Global Warming Causes

Loiasis Epidemiology

Thu, 23 Feb 2012 00:16:59 GMT

Organism Loa loa, a nematode worm. The life cycle of the parasite is essentially the same as W. bancrofti, except that the vectors are Tabanid flies. Clinical features The disease is characterized by Calabar swellings named after a town in Eastern Nigeria , which are transient, itchy and found anywhere on the body. Fever and eosinophilia suggest they have an allergic aetiology. L. loa is often confusingly called the eye worm to be differentiated from O. volvulus , as the worm is sometimes seen...

The New Edisons From DotCom Millionaires to Biofuel Pioneers Clean Energy Economy

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 21:19:57 GMT

Fortunes built on the foundations of chips consisting of strings of silicon atoms are now building businesses based on creating chains of carbon atoms. Silicon makes a dandy medium for computer chips, but if you put a match to it, it melts with virtually no flame and leaves an ugly black residue. Carbon atoms, in contrast, burn with a vengeance when hooked together in long chains. We have built our economy on the energy contained in those chains, in the form of coal and oil. But now we are...

Info Lsb Geology

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 21:14:47 GMT

1. Which condition would create the most runoff A. land covered with vegetation B. plants in densely packed soil D. soil with a high percentage of sand Use the photo below to answer Questions 2 and 3. 2. What most likely caused the odd shape of the boulder A. a rock slide C. wind deflation B. glacier erosion D. wind abrasion 3. What are some clues to help scientists determine the method of erosion for this boulder A. The boulder has smooth surfaces with smooth edges. B. The boulder has a coarse...

Glossary Politics of Nature

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 19:19:12 GMT

actor, actant Actant is a term from semiotics covering both humans and nonhumans an actor is any entity that modifies another entity in a trial of actors it can only be said that they act their competence is deduced from their performances the action, in turn, is always recorded in the course of a trial and by an experimental protocol, elementary or not. administration One of the five skills analyzed in this book whose contribution is indispensable to the functions of the new Constitution it...

Acknowledgments Politics of Nature

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 19:17:24 GMT

The French Ministry of the Environment, through its Division of Studies and Research, has generously supported this unconventional basic research project that aimed from the outset at the production of a book contract no. 96060 . It goes without saying that the ministry is in no way responsible for the result. I have benefited throughout from the indispensable support of Claude Gilbert, whose liaison work made it possible to create a French environment conducive to original research on...

Heating and the ground SustainableEnergy

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 18:37:50 GMT

Here's an interesting calculation to do. Imagine having solar heating panels on your roof, and, whenever the water in the panels gets above 500C, pumping the water through a large rock under your house. When a dreary grey cold month comes along, you could then use the heat in the rock to warm your house. Roughly how big a 500C rock would you need to hold enough energy to heat a house for a whole month Let's assume we're after 24kWh per day for 30 days and that the house is at 160C. The heat...

Illustrative reinsurance example Climate Variability and Extremes

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 18:32:47 GMT

Reinsurers tend to work on very focused risk portfolios, because they are dealing with risks that are unacceptable to primary insurers. The example below illustrates how such risks could escalate in the future and become unacceptable, even to reinsurers. Suppose that in 2000 the reinsurer assessed there were three possible event outcomes normality, an extreme event defined as a 1-in-100-year probability , and a catastrophe defined as having a 1,000-year return period . Swiss Re's current...

US Occupation of Iraq The Unraveling of Neoconservative Geostrategy Petrodollar

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 16:50:03 GMT

Sixty years of western nations excusing and accommodating the lack of freedom in the Middle East did nothing to make us safe, because in the long run, stability cannot be purchased at the expense of liberty. As long as the Middle East remains a place where freedom does not flourish, it will remain a place of stagnation, resentment, and violence, ready for export. President George W. Bush, November 6, 20 0330 Arabs want democracy. They hate their corrupt regimes more than they hate the United...

Uncertainties In Climate And Hydrology Variability Longterm Trends And Climate Change In The Amazon Region TropicalRainforest

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 15:46:50 GMT

As can be seen from the analysis of observed hydrometeorological fields in previous sections, no significant trends have been detected in the rainfall regime of the Amazon region as a whole, or on the discharge of the Amazon River and its tributaries, that could be attributed to deforestation and human-induced land-use changes, or to increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases. The detected contrasting rainfall trends in northern and southern Amazonia on decadal timescales are somewhat...

The microbial loop MarineEcology

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 15:17:57 GMT

In the marine ecosystem the foregoing elementary account of the organic food cycle must be extended to take account of the significance of dissolved organic matter DOM in seawater. As mentioned earlier see Section 4.3.3 an appreciable proportion of the products of photosynthesis become released from plant cells and soon appear in the water as DOM. Although some of this component of primary production may be reabsorbed by phytoplankton, much of it is rapidly taken up by planktonic bacteria. The...

The Effects Of Human Activity Meteorology

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 14:26:21 GMT

During the 20th century, the 1930s drought was much worse than any of the others. The reason is not certain, but perhaps improper farming techniques had something to do with it. People found out that New England farming methods did not work in the Great Plains. When the soil out west was plowed, it dried out during the summer months, and the almost constant winds blew it away. After the 1930s, trees were planted as windbreaks, and much of the land was irrigated. Droughts are correlated with...

International Commission Forges Ahead To Identify Genocide Victims By Sally Lehrman BeyondCarbon

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 14:16:50 GMT

EXHUMATION begins the DNA forensic process. Officials from the International Commission on Missing Persons, including Queen Noor of Jordan fourth from left , oversee this June 2003 disinterment of a mass grave outside Sarajevo. EXHUMATION begins the DNA forensic process. Officials from the International Commission on Missing Persons, including Queen Noor of Jordan fourth from left , oversee this June 2003 disinterment of a mass grave outside Sarajevo. Tuzla, Bosnia-Herzegovina Forensic...

