GLOBAL ARCHITECT'S

WELDING SYMBOLS

2019-08-14T11:21:00.000+05:30

TYPES OF WELDING SYMBOLS

TYPES OF JOINTS

By mean so welding, it is possible to make continuous, load bearing joints between the members of a structure. A variety of joints is used in structural steel work and they can be classified into four basic configurations namely , Lap joint,Tee joint, Butt joint and Corner joint.

For lap joints, the ends of two members are overlapped and for butt joints, the two members are placed end to end, The T joints form a Tee and in Corner joints, the ends ae joined like the letter L.
Most common joints are made up of fillet weld or the butt also called groove weld. Plug and slot welds are not generally used in structural steel work. Fillet welds are suitable for lab joints and Tee joints and groove welds for butt and corner joints.

Butt welds can be of complete penetration or incomplete penetration depending upon whether the penetration is complete through the thickness or partial. Generally a description of welded joints requires an indication of the type of both the joint and the weld.

Though fillet welds are weaker than butt welds,about 80% of the connections are made with fillet welds. The reason for the wider use of fillet welds in that in the case of fillet welds, when members are lapped over each other, large tolerances are allowed in erection. For butt welds, the members to be connected have to fit perfectly when they are lined up for welding. Further butt welding requires the shaping of the surfaces to be joined.
To ensure full penetration and a sound weld , a backup plate is temporrily provided.

BUTT WELDS

Full penetration butt welds are formed when the parts are connected together within the thickness of the parent metal. For thin parts , it is possible to achieve full penetration of the weld. For thicker parts, edge preparation may have to be done to achieve the welding.

SQUARE
SINGLE V
DOUBLE V
SINGLE U
DOUBLE U
SINGLE J
DOUBLE J
SINGLE BEVEL
DOUBLE BEVEL

In order to qualify for a full penetration weld there are certain conditions to be satisfied while making the welds.

Welds are also classified according to their position into flat, horizontal, vertical and overhead. Flat welds are the most economical to make while overhead welds are the most difficult and expensive.

Butt welds have high strength , high resistance to impact and cyclic stress. They are most direct joints and introduce least eccentricity in the joint. But their major disadvantages are , high residual stresses , necessity of edge preparation and proper aligning of the members in the field.

WELDING SYMBOLS
The information concerning type, size , position , welding process etc, of the welds in welded joins is conveyed by standard symbols in drawings. The symbols representation includes elementary symbols,along with.

Supplementary symbol,
A means of showing dimensions,
Some complementary indication

Welding symbols,Elementary symbols represent the various categories of the weld and look similar to the shape of the weld to be made.Combination of elementary symbols may also be used, when required .

FILLET WELD

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WHAT IS FILLET WELD AND ITS PROCESS

Weld is the process of joining two pieces of metal by creating a strong metallurgical bond between them by heating or pressure or both. It is distinguished from other forms of mechanical connections. Such as riveting or bolting, which are formed by friction or mechanical interlocking. It is one f the oldest and reliable methods of joining.

Welding offers many advantages over bolting and riveting. Welding enables direct transfer of stress between members eliminating gusset and splice plates necessary for bolted structures. Hence, the weight of the joint in minimum. In the case of tension members, the absence of holes improves the efficient of the section. It involves less fabrication cost compared to other methods due to handling of fewer parts and elimination of operations like drilling, punching etc. and consequently less labor leading to economy. Welding offers air tight and water tight joining and hence is ideal for oil storage tanks, ships etc. welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted and bolted connections. A truly continuous structure Is formed by the process of fusing the members together. Generally welded joints are as strong or stronger than the base metal, thereby placing no restriction on the joists,

Stress concentration effect is also considerably less in a welded connection.

Some of the disadvantages of welding are that it requires skilled manpower for welding as well as inspection. Also, non-destructive evaluation may have to be carried out to detect defects in welds. Welding in the field may be difficult due to the location or environment. Welded joists are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading. Large residual stresses and distortion are developed in welded connections.

