Global Tutor!

How to maintain your Blood sugar levels at normal?

2011-10-28T04:57:00.000-07:00

For every disease there has to be a cure. However prevention is better than cure :) Under this topic, discussing the causes of diabetes is pointless. But however, prevention techniques are quiet related with causes of diabetes. The purpose of maintaining sugar levels is to have neither low blood sugar levels nor higher values.

Most of the time, making mild adjustments for your diet results in astonishing results. However, prohibiting everything could make you an extremist. Therefore it is important to know what is wise and what is less wise to eat.
There are certain symptoms which could help you to identify diabetes in you. To know the symptoms and signs of diabetes, read the following.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Maintaining-Your-Normal-Sugar-Levels-With-Much-More-Ease&id=5771845

It is also important that you constantly monitor your blood glucose level fluctuation time to time regularly in order to assure that you are in the acceptable blood sugar levels. You can use a blood sugar meter which is also available in many pharmacies. You can also purchase one of them in normal sugar levels web site.

To know more about the blood sugar levels normal range, please refer the normal blood sugar levels chart in the site of Normal blood sugar levels. And there you can also learn more about the usage of sugar level monitoring tool as well.

Extract dna from living cells

2010-11-04T08:40:00.000-07:00

Extraction of DNA is never been an extreme task as we think, since we know very well in detail about the arrangement inside the cell and how they behave as we can observe them through different kinds of microscopes. Before going into detail, let me take you through some of the biological chemistry behind the cells from which the living creatures are made up of..!

Simple structure of a cell of animal cell

We already know where the DNA is located in the cell - it is found in the nucleus as shown on the diagram above. So how we can get into the the nucleus is the issue we have right? Therefore let us give a close look into the structure of the cell. In order for us to get what is inside the nucleus, we shall have to get rid from the barriers surrounding the nucleus. As you can see, the only barrier in an animal cell is the cell membrane.
If you study the structure of the cell surface membrane, you will find that it is made up of a bilayer of phospholipids as shown in the diagram below.

Phospholipid bilayer

Usually, the hydrophilic part is known as the head, while the hydrophobic is known as tail. And also within this layers, there are larger protein molecules too as shown in the diagram below.

Let us study the chemical structure of a single phospholipid molecule. The head part is made up of a phosphate containing glycerol and the tail is made of fatty acids. Collectively, this molecule has properties of a lipid.

Now, the most interesting question would be how to break this lipid. We can use a detergent to get rid of this lipid. Usually we use this to get rid of oil in sauce pans, etc.

Any detergent could be used

Now we know how to get rid of the cell surface membrane partially. But yet there are large protein molecules blocking our way..! In fact, we can dissolve the proteins by using some table salt ( NaCl ). These can help us to get rid of the cell surface membrane.

There is another membrane, remaining. That is nuclear membrane. We do not need to worry about this because, even this membrane will be dissolved by the action of the detergent.

As we have get rid of all the membranes, the DNA should have come out of the nucleus. But yet, we will have to isolate it in a medium. The DNA is in the solution but we cant observe it clearly. For this purpose we use some kind of alcohol ( you also can use ethanol ) to dissolve the DNA molecules. Remember the cold alcohol would be better because, DNA could be more insoluble in the cold environment. The purpose of adding alcohol gently, is really important as the DNA could get dissolved as soon as it is free from nuclear walls. So I recommend if you could add the alcohol as soon as possible.

At last, you should come across the DNA as thread like structure ( maybe they are the nucleotides ) as shown on the photo as shown below.

Hope you enjoyed the post. If you have any question regarding the post, please leave a comment over here.

What are the applications for this type of experiments?

Resources

Much more detailed experiment can be found in : http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/dna/dna.htm
How to extract dna at home
http://www.smarterthanthat.com/experiments/dna-madness/
Video of DNA extraction from strawberries by National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
DNA extraction from National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
Instructions to extract DNA by www.genome.gov

Measuring the speed of light using a microwave oven

2010-10-16T07:37:00.000-07:00

Most of us are aware that the light has a speed. Therefore scientists have done experiments and finally came into a single numerical number which describes the speed of light. In fact it is 299 792 458 m / s which is around 3 x 10^8 m/s. But have you ever thought how you could get this value by experiments?

