Global Warming Causes

Index Clean Energy Economy

Thu, 17 May 2012 19:05:43 GMT

A123 Systems, 49, 57, 272 Adofo-Wilson, Baye, 125-29 Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy ARPA-E , 282-83 AFL-CIO Housing Investment Trust, 264 Agriculture as base for biofuels, 17273 food production issues, 159-60, 163-64 sugarcane in Brazil, 160, 163 and 25x'25 coalition, 20, 24650 U.S. exports of, 158-60, 303-4. See also Biomass crops Alcoa, 212 Algae, 125, 170-71 Allen, Charles, 314-15 Allen, Paul, 148 Alliance to Save Energy, 101, 268, 271 Alternative energy. See Biofuels Energy...

References Hpz The Lifespan Of Earth

Thu, 17 May 2012 07:01:24 GMT

1. Ries LAG, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975 2004. 2007, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, MD. http seer.cancer.gov csr 1975 2004 . 2. Pui CH, and Evans WE. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2006 354 2 166 78. 3. Jemal A, et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006 56 2 106 30. 4. Oeffinger KC, et al. Grading of late effects in young adult survivors of childhood cancer followed in an ambulatory adult setting. Cancer 2000 88 7 1687 95. 5. Hewitt M,...

Foreword Geopolitics

Tue, 15 May 2012 02:22:41 GMT

The worldwide energy scene is facing a triple crisis. First of all, there is a crisis of supply the existing and foreseeable capacity cannot assure the supply of energy under all circumstances, taking into account the growth of random phenomena, whether they are technical, accidental, political or meteorological. Secondly, there is the climate crisis the present tendencies of consumption and production of energy lead inevitably to the emission of greenhouse gases which would amount, in 2050, to...

Balance of Payments Equilibrium Condition Globalization and the Environment

Mon, 14 May 2012 16:12:06 GMT

BP equilibrium requires that total receipts R from exports X and capital inflows K be equal to imports M, i.e. where K nominal value of capital inflow. Taking total differential of PXCK and of PME, we obtain X dP C P dX C dK ME dP C PE dM C PM dE 23.7 Dividing the LHS of 23.2 by R and the RHS by PME, we have 6p C Ox C l-O k z p c m C e 23-9 where 0 share of export in total receipt to pay for import, i.e., 0 PX R 1 0 share of capital inflow in total receipt, i.e., 1 0 1 PX R K R k percent change...

Notes 1 Moving Freight Without Oil

Mon, 14 May 2012 14:15:46 GMT

1 Table 1.1 is based on Table 10.3, p307, of Christian 2004 . That table is 2004 by the University of California Press and is used here with permission. 2 The economist is William Baumol of New York University, quoted in Hensel, B, 'Globalization, a sea change in shipping when containers came to Houston, it marked an industry milestone', Houston Chronicle, 23 April 2006, The quotations in Box 1.1 are respectively from pp1, 1-2, 2, 5, 7, 10-11 and 268 of Levinson 2006 . They are 2006 by the...

Coping with a Warmer World Save Our Seas

Mon, 14 May 2012 03:01:33 GMT

Fortunately, the same actions that we take to reduce the direct threats to coral reefs may also help reefs cope with less direct threats like climate change. Kelp forests seem to be able to persist in marine reserves, even when kelps all around them are dying when the water is warm and unproductive as a result of El Ni os . In a similar way, coral reefs might be less subject to mass coral bleaching, or perhaps better able to recover, if other stresses were eliminated or reduced. Bleaching may...

Extrapolating Technological Progress The Economic Growth

Sun, 13 May 2012 23:27:01 GMT

The standard neoclassical growth model assumes growth in equilibrium, driven by an external force called 'technological progress' or total factor productivity TFP . Goods and services are abstractions. Demand for energy exergy or other resources is a consequence, not a cause of economic growth. Silly as it sounds when stated explicitly, resources in such models are treated as if they were created by some combination of capital and labor. This is why growth, in this idealized model, does not...

Estimated Mean Global Temperature Paleoclimatology

Sun, 13 May 2012 09:45:58 GMT

FIGURE I. I Generalized temperature history of the Earth plotted as relative departures from the present global mean from Frakes et al., 1992 . Studying the proxy record of paleodimate is rather like looking through a telescope held the wrong way around for recent periods there is evidence of short-term climatic variations, but these cannot be resolved in earlier periods. It is abundantly clear from the paleodimate record that abrupt changes have occurred in the global climate system at certain...

Criticality factor See effective multiplication factor NuclearEnergy

Sat, 12 May 2012 08:14:41 GMT

Critical mass. The minimum mass of fissile material required for a sustained chain reaction in a given nuclear device. Cross section, neutron ct . A measure of the probability that an incident neutron will interact with a particular nuclide cross sections are separately specified for different target nuclides and different reactions the cross section has the units of area and can be loosely thought of as an effective target area for a specific process. See Section 5.1.2. Crude oil. Liquid...

Criticality and the Multiplication Factor General Considerations Effective Multiplication Factor NuclearEnergy

Sat, 12 May 2012 08:14:37 GMT

Release of significant amounts of energy from nuclear fission requires a chain reaction. For the buildup of a chain reaction, each generation must have more fission events than the preceding one. This means that the average number of neutrons produced in a fission event must be significantly greater than unity. This excess is necessary because some neutrons will be lost, instead of inducing fission in the next generation. For example, some neutrons will be lost to capture reactions, and others...

Literature Cited Wxp Monsoon

Fri, 11 May 2012 09:01:40 GMT

Allen-Diaz, B., T. Benning, F. Bryant, B. Campbell, J. duToit, K. Galvