<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458</id><updated>2024-09-17T15:28:27.755-07:00</updated><category term="AML"/><category term="CBP"/><category term="R microarray data analysis bioconductor affy chip limma maanova"/><category term="Singal pathway"/><category term="Wnt"/><category term="catenin"/><title type='text'>Genome-Wide Association Study</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>20</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-2582363912310203953</id><published>2009-11-14T08:30:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-14T08:35:39.107-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Spleen and PP</title><content type='html'>Speen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The spleen is the major site of adpative immune responses to blood-borne antigens. The spleen ingest 0psonized antigens and daaged red blood cells and contains lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles where B cells are activated (educaton)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;PP (Peyers patch)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Organized lympohoid tissue in the lamina propria of the samll intestine in which immune responses to ingested antigens may be initiated. Peyers patches are composed mostly of B cells, with smaller numbers of T cells and accessory cells, all arranged in follicles similar to those found in lymph nodes, oftern with germinal centers.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/2582363912310203953/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/2582363912310203953' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/2582363912310203953'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/2582363912310203953'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2009/11/spleen-and-pp.html' title='Spleen and PP'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-4424674166180857863</id><published>2009-11-12T04:23:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-12T04:36:37.364-08:00</updated><title type='text'>CNV - Copy Number Variation</title><content type='html'>&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;CNV는 structural variation 중 하나이며, 대략 1kb 이상을 의미하며, diploid genome 중에서 1n...3n...이상도 존재한다. 즉 반드시 2n이 아니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;human genome 에서 about 5~8% 정도 존재&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;CNV를 이용해서 association study하기는 아직 어렵다. 대신 target base 접근이 주로 perform.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;CNV는 tissue별로 다르다. 발생빈도는 1o^-6 to 5x1o^-5 정도이며 이는 point mutation보다 높은 빈도이며, 원인은 homologus &amp;amp; non-homologus recombination&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Deletion이 대세다 rather than duplication. KARe에서는 among about 4,000 peoples, duplication is 59,000 &amp;amp; deletion 272,000. 그러나 heathy individual has equal ratio between duplication and deletion. CNV is medelian inheritance.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Interestingly, SNP가 meaningful 하게 나타나는 region (promoter 영역 등) 에서는 CNV가 발생하지 않는다. 그 반대도 성립하기 때문에, SNP와 CNV가 나타나는 영역이 서로 겹치지 않기 때문에, 그 origin or role 이 서로간에 different 할 것임.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/4424674166180857863/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/4424674166180857863' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/4424674166180857863'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/4424674166180857863'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2009/11/cnv-copy-number-variation.html' title='CNV - Copy Number Variation'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-4822138433952775401</id><published>2009-11-12T04:10:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-12T04:23:39.193-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Genome-wide Association Study</title><content type='html'>&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Trends in GWAS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;2007~2008:&lt;br /&gt;QT 분석 발굴, Associated SNP 발굴, &amp;amp; replication study of that. ie. this period is individual population GWAS study.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;2008~2009:&lt;br /&gt;variable data를 묶어서 GWA 수행하는 meta analysis 유행 (combined anaysis). 이것을 위해서는 different platform array들을 하나로 merging하는 imputation step is required. 원리는 ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;2009~:&lt;br /&gt;도출된 SNP가 진짜 인지 아닌지를 확인하는 단계 using NGS machine&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;그 이후:&lt;br /&gt;Biological validation, 이를 위해 HTS method가 필요&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;인구집단에 따라&lt;br /&gt;- Allele frequency,&lt;br /&gt;- LD structure&lt;br /&gt;- 환경적 차이&lt;br /&gt;- 각 잡단에 특징적인 돌연변이가 존재하기 때문에 충분히 질병에 영향을 가짐.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;KARe 에서는&lt;br /&gt;- Sample w/ BRLMM call rate &gt; 95%&lt;br /&gt;- Remove sample w/ 성감별 불가, 환자 샘플&lt;br /&gt;- Remove sample w/ heterozygosity &gt; 30%&lt;br /&gt;- Remove sample w/ HWE &lt;1e-6 : HWE가 크면 외부에서 들어온 가능성이 농후&lt;br /&gt;- Remove SNP w/ call rate &lt; 95%&lt;br /&gt;- Remove SNP w/ MAF &lt;0.01&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/4822138433952775401/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/4822138433952775401' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/4822138433952775401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/4822138433952775401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2009/11/genome-wide-association-study.html' title='Genome-wide Association Study'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-1677061360640508218</id><published>2009-11-12T04:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-12T04:09:48.515-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Chronic Myeloid Leukemia</title><content type='html'>&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;CML 은 거의 Bcr-Abl 유전자를 처리함으로써, 거의 해결됨&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;c-Abl이란 것은 oncogene중 하나이며, translocation이 가능하다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Translocation of c-Abl to Bcr region causes CML&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Gleevec은 Novatis가 개발한 백혈병치료제로서 독성이 거의 전무하다. 이것은 Structure-based drug discovery 전략에 의해 Bcr-Abl gene을 targetting하여 개발되었기 때문&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Gleevec의 약효가 없는 case가 있는데, 이는 P315I mutaion of Bcr-Abl gene가 원인이며, 아직까지 이것을 해결한 CML drug는 없다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/1677061360640508218/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/1677061360640508218' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/1677061360640508218'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/1677061360640508218'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2009/11/chronic-myeloid-leukemia.html' title='Chronic Myeloid Leukemia'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-1779884726970097371</id><published>2009-11-12T03:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-12T04:04:59.029-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AML"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="catenin"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CBP"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Singal pathway"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Wnt"/><title type='text'>Wnt Signal pathway inhibitor for AML therapy</title><content type='html'>&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;앞으로는 분자표적치료 항암제가 크게 각광 받을 것.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;특히 전사인자들의 상호작용을 targeting하는 것이 의미가 있다. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Wnt (윈트) 가 발견된지는 벌써 20년이 넘었지만, 관련 치료제는 전무함. Wnt 대가는 Dr. Randolf Moon.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia)에서는 Wnt 경로의 비정상 활성화가 60% 차지&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Wnt는 &lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;-cateninin, CBP (CREB-binding P)의 interactin(complex) 에 의해 transactivation 된다. b-catenin이 ubiquitination되면 윈트가 활성화되고, 그렇지 않으면 반대. b-catenin은 윈트경로의 가장 주요 신호 mediator.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;CWP231A가 b-catenin/CBP 전사활성 저해제.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;AML에서는 APC (단백질)의 돌연변이가 80% 이상 차지한다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Wnt 신호경로에 있어, b-catenin, survivin, c-Myc의 발현이나 modification을 보는 것이  윈트 활성화를 보는 것과 같다. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;신호전달경로를 저해하는 물질이 치료제로서 독성이 낮다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;PPI를 저해하는 drug screening을 위해서는 현재로서는 나오지 않는다. 왜냐하면 상호작용 면적이 크기 때문인데, 먼저 a-helix, b-turn or sheet or strand, 등의 mimics를 설계하는 것이 우선, 그다음 이것들을 이용하여 durg screening 함.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;이런 library가 아사라이브러리 (Arsa?)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;b-catenin/CBP 인터액션이 Wnt에서 전사활성의 핵심.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/1779884726970097371/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/1779884726970097371' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/1779884726970097371'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/1779884726970097371'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2009/11/wnt-signal-pathway-inhibitor-for-aml.html' title='Wnt Signal pathway inhibitor for AML therapy'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-837080164143277060</id><published>2009-08-11T01:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-11T01:59:26.653-07:00</updated><title type='text'>VHGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel</title><content type='html'>VHGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;51개 민족, 1050 명, 1063 임파섬유아세포주 (lymphoblastoid cell line, LCL), 밀리그램양의 DNA이 쟝도세박사 재단에 기탁.