In this post I will be explaining you on how to do this using a microwave oven which is used in your kitchen for preparing food in day to day life.
Materials used in this experiment

A microwave oven
Pan cake or anything that could be taken into the microwave oven fully ( Do not use combustive materials such as silver foil )
A ruler
A calculator

I hope you will find all the materials listed above at your home. Now getting ready with the above materials, you will be able to start the experiment. In my experiment i used a pan cake for my convenience but you can use anything you want as long as it is not combustive and could be taken into the microwave oven. Please make sure the larger the pan cake (or what ever) is better because you can observe the changes happening to the pan cake more better and clearly.

Before actually getting started, let me share some of the facts you should know in order for a better understanding. As you know, 'light' is a member of the electromagnetic spectrum, it will take some similar properties with the other electromagnetic radiations. For example, microwaves is also a member of electromagnetic series. In fact, all the radiations in the electromagnetic series, have the same speed. This means in other words, if you calculate the speed of any radiation in the series, you have calculated the speed of every radiation in the series as all the radiations in the electromagnetic series are equal in magnitude. In my experiment I calculated the speed of microwave radiation and thereby I make it equal to the speed of light.

The procedure

Prepare the pan cake (or what ever you use in this experiment)

Remove the rotating plate found in the microwave oven as we do not need it being rotating and it will also affect our experiment as well.

Place the pan cake inside the microwave oven.
Switch on the microwave oven for not more than 1 minute.
Now observe the pan cake and you will find several points where is is affected by the microwaves.
Measure the distance between those points. ( This distance is equal to half of the wavelength ) Therefore to calculate the wavelength, multiply this distance by 2. In my experiment I read the length as 6 cm = 0.06m. Therefore, wavelength = 0.12m

Now check the back of the microwave oven to figure out the frequency of the microwave oven ( this is the frequency of the wave inside the microwave oven ). Usually, most of the microwave ovens have a frequency of 2450 MHz. in order to convert this into Hz, you will have to multiply 2450 by 10 ^ 6 which is equal to 2450,000,000 Hz.

Use the following equation to calculate the speed of the microwave.

Speed of microwave ( EM radiation ) /m/s = Frequency (Hz) x Wavelength (m)

The above equation is derived from the below equation

ex :- Speed = 2450,000,000 Hz x 0.122 m = 298,900,000 m/s

Explanation

The distance between the points give us the half of the wavelength.
The lower part of the wave is the region where, the wave hits on the surface of the pan cake, where it makes an effect on the pan cake as several points.
Multiplying this distance by two gives us the magnitude or the value of the wavelength.

Note that I got a considerable percentage error of around 7% and this error could also explain us that the speed of light is also affected by certain external factors. One of those is that we are carrying out this experiment by ignoring the air resistance. But scientists have calculated the speed in a vacuum :)

A similar experiment is done in the following web page.

Measuring speed of light by Moriel Schottlender

Resources:
To learn more about EM radiations:

EM spectrum: http://www.purchon.com/physics/electromagnetic.htm
Experiment of speed of light measurement with the use of chocolate bars: http://www.null-hypothesis.co.uk/science//item/measure_speed_light_microwave_chocolate
Experiment using marshmallows: http://www.physics.umd .edu /icpe /newsletters/n34/marshmal .htm
Wavelengths of EM radiations: http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/waves3.html
More facts on EM spectrum: http://www.krysstal.com/spectrum.html
Finding the speed of light using egg omelet: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Phys_p056.shtml
Experiment by political calculations: http://politicalcalculations.blogspot.com/2010/04/measuring-speed-of-light-in-your.html

Similarities and differences of electromagnetic radiations:

Similarities and differences in EM radiations: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Electromagnetic_spectrum_similarities_and_differences

Vegetarian or non-vegetarian is better?