Force of Infection Epidemiology

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 10:56:16 GMT

In a communicable disease, the number of new cases occurring in a period of time is dependent on the number of infectious persons within a susceptible population and the degree of contact between them. Persons, whether infectious or susceptible, and a period of time are all quantifiable factors, but the degree of contact can depend upon very many variables some of which have been covered above . The factors, such as proximity density of populations, carriers, reservoirs, climate and...

A political economy of global warming GlobalPolitics

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 10:38:17 GMT

This chapter explores the explanations which might be offered to account for the international politics of global warming by arguments from within historical materialism. It suggests that, at least as a starting point, this provides a significantly more convincing interpretation of the empirical material covered in the book, than do the positions covered in the last three chapters Three arguments drawn from the literature of historical materialism will be used. The examination of the...

Sunscreens EnvironmentalReport

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 09:15:31 GMT

In the eyes of Nature we are just another species in trouble. Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox, The Imperial Animal Without a thinned ozone layer your chances of developing skin cancer are one in six. A decrease of 10 percent in thickness of the ozone layer could raise the risk at least 15 percent, but no one is certain. A significant increase in eye cataracts, which now afflict 10 percent of us, could also occur. How can we protect ourselves The most popular way is to apply sunscreen chemicals to...

The Caspian Sea The Hydrological System

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 08:11:21 GMT

The Caspian Sea is the largest inland lake on the globe, being c. 400,000 km2 in extent. The catchment area covers 3.6 million km2. The main contribution to its water comes from the Volga, which accounts for 80-85 of the total volume of annual inflow. It can, therefore, be assumed that the discharge from the Volga catchment is the main element in the hydrological balance of the lake, which has existed since the Middle Pliocene. The present level of the lake is about 28 m below MSL, while the...

General Considerations for Future Reactors The End of the First Era of Nuclear Power NuclearEnergy

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 07:21:58 GMT

The world is now approaching the end of the first era of nuclear power.1 Most of the reactors built in the past several decades are still operating, and many will continue to run for a number of additional decades, including the U.S. reactors that have had their licenses renewed for another 20 years see Section 2.4.4 . However, gradually the existing reactors will be shut down, and the number of commitments for further reactors is relatively small none in the United States as of the end of 2003...

Strongyloides Epidemiology

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 06:08:21 GMT

Organism The nematode Strongyloides ster-coralis, which is morphologically similar to the hookworms. Far less common is S. fiilleborni. Clinical features There are several alternative cycles of development and it is the type of cycle which determines the nature and degree of pathological change and hence the clinical features. An infective filariform larva develops in warm moist soil, penetrates the skin, and follows the same internal route as the hookworms to the final resting site in the...

The Legal Perspective Emission Trading System

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 02:02:48 GMT

From economic literature, we learn that the efficiency and the effectiveness of the regulatory approach through emissions trading are attractive factors.14 It is exactly stemming from these instrumental characteristics that emissions trading has become so popular in the field of climate change policy it simply saves money when using this instrument. When we put the emissions trading instrument, which is in fact an economic instrument, into a legal perspective, a hurdle has to be jumped. It is...

Reinterpreting And Retaining Tradition EnvironmentalEthics

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 01:25:57 GMT

In keeping with White's critique, many ecotheologians reinterpret the Christian tradition in ways that implicitly or explicitly generate parallels with less dualistic traditions, such as Buddhism and Hinduism. But to what extent is White's account of the Christian tradition a crude or unfair caricature Have ecotheologians conceded too much to White It is doubtful that any strand within Christianity consistently holds to a radically transcendent deity and wholly devalued earthly realm. That...

Epeat Rating System GreenTechnology

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 21:13:29 GMT

Trying to describe everything about a computer's environmental impact from beginning to end is complex. To accomplish this, EPEAT's eligibility criteria is broken into eight categories. Each category includes mandatory criteria that a device must meet to earn the lowest level of EPEAT certifi- cation. There are also optional criteria that a manufacturer can meet to demonstrate their higher commitment to a clean environment. The EPEAT is aimed squarely at large commercial and government...

Tropical Atlantic Main Development Region temperature trends Climate Variability and Extremes

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 21:11:29 GMT

The region of the tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean extending from 10 N to 20 N is often referred to as the Main Development Region MDR for Atlantic hurricane activity, owing to the large portion of major hurricanes that can be traced to disturbances originating there e.g., Goldenberg et al., 2001 Bell and Chelliah, 2006 . Here we explore possible causes for a warming of this region during the twentieth century. Shown in Figure 7.1 are 10-year running mean surface temperature indices for...

The Sporer Minimum Dalton Minimum and Maunder Minimum Change in the Weather

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 19:27:21 GMT

Then, in 1889, Maunder read an article by another German astronomer, Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Sporer 1822-95 . Sporer was also studying sunspots and he had discovered something very interesting. Astronomers had been observing and recording sunspot activity for centuries, but Sporer found that very few had been observed between approximately 1400 and 1520. This period came to be known as the Sporer Minimum. It was a time of very cold weather. People called it a Little Ice Age. The Baltic Sea...

Global Energy Law Portal Energy Use Worldwide

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 18:27:21 GMT

Oil, Gas and Energy Law Intelligence OGEL http www.gasandoil.com ogel This Web site provides up-to-date information about regulations, legal instruments, and standards imposed and recommended by various jurisdictions e.g., countries, international organizations, regional governments, etc. . It offers a database of legal and regulatory materials and current developments in the oil and gas industry. Integrated Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information Systems International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA This...

Montreal Protocol Problems TheEnvironment

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 17:05:20 GMT

Implementation and enforcement of the Montreal Protocol have been aggravated by numerous factors. In August 2003 the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP summarized these problems in Backgrounder Basic Facts and Data on the Science and Politics of Ozone Protection http www.unep.ch ozone pdf Press-Backgrounder.pdf . The report listed five major challenges facing complete implementation of the Montreal Protocol Incomplete ratification of all amendments Economic difficulties in the Russian...

