and see what you think needs to be changed. These good ideas and supported well! – B. Pope

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