2010-07-30T10:57:00.000-07:00

In this post I'm going to give you a message actually, specially for the vegetarians. Basically I'm focusing on the consequences of being a vegetarian to the environment as well as the consequences which may result in your body. Imagine that you are a vegetarian (if you are not).
Most of you may say "I really disagree in killing animals because there is a right for the animals too to live in this world with us!" this could be one of the major answers of a vegetarian. So, let me ask you a question...How do animals including humans acquire energy? Definitely your first answer I expect is that animals acquire energy through plants.
But the most paranormal fact you may not want to even hear is this fact which was found lately by late scientists. The fact is that plants do feel pain and some claim that plants even can cry when they are subjected to trauma. Even if they cry we cannot hear their cry because our human ear can only hear within a certain range of frequencies but a plant's cry is not within our human ear's frequency and therefore we cannot hear them crying. Therefore this idea fades away as scientists discovered this fact. And also today we know that every moment we inhale and exhale, millions of living creatures (microorganisms) die. So even here, many living creatures die. But, you may ask me that plants have less senses than do animals. Yes i agree with that too. But imagine that you have 2 brothers where one brother is healthy while the other is blind and deaf. And if a man kills the healthy person or the disabled one, how will you punish the murderer? Will you say if that man killed your healthy brother, you will give higher punishment? or else if that man killed your blind brother, would you say that you will punish less severely than that for killing the healthy brother? No. Surely you will punish that man equally whether he killed the healthy or disabled one because he have killed an innocent person. Similarly, we cannot consider plants and animals in different aspects because they both do perceive pain. Now lets discuss about iron absorption to your body. In fact iron is an essential substance which contributes in transportation of oxygen in the body. There are 2 forms of iron found in food - haem iron and non haem iron. Haem iron is the more readily absorbed iron which is usually found in meat. Therefore this proves that for a healthy body we cannot always depend on plants because intake of iron through plants is not much efficient therefore this can lead to many conditions like anaemia.
And also statistics show that the rate of increment of the population of cows is much more greater so if we didn't consume them as food (as a need for human), this also leads to over population of cows which is much unpleasant.
I hope you gained some knowledge by reading this post. If you have any doubts dont hesitate, just make a comment about this post. Whether or not you have a doubt comments are very much appreciated and will not be neglected... :)

References:

Mesothelioma a rare cancer

2010-05-22T23:19:00.000-07:00

In this post, we are going to discuss about a rare cancer form which is mesothelioma and some of its reason for this to be developed to a person. Before going any further, lets know what a cancer is.

What is Cancer?

This is a class of diseases in which the following properties could be identified.

1) A group of cells display an uncontrollable cell division or growth.

2) Intrution or destruction of cells nearby - Invasion

3) Spreading to other locations in body via lymph or blood - Metastasis

All these 3 malignant or harmful properties can be seen in cancer. Most cancers produce a tumor. A tumor means the formation of an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose. But cancers such as leukemia does not form a tumor. Then the field in medicine at which the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention is called as oncology.

Now what are the causes for cancer?

There are several causes for cancer. Here we will discuss about the most commonly known causes for cancer.
1) Smoking also contributes cancer because a smoker absorbs at least 80 different cancer causing substances.
2) Gene mutation could also make cancer. The substances that cause DNA mutations are called as carcinogens. A small mutation could give rise for abnormal growth of tissues which could also result in formation of tumors.
3) Exposure for excess UV rays and other harmful rays such as x-rays.

Now we know what cancer is and in this post we are going to discuss an example of cancer which is called as mesothelioma.

What is mesothelioma?

Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer which is developed from protective linings that covers many of the body's internal organs which is called as mesothelium. This cancer is usually caused by exposure of asbestos. Usually this cancer settles in the pleura which is the lining that covers the lungs and internal chest walls. But it may also occur in peritoneum, the lining of abdominal cavity, the pericardium which is a sac that covers heart.
The common symptoms of mesothelioma can be shortness of breath, pain of chest wall and weight loss. This mesothelioma diagnosis is suspected by chest x-rays, CT scan and is confirmed by examining a tissue sample.
Usually people who have developed mesothelioma are people who have worked where exposure of asbestos are greatly identified. And it is found that people who usually washes clothes of people who work where exposure of asbestos is observed are also in risk of having mesothelioma.
As shown before in causes for mesothelioma, unlike other lung cancers, this mesothelioma has no association with smoking. But smoking could bring rise to other asbestos induced cancers but not mesothelioma.
We hope you have gained some knowledge by reading this post. So don't forget to make a comment about this post.