Surface Winds Of The Globe ClimatesWeather

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 16:31:28 GMT

Any climate depends on, firstly, local factors and, secondly, advection. The former include radiation, rainfall and evaporation, and the latter the heat and moisture brought by oceans and winds. We have dealt with each of these by now, except the winds, which are the topic of this fourth part of the book. We can distinguish various scales of air movement, just as distinctions were made in Table 1.1 between different scales of climate. There are 'local winds' which will be discussed in Chapter...

Notes and further reading 1 SustainableEnergy

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 15:17:08 GMT

25 The per second is alreadybuilt in to the definition of the kilowatt. Other examples of units that, like the watt, already have a per time built in are the knot - our yacht's speed was ten knots a knot is one nautical mile per hour the hertz - I could hear a buzzing at 50 hertz one hertz is a frequency of one cycle per second the ampere - the fuse blows when the current is higher than 13 amps not 13 amps per second and the horsepower - that stinking engine delivers 50 horsepower not 50...

Gajanana Hegde and Chem V Nayar CONTENTS RenewableResources

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 14:48:20 GMT

16.1 Introduction 16.2 PV Applications Present Status and Emerging Trends 338 16.3 Market Development of PV Systems Summary of Models for Implementation 16.3.1 Considerations in Selecting an Implementation Model 343 16.3.2 Cash Sales Model 16.3.3 Dealer Credit End-User Credit 16.3.4 Fee for Service or Fee for 16.4 Sources of Financing for PV-Based Rural Electrification 346 16.4.1 Overview of 16.4.2 International Concessionary Financing 16.4.3 National and Commercial Financing 16.5 Marketing...

Convection Climate Forecast System

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 13:56:08 GMT

Now we are ready to weave our seeming disparate threads of story together into a picture of what controls the temperature as a function of altitude in the atmosphere. The pieces are assembled into a process called convection. Convection takes its place among conduction and radiation, which we have already discussed, as a means of carrying heat in the environment. Convection occurs when a fluid medium is heated from the bottom or cooled from the top, and the heavy water atop light water causes...

Emissions Trading PollutionGuide

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 09:19:33 GMT

Emissions trading brings the rules of the marketplace to environmental regulation. For example, a government trying to control acid rain might set a limit of ten metric tons on emissions of sulfur dioxide SO2 which causes acid rain in a particular year. If there are 1,000 electric utilities, it might give each utility 10,000 allowances, each of which allows the utility to emit one ton of emissions during that year. In such a timeframe, if one dirty utility is able to reduce its emissions to...

Biocatalyst Formulation And Tuning GreenChemistry

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 09:01:56 GMT

To facilitate its application in organic synthesis, we developed a lyophilized cell powder of Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200 as a biohydroxylation catalyst.29 Hydro-xylation of N-benzyl-piperidine with such catalyst powder showed 85 of the activity of a similar hydroxylation with frozen thawed cells, shown in Figure 15.6. The fact that rehydrated lyophilized cells are able to carry out such a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH -dependent hydroxylation indicates that these cells are...

Australia And New Zealand EnvironmentalEthics

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 07:23:09 GMT

Environmental philosophy EP made a vigorous debut in Australasia in the early 1970s, when it began to emerge as environmental ethics in Europe and the United States. Initially the debates turned on value theory and on what came to be known as the deep shallow divide Does ethical concern pertain to nonhumans or humans These alternatives have often been assumed mistakenly to be mutually exclusive rather than intersecting. ATTRACTION AND EMERGENCE Australian environmental philosophers have...

Formation of the nimbostratus and altostratus clouds ClimateStudies

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 05:55:10 GMT

Nimbostratus and altostratus clouds generally cover a vast area and have a bulky vertical extent. The nimbostratus is sometimes thick enough to block out entirely the direct solar beam. The nimbostratus clouds have low cloud base and considerable vertical development, bringing the tops into the middle tropospheric level. The nimbostratus and altostratus often form when stably stratified moist air is forced by steady mechanical lifting over a large area. This often happens at a warm or cold...

Energy From Biomass EnvironmentalEthics

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 05:29:32 GMT

Energy from biomass not including fossil fuels can be environmentally friendly because it is carbon-neutral The carbon released by burning biomass is equal to that absorbed by plant growth to produce the biomass. However, biomass can never entirely replace other sources of energy, because the world's annual energy consumption already equals 22 percent of worldwide annual plant growth. Still, biomass can contribute to meeting the world's energy needs and currently supplies 3 percent of U.S....

a Continental and oceanic influences WeatherClimate

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 04:55:09 GMT

The large annual temperature range in the interior of the continent shown in Figure 3.24 demonstrates the pattern of continentality of North America. The figure illustrates the key role of the distance from the ocean in the direction of the prevailing westerly winds. The topographic barriers of the western Cordilleras limit the inland penetration of maritime airstreams. On a more local scale, inland water bodies such as Hudson Bay and the Great Lakes have a small moderating influence -cooling...

Slope Susceptibility to Failure TropicalCyclones

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 03:06:18 GMT

The rugged terrain of the high volcanic islands in the South Pacific is susceptible to landslides, debris flows and other types of mass movements. Many extensive slope failures are activated during severe tropical cyclones. Slope susceptibility to failure is influenced by the predominance of clay-rich soils, normally humic latosols, overlying residual red orange saprolite. Saprolite is completely-weathered rock and sediments in situ. The regolith both soil1 and saprolite material is formed by...

Introduction Sfs ClimateStudies

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 01:44:34 GMT

Having steadily improved their general performance in simulation of global climate, Coupled Global Climate Models CGCMs are now the primary tools to study the climatic processes, natural variability and response to external forcings. However, due to their significant complexity and the climate change community's requirement for long-term integration, the atmospheric components of the most CGCMs usually have their horizontal resolutions limited from 400 km to 125 km, so they are unable to...

Study on multiRCM ensemble of regional climate simulation for Asia ClimateStudies

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 01:41:35 GMT

The performance of climate models are affected by many factors such as the dynamic framework, parameterization scheme of physical processes, initial and driving fields, horizontal and vertical resolution, and so on. So far neither any single global or regional model can be satisfied in every aspects of climate simulation. Since the chaos phenomenon in the atmosphere was discovered by Lorenz 1963 , meteorologists have carried on many researches on the forecast uncertainty. Due to the limitation...