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), CEPH에 의해 여러 실험실로부터 LCL이 수집: 서열다양성, 현대인류집단의 역사에 대한 연구를 위한 제한없는 DNA제공을 위함. 성별, 민족, 국가지리정보에 제한됨.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;지금까지 650K SNP, 853 microsatellite 밝혀짐.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 정보들을 제공하는 디비가 HGDP-CEPH HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PANEL DATABASE WEB VERSION 2.0 이고 최신버전.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;패널은 13쌍의 duplicate LCL을 가짐. 이는 2개의 유전적으로 비전형적인 개인으로부터 온 것임. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;서플1은 일루비나 650K로 찍은 지노타입 플랫파일&lt;br /&gt;서플2는 일루미나 550K로 찍은 플랫 파일 데이터&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;데이터기탁자가 공개시일 제한하지 않으면, 디비를 통해 계속 공개, 제한을 원하면 6개월뒤에 종료됨.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/837080164143277060/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/837080164143277060' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/837080164143277060'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/837080164143277060'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2009/08/vhgdp-ceph-human-genome-diversity-cell.html' title='VHGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-6083628710824950822</id><published>2009-07-15T18:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-16T20:46:24.793-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Effect size</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;이 내용은 영문위키에 있는 effect size를 번역한 것입니다. 원문은 wikipedia.org 가셔서 effect size를 치시면 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;effect size (효과크기)&lt;br /&gt;통계에서, effect size는 통계적 집단이나, 샘플의 양적 추정에 있어, 두 변수간의 관계(관련)의 강도에 대한 측정값(결정값)을 의미한다.&lt;해석도 어렵다 T..T&gt;&quot;효과크기&quot;라고 하는데, 대조군의 평균에 실험군의 평균을 normalization (표준화) 시킨것이다. 샘플에 기반한 효과크기는 가설검증에 사용되는 검증통계 (test statistics)과는 구별된다. 즉, 샘플기반 효과크기의 가설검증이란, 명백한 관계의 강도를 추정하는 것이지, 우연에 의한 관계인지 아닌지를 나타내는 유의수준을 보는 것이 아니다. 과학적 실험과 관측연구에 있어, 관계가 통계적으로 유의한지를 알 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 관측된 관계의 크기 (size)도 알 수 있다. 실제 상황에서, 효과크기는 의사결정에 도움이 된는데, 먄약, 관계의 유의성이 높다할 지라도, 효과크기가 작다면 흥미롭지 않기 때문이다. 따라서 효과크기의 측정은 메타분석(meta-analysis) 연구에서 중요하다. (메타연구는 특정 연구분야의 결과물 및 통계파워분석 결과까지 정리하는 연구이다).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ES가 0 이라는 것은 실험군의 평균과 대조군의 평균이 같다는뜻이고, ES가 - 라는 것은 대조군의 평균보다 실험군의 평균이 작다는 것을 의미하니다. + 라는 것은 실험군의 분포모양이대조군보다 오른쪽에 있다는 것으로 실험군의 평균이 크다는 것을 의미한다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ES 의 값의 크기는 정규분포의 Z 값과 동일한 의미를 갖는다. 예를 들어 ES 가 1.96 이라면 실험군의 평균은 대조군의 분포에서 상위 5%에 해당한다는 것을 의미한다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;결국 ES 라는 것은 실험군과 대조군의 평균 차이에 대한 표준화된 값으로 이 값이 크다는 것은 결국 실험의 높다는 것을 의미하며 0 이라는 것은 실험의 효과가 없다는 것을 의미하는 것이다&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;효과크기의 종류&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;피어슨 감마 상관계수&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;평균에근거한 효과크기(평균기반효과크기) : 코헨&#39;s d, 글라스&#39;s 델타, 헷지&#39;s 감마, 평균기반효과크기의 분포&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;코헨&#39;s f^2&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;파이, 크래머&#39;s 파이, 크패머&#39;s V&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;오드값 (odd ratio)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;LINE-HEIGHT: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;&quot; &gt;The &lt;a title=&quot;Odds ratio&quot; style=&quot;BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio&quot;&gt;odds ratio&lt;/a&gt; (OR) is another useful effect size. It is appropriate when both variables are binary. For example, consider a study on spelling. In a control group, two students pass the class for every one who fails, so the odds of passing are two to one (or more briefly 2/1 = 2). In the treatment group, six students pass for every one who fails, so the odds of passing are six to one (or 6/1 = 6). The effect size can be computed by noting that the odds of passing in the treatment group are three times higher than in the control group (because 6 divided by 2 is 3). Therefore, the odds ratio is 3. However, odds ratio statistics are on a different scale to Cohen&#39;s d. So, this &#39;3&#39; is not comparable to a Cohen&#39;s d of &#39;3&#39;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;상대적위험도 (relative risk)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;LINE-HEIGHT: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;&quot; &gt;&lt;p style=&quot;MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em&quot;&gt;The &lt;a title=&quot;Relative risk&quot; style=&quot;BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_risk&quot;&gt;relative risk&lt;/a&gt; (RR), also called &lt;b&gt;risk ratio,&lt;/b&gt; is simply the risk (probability) of an event relative to some independent variable. This measure of effect size differs from the &lt;a title=&quot;Odds ratio&quot; style=&quot;BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio&quot;&gt;odds ratio&lt;/a&gt; in that it compares &lt;i&gt;probabilities&lt;/i&gt; instead of &lt;i&gt;odds&lt;/i&gt;, but asymptotically approaches the latter for small probabilities. Using the example above, the &lt;i&gt;probabilities&lt;/i&gt; for those in the control group and treatment group passing is 2/3 (or 0.67) and 6/7 (or 0.86), respectively. The effect size can be computed the same as above, but using the probabitities instead. Therefore, the relative risk is 1.28. Since rather large probabilities of passing were used, there is a large difference between relative risk and odds ratio. Had &lt;i&gt;failure&lt;/i&gt;(a smaller probablility) been used as the event (rather than &lt;i&gt;passing&lt;/i&gt;), the difference between the two measures of effect size would not be so great.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;LINE-HEIGHT: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;&quot; &gt;&lt;p style=&quot;MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em&quot;&gt;참고사항&lt;br /&gt;오드비(OR)와 상대위험도 (RR) 모두 측정에 있어 유용하나, 그 통계적 활용은 서로다르다. 예를 드면, 임상연구의 경우, 오드비는 case-control 연구와 retrospective 연구에 가장 활용되는 방법이다. 반면 상대위험도(RR)은 randomized controlled trials 나 코호트 연구에서 사용된다. 그러나 OR로 RR을 예측한거나, RR로 OR을 자동적으로 예측할 수는 없다. (즉, OR값을 가지고 RR값을 예상할 수 없다는 말이다. 다만, OR 계산시 사용된 데이터가 있다면 RR 계산이 가능하다).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;LINE-HEIGHT: 19px;font-family:-webkit-sans-serif;&quot; &gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/6083628710824950822/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/6083628710824950822' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/6083628710824950822'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/6083628710824950822'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2009/07/effect-size.html' title='Effect size'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-5584925009778030308</id><published>2008-12-15T04:32:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-15T04:41:25.359-08:00</updated><title type='text'>RMA</title><content type='html'>RMA (Robust Multi-array Analysis)&lt;br /&gt;     RMA는 어피 진칩을 프로브수준에서 신호강도를 표준화하고, 요약하는 방법이다.   프로브 수준의 데이터로부터 시작하여 PM값들이 배경신호 정정되고, 표준화되어, 마지막으로 발현양이 요약된다. 다음의 세단계로 이루어 진다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;배경신호 정정&lt;br /&gt;     배경신호정정은 프로브수준 프로세싱에 있어 가장 중요한 단계이다.  RMA에 사용되는 배경색정정은 비선형정정 (non-linear correction)이며, 칩당으로 이루어진다.  어피칩상의 프로브간의 PM값의 분포에 기초한다.  PM값은 배경신호의 혼합이며, 광학적 잡음과 비특이결합, 등등에 의해 발생된다.    The background is estimated as expectation of the signal (S) conditioned on observed PM values (O), using a kernel density estimation in both GeneSpring GX 7.3.1 and GeneSpring GX 9.0. However,, however GeneSpring GX 7.3.1 uses direct convolution while GeneSpring GX 9.0 uses Fast Fourier Transformation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Normalization&lt;br /&gt;Normalization is necessary so that multiple chips can be compared to each other, and analyzed together. The normalization procedure is aimed at making the distributions identical across arrays. The normalization used in RMA is quantile normalization. This usually gives very sharp normalizations.Both GeneSpring GX 7.3.1 and GeneSpring GX 9.0 use quantile normalization. Note that, in this procedure, all the arrays are used and no chip is discarded based on extreme value considerations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Summarization&lt;br /&gt; Once the probe-level PM values have been background-corrected and normalized, they need to be summarized into expression measures, so that the result is a single expression measure per probe-set, per chip. The summarization used is motivated by the assumption that observed log-transformed PM values follow a linear additive model containing a probe affinity effect, a gene specific effect (the expression level) and an error term. For RMA, the probe affinity effects are assumed to sum to zero, and the gene effect (expression level) is estimated using median polishing. Median polishing is a robust model fitting technique, that protects against outlier probes. Both GeneSpring GX 7.3.1 and GeneSpring GX 9.0 use same methodology for summarization.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/5584925009778030308/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/5584925009778030308' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/5584925009778030308'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/5584925009778030308'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/12/rma.html' title='RMA'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-3294512899989826374</id><published>2008-12-14T04:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-07-15T20:45:59.684-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="R microarray data analysis bioconductor affy chip limma maanova"/><title type='text'>affy chip 데이터 분석</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;어피칩 데이터의 분석&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;어피칩 raw data cell 파일의 표준화 (normalization)는 RMA 방법을 사용,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;왜? 