Resources

Isotrexin gel

2010-02-04T07:37:00.000-08:00

In this article I'm going to demonstrate on how this widely used isotrexin gel which is usually recommended by doctors to cure acne or in simple terms "pimples", work.This is a gel which is applied after a thorough face cleansing to the affected areas or acne.First of all what do you mean by acne and what are the causes for it.

What are acne?

These are usually common skin disorders which is a result of highly production of androgen in both males and females during 17- 19 of age. Acne are usually vanished during mid- 20s but some sensitive people tend to have this disorder till their 40s!! So they should take medical treatments.
Acne are also caused by a common bacterium called propionebacterium acne which feed on sebum and and produces waste products and fatty acids which causes inflammation and irritation.

Some of you may be saying "we all know what are acne but what is there in isotrexin gel or isotrex to do with acne" ?

Yes that is the main reason to write this post. Isotrexin contains two ingredients : isotretinoin - a form of vitamin A and other is erythromycin which is an antibiotic.
Erythromycin works by attacking bacteria associated with acne, propionebacterium acne and this also prevents protein production for the bacteria growth.

Isotrexin gel side effects

Skin irritation

After applying the gel, some people feel itching of the skin. So usually they are advised to stop the treatment as soon as they feel skin irritation or itching.

Highly sensitive to light

This gel is highly sensitive to sun light and the users are advised not to go out and get exposed to sunlight after applying isotrexin gel because as this gel is very sensitive to light this can lead in increasing the rate of melanin production which as a result causes the skin to get darken.

So after reading this article don't quickly take actions to apply isotrexin. It is wise to work according to your doctor's prescriptions.I shared this with you because this is the most commonly used by public or recommended by doctors. Keep this as a fact but do not try this because medical treatments SHOULD be taken according to the prescriptions of a doctor.
And please don't forget to leave a comment about this post and if you think there are some errors in this article please don't hesitate, please let me know for correction as soon as possible.

Resources

How does isotrexin work: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/100001382.html
For more information about isotrexin gel please log into Isotrexin reviews or How to treat acne
If you want to know the details of this product please log into Full details and prices or Reliable pharmacy

Genetically modified plants used to detect landmines

2010-01-09T23:37:00.000-08:00

This is actually a scientific research or experiment carried by some Danish scientists in Aresa biotechnology.They have done experiments on this particular plant for more than one year and they have finally reached for the success.They have showed this particular genetically modified plant can detect three different types of landmines.
The theory behind this is little bit more complex but try to get the idea of it by this following diagram by the Aresa.

Red for landmine: A diagram from Aresa showing the process of TNT degrading to nitrogen dioxide which is detected by the GM tobacco plants, turning them red.

Credit for this diagram should go to aresa

Usually tobacco plants only produce this pigment in their flowers changing their colour to pink but genetically modified plants will get stimulated by compounds in the soil and change their colour of leaves due to induction of red pigment production

The theory behind this :-

anthocyanin ( a red pigment ) in the presence of break down products of trinitrotoluene ( a bit harder to pronounce ) also known as TNT. TNT is an explosive often found in landmines. The involving product from this break down is nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) gas.

As you also know that to bury a landmine it just costs only 3 dollars but to de-mine them it costs more than 2000 dollars per mine.

In presence of landmines the colour of the leaves of the GM tobacco plants will be changed from green to orange after about 3-5 weeks after growth.

I hope you got the idea of this process and please be kind enough to make a comment about this post.

Resources

GM plants detect landmines

Lie detecting by observing eye movements

2010-01-09T02:15:00.000-08:00

This is a continuation of my before post >>> A little about the techniques used to detect liars
As i promised to write you about the relationship between eye movements and lie detecting, I'm here to write you about it......

First of all i must say that this does work and the tendency of this being true is only 70 % .. But most of the time i have benefited by this trick.
To give you a better idea i have used the program photoshop to design or to make a diagram to show you how this works....
The following is the diagram designed by me ...

I hope you got the theory....Let me just scan you through the labels on the diagram.

Visually constructed

This is when the subject or the person you use for this experiment is producing an image in their mind.For example when asked to to imagine the position that they will be in the future.
Note that this happens when they are creating images but not recalling something happened.