Tropospheric Chemistry Of Halogen Compounds AtmosphericChemistry

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 01:36:13 GMT

Halogen compounds arise in the troposphere from the chemical degradation of partially halogenated organic compounds that originate from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources and by the liberation of halogen compounds from seasalt aerosol. Natural sources of gaseous halocarbons include the oceans, which release methyl halides CH3C1, CH3Br, and CH3I and polyhalogenated species CHBr3, CH2Br2 . Methyl halides, notably CH3Br, are also produced by biomass burning. Industrial replacements for...

Reactions And Criticisms EnvironmentalEthics

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 22:43:51 GMT

Proponents of holistic environmental ethics generally support culling to defend endangered ecosystems and species whether the threatened species' members are sentient or not. Insofar as an ecocentric ethic would give ecosystem integrity or health top priority and a holistic ethic would give this and or species' continued existence top priority, consideration of the conscious experiences of members of culled species must take a back seat to preserving the threatened species and or ecosystem....

Introduction 1 Moving Freight Without Oil

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 20:46:40 GMT

Products of petroleum oil fuel almost all of today's transport. A considerable part of the chapter concerns prospects for continued sufficient supply of oil to meet anticipated transport activity and the prospects for replacing oil as the main transport fuel. Our conclusion is that world oil production will begin to fall during the next decade and that electricity is the most likely replacement, with much of it eventually produced from renewable resources. We discuss electric vehicles, as well...

Conclusion EnvironmentalHistory

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 19:16:38 GMT

Indians developed sophisticated cultures in different environments throughout North America, using hunting gathering fishing and horticul tural techniques by the time of European exploration and settlement. These environments were radically transformed by introduced animals, plants, pathogens, and European peoples who migrated to and altered native cultures and ecosystems. In the Southwest, the Spanish overcame the Pueblo Indians, introducing settled agriculture around the missions and...

Fundamental concepts WeatherClimate

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 18:58:25 GMT

We noted earlier that Langmuir postulated that the latent heat released as ice crystals grow by vapor deposition would warm the seeded part of a cloud and cause upward motion and turbulence. The concept is a simple one. As ice crystals grow by vapor deposition a phase transition takes place in which water vapor molecules deposit on an ice crystal lattice. During the phase transformation the latent heat of sublimation, 2.83 x 106 J kg-1, is released, warming the immediate environment of the ice...

The entity approach EcologyIntroduction

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 18:10:21 GMT

How do textbooks organize ecology In most cases as a hierarchy of entities I am indebted to Haila 1999b for the term 'entities' in this context . There appears to be a reasonable consensus about how to classify these ecological entities in a hierarchical manner going from genes through individuals, populations, Fig. 1.2 A biological soil crust cryptogamic soil in the Utah Desert, USA. Such crusts often have filamentous cyanobacteria as an important part of their structure, along with mosses and...

The Computer Revolution EnvironmentalProblems

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 18:00:24 GMT

It is probably not overstating things to say that the creation of the computer revolutionized the field of cognitive psychology. Originating in military research and development, computers quickly emerged as a principal tool for processing information. By 1948, computers were compared to human brains in terms of their apparently similar operations Hunt, 1993 , and the metaphor of the brain as a computer had instant appeal. Both seem to depend on digital events the firing of a neuron and the...

Acknowledgements World Energy Outlook

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 16:13:45 GMT

This study was prepared by the Office of the Chief Economist OCE of the International Energy Agency IEA in co-operation with other offices of the Agency. The study was designed and directed by Fatih Birol, Chief Economist of the IEA. Trevor Morgan was in charge of co-ordinating the analysis on oil and gas supply Laura Cozzi was responsible for the co-ordination of the analysis of climate-policy scenarios Hideshi Emoto was in charge of modelling of energy demand, Maria Argiri of power generation...

TopDown Water Balance WaterLoss

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 14:16:19 GMT

The first step in this analytical process of assessing and calculating the volume of real and apparent losses is to undertake a IWA AWWA recommended standardized top-down water balance see Chap. 7 for a detailed guidance on how to undertake a water audit . Good management of any resource requires that the supplier maintain accurate records of transactions and deliveries of the commodity provided to its customers. A water balance has exactly that goal, tracking and accounting for every component...

Ocean Circulation Changes And Climate Over The Last Glacialinterglacial Cycle Paleoclimatology

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 13:23:46 GMT

Analysis of 813C and Cd Ca in benthic foraminifera and 8lsO in planktic forams reflecting temperature and or salinity changes in surface waters have enabled circulation changes to be reconstructed over the last glacial-interglacial cycle in some detail longer-term changes in 813C are examined by Raymo et al. 1990 . These studies indicate that significant changes in the thermohaline circulation of the oceans have occurred. Although production and circulation of NADW was similar to today in the...

Costs and Benefits of the Kyoto Targets Worst Case Scenarios

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 13:07:53 GMT

For the United States and the world, the benefits of the Montreal Protocol were projected to dwarf the costs. What are the relevant figures for the Kyoto Protocol Because of the nature of the climate change problem, any answer will be highly disputable, and I shall devote some attention to the disputes here.53 My goal is not to resolve these disagreements but to clarify the benefits and costs as they were perceived at the time. Of course members of the Senate do not base their decisions on...

The bc event an example of climate change with socioeconomic impacts NaturalClimate

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 12:55:40 GMT

As pointed out by Oldfield this volume climate change can have important impacts on human society. The two fundamental characteristics of a change are its magnitude and rate. Although the former is obvious, the latter is often not taken seriously enough. Although every change causes problems of adaptation it is much easier to deal with if it occurs slowly. The climate shift around 850 cal. bc Sub-boreal-Sub-atlantic transition , one of the most important climate shifts during the Holocene, with...