Fundamentals of welding

A welded joint is obtained when two clean surfaces are brought into contact with each other and either pressure or heat, or both are applied to obtain a bond. The tendency of atoms to bond is the fundamental basis of welding.. The inter-diffusion between the materials that ate joined is the underlying principle in all welding processes

Welding process

In general , gas and welding are employed, but almost all structural welding is arc welding.

The most common welding processes, especially for structural steel , use electric energy as the heat source produced by the electric arc IS 816 in this process, the base metal and the welding rod are heated to the fusion temperature by an electric arc. The arc is a continuous spark formed when a large current at allow voltage is discharged between the electrode and base metal through a thermally ionized gaseous column, called plasma. The resistance of the air or gas between the electrode and the objects being welded changes the electric energy into heat. A temperature of 3300⁰C to 5500⁰ C is produced in the arc.

The welding rod is connected to one terminal of the current source and the object to be welded to the other. In arc welding fusion takes place by the flow of material from the welding rod across the arc without pressure being applied.

WATER TO CEMENT RATIO

2019-08-10T14:12:00.003+05:30

WATER TO CEMENT RATIO

The ratio between water and cement by weight is known as Water Cement Ratio.

The quantity of water added to the cement while preparing concrete mixes has been known to exert tremendous influence on the quality of concrete.

Cement and water are the only two chemically active elements in concrete.

By their combination they form a glue like binder paste which create bond between fine aggegates and course aggregate.

Water is the most important element in concrete governing all the properties of cement concrete like durability, strength and fire resistance.

THE FUNCTIONS OF MIXING WATER ARE :

· When water mix with cement ,The chemical reaction starts between water and cement ,

· This reaction starts the hydration in past from that the cement and water past starts setting according to the type of cement and type of construction.

To make the concrete workable so that it can be placed easily and uniformly between the reinforcing bars and in the corners.

The strength of the concrete depends on water to cement ratio.

Therefore we need to use the amount of water carefully while mixing the concrete.

Too much water can increase the workability ,but it will also effect the strength of concrete.

If less water used it will increase the strength and durability but will decrease the workability.

It can be seen that lower water cement ratio could be used when the concrete is vibrated to achieve higher strength, whereas, comparatively, higher water cement ratio is required when concrete is hand compacted.

In both cases when the water cement ratio is below the practical limit, the strength of concrete falls rapidly due to introduction of air voids.

FUNCTION OF WATER IN CONCRETE.

1. It hydrates the cement, which is an essential chemical reaction for formation of complex silicate crystalline gels that are responsible for the strength of the cement.

2. It lubricates all the concrete ingredients, by passing around them in the form of films. Hence it is responsible for the plasticity and mobility of concrete which define its workability.

EFFECTS OF EXTRA WATER IN CONCRETE

Any extra amount of water added to concrete ingredients at the time of mixing also course segregation of aggregates during transport and placement.

WHAT IS BLEEDING OF CONCRETE

BLEEDING OF CONCRETE

2019-08-09T11:25:00.002+05:30

BLEEDING OF CONCRETE AND ITS EFFECT TO CONCRETE

BLEEDING OF CONCRETE

Bleeding is one form of segregation, where water comes out to the surface of the concrete,Bleeding can be easily identified in the field by the appearance of a thin layer of water in the top surface of freshly mixed concrete.

EFFECTS OF BLEEDING OF CONCRETE

Due to bleeding concrete loses its homogeneity (the strength will not same at all the point)

Bleeding is responsible for causing permeability in concrete.

In the process of bleeding water comes upwards or it will flow from centering boxes,This accumulation of water creates voids and reduces bond between the reinforcement and concrete.
bleeding can effect workability of concrete.

In pavement construction bleeding water delays surface finishing and application of curing compound.

Bleeding in fresh concrete refers to the process where free water in the mix is pushed upward to the surface due to the settlement of heavier solid particles such as cement and water. Some bleeding is normal but excessive bleeding can be problematic.