서로 다른 그룹간의 발현차이를 보는데는 RMA 방법이 제일 좋은 것으로 연구됨.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;R , bioconductor의 affy 명령을 사용해서 RMA를 수행, 그럼, 배경신호제거, 사분위수표준화, 그리고 메디안폴리싱을 수행한다. 사분위수표준화는 칩간 표준화이고, 메디안폴리싱은 진간 표준화이다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;이때, affy 칩 관련 bioconductor 패키지를 이용해서, 다양한 QC를 하도록 한다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;MA, RLE, NUSE, 등등&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;이후의 발현비교는&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;limma 패키지나 maanova를 이용해서 해결하면 될 듯.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/3294512899989826374/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/3294512899989826374' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/3294512899989826374'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/3294512899989826374'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/12/affy-chip.html' title='affy chip 데이터 분석'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-964388098368541414</id><published>2008-12-11T18:26:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-11T18:30:16.082-08:00</updated><title type='text'>RMA/GCRMA 표준화이후에 또 표준화를 해야하나?</title><content type='html'>RMA/GCRMA 표준화는 시료수준에서 수행되는 표준화방법이다. 따라서 이 방법이 적용된 칩데이터에 칩당 표준화를 수행하는 것은 중복일 뿐이다.  따라서 유전자간 표준화 (per gene)를 수행해야 한다.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/964388098368541414/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/964388098368541414' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/964388098368541414'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/964388098368541414'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/12/rmagcrma.html' title='RMA/GCRMA 표준화이후에 또 표준화를 해야하나?'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-7326810151585266523</id><published>2008-12-03T23:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-04T00:14:17.863-08:00</updated><title type='text'>--linear or --logistic 과 --covar 사용시의 p 값 의미?</title><content type='html'>--covar 명령을 --linear/--logistic 과 같이 사용했다면, plink는 다중회귀분석을 수행하게 되며, SNP, 공변량 (covariate), 및 상호작용 term에 대한 coefficient (상관계수?) 와 p 값을 보고한다.  단지 intercept에 대한 term만 제외된다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;공변량에 대한 p 값은 공변량에 의한 조절후의 SNP-표현형 연관성에 대한 p 값이 아니다.  ADD 값이 바로 공변량을 반영시킨 후의 SNP-표현형간의 연관성에 대한 p 값이다.  그 뒤의 값들이 공변량와 피노타입 간의 연관성분석의 p value 값이다.  그리고, 이 값이 극단적으로 유의하게 나오긴 하지만, SNP가 고도로 유의한 영향을 가진다는것을 의미하는것은 아니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   CHR   SNP             BP           A1   TEST     NMISS      BETA            STAT          P&lt;br /&gt;   1         rs1234567  742429   G     ADD       1495          -0.03335      -0.1732      0.8625&lt;br /&gt;   1         rs1234567  742429   G     COV1     1495          0.1143           9.748          8.321e-022&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위 예에서, 공변량이 극히 상관성이 있다고 나오지만, SNP가 표현형과 관련이 있다는 증거가 되지 않는다.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/7326810151585266523/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/7326810151585266523' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/7326810151585266523'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/7326810151585266523'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/12/linear-or-logistic-covar-p.html' title='--linear or --logistic 과 --covar 사용시의 p 값 의미?'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-5239401362376110402</id><published>2008-10-28T22:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-28T23:33:06.628-07:00</updated><title type='text'>PLINK 한글 매뉴얼</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;&quot; &gt;5. 요약 통계 (summary statistics)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink는 여러가지의 표준 요약 통계 옵션을 제공하며, 이 것은 QC에 유용하며, missing genotype rate, MAF,  HWe, 비멘델리안유전 등이 제공된다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;중요:&lt;/span&gt; 아래에 설명되는 모든 표준 요약통계는 높은 missing genotype rate를 가진 개인은 모두 제거된 데이터를 사용하였다. --mind 옵션을 사용하면 되며, 기준값은 0.1, 즉 10% 이상의 데이터가 미싱된 개인은 제외된다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;5.1 미싱 지노타입 (missing genotypes)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;지노타입/missingness 비율을 계산하기 위해서는&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;  plink --file data --missing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이 경우, plink.imiss; plink.lmiss 라는 2파일이 만들어 진다.&lt;br /&gt; plink.imiss 는 개인의 결손치를 나타내며, 다음의 형태를 가진다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;  FID                            Family ID&lt;br /&gt; IID                             Individual ID&lt;br /&gt; MISS_PHENO         Missing phenotype? (Y/N)    &lt;br /&gt; N_MISS                    Number of missing SNPs&lt;br /&gt;      N_GENO                  Number of non-obligatory missing genotypes&lt;br /&gt; F_MISS                    Proportion of missing SNPs &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; plink.lmiss 는 스닙의 결손치를 나타내며, 다음의 형태를 가진다.&lt;br /&gt;     SNP                   SNP identifier&lt;br /&gt; CHR                                 Chromosome number&lt;br /&gt; N_MISS           Number of individuals missing this SNP&lt;br /&gt; N_GENO                      Number of non-obligatory missing genotypes&lt;br /&gt; F_MISS            Proportion of sample missing for this SNP&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HINT&lt;/strong&gt;: 케이스/콘트롤간의 결손치 차이를 계산하기 위해서는 --test-missing 옵션을 참조하라.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HINT&lt;/strong&gt; : 결손치 요약을 만드는 것은 카테고리의 클러스터 변수에 의해 stratified되며, --within &lt;filename&gt; 및 --missing 옵션을 사용한다.  In this way, the missing rates will be given separately for each level of the  categorical variable. For example, the categorical variable could be which plate  that sample was on in the genotyping. Details on the format of a cluster file  can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/data.shtml#clst&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;5.2 Obligatory missing genotypes (절대적으로 빼버린 지노타입&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;지노타이핑 실패가 아닌, 그냥 빼버려야 되는 경우가 있다. 예를 들면, 샘플의 어떤 부분이 스닙들의 하부세트상에서 지노타입되었고, 미싱데이터에 의해 개인과 스닙들이 필터아웃 되지 않기를 원할 것이다. 반대로, 특정 지노타입 (스닙/개인의 세트)들을 아예 제외할 수 있으며, --zero-cluster 옵션을 쓴다. 하지만, 당신은 여전히 미싱 데이터 하한선을 세팅할 수 있기를 원할 것이다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;HINT: 데이터 관리섹션을 보면, 지노타입들의 특정 세트들을 어떻게 빼는지에 대해 알 수 있다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;두가지 옵션을 이용해 절대 결손치를 만든다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;plink --bfile mydata --oblig-missing myfile.zero --oblig-cluster myfile.clst --assoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;oblig_missing&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;This command applies the default genotyping thresholds (90% per&lt;br /&gt;individual and per SNP) but accounting for the fact that certain SNPs&lt;br /&gt;are obligatory missing (with the 90% only refers to those SNPs&lt;br /&gt;actually attempted, for example).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The file specified by &lt;tt&gt;--oblig-clusters&lt;/tt&gt; has the same format as&lt;br /&gt;a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/data.shtml#clst&quot;&gt;cluster file&lt;/a&gt; (except only a single cluster&lt;br /&gt;field is allowed here, i.e. only 3 columns). For example,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1  1 0 0 1 1   A A  C C  A A&lt;br /&gt;2  1 0 0 1 1   C C  A A  C C&lt;br /&gt;3  1 0 0 1 1   A C  A A  A C&lt;br /&gt;4  1 0 0 1 1   A A  C C  A A&lt;br /&gt;5  1 0 0 1 1   C C  A A  C C&lt;br /&gt;6  1 0 0 1 1   A C  A A  A C&lt;br /&gt;1b 1 0 0 1 1   A A  0 0  0 0&lt;br /&gt;2b 1 0 0 1 1   C C  0 0  0 0&lt;br /&gt;3b 1 0 0 1 1   A C  0 0  0 0&lt;br /&gt;4b 1 0 0 1 1   A A  0 0  0 0&lt;br /&gt;5b 1 0 0 1 1   C C  0 0  0 0&lt;br /&gt;6b 1 0 0 1 1   A C  0 0  0 0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and MAP file &lt;tt&gt;test.map&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    1 snp1 0 1000&lt;br /&gt;    1 snp2 0 2000&lt;br /&gt;    1 snp3 0 3000&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the obligatory missing file, &lt;tt&gt;test.oblig&lt;/tt&gt; is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    snp2   C1&lt;br /&gt;    snp3   C1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;it implies that SNPs &lt;tt&gt;snp2&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;snp3&lt;/tt&gt; are obligatory&lt;br /&gt;missing for all individuals belonging to cluster &lt;tt&gt;C1&lt;/tt&gt;.  The corresponding&lt;br /&gt;cluster file is &lt;tt&gt;test.clst&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    1b 1 C1&lt;br /&gt;    2b 1 C1&lt;br /&gt;    3b 1 C1&lt;br /&gt;    4b 1 C1&lt;br /&gt;    5b 1 C1&lt;br /&gt;    6b 1 C1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;indicating that the last six individuals belong to&lt;br /&gt;cluster &lt;tt&gt;C1&lt;/tt&gt;. (Not all individuals need be specified in this&lt;br /&gt;file.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt; You can have more than one cluster category&lt;br /&gt;specified in these files (i.e.  implying different patterns of&lt;br /&gt;obligatory missing data for different sets of individuals).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Running a &lt;tt&gt;--missing&lt;/tt&gt; command on the basic fileset, ignoring the&lt;br /&gt;obligatory missing nature of some of the data, results in the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file test --missing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which shows in the LOG file that 6 individuals were removed because of missing data&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ...&lt;br /&gt;    6 of 12 individuals removed for low genotyping ( MIND &gt; 0.1 )&lt;br /&gt;    ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and the corresponding output files (&lt;tt&gt;plink.imiss&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and &lt;tt&gt;plink.lmiss&lt;/tt&gt;) indicate no missing data (purely because the&lt;br /&gt;six individuals with 2 of 3 genotypes missing were already filtered&lt;br /&gt;out and everybody else left happens to have complete genotyping).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     FID  IID MISS_PHENO   N_MISS   F_MISS&lt;br /&gt;       1    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       2    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       3    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       4    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       5    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       6    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     CHR  SNP   N_MISS   F_MISS&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp1        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp2        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp3        0        0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In contrast, if the obligatory missing data are specified as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file test --missing --oblig-missing test.oblig --oblig-clusters test.clst&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;we now see&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ...&lt;br /&gt;    0 of 12 individuals removed for low genotyping ( MIND &gt; 0.1 )&lt;br /&gt;    ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and the corresponding output files now include an extra field, &lt;tt&gt;N_GENO&lt;/tt&gt;,&lt;br /&gt;which indicates the number of non-obligatory missing genotypes, which is the denominator&lt;br /&gt;for the genotyping rate calculations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     FID  IID MISS_PHENO   N_MISS   N_GENO   F_MISS&lt;br /&gt;       1    1          N        0        3        0&lt;br /&gt;       2    1          N        0        3        0&lt;br /&gt;       3    1          N        0        3        0&lt;br /&gt;       4    1          N        0        3        0&lt;br /&gt;       5    1          N        0        3        0&lt;br /&gt;       6    1          N        0        3        0&lt;br /&gt;      1b    1          N        0        1        0&lt;br /&gt;      2b    1          N        0        1        0&lt;br /&gt;      3b    1          N        0        1        0&lt;br /&gt;      4b    1          N        0        1        0&lt;br /&gt;      5b    1          N        0        1        0&lt;br /&gt;      6b    1          N        0        1        0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     CHR  SNP   N_MISS   N_GENO   F_MISS&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp1        0       12        0&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp2        0        6        0&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp3        0        6        0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seen another way, if one specified &lt;tt&gt;--mind 1&lt;/tt&gt; to include all&lt;br /&gt;individuals (i.e. not apply the default 90% genotyping rate threshold&lt;br /&gt;for each individual before this step), then the results would not&lt;br /&gt;change with the obligatory missing specification in place, as&lt;br /&gt;expected; in contrast, without the specification of obligatory missing&lt;br /&gt;data, we would see&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     FID  IID MISS_PHENO   N_MISS   F_MISS&lt;br /&gt;       1    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       2    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       3    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       4    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       5    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       6    1          N        0        0&lt;br /&gt;      1b    1          N        2 0.666667&lt;br /&gt;      2b    1          N        2 0.666667&lt;br /&gt;      3b    1          N        2 0.666667&lt;br /&gt;      4b    1          N        2 0.666667&lt;br /&gt;      5b    1          N        2 0.666667&lt;br /&gt;      6b    1          N        2 0.666667&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     CHR  SNP   N_MISS   F_MISS&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp1        0        0&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp2        6      0.5&lt;br /&gt;       1 snp3        6      0.5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this not particularly exciting example, there are no missing&lt;br /&gt;genotypes that are non-obligatory missing (i.e. that not specified by&lt;br /&gt;the two files) -- if there were, it would counted appropriately in the&lt;br /&gt;above files, and used to filter appropriately also.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt; All subsequent analyses do not distingush&lt;br /&gt;whether genotypes were missing due to failure or were obligatory&lt;br /&gt;missing -- that is, this option only effects the behavior of&lt;br /&gt;the &lt;tt&gt;--mind&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;--geno&lt;/tt&gt; filters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt; If a genotype is set to be obligatory missing&lt;br /&gt;but actually in the genotype file it is not missing, then it will be&lt;br /&gt;set to missing and treated as if missing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;clustermissing&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;5.3 Cluster individuals based on missing genotypes&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Systematic batch effects that induce missingness in parts of the sample will induce&lt;br /&gt;correlation between the patterns of missing data that different individuals display.&lt;br /&gt;One approach to detecting correlation in these patterns, that might possibly idenity&lt;br /&gt;such biases, is to cluster individuals based on their &lt;em&gt;identity-by-missingness&lt;/em&gt; (IBM).&lt;br /&gt;This approach use exactly the same procedure as the IBS clustering for population&lt;br /&gt;stratification, except the distance between two individuals is based not on which (non-missing)&lt;br /&gt;allele they have at each site, but rather the proportion of sites for which two individuals are&lt;br /&gt;both missing the same genotype. &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To use this option:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file data --cluster-missing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which creates the files:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    plink.matrix.missing&lt;br /&gt;    plink.cluster3.missing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which have similar formats to the corresponding IBS clustering files. Specifically, the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;plink.mdist.missing&lt;/tt&gt; file can be subjected to a visualisation technique such as&lt;br /&gt;multidimensinoal scaling to reveal any strong systematic patterns of missingness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt; The values in the &lt;tt&gt;.mdist&lt;/tt&gt; file are distances rather than&lt;br /&gt;similarities, unlike for standard IBS clustering. That is, a value of 0 means that two&lt;br /&gt;individuals have the same profile of missing genotypes. The exact value represents the&lt;br /&gt;proportion of all SNPs that are discordantly missing (i.e. where one member of the pair&lt;br /&gt;is missing that SNP but the other individual is not).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other constraints (significance test, phenotype, cluster size and external matching&lt;br /&gt;criteria) are not used during IBM clustering.  Also, by default, all individuals and all SNPs&lt;br /&gt;are included in an IBM clustering analysis, unlike IBS clustering, i.e. even individuals or&lt;br /&gt;SNPs with very low genotyping, or monomorphic alleles.  By explicitly specifying&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;--mind&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;--geno&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;--maf&lt;/tt&gt; certain individuals or SNPs can be&lt;br /&gt;excluded (although the default is probably what is usually required for quality control&lt;br /&gt;procedures).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;testmiss&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Test of missingness by case/control status&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To obtain a &lt;em&gt;missing chi-sq&lt;/em&gt; test (i.e. does, for each SNP,&lt;br /&gt;missingness differ between cases and controls?), use the option:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file mydata --test-missing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which generates a file&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    plink.missing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which contains the fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    CHR         Chromosome number&lt;br /&gt;    SNP         SNP identifier&lt;br /&gt;    F_MISS_A    Missing rate in cases&lt;br /&gt;    F_MISS_U    Missing rate in controls&lt;br /&gt;    P           Asymptotic p-value (Fisher&#39;s exact test)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The actual counts of missing genotypes are available in the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;plink.lmiss&lt;/tt&gt; file, which is generated by the &lt;tt&gt;--missing&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;option.