Tropical weather and climate WeatherClimate

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 11:50:33 GMT

When you have read this chapter you will Understand the characteristics and significance of the intertropical convergence zone, Be familiar with the principal weather systems that occur in low latitudes and their distribution, Know some of the diurnal and local effects that influence tropical weather, Know where and how tropical cyclones tend to occur, Understand the basic mechanisms and characteristics of El Ni o and La Ni a events. Tropical climates are of especial geographical interest...

The violencenonviolence debate GreenMovement

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 06:38:46 GMT

The debate over non-violence is a perennial source of disagreement in EDA groups and widely misunderstood by observers, particularly in the media. The central areas of disagreement are over harm to people there is relatively little disagreement about damaging property or sabotage. This distinguishes EDA groups from Greenpeace and many in the peace movement, who, like Gandhi, regard sabotage as violent and unacceptable Scarce 1990 . The early adoption of EDA by Australian greens and the overlap...

CPU Utilization GreenIT

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 06:35:21 GMT

This measurement examines the percentage of utilization of your servers' CPUs. This can be measured with a number of commercially available performance measurement tools. For instance, you can track CPU utilization through System Monitor on Windows Server, as shown in Figure 13-1. If your server is running just one task, as the one in Figure 13-1 is, utilization is very low, and not very efficient. As you add virtualized tasks to your server, utilization will increase. Optimally, you want...

Spatial And Temporal Scales Of Atmospheric Processes 1 AtmosphericChemistry

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 06:17:08 GMT

of physical and chemical processes. Gases are produced by chemical processes within the atmosphere itself, by biological activity, volcanic exhalation, radioactive decay, and human industrial activities. Gases are removed from the atmosphere by chemical reactions in the atmosphere, by biological activity, by physical processes in the atmosphere such as particle formation , and by deposition and uptake by the oceans and land masses. The average lifetime of a gas molecule introduced into the...

Hetch Hetchy EnvironmentalEthics

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 04:56:52 GMT

In the late nineteenth century two strains of thought about nature prevailed in the United States. The first was that careful management of natural resources was essential to the long-term expansion of the American economy and to the welfare of society. This conservation movement was led by the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot 1865-1946 , who was appointed to that post in 1905 by President Theodore Roosevelt 1858-1919 . The approach established by Pinchot and Roosevelt...

US scrap tire disposition TheEnvironment

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 03:38:15 GMT

source Figure 2. U.S. Scrap Tire Disposition, 2003, in U.S. Scrap Tire Markets 2003 Edition, Rubber Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, July 2004, https www.rma.org publications CFTOKEN 57977325 accessed August 4, 2005 discussed in a July 2001 article by the U.S. Geological Survey USGS titled ''Obsolete Computers, Gold Mine or High-Tech Trash '' The article notes that a typical personal computer PC becomes obsolete in 2-5 years. The USGS estimates that up to twenty million PCs per year...

Mapping the Storm WeatherPrediction

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 02:33:24 GMT

On February 4, 1842, a tornado raked through Mayfield, Ohio, and across 24 miles of northeastern Ohio farmlands and woods before disappearing over Lake Erie. Fast on the scene was Elias Loomis, a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Western Reserve College in nearby Hudson. Loomis was no ordinary investigator. At the age of 30, his reputation for meticulous research was already well established among the combatants of the American storm controversy. No shaky theory, no unsupported...

Fighting environmental racism EnvironmentalResponsibility

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 01:48:51 GMT

The environmental justice movement in the United States is different from the two previous currents of environmentalism in this country, namely, the efficient and sustainable use of natural resources in the tradition of Gifford Pinchot , and the cult of wilderness in the tradition of John Muir . As a self-conscious movement, environmental justice fights against the alleged disproportionate dumping of toxic waste or exposure to different sorts of environmental risk in areas of predominantly...

geological evidence ClimateChange

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 23:41:54 GMT

Clues to the climates of the distant past can be found in the rocks. Some exposed rocks in the Sahara show scratches made by moving ice some 480 million years ago, and thick layers of red sandstone in northern Europe were once sand dunes that built up in scorchingly hot deserts. The thick white chalk rock at the top of this English cliff was formed in a shallow tropical sea during the age of the dinosaurs. Evidence from rocks, fossils, and other sources shows how Earth's average temperature has...

Movement and Storage of Groundwater Geology

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 22:54:35 GMT

N dSS Groundwater reservoirs provide water to streams and wetlands wherever the water table intersects the surface of the ground. Real-World Reading Link Have you ever noticed that a stream flows even when it has not rained in a long time Rainfall contributes to the flow in a stream, but much of the water comes from beneath the ground. The water on and in Earth's crust makes up the hydrosphere, named after hydros, the Greek word for water. You learned about the hydrosphere in Chapter 1 in the...

Nuclear Facts And Fables EnergyCrisis

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 22:31:40 GMT

Many misconceptions have entered the nuclear folklore in recent decades. Major fables propagated by opponents of nuclear power are summarized here, and countered with facts. These facts are based on studies and data published by professional societies, representing some 250,000 diploma-ed engineers from around the world. Factual statements are backed up by data in later chapters. Fable 1 Nuclear reactors are like nuclear bombs. Fact This half-truth is frequently suggested by newspaper...

Controversy EnvironmentalEthics

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 19:32:32 GMT

Some stakeholders, citizen groups, and organizations, citing negative past experiences with other emerging technologies, such as biotechnology, are skeptical of the promise of nanotechnology. Although there has not been massive public outrage about nanotechnology, several interest groups have objected to the voluntary approaches to overseeing nanotechnology in place in 2008. The Erosion, Technology, and Concentration Group called for a moratorium on nanotechnology products in the marketplace...

Media discourses about the environment EnvironmentalRisks

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 18:50:10 GMT

It is something of a truism for many researchers interested in the circumstances surrounding the emergence of public discourses of 'the environment' in places such as Europe and North America that everything changed in 1969. That was the year startling images of planet Earth were relayed from the surface of the moon, the impact of which many have maintained since fundamentally recast the environmental perceptions of what was for a fleeting instant a near-global citizenry.2 These images...