The biggest factor in bleed water rates is the water to cement ratio.A higher ratio can lead to excessive bleeding. The fewer fines you have in your mix, the more bleeding will occur. Factors also include concrete height and pressure.

TYPES OF BLEEDING

Normal bleeding refers to a uniform seepage of water over the entire surface of the structure.

Channel bleeding refers to water rising through particular paths.

Not all bleed water will reach the surface of the concrete. Some bleed water may rise and remain trapped under aggregates and reinforcing.This results in the weakening of the bond between the paste.

HOW TO MINIMIZE BLEEDING

The use of supplementary cementitious materials can decrease bleeding rates,especially when using finer blends. Fly ash can be effective in reducing bleed rates.

Silica fume has the largest effect on reducing bleeding.

HOW TO REDUCE BLEEDING IN CONCRETE

Reduce water content.Use lower slump mix
Use finer cements
Increase amount of fines in the sand

If you have any question regarding this please comment or contact us

Workability of concrete test

2019-08-08T10:30:00.000+05:30

Workability of concrete

Workablity of concrete is the property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the ease and homogeneity with which it cab be easily mixed,placed,consolidated and finished.

We knew that what is concrete, it is a mixture of fine aggregate , course aggregate ,cement and water.
When these proportions are mixed it forms concrete, this concrete should in such a way that it should easily make any shape and spread without loosing water in it.

The workablity of concrete depends on many factors like, Cement content Water content , Mix proportions,Size of aggregates, Grading of aggregates etc. Workability is directly proportion to water cement ratio, water to cement ratio is inversely proportion strength of concrete, that means higher the water cement ratio lesser the strength of concrete, lesser the water cement ration higher the strength in concrete.

Types of Workability of concrete:

Workability of concrete can be divided into following three types ;

1. Unworkable Concrete

2. Medium Workable

3. Highly Workable Concrete

1. Unworkable Concrete - Harsh Concrete:

An unworkable concrete can also be called as harsh concrete. It is a concrete with very little amount of water.The hand mixing of such concrete is not easy.

Such type of concrete has high segregation of aggregates as cement paste is not lubricated properly to stick to the aggregates.It is very difficult to maintain the homogeneity of concrete mix and compaction of concrete requires much effort. Water cement ratio of such concrete is below 0.4

2. Medium Workable Concrete:

This type of concrete workability is used in most of the construction works.This concrete is relatively easy to mix,transport,place and compact without much segregation and loss of homogeneity.

This type of concrete workability is generally used in all concrete construction with light reinforcement.Water cement ratio for medium concrete is 0.4 to 0.55

3. Highly Workable Concrete:

A highly workable concrete is very easy to mix, transport,place and compact in structures. Such concrete is used where effective compaction of concrete is not possible or in mass concrete. Such concrete flow easily and settle down without much effort. But there is high chances of segregation and loss of homogeneity in this case.

The coarse aggregates tend to settle at the bottom and the concrete past comes up.Such concrete is used in case of heavy reinforcement is used where vibration of concrete is not possible.
Example of highly workable concrete is self - compacting concrete. Water cemnt ratio of such concrete is more than 0.55.

|The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the workablity of freshly made concrete,and therefore the ease with which concrete, and flows.It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch.

Tests for Workability of Concrete:

Workabity of concrete mixture is mesured by:

a) Vee-bee consistometer test

b) Compaction factor test

c) Slump test

AUTOCAD COMMANDS LIST

2019-08-07T10:22:00.000+05:30

AUTOCAD COMMANDS LIST WITH EXAMPLE

Here I will show autocad commands list with some example used in making drawing by using

auto cad, autocad stands for computer aided design,many student those who completed there civil engineer but they do not know auto cad commands and they face some problems while drawing typical plans.

Autcad is basic software for a civil engineer that he should must know about it and with some most useful commands.

After completing engineer many students face problems for getting jobs, they ask that there is no job in civil engineering or they sir I am not getting job or just they go for site engineer job.

Civil Engineers has more scope in there field for there career if they knew some software's

and some technical knowledge.