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt; This test is only applicable to case/control&lt;br /&gt;data.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;mishap&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;5.5 Haplotype-based test for non-random missing genotype data&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;The previous test asks whether genotypes are missing at random&lt;br /&gt;or not with respect to phenotype. This test asks whether or not&lt;br /&gt;genotypes are missing at random with respect to the true&lt;br /&gt;(unobserved) genotype, based on the observed genotypes of nearby SNPs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt; This test assumes dense SNP genotyping such that&lt;br /&gt;flanking SNPs are typically in LD with each other. Also bear in mind that&lt;br /&gt;a negative result on this test may simply reflect the fact that there is&lt;br /&gt;little LD in the region.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This test works by taking a SNP at a time (the &#39;reference&#39; SNP) and asking&lt;br /&gt;whether haplotype formed by the two flanking SNPs can predict whether or&lt;br /&gt;not the individual is missing at the reference SNP. The test is a simple&lt;br /&gt;haplotypic case/control test, where the phenotype is missing status at the&lt;br /&gt;reference SNP.  If missingness at the reference is not random with respect&lt;br /&gt;to the true (unobserved) genotype, we may often expect to see an&lt;br /&gt;association between missingness and flanking haplotypes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: 단지 우리는 그런 연관성을 못 볼 수 있을 것이기 때문에, 지노타입들이 랜덤미싱을 의미할 필요가없는 그런 연관성을 못 볼 수도 있다. 즉 이 방법은 높은 특이성을 가지지, 감수성을 가지지 않는다.  따라서 이 방법은 많은 결손치를 초래한다. 그러나 QC 스크린 도구로서 사용되어질 때 사용자는 비랜덤 결손치의 높은 유의성 패턴을 보이는 스닙들에 대해 주의를 기울여야만 한다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;This option is run with the command:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file data --test-mishap&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which generates an output file called&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    plink.missing.hap&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which has the fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    LOCUS        Reference SNP&lt;br /&gt;    HAPLOTYPE    Flanking haplotype, or heterozygosity&lt;br /&gt;    F_0          Frequency of HAPLOTYPE if missing reference SNP&lt;br /&gt;    F_1          Frequency of HAPLOTYPE if not missing reference SNP&lt;br /&gt;    M_H1         N missing/not missing for HAPLOTYPE&lt;br /&gt;    M_H2         N missing/not missing for not-HAPLOTYPE&lt;br /&gt;    CHISQ        Chisquare test for non-random missingness&lt;br /&gt;    P            Asymptotic p-value&lt;br /&gt;    SNPS         Identifier for flanking SNPs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;tt&gt;HAPLOTYPE&lt;/tt&gt; typically represents each two-SNP flanking haplotype&lt;br /&gt;(i.e. not including the reference SNP itself); each reference SNP will also&lt;br /&gt;have a row labelled &lt;tt&gt;HETERO&lt;/tt&gt; in this column, which means&lt;br /&gt;we are testing whether or not being heterozygous for the flanking haplotypes (which would,&lt;br /&gt;under many sets of haplotype frequencies, increase the chance of being heterozygous&lt;br /&gt;for the reference SNP). SNPs with no or very little missing genotype data are skipped. Only haplotypes above the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;--maf&lt;/tt&gt; threshold are used in analysis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is an example from real data (rows split into two sets for clarity):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    LOCUS         HAPLOTYPE        F_0       F_1         M_H1         M_H2   &lt;br /&gt;    rs17012390           CT     0.5238   0.01949       55/104      50/5233   &lt;br /&gt;    rs17012390           TC     0.4762    0.9805      50/5233       55/104   &lt;br /&gt;    rs17012390       HETERO          1   0.04252       56/114       0/2567   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    LOCUS         HAPLOTYPE      CHISQ         P  SNPS&lt;br /&gt;    rs17012390           CT      923.4         0  rs17012387|rs17012393&lt;br /&gt;    rs17012390           TC      923.4         0  rs17012387|rs17012393&lt;br /&gt;    rs17012390       HETERO      863.3         0  rs17012387|rs17012393&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This clearly shows a huge chi-square (the sample is large, N of over 2500 individuals).&lt;br /&gt;We see that of 56 missing genotypes for this reference SNP, all occur when the flanking&lt;br /&gt;haplotypic background is heterozygous (i.e. &lt;tt&gt;M_H1&lt;/tt&gt; shows &lt;tt&gt;56/114&lt;/tt&gt;, indicating that there&lt;br /&gt;are 114 other instances of a heterozygous haplotypic background when the reference SNP is not missing)&lt;br /&gt;whereas we see not a single missing call when the flanking SNP background is homozygous, of which we see&lt;br /&gt;2567 observations. This is clearly indicative of non-random association between the unobserved genotype and&lt;br /&gt;missing status.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Looking at the same data a different way, &lt;tt&gt;F_1&lt;/tt&gt; indicates that the majority of the sample (people not&lt;br /&gt;missing at the reference SNP) have haplotype frequencies of &lt;tt&gt;CT&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;TC&lt;/tt&gt; haplotypes at approximately&lt;br /&gt;0.02 and 0.98 respectively). In contrast, because all people missing this SNP are on heterozygous backgrounds,&lt;br /&gt;these frequencies become approximately 50:50 in this group (shown in &lt;tt&gt;F_0&lt;/tt&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the particular dataset this example comes from, this SNP would have passed a&lt;br /&gt;standard quality control test. The &lt;tt&gt;--hardy&lt;/tt&gt; command shows that this SNP does&lt;br /&gt;not failure the HWE test; also, it does not show excessive amounts&lt;br /&gt;of missing data (the &lt;tt&gt;--missing&lt;/tt&gt; command indicates a missing rate of 0.021). The genotype&lt;br /&gt;counts (obtained by the &lt;tt&gt;--hardy&lt;/tt&gt; option) are, for the whole sample, &lt;tt&gt;0/104/2584&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In contrast, here are the same results for a different SNP that does not show any evidence&lt;br /&gt;of non-random missingness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;         LOCUS    HAPLOTYPE        F_0       F_1         M_H1         M_H2   &lt;br /&gt;     rs3912752           CC    0.07692   0.06507        2/354      24/5086&lt;br /&gt;     rs3912752           TT     0.1154     0.205       3/1115      23/4325&lt;br /&gt;     rs3912752           CT     0.8077      0.73      21/3971       5/1469&lt;br /&gt;     rs3912752       HETERO     0.2308    0.4279       3/1164      10/1556&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;         LOCUS    HAPLOTYPE      CHISQ          P   SNPS&lt;br /&gt;     rs3912752           CC    0.05967      0.807   rs3912751|rs351596&lt;br /&gt;     rs3912752           TT      1.276     0.2586   rs3912751|rs351596&lt;br /&gt;     rs3912752           CT     0.7938     0.3729   rs3912751|rs351596&lt;br /&gt;     rs3912752       HETERO      2.056     0.1516   rs3912751|rs351596&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here we do not see any deviation between the flanking haplotype frequencies between people&lt;br /&gt;missing versus genotyped for the reference SNP.  Of course, there is less missingness for this SNP&lt;br /&gt;(26 missing genotypes) so we might expect power is lower, even if there were non-random missingness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This only highlights the point made above that, in general, significant results are more interpretable&lt;br /&gt;than non-signficant results for this test. But more importantly, if there are only a handful of missing genotypes,&lt;br /&gt;we do not particular care whether or not they are missing at random, as they would not bias the association with disease&lt;br /&gt;in any case.  Of course, whether there is non-random genotyping &lt;em&gt;error&lt;/em&gt; is another question...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By default, we currently just select exactly two flanking SNPs. This can be changed with the option &lt;tt&gt;--mishap-window&lt;/tt&gt;. For&lt;br /&gt;example,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --bfile mydata --test-mishap --mishap-window 4&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Future releases will feature a more&lt;br /&gt;intelligent selection&lt;br /&gt;of flanking markers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;  This routine currently skips the SNPs on the X and Y chromosomes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;hardy&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To generate a list of genotype counts and Hardy-Weinberg test&lt;br /&gt;statistics for each SNP, use the option:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file data --hardy&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which creates a file:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    plink.hwe&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This file has the following format&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    SNP             SNP identifier&lt;br /&gt;    TEST            Code indicating sample&lt;br /&gt;    A1              Minor allele code&lt;br /&gt;    A2              Major allele code&lt;br /&gt;    GENO            Genotype counts: 11/12/22&lt;br /&gt;    O(HET)          Observed heterozygosity&lt;br /&gt;    E(HET)          Expected heterozygosity&lt;br /&gt;    P               H-W p-value&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For case/control samples, each SNP will have three entries (rows) in this&lt;br /&gt;file, with &lt;tt&gt;TEST&lt;/tt&gt; being either &lt;tt&gt;ALL&lt;/tt&gt;, &lt;tt&gt;AFF&lt;/tt&gt; (cases&lt;br /&gt;only) or &lt;tt&gt;UNAFF&lt;/tt&gt; (controls only). For quantitative traits, only a&lt;br /&gt;single row will appear for each SNP, labelled &lt;tt&gt;ALL(QT)&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Only founders are considered for the Hardy-Weinberg calculations -- ie.