The Difficulty of Freud EnvironmentalProblems

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 18:33:31 GMT

It is ironic that Freud, who was trained as a physician, and only tan-gentially regarded as a psychologist by most academic psychologists, is often regarded by the public as one of psychology's most well-known figures. Because of Freud's work, our popular culture has become psychologized His ideas are common household terms, even if they are not well understood. Before Freud, we in the West had no notion of neurosis, of the unconscious, of defenses, of psychotherapy, or of clinical psychology....

Chapter Overview of the Energy Sector World Energy Outlook

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 18:03:05 GMT

8.1 Key Energy Indicators for China 263 8.2 Selected Targets for Improvements in Energy Efficiency in the 11th Five-Year Plan for Energy 276 Chapter 9. Reference Scenario Demand Projections 9.1 Key Assumptions for China's Energy Projections in the Reference Scenario 285 9.2 Energy Intensity in Selected Power-Generation Technologies and End-Use Sectors in the Reference Scenario 286 9.3 China's Primary Energy Demand in the Reference Scenario 287 9.4 Industrial Energy Demand in the Reference...

Carbon Dioxide EnvironmentalScience

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 15:43:22 GMT

Carbon dioxide CO2 is a natural greenhouse gas and also the biggest humansupplied gas to the greenhouse effect about 70 . A heavy, colorless gas, carbon dioxide is the main gas we exhale during breathing. It dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, is formed in animal respiration, and comes from the decay or combustion of plant animal matter. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis and is also used to carbonate drinks. You may be thinking that the Earth's...

The Dark Era and beyond Global Catastrophic Risks

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 15:07:26 GMT

-MS ooKng Back V- VD tMh 6 track solar mass N 5 Solarmass WD mfctftn composition Minimum mass MS -'___________a '125 Salar r.us Wo Mmposilion _Jhy lt itogen composition Jovian mass Degeneracy liftcd Fig. 2.2 This plot shows the long-term evolution of cold degenerate stars in the H-R diagram. After completing the early stages of stellar evolution, white dwarfs and neutron stars cool to an equilibrium temperature determined by proton decay. This figure assumes that proton decay is driven by...

Industrial Hazardous Waste TheEnvironment

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 15:00:59 GMT

Industrial hazardous wastes are usually a combination of compounds, one or more of which may be hazardous. For example, used pickling solution from a metal processor may contain acid, a hazardous waste, along with water and other nonhazardous compounds. Pickling is a chemical method of cleaning metal and removing rust during processing. A mixture of wastes produced regularly as a result of industrial processes generally consists of diluted rather than full-strength compounds. Often the...

Love Canal Revisited ClimateChange

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 14:37:05 GMT

Love Canal is the mother of all dump sites. Its reputation as a notorious cancer and birth-defects-producing area has circled the globe. Is its reputation deserved Was it necessary for the media and environmentalists to create a cancer epidemic and public panic Was it really necessary for then Congressman Al Gore to refer to Love Canal as a very large cancer cesspool, or for Michael Brown, reporter for the Niagara Gazette and author of the infamous book The Poisoning of America by Toxic...

Climate Change Education within Academic Disciplines ClimateChange

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 12:39:40 GMT

For courses taught by a single faculty member, it may be quite straightforward to introduce climate change in the classroom with the goal of raising student awareness. Box 11.1 has an assignment that can be adopted for several disciplines. We use it in a course on climate change. But there are more subtle ways to introduce global warming-related material. For example, in a quantitative methods class, a decision can be made to have students learn methods using data sets related to climate...

Micellar Catalysis GreenChemistry

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 12:35:14 GMT

Micellar catalysis, conducted in the absence of Lewis acid tends to inhibit the Diels-Alder reaction, relative to the reaction in water. The reason is that the local reaction medium in the Stern region is less favorable than bulk water. However, by combining Lewis-acid and micellar catalysis, enzyme-like rate accelerations can be obtained Table 7.5 in case the Lewis acid acts as the counterion for the micelle.14 Figure 7.9 Mechanistic interpretation for catalysis by Lewis acids containing...

Interannual variability El Nino and tropical Atlantic impacts TropicalRainforest

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 09:35:15 GMT

Rainfall variability in various timescales in Amazonia has been the subject of several studies regarding physical causes that could include remote and local forcings. At seasonal and interannual timescales, remotely forced seasonal variations are usually linked to SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The Southern Oscillation SO and its extremes linked to anomalies in the tropical Pacific El Nino or La Nina at interannual scales , and to sea surface temperature SST...

Dissolution Of Deepsea Carbonates Paleoclimatology

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 02:09:54 GMT

Throughout the deep ocean basins of the world, a major factor affecting preservation of carbonate tests is the rate of dissolution at depth. The oceans are predominantly undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate at all depths below the upper mixed layer the zone above the thermocline Olausson, 1965, 1967 . After death of the organisms, deposition of the test on the ocean floor leads to dissolution in the undersaturated water Adelsack and Berger, 1977 . Pteropod tests composed of calcium...

From Environmental Lobbying To Political Action GreenParties

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 21:41:41 GMT

Although Italian ecologists began to contest local and regional elections from the late 1970s onwards, their first experience of national politics was the 1987 general elections, following the creation of the first Green national structure La Federazione delle Liste Verdi Federation of Green Lists in October 1986. This relatively late entry on to the national political stage was due to political, cultural and generational divisions in the Green camp ranging traditional environmentalists against...

Ranching in South Park Climate Change Response Act

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 20:30:32 GMT

The first ranches in South Park were established soon after the first gold mining strikes in the 1850s. Fairplay became as much a ranching center as a mining center. The excellent grazing land in South Park is one of the primary reasons that cattle ranching became the most stable industry in the area. Hay grown in this area has been shipped as far away as Kentucky and even to England as feed for racehorses. The right of landowners having no access to streams to appropriate and divert water to...