Auditory constructed

This is similar to the above but this happens when they are creating a particular sound on their mind.For example when asked to imagine how their great grand father's voice would be.For this make sure that his/her great grand father is not seen by him or her.

Accessing feelings

This is when they are imagining senses by their sensors like skin,nose.For example when asked to recall the smell of any flower.

Visually remembered

This is when the subject is recalling in form of visuals, in other words when they are visualizing an incident happened before.For example when asked to recall the colour of their curtain at their home.

Auditory remembered

This happens when the subject is recalling something in form of sound.For example when asked to recall what somebody said at a particular meeting.

Internal dialogue

This is when the subject is recalling a particular dialogue happened before in their mind.For example when asked what somebody said before.This is similar to the auditory remembered but here, the subject recalls something in detail and trying to be more accurate.

When you analyse the above statements you would realize that when the subject is visually constructing, auditory constructing they are likely to produce a lie.But when something is remembered it is obvious that the subject is trying to tell the truth.

Summary - When the subject is creating something or maybe a lie he/she is constructing and when the subject is remembering it is said to be he/she is recalling something happened before.

Resources

How to detect liars

2009-12-31T08:08:00.000-08:00

Hello...after a considerable break iam back to write posts to you on my blog " globaltutor " ....Without wasting your valuable time lets get started by a fresh start on this topic of detection of liars.
Actually in real, these techniques are used by police and security experts. So after gaining this knowledge, if you find someone who is close to you is lying i recommend to be cool and just compare with another person where possible and this will help you to have a good idea about the person

The following are some guidelines to find shining of a liar

Body languages of lies

Most lie detecting experts agree that a combination of body languages and other cues can be used to make a very educated guess about the person to find whether a person is lying or not.

Physical expressions are limited for few hand,arm movements and hand,arm,leg movements are towards their body
Liar will avoid eye contact where possible
He/she who is lying will always touch thier mouth,face,throat but NOT LIKELY to touch their chest with an open hand.

Emotional gestures

The time between the display of emotion is late after saying a statement. For example if somebody says wow!! after receiving a gift and then a smile is made and this smile will naturally get lost
Emotions and saying may not match for example saying " i love it " while frowning
Expressions will be limited only for mouth for example when smiling rather than movement of eyes, forehead,cheeks working simultaneously

Reactions

" A guilty person gets defensive but an innocent person often go on the ofensive
A liar often finds uncomfortable facing his/her questioner
A liar may unconsciously place objects between you and him/her. For example book,cup of tea

verbal styles

A liar will use your own words in the question to produce an answer.For example when asked " did you talk with him?" the answer may be " no i didn't talk with him "
Short or contracted answers are more likely to be truthful. For example saying "i didn't break it" instead of saying "i did not break it"
A liar is more likely to imply answers rather than denying
A liar will talk more than natural by adding other unnecessary details to convince you and they not comfortable by being silent and pauses in the conversation
if a liar says a truthful statement he/she tries to make it more emphasize it to convince you
A liar's grammar may be incorrect more than natural and their sentences are likely to be muddled

If you believe that he/she is lying to you, quickly change the topic and a liar will always change the subject willingly and become more relaxed sometimes by breathing deeply. But an innocent person will get confused by the sudden change of the subject
How even if you find something shown above in somebody that's obvious to believe that he/she is not a liar just because he/she shown some signs of a liar.So i recommend to compare them with normal behavior of that person where possible

This post is continued in the next post. To read that post simply click on the link below.
Lie detecting by observing eye movements

Our unconscious mind at work

2009-12-20T03:08:00.000-08:00

As you know i was posting articles related to biological, physical and computer science but today, the post i have published is too related to science anyway but i would like if you consider this as a science that is needed for anyone in this world for their day to day activities.