&lt;br /&gt;for family data, any offspring are ignored.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WARNING&lt;/strong&gt; By default, this procedure only considers founders, so&lt;br /&gt;no HW results would be given for sibling-only datasets (i.e. if no parents exist).&lt;br /&gt;To perform a rough, somewhat biased test, use the &lt;tt&gt;--nonfounders&lt;/tt&gt; option&lt;br /&gt;which means that all individuals will be included. Alternatively, manually extract&lt;br /&gt;one person per family for this calculation and recode these individuals as founders&lt;br /&gt;(see the &lt;tt&gt;--keep&lt;/tt&gt; option to facilitate this).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The default test is an exact one, described and implemented by Wigginton &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(see reference below), which is more accurate for rare genotypes.  You can still perform&lt;br /&gt;the standard asymptotic test with the &lt;tt&gt;--hardy2&lt;/tt&gt; option. &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:-1;&quot;&gt;A Note on Exact Tests of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;Wigginton JE, Cutler DJ and Abecasis GR&lt;br /&gt;Am J Hum Genet (2005) 76: 887-93&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;freq&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Allele frequency&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To generate a list of minor allele frequencies (MAF) for each SNP,&lt;br /&gt;based on all founders in the sample:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file data --freq&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;will create a file:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    plink.frq&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;with five columns:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    CHR       Chromosome&lt;br /&gt;    SNP       SNP identifier&lt;br /&gt;    A1        Allele 1 code (minor allele)&lt;br /&gt;    A2        Allele 2 code (major allele)&lt;br /&gt;    MAF       Minor allele frequency&lt;br /&gt;    NCHROBS   Non-missing allele count&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HINT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To produce summary of allele frequencies that is stratified by&lt;br /&gt;a categorical cluster variable, use the &lt;tt&gt;--within&lt;/tt&gt; &lt;em&gt;filename&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;option as well as &lt;tt&gt;--missing&lt;/tt&gt;. In this way, the frequencies&lt;br /&gt;will be given separately for each level of the categorical variable. Details&lt;br /&gt;on the format of a cluster file can be found&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/data.shtml#clst&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If a SNP fails the genotyping rate threshold (as set by the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;--geno&lt;/tt&gt; value, which is by default 0.10) the frequency&lt;br /&gt;will appear as &lt;tt&gt;NA&lt;/tt&gt; in the &lt;tt&gt;plink.frq&lt;/tt&gt; output file. To&lt;br /&gt;obtain frequencies on all SNPs irrespective of genotyping rate, set&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;--mind 1&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;prune&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Linkage disequilibrium based SNP pruning&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sometimes it is useful to generate a pruned subset of SNPs that are in&lt;br /&gt;approximate linkage equilibrium with each other.  This can be achieved&lt;br /&gt;via two commands: &lt;tt&gt;--indep&lt;/tt&gt; which prunes based on&lt;br /&gt;the &lt;em&gt;variance inflation factor&lt;/em&gt; (VIF), which recursively&lt;br /&gt;removes SNPs within a sliding window;&lt;br /&gt;second, &lt;tt&gt;--indep-pairwise&lt;/tt&gt; which is similar, except it is based&lt;br /&gt;only on pairwise genotypic correlation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hint&lt;/strong&gt; The output of either of these commands is two&lt;br /&gt;lists of SNPs: those that are pruned out and those that are not.  A&lt;br /&gt;separate command using the &lt;tt&gt;--extract&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;--exclude&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;option is necessary to actually perform the pruning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The VIF pruning routine is performed:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file data --indep 50 5 2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;will create files&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    plink.prune.in&lt;br /&gt;    plink.prune.out&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each is a simlpe list of SNP IDs; both these files can subsequently be&lt;br /&gt;specified as the argument for a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;--extract&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;--exclude&lt;/tt&gt; command.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The parameters for &lt;tt&gt;--indep&lt;/tt&gt; are: window size in SNPs&lt;br /&gt;(e.g. 50), the number of SNPs to shift the window at each step&lt;br /&gt;(e.g. 5), the VIF threshold.  The VIF is &lt;tt&gt;1/(1-R^2)&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;where &lt;tt&gt;R^2&lt;/tt&gt; is the multiple correlation coefficient for a SNP&lt;br /&gt;being regressed on all other SNPs simultaneously. That is, this&lt;br /&gt;considers the correlations between SNPs but also between linear&lt;br /&gt;combinations of SNPs. A VIF of 10 is often taken to represent near&lt;br /&gt;collinearity problems in standard multiple regression analyses&lt;br /&gt;(i.e. implies R^2 of 0.9). A VIF of 1 would imply that the SNP is&lt;br /&gt;completely independent of all other SNPs.  Practically, values between&lt;br /&gt;1.5 and 2 should probably be used; particularly in small samples, if&lt;br /&gt;this threshold is too low and/or the window size is too large, too&lt;br /&gt;many SNPs may be removed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second procedure is performed:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file data --indep-pairwise 50 5 0.5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This generates the same output files as the first version; the only&lt;br /&gt;difference is that a simple pairwise threshold is used.  The first two&lt;br /&gt;parameters (50 and 5) are the same as above (window size and step);&lt;br /&gt;the third parameter represents the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;r^2&lt;/tt&gt; threshold. Note: this represents the pairwise SNP-SNP&lt;br /&gt;metric now, not the multiple correlation coefficient; also note, this&lt;br /&gt;is based on the genotypic correlation, i.e. it does not involve&lt;br /&gt;phasing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To give a concrete example: the command above that specifies &lt;tt&gt;50 5 0.5&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;would a) consider a window of 50 SNPs, b) calculate LD between each pair of SNPs in the&lt;br /&gt;window, b) remove one of a pair of SNPs if the LD is greater than 0.5, c) shift the window&lt;br /&gt;5 SNPs forward and repeat the procedure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To make a new, pruned file, then use something like (in this example,&lt;br /&gt;we also convert the standard PED fileset to a binary one):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file data --extract plink.prune.in --make-bed --out pruneddata&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;mendel&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Mendel errors&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To generate a list of Mendel errors for SNPs and families, use the option:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --file data --mendel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which will create files:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    plink.mendel&lt;br /&gt;    plink.imendel&lt;br /&gt;    plink.fmendel&lt;br /&gt;    plink.lmendel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;tt&gt;*.mendel&lt;/tt&gt; file contains all Mendel errors (i.e. one line&lt;br /&gt;per error); the &lt;tt&gt;*.imendel&lt;/tt&gt; file contains a summary of&lt;br /&gt;per-individual error rates; the &lt;tt&gt;*.fmendel&lt;/tt&gt; file contains a&lt;br /&gt;summary of per-family error rates; the &lt;tt&gt;*.lmendel&lt;/tt&gt; file&lt;br /&gt;contains a summary of per-SNP error rates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;tt&gt;*.mendel&lt;/tt&gt; file has the following columns:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    FID            Family ID&lt;br /&gt;    KID            Child individual ID&lt;br /&gt;    CHR            Chromosome&lt;br /&gt;    SNP            SNP ID&lt;br /&gt;    CODE           A numerical code indicating the type of error (see below)&lt;br /&gt;    ERROR          Description of the actual error&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The error codes are as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;     Code   Pat  ,   Mat   -&gt;    Offspring&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    1      AA   ,   AA    -&gt;    AB      &lt;br /&gt;    2      BB   ,   BB    -&gt;    AB&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    3      BB   ,   **    -&gt;    AA&lt;br /&gt;    4      **   ,   BB    -&gt;    AA&lt;br /&gt;    5      BB   ,   BB    -&gt;    AA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    6      AA   ,   **    -&gt;    BB&lt;br /&gt;    7      **   ,   AA    -&gt;    BB&lt;br /&gt;    8      AA   ,   AA    -&gt;    BB&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    9      **   ,   AA    -&gt;    BB    (X chromosome male offspring)&lt;br /&gt;    10     **   ,   BB    -&gt;    AA    (X chromosome male offspring)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;tt&gt;*.lmendel&lt;/tt&gt; file has the following columns:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    CHR            Chromosome&lt;br /&gt;    SNP            SNP ID&lt;br /&gt;    N              Number of Mendel errors for this SNP&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;tt&gt;*.imendel&lt;/tt&gt; file has the following columns:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    FID            Family ID&lt;br /&gt;    IID            Individual ID&lt;br /&gt;    N              Number of errors this individual was implicated in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following heurtistic is used to provide a rough estimate of Mendel&lt;br /&gt;error rare &#39;per individual&#39;: error types 1 and 2 count for all 3&lt;br /&gt;individuals (child, father, mother); error types 5 and 8 count only&lt;br /&gt;for the child (i.e. otherwise requires two errors, one in each&lt;br /&gt;parent); error types 3 and 6 count for the child and the father; all&lt;br /&gt;other types (4, 7, 9 and 10) count for the offspring and the mother.&lt;br /&gt;This metric might indicate that, for example, in a nuclear family with&lt;br /&gt;two parents and two offspring, many more Mendel errors can be&lt;br /&gt;associated with the first sibling; the remaining trio might not show&lt;br /&gt;any increased rate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Currently, PLINK only scans full trios for Mendel errors. Families&lt;br /&gt;with fewer than 2 parents in the dataset will not be tested.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally, the &lt;tt&gt;*.fmendel&lt;/tt&gt; file has the following columns:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    FID            Family ID&lt;br /&gt;    PAT            Paternal individual ID&lt;br /&gt;    MAT            Maternal individual ID&lt;br /&gt;    CHLD           Number of offspring in this (nuclear) family&lt;br /&gt;    N              Number of Mendel errors for this (nuclear) family&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;sexcheck&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Sex check&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This option uses X chromosome data to determine sex (i.e. based on&lt;br /&gt;heterozygosity rates) and flags individuals for whom the reported sex in&lt;br /&gt;the PED file does not match the estimated sex (given genomic data).  To&lt;br /&gt;run this analysis, use the flag:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --bfile data --check-sex&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which generates a file&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    plink.sexcheck&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;which contains the fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    FID     Family ID&lt;br /&gt;    IID     Individual ID&lt;br /&gt;    PEDSEX  Sex as determined in pedigree file (1=male, 2=female)&lt;br /&gt;    SNPSEX  Sex as determined by X chromosome&lt;br /&gt;    STATUS  Displays &quot;PROBLEM&quot; or &quot;OK&quot; for each individual&lt;br /&gt;    F       The actual X chromosome inbreeding (homozygosity) estimate&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A &lt;tt&gt;PROBLEM&lt;/tt&gt; arises if the two sexes do not match, or if the&lt;br /&gt;SNP data or pedigree data are ambiguous with regard to sex. A male&lt;br /&gt;call is made if &lt;tt&gt;F&lt;/tt&gt; is more than 0.8; a femle call is made if&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;F&lt;/tt&gt; is less than 0.2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The command&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;br /&gt;plink --bfile data --impute-sex --make-bed --out newfile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;will impute the sex codes based on the SNP data, and create a new file&lt;br /&gt;with the revised assignments, in this case a new binary fileset.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;pederr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Pedigree errors&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;tt&gt;PLINK&lt;/tt&gt; can accept multigenerational family data for family-based&lt;br /&gt;tests and Mendel error checks. It will break multigenerational families&lt;br /&gt;down into nuclear family units where appropriate. Extended family&lt;br /&gt;information is not used in an optimal manner, however (e.g. to help find&lt;br /&gt;Mendel errors using grandparental genotypes if parental genotypes are&lt;br /&gt;missing).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unless &lt;tt&gt;PLINK&lt;/tt&gt; is explicitly told to perform a family-based&lt;br /&gt;analysis, it will ignore any pedigree structure in the sample and&lt;br /&gt;analyse the data as if all individuals are unrelated (i.e.&lt;br /&gt;the &lt;tt&gt;--assoc&lt;/tt&gt; option, for example, will ignore family&lt;br /&gt;structure).  It is therefore the responsibility of the user to ensure&lt;br /&gt;that the data are appropriate for the type of test (e.g. if performing&lt;br /&gt;a standard association test with &lt;tt&gt;--assoc&lt;/tt&gt;, this implies that&lt;br /&gt;all individuals should be unrelated for asymptotic significance values&lt;br /&gt;to be correct).  The exception to this general rule is that certain&lt;br /&gt;summary statistics are based only on founders.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;tt&gt;PLINK&lt;/tt&gt; will spot most pedigree errors (e.g. if an&lt;br /&gt;individual has two fathers, for example). For a more comprehensive&lt;br /&gt;evaluation of pedigree errors (invalid or incompletely specified&lt;br /&gt;pedigree structures) please use a different software package such as&lt;br /&gt;PEDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;or &lt;a href=&quot;http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/purcell/famtypes/&quot;&gt;famtypes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/filename&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/5239401362376110402/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/5239401362376110402' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/5239401362376110402'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/5239401362376110402'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/10/plink_28.html' title='PLINK 한글 매뉴얼'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-5823476920827539346</id><published>2008-10-03T04:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-03T04:08:37.368-07:00</updated><title type='text'>PLINK</title><content type='html'>PLINK&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. ped파일은 6개의 정보컬럼 및 지노타입 데이터 컬럼으로 구성된다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FamilyID   IndivisualID   PaternalID   MateralID   Sex   Affected   Genotypes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이때, 정보컬럼의 각 공백은 스페이스 혹은 탭&lt;br /&gt;지노타입데이터는 1개 이상들어가는데, 형태는 다음과 같다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A A&lt;br /&gt;? ?&lt;br /&gt;N N&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;두개의 allele 사이는 스페이스로 구분.&lt;br /&gt;각 각 SNP 간의 사이는 스페이스 혹은 탭으로 구분.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/5823476920827539346/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/5823476920827539346' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/5823476920827539346'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/5823476920827539346'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/10/plink.html' title='PLINK'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-7393072122590515110</id><published>2008-08-18T06:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-18T06:43:18.895-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Epistasis (상위성)</title><content type='html'>Epistasis (상위성)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;각 유전자가 하나씩 발현하였을 경우와는 다른 표현형을 보이는 둘 이상의 유전자좌의 상호작용.  표현형의 차이를 유발시키는 원인을 평가하는 통계연구에서는 epistasis라는 용어는 대립형질이 아닌 유전자들간의 상호작용으로 나타난 표현형의 변이를 의미한다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;상위성 유전자 작용이란 서로 독립되어 있는 두 유전자가 자신의 표현형을 나타내야 하는데, 한쪽 유전자의 작용결과만 발현되고 다른 유전자의 작용은 가려져서 표현되지 않는 것을 말한다. 이때 표현형이 발현되는 쪽의 유전자를 상위성 유전자, 가려지는 쪽의 유전자를 하위성 유전자라고 한다.