Enterobius Pin Worm Epidemiology

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 20:21:52 GMT

Organism A nematode worm Enterobius vermicularis. Clinical features The main symptom is intense pruritis ani. Heavy infections can rarely cause appendicitis or salpingitis in the female. Transmission The gravid female migrates out of the anus at night to lay her eggs on the perianal skin before dying. This activity of the female causes the patient to scratch so that eggs are transferred to the fingers where they are swallowed or passed on to someone else. Eggs are thrown into the air such as...

Convergence Hypothesis EnvironmentalEthics

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 19:40:54 GMT

Bryan Norton's convergence hypothesis, a controversial argument about the predicted policy implications of alternative environmental ethical theories, is best understood against the backdrop of the rise and dominance of non-anthropocentric approaches in environmental ethics in the 1980s and early 1990s. The human-centeredness of the conventional Western ethical system was singled out by the first wave of environmental philosophers for its failure to extend the boundaries of moral...

Pistonenginebased power plants Power Generation Technologies

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 19:11:35 GMT

Piston engines or reciprocating engines the two terms are often used interchangeably to describe these engines are used throughout the world in applications ranging from lawn mowers to cars, trucks, locomotives, ships, and for power and combined heat and power generation. The number in use is enormous the US alone produces 35 million each year. Engines vary in size from less than 1 kW to 65,000 kW. They can burn a wide range of fuels including natural gas, biogas, LPG, gasoline, diesel,...

Case Law Regarding Ex Post Adjustments Emission Trading System

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 19:00:11 GMT

This section gives an overview of the most important case law regarding ex post adjustments. First, we discuss some national case law as delivered in Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany, after which we elaborate on case law from the Court of First Instance in which the rejection by the Commission of ex post adjustments as proposed by Germany was found not acceptable. 4.2 National Case Law 4.2.1 The Netherlands Within the Netherlands, the issue of ex post interventions was considered in the...

Social issues among visually impaired adults The Lifespan Of Earth

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 17:53:46 GMT

Social support plays an important role in the lives of adults with VI. Less-optimal feelings of well-being appear related to an absence of support as well as negative support 92 , which can include insensitivity, criticism, or overprotection. Quality of life research in patients with AMD revealed that depression is more strongly associated with the loss of vision in one eye as opposed to both eyes 21 . Bilateral visual loss may be associated with greater acceptance of the condition while visual...

Box Modelling Economic and Energy Interlinkages the WEMECO Model World Energy Outlook

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:52:52 GMT

The IEA World Energy Model WEM is a partial equilibrium model with a rich technology representation of all energy sectors. The bottom-up structure of the model makes use of the extensive IEA statistical databases. Regional GDP growth rates and international fuel prices are exogenous. For the purposes of the High Growth Scenario, we developed in collaboration with the Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le D veloppement CIRED a French research institute a hybrid model,...

Energy and Other Commodity Prices and Expenditures World Energy Outlook

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:48:37 GMT

Higher growth in China and India affects the economies of the rest of the world through its impact on international commodity prices and on overall trade in all types of goods and services. Energy is the most important commodity category, as it is an indispensable input to all productive activities. The higher GDP growth rates assumed in the High Growth Scenario result in faster growth of energy demand in both countries, as described in Chapter 2. Higher growth in energy demand, combined with...

Chairmans Remark CarbonDioxide

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:14:35 GMT

Thanks to the Contributors of 7th ICCDU, This proceedings contain papers presented and displayed as posters at the Seventh International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization ICCDU VII held for four days during October 12-16, 2003 at Hoam Convention Center in Seoul, Korea. The ICCDU conferences are held every two years alternating continental. The First ICCDU was held in Nagoya, Japan in 1991, the second at Bari, Italy in 1993, the third at Oklahoma, USA in 1995, the fourth in Kyoto, Japan...

Why The Ocean Flows Future of the Earth

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 14:32:28 GMT

In part, the ocean surface is driven by the winds.2 For example, look at a picture of the flow pattern in the north Atlantic Ocean Figure 1.3 . The trade winds blow the ocean surface water toward the west at low latitudes, whereas the westerlies blow the water toward the east at midlatitudes. At the same time, the rotation of the Earth forces the flow to pile up along the western boundary of the ocean the eastern boundary of the continent , producing the Gulf Stream. Easterly toward the west...

Universality and social change GreenPolitics

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 14:28:14 GMT

A related feature that ought to be mentioned, however, is the potentially universal appeal of the ideology. Up until now it has not been aimed at any particular section of society but is addressed to every single individual on the planet regardless of colour, gender, class, nationality, religious belief and so on. This is a function of the green movement's argument that environmental degradation and the social dislocation that goes with it are everybody's problem and therefore ought to be...

Tidal Energy Stop Global Warming

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 12:22:46 GMT

The capture of energy from the highly predictable tides has intrigued people for hundreds of years. 105 As a result, there have been development projects since the 18th century. Tide times can be predicted with astronomical accuracy and the height can be predicted to within 0.1 meter except when the weather is unusually violent. These characteristics could lead to a power source of great reliability. The largest of the current tidal power plants is a 50-year-old facility located in the Ranee...

Properties Of The Atmospheric Aerosol 1 AtmosphericChemistry

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 07:31:22 GMT

The total surface area S, of the aerosol per cm3 of air is then S, n D2nN Dp dDp ns Dp dDp pm2cm3 Jo Jo and is equal to the area below the ns Dp curve in Figure 8.4. The aerosol volume distribution nv Dp can be defined as nv Dp dDp volume of particles per cm3 of air having diameters in the range Dp to Dp dDp The total aerosol volume per cm3 of air V, is v, - DlnN Dp dDp nv Dp dDp pm3cnr3 o Jo Jo and is equal to the area below the ny Dp curve in Figure 8.4. If the particles all have density pp g...

Acknowledgements ChangingEarth

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 04:59:22 GMT

This book had its genesis in discussions with colleagues over a beer in a sushi bar in San Francisco, in December 2002. San Francisco is home of the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, an annual gathering of several thousand scientists from a host of disciplines congregate for a science feast. At the 2002 meeting, I had the prospect of delivering a belated inaugural lecture the following spring hanging over me, and was searching for an effective way to present some of the findings...