Look at the topic again it says "Make your brain work 100% for you ( Unconsciously)"...Yes, most of you might be thinking that a human should be conscious when they get into a problem solving situation.Yes that's perfectly alright.But you should not give the chance to your conscious mind IF it fails to solve what ever your problem.This means if you could not find a solution at a glance or when you are tired of solving and no answer just give that problem to your depth mind ...for me it is " Ahamed the 2 "..! I have 2 minds..yes not only me you too have them.We all possess.That is conscious and unconscious or depth mind.This depth mind works best at the time when we are sleeping !! I hope you get the point.Have you ever found your problem solved the next day after having a great sleep? This is because of your depth mind has processed the solution for you..
Let me tell you a research work carried out by the oxford university in England.A group of students in the university have taken 2 bunch of people.Both the groups have given some details of upcoming or latest cars.Once they studied them one group is given a puzzle to solve to make their brains much more busier and the others are allowed to wonder the features of those cars.While both of the groups are asked to choose the best car!
After a about 15 minutes all were asked for their opinions... Finally the people who were busy solving the puzzle made the better deal than those who were thinking only about the cars.
This experiment shows us that our little depth mind can do much more than our conscious mind that we use always.
Anyway i too made some research with my class mates but it seems that some are unable to solve the given problem.Then i got to know that this is because if somebody is so close to a particular problem and if he/she has been thinking of this for a long period of time, the depth mind too will get fails to do so.
So my advice is when you are stucked in a problem, think it for 15 minutes and if you failed to solve it just leave it and have some sleep or focus your mind for another.After a while think about that problem again you will probably have made the best solution out of all...Trust me this works..
So what do you think the better time to study? According to my way you should study at the time you are going to sleep.This is because the sleeping period is the period your studied facts will go to your conscious mind...
I hope you gained some kind of knowledge from this article.. Please dont forget to comment about this article..

Resources:

How to extract your DNA at home

2009-12-14T06:00:00.000-08:00

How to extract DNA of plant cells - DNA isolation
This is actually could be done for a biology project if you want and if you are interested on my topic DNA isolation go on reading and if you are not i don't ask you to stop but take your own decision.But as i believe most of you are very fond of science and wants to find new things and learn them.And by the way you should have at least the knowledge of what a cell is which will help you to understand my article.
Let's get started ...

To start with and to make you a little bit oriented i would like to say a brief fact on what a cell is.A cell is basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.Mainly it contains a nucleus,cell wall (only in plants), a membrane and what else.That;s enough for this topic.
   The topic clearly states this is a method to extract the DNA from a cell.So, for this you will need the following materials...
(1) Any fruit ( I will choose banana for this project )
(2) 100 cc or 100ml of water
(3) Detergent used to wash dishes in kitchen
(4) A teaspoon
(5) A polythene bag
(6) A container to keep the fruit mixtures
(7) Table salt ( NaCl )
(8) Rubbing alcohol ( cold is better )

Step by step instructions to the extraction

The main idea is to make the DNA free from the walls it is surrounded with ..That is as you know DNA is inside the nucleus and is surrounded with a cell membrane.And before everything we should break down the cell walls of the fruit cells.This can be achieved by crushing or grinding the banana.Then what is next?
  You should break down the plasma or cell surface membrane and the nuclear membrane.In fact the membranes are made up of phospholipids ..So..How to break down lipids?
  What do you use to wash dishes to get rid out of oil or lipids? Yeah..You can use the detergent to do this.
  Just add a moderate amount of detergent liquid.This will break down every membrane.
Now..the DNA should come out of the cells but if we want to get the pure DNA, what we are gonna do?
In fact the DNA is wrapped by a protein called 'histone' if you don't know know about histone ask your biology teacher because a professional teacher will explain more than me ..
  To break down the histone proteins use table salts or NaCl in a moderate amount.This NaCl will break down some of the proteins and will give you the pure DNA.
   At last, you must shake it well and transfer the whole lot of the solution to a test tube or a container which is invisible because you want to see it very well.Now pour 1/4 of of the invisible container with COLD rubbing alcohol.You can use a warm ones even but I used cold ones.Why do I use rubbing alcohol?
This is because DNA is not soluble or insoluble in alcohol which is cold.
   Eventually you will find the nucleotide of the DNA floating in the alcohol in the container.
   This was a very interesting experiment for me.Hope you enjoyed and gained some knowledge about the behavior of membranes and how do they break and many more.Just have a try because i am sure you all have what is needed for this experiment in your own kitchen ....

Related pages
How to extract DNA from anything living
Smarterthanthat: Extracting your Own DNA in your Kitchen

I learnt about this DNA extraction from the following web sites

Update: A much detailed post - Extract DNA from living cells