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/7393072122590515110/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/7393072122590515110' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/7393072122590515110'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/7393072122590515110'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/08/epistasis.html' title='Epistasis (상위성)'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-8283906197881334817</id><published>2008-07-27T22:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-27T23:57:33.326-07:00</updated><title type='text'>PED 파일</title><content type='html'>페드파일은 스페이스 혹 탭 분리파일로, 앞 6컬럼은 필수다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Family_ID     Individual_ID     Paternal_ID     Maternal_ID     Sex     Phenotype&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* Sex; 1=male, 2=female, unknown = other&lt;br /&gt;* ID는 알파뉴메릭이다. 패밀리와 개인 ID는 반드시 개인을 구별할 수 있도록 유닉해야한다.  PED파일은 반드시 1개여야하고, 오직 1개의 페노타입만 가져야 한다.&lt;br /&gt;* 페노타입은 quantitative trait or affection status 0. 1. 2. or missing genotype code</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/8283906197881334817/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/8283906197881334817' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/8283906197881334817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/8283906197881334817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/07/ped.html' title='PED 파일'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-6120445293769338900</id><published>2008-07-15T06:01:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-15T06:19:14.954-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Quantile normalization</title><content type='html'>퀀타일 노말라이제이션 (사분위수 표준화?)&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;테리스피드 (Terry Speed) 그룹이 소개한 비모수 방법에 의한 표준화이며, 합성칩에 주로사용. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;유전자 abundance의 분포는 모든 시표에서 거의 같다는 가정.  편의를 위해 모든 칩들상의 프로브의 pooled 분포를 취한다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/6120445293769338900/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/6120445293769338900' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/6120445293769338900'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/6120445293769338900'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/07/quantile-normalization.html' title='Quantile normalization'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-8960063051936748998</id><published>2008-07-14T04:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-14T05:37:51.186-07:00</updated><title type='text'>GWA-WTCCC  데이터분석방법</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;CHIAMO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;     CHIAMO는 어피 500K 매핍칩으로부터 지노타입들을 불러내는 프로그램이다. 이 프로그램은 잠재적으로 서로다른 인텐시티 특성을 가짐으로서, 전장유전체에서 증가된 위양성율을 이끄는 다중 코호트를 허락한다 (The program allows for multiple cohorts which have potentially different intensity characteristics that can lead to elevated false-positive rates in genome-wide studies). [이말인즉슨, 다중코호트분석은 위양성이 증대된다는 뜻인거 같은데].  사용된 모델은 계측구조 (hierarchical structure)를 가지는데, 이는 각 코호트의 파라미터들간의 correlation을 가능케 한다.  아마 보다 자세한 설명은 곧 논문으로 나올 것 같음. CHIAMO에 의해 생성된 파일은 SNPTEST와 IMPUTE라는 프로그램에 사용되어 진다. CHIAMO는 WTCCC에 의해 수행된 7개의 GWAS를 위한 지노타입들을 불러내는데 사용되었다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;&quot;&gt;SNPTEST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;     SNPTEST는 전장유전체연구에서 단일SNP association의 분석에 사용되는 프로그램이다. 수행되는 테스트는 바이너리(케이스-콘트롤)와 정량된 표현형으로 제공될 수있고, covariates의 임의의 세트의 조건과 지노타입의 uncertainity에 대한 account로서 제공될 수 있다. 이 프로그램은 IMPUTE, GTOOL, 및 CHIAMO에서 호출된 지노타입에 대한 결과파일 모두에 대해 균일한 작업을 위해 디자인되었다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;&quot;&gt;IMPUTE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;     이것은 알려진 haplotype들의 세트에 기초하여 (HapMap Phase II의 hyplotype들 처럼) 전장유전체 케이스-콘트롤 연구들에서 unobserbed genotype들을 imputing하는 프로그램이다. CHIAMO와 HAPGEN의 결과파일을 입력파일로 쓸수있고,  IMPUTE의결과파일은 SNPTEST의 입력파일로 쓸수있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;&quot;&gt;HPAGEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;     HPAGEN은 SNP 마커들에서 케이스-콘트롤 데이터세트들을 시뮬레이션하며, IMPUTE, SNPTEST, GTOOL에 의해 사용되는 파일형태에서 결과테이터를 시물레이션할 수 있다. 이방법은 LD에서 마커들을 다룰수있고, 전장염색체와같이 커다란 영역에 대한 데이터세트를 시뮬레이션할 수 있다. HAPGEN은 &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/8960063051936748998/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/8960063051936748998' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/8960063051936748998'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/8960063051936748998'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/07/gwa-wtccc.html' title='GWA-WTCCC  데이터분석방법'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-3446349625593195196</id><published>2008-07-10T03:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-10T04:19:09.764-07:00</updated><title type='text'>HapMap project</title><content type='html'>HapMap 프로젝트&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;인간은 23쌍의 염색체를가진다.  염기서열분석결과 30억개의 염기로 구성되어 있음이 나타났다. 인간의 지놈서열은 거의 동일하다. 그러나 평균 1200개 염기당 한개의 비율로 염기차이가 존재한다.  대략 250만개의 단일염기다형성이 존재한다. 다른 염기혹 염기추가 혹 결손 등의 변이가 존재한다.  SNP 혹은 스닙 이라고도 한다. 대략 천만개 정도의 스닙이 존재할 것으로 예상.  &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/3446349625593195196/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/3446349625593195196' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/3446349625593195196'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/3446349625593195196'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/07/hapmap-project.html' title='HapMap project'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-2416502610222283032</id><published>2008-06-22T10:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-23T05:14:17.256-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Linkage disequilibrium</title><content type='html'>집단유전체학에서, LD는 둘이상의 loci (같은 염색체상에 있을 필요가 없는)의 대립형질의 무작위적이지 않은 연관이다. 이는 linkage (연관)와는 다른 것으로, 연관은 둘이상의 loci간의 제한적인 재조합이 한개의 염색체상으로 들어오는, 둘이상의 loci의 association을 설명한다. 연관비평형은 어떤 situation을 설명한다. 이 situation은 대립형질들 혹은 유전적 표지들의 어떠한 조합들이 군집(집단)에서 무작위적 형성으로부터 예상되는 것보다 더 혹은 덜한 률로 보여지는 situation으로 설명된다. Linkage disequilibrium describeds a situation in which some combinations of alleles or genetic markers occur more or less frequently in a population than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies. 서로다른 loci의 다형태들간의 Non-random association는 LD의 degree에 의해 결정된다.&lt;br /&gt;LD는 일반적으로 유전적 연관과 재조합 빈도(rate)에 의해서 유발된다; 돌연변이율, random drift 혹은 non-random mating, and 집단의 구조. 예를 들면, 일부 개체 (세균같은)들이 LD를 보여줄 수 있을 것이다. 왜냐하면, 세균들은 무성생식을 하며, LD를 break down 하는 재조합이 없기 때문이다.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/2416502610222283032/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/2416502610222283032' title='1개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/2416502610222283032'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/2416502610222283032'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/06/linkage-disequilibrium.html' title='Linkage disequilibrium'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6441960312204968458.post-6684382321217987858</id><published>2008-06-10T23:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-17T01:25:08.146-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Genome-Wide Association Study</title><content type='html'>Genome-Wide Association Study&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;지놈 와이드 어소시에이션 스터디. 한글로 번역하면, 유전체 범위 (혹 수준)에서의 연관연구 정도 된다. 번역도 어렵다. 줄여서 GWAS라고도 한다. 최근 들어 이 GWAS가 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 이것이 무언지 알아보자. 참고자료로서 아래의 웹사이트와 문서들을 참조했다.&lt;br /&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.genome.gov/20019523&quot;&gt;www.genome.gov/20019523&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. GWAS란 무엇인가?&lt;br /&gt;GWSA란 많은 사람들로부터 특정 질병과 연관된 유전적 변이를 찾기위해 완벽한 세트의 DNA, 혹은 지놈을 가로지르는 빠른 마커 탐색을 이용하는 접근법이다. 새로운 유전적 연관이 동정된 뒤에는 연구자들은 질병을 검출하고, 치료하고, 방지하기 위한 더 나은 전략을 개발하는데 이러한 정보를 이용할 수 있다. 이러한 연구들은 특히, 천식, 암, 당뇨, 심장병, 정신병과 같이 일반적이고 복잡한 질병들에서의 유전적 변이를 찾는데 유용하다&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. 왜 이런 연구가 지금 가능한가?&lt;br /&gt;2003년 인간유전체계획과 2005년 국제 반수체지도 계획 (HapMap) 들이 종료됨과 동시에, 과학자들은 이제 일반적인(common) 질병들에 대한 유전적인 기여들을 찾을 수 있게 해주는 연구 도구 세트를 가지게 되었다. 이러한 도구에는 참조 인간 유전체 서열, 인간 유전자 변이 지도 등과 같은 전산화된 데이터베이스들과, 질환의 발병에 기여하는 유전자 변이를 찾기위한 빠르고 정확하게 전(whole) 지놈새료를 분석할 수 있는 새로운 기술들의 세트가 포함된다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. 인류건강에 GWAS가 주는 이득은?&lt;br /&gt;GWAS로부터 얻어지는 medical care에 대한 영향은 잠재적으로 연속적일 수 있다. 이러한 연구는 맞춤의학(personalized medicine) 시대를 위한 groundwork을 laying한다. (맞춤의학에서는 현재의 one-size-fits-all approach로 이루어 지는 의학적 케어들이 보다 개별적, 개인적으로 이루어 진다).&lt;br /&gt;미래에는, 유전체범주의 탐색들의 비용과 효율면에서의 개선들 및 다른 혁명적 기술들 이후, 건강전문가들은 진전되고 있는 특정 질병들에 대한 위험도에 대한 개인화된 정보를 환자에게 제공하기 위해 그러한 도구사용이 가능할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 정보는 건강전문가들이 각 개인들의 독특한 유전적 체질을 고려하여 예방법을 설계할 수 있게 해줄 것이다. 게다가, 만약 환자가 아프게 되면, 이러한 정보는 특정 환자에게 고효율 및 저부작용인 치료법 선택에 사용될 수 있다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. GWAS에서 발견된 것들은 무엇인가?&lt;br /&gt; 연구자들은 이미 이 새로운 기술을 이용해 상당한 성공들을 보고해 왔다. 예를 들면, 2005년, 3개의 독립적인 연구에서 맹안의 일반적 형태는 보체인자 H-이것은 염증을 조절하는데 관여하는 단백질을 생산-의 유전자의 변이와 연관이 있음이 밝혀졌다.  이전에는 염증이 이러한 형태의 맹안에 유의하게 기여할것이라고 거의 생각되지 않았고, 이러한 것을 노인황반변성(age-related macular degeration)이라고 한다.&lt;br /&gt; 유사한 성공담들이 2형당뇨, 파킨슨병, 심부전, 비만, 크론병(국한성 회장염) 및 전립선암 뿐만 아니라, 항우울증 약의 반응에 영향을 주는 유전적 변이를 동정하는  GWAS를 이용하여 보고되어 있다.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/feeds/6684382321217987858/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/6441960312204968458/6684382321217987858' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/6684382321217987858'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6441960312204968458/posts/default/6684382321217987858'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://g-was.blogspot.com/2008/06/genome-wide-association-study.html' title='Genome-Wide Association Study'/><author><name>싸이보그337</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13118799584152242762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>