The meaning and scope of energy law EnergyLaw

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 04:45:04 GMT

The role of the law can be understood by considering the definition of 'energy law'. Energy law has been described as 'the allocation of rights and duties concerning the exploitation of all energy resources between individuals, between individuals and the government, between governments and between States'.91 The reference to 'energy resources' should not be seen as limited to the primary sources of energy, but should extend to secondary and substitute sources of energy. The most important...

Glacier responses to climatic changes IceSnow

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 03:10:03 GMT

The response of a glacier to climatic change involves a complex chain of processes5,6. Changes in atmospheric conditions such as solar radiation, air temperature, pre cipitation, wind and cloudiness influence the mass and energy balance at the glacier surface7,8. Air temperature plays a predominant role, as it is related to the radiation balance and turbulent heat exchange, and it determines whether precipitation falls as snow or rain. Over time periods of years and decades, changes in energy...

Marine Sediments and Corals Paleoclimatology

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 00:29:15 GMT

6.2 Paleoclimatic Information from Biological Material in Ocean Cores 193 6.3 Oxygen Isotope Studies of Calcareous Marine Fauna 198 6.3.1 Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Oceans 199 6.3.2 Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy 206 6.3.4 Sea-level Changes and hlsO 215 6.4 Relative Abundance Studies 216 6.5 Paleotemperature Records from Alkenones 233 6.6 Dissolution of Deep-sea Carbonates 236 6.7 Paleoclimatic Information from Inorganic Material in Ocean Cores 242 6.8 Coral Records of Past Climate 247...

The Mongol Empire Change in the Weather

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 19:26:04 GMT

In the 13 th century the Mongolians eventually established what may have been the biggest empire the world has ever seen. The story began during a prolonged period when the climate was moist. Traces of earlier shorelines show that sea level in the Caspian Sea was much higher then than it is now, and that it was rising. The steppe pastures grew dense and rich under the increased rainfall and warmer weather associated with it. The people flourished and the population increased, but around 1200...

Schweitzers Ethical Mysticism EnvironmentalEthics

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 19:21:14 GMT

More recent scholarship has revealed greater sophistication in Schweitzer's thought. Schweitzer intended his concept of ethical mysticism to serve as a balance between his argument for the respect due to all living beings and the need to set this against the reality to take other life to survive. This tension is also at the heart of the conflict between animal rights activism and holistic environmental concerns. Resource managers, for example, often must destroy individuals within a managed...

Ethical Issues And Green Business EnvironmentalEthics

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 17:49:17 GMT

The primary ethical question surrounding green business is how much discretion private entities should have in making environmental-protection choices. The self-imposed standards of green businesses supplement those already mandated by government regulations. For nations with a mature capacity to regulate industry, the green-business sector need not aspire to supplant official regulations that protect human health and the environment. But for nations that lack regulatory capacity, the...

The History Of Maritime Management EnvironmentalEthics

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 17:43:21 GMT

The ancient Greeks were the first western philosophers to consider the oceans, and Aristotle 384-322 BCE wrote treatises on the biology and diversity of marine organisms. Before the twentieth century, however, philosophical ethicists usually did not treat the oceans as a separate topic and thus wrote little that specifically concerns marine issues. Much of the intellectual tradition concerning the oceans is the product of legal thinkers such as Hugo Grotius, who in 1625 published Mare Librum,...

Section Assessment Buy Geology

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 15:58:42 GMT

I Lakes form in a variety of ways when depressions on land fill with water. I Eutrophication is a natural nutrient-enrichment process that can be accelerated when nutrients from fertilizers, detergents, or sewage are added. I Wetlands are low-lying areas that are periodically saturated with water and support specific plant species. 1. iman4TTfla Explain the transformation process that a lake might undergo as it changes to dry land. 2. Describe the conditions necessary for the formation of a...

Forests and Tree Growing EnvironmentalEconomics

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 10:32:05 GMT

Forest policy provides an opportunity to apply and highlight some important economic concepts such as opportunity cost and positive externalities. It is also a great example of a resource where private objectives will often differ from social objectives, because the resource in question is a complex one with multiple dimensions and several competing kinds of value. It's also a resource where the uses and values to local communities may diverge from those of more distant interest groups. Let's...

Notes ClimateChange

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 04:27:45 GMT

1 For additional examinations of variables shaping environmental foreign policy, see the other books from the Project on Environmental Change and Foreign Policy Harris 2000a, 2001b,c, 2002c and forthcoming 2003a . 2 Many of these arguments were first exercised in Harris 2001a, 2002b . 3 I have chosen not to enter the political debate about the science of global warming and climate change. While details remain debatable, most of the world has concluded that global warming and climate change are...

An Unfortunate Dualism EnvironmentalEconomics

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 03:07:40 GMT

Regrettably, comparisons of the advantages of private versus common property have become entangled in an ideological debate between the merits of free markets private property and free enterprise on the one hand and the role of government on the other hand. What is unfortunate is that these issues are framed as an either or choice between free markets and government regulation. In reality, neither choice can be said to always be better than the other. Some resources can go either way, private...

Education Global Water Security

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 03:04:26 GMT

o Enhance flood-related education for managers, decision makers and the public o Agriculturalists must be educated to ensure adequate response to changed conditions This report has been prepared in the light of the papers presented at the NATO Workshop and through working group interactions between many experts. The experts note, however, that there is not enough knowledge to make definitive statements, particularly in assigning weights to the various climatic and human drivers of change....

Ocean currents EnergyCrisis

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 01:51:26 GMT

Ocean currents, such as the Florida Current, the part of the Gulf Stream flowing northward past the Florida peninsula, carry enormous quantities of kinetic energy in their motion. There have been several proposals to develop this resource, to place ocean turbines in the strongest of currents and feed the energy generated to population centers onshore. According to Practical Ocean Energy Management Systems, Inc., The first large ocean-system proposal is for a 2.4-mile system that would link...