AUTOCAD COMMANDS LIST

First I will show the commands which I use mostly or repeatedly

1) Line ( L enter)

2) Offset (O enter )

3) Trim (TR enter enter)

4) Move (M enter)

5) Copy (CO enter)

6) Mirror (MI enter)

7) Rotate (RO enter)

8) STRETCH (S enter)

here bofore applying this command you need to select the half portion of which you want to stretch.

like this, only half port , then after press S enter

9) Scale (SC enter ) here you first select the object you want to scale

After selecting whole object then press (SC enter)

Click at point and then give command (RE enter)

Again click at same point

Now click at next point then give dimension you want o scale it

like this

10) Hatch (H enter)

11) BLOCK (BO enter)

12) Group (G enter)

13) Un group (UNG enter)

14) Erase (E enter)

15) Fillet (F enter)

16) Construction line (XL enter)

17) Array (AR enter)

18) Rectangle (REC enter)

19) Circle (C enter)

20) ARC (ARC enter

This are the most useful command used in auto cad for drawing , if you want to learn advance command then comment me i will make video on it.

HOW TO MAKE FLOOR PLAN

2019-08-05T08:58:00.000+05:30

HOW TO MAKE FLOOR PLAN

Here I will show you that what is the basic requirement to make a floor plan.
Mostly it depends on your requirements or if you are a civil engineer or a diploma holder,
you will confuse that how should I make it ,

STEP TO MAKE A FLOOR PLAN

STEP 1) First check out what is the requirement of your client or owner,

STEP 2) You need to know about measurements like feet, inches, meters , mm,
you have to fix your mind with some measurements, like fix your own house in feet or meters in your mind.
It will help you to compare area or length and breath.

If you cant fix some measurements in your mind then you will confuse to make dimensions of the room, I will give you some example

Mostly it is depends on living condition, number of family members, available space,parking
and so.

Here look at this plan you will see there a kitchen and a living room and a dining room,

The one which is missing here is Bed room ,so now you can think about the requirement and the space available to make it.

If you look to Living room and realize the space of it you can say that the living room is very big, so here you have to find that how much space of these dimensions are.

STEP 3) After finding the space available , you can change the floor plan or you can add a Bedroom by taking some space of the living room.

How to make floor plan

If there is existing building then take the measurements by tape and take the diagonals

to reduce the error for plotting it

After taking the measurements open your Auto cad and then draw the layout.

If you do not have Auto cad software check the link below how to download it for free.

DOWNLOAD THE AUTO CAD

If you want to create your floor plan,interior design like placing of furniture, paints, material, then
contact us @ ( globalarchitect72@gmail.com)

HOW TO DOWNLOAD AUTO CAD FREE

2019-08-01T09:39:00.001+05:30

HOW TO DOWNLOAD AUTO CAD FOR FREE

Here are the some steps that you can easily download the auto cad and revit for free.
Basically auto cad used for 2D drafting and 3d, mostly it is used by the civil engineers for creating floor plans,elevation section in 2D,

If you are a civil engineer you must know the auto cad completely, Because the drawing is the language of civil engineer, and if you are a civil engineer or a structural engineer you know that how to run auto cad.

STEPS TO DOWNLOAD THE AUTO CAD

Step 1 To download the auto cad for free you need to visit the autodesk website ( see below)

Step 2 After visiting the website you need to sign in for student free registration.

Step 3 You will find a download option on the upper left corner or Free Software.

Step 4 Select the version and select the language and bytes like 32 or 64, and click for install.

Step 5 If you are running any autodesk product in your PC or LAPTOP you must close it.

DOWNLOAD THE AUTO CAD

WHAT IS AUTO CAD

WHAT IS STRESS AND HOW TO UNDERSTAND IT PRACTICALLY.

2019-07-29T11:46:00.000+05:30

STESS

Stress is define as the internal resistance offered from a body after applying some load on it.
To understand it we need to look some images

A man lifting heavy weight to build his body ,by seeing the image we can say that his body is resisting the weight, the man is applying load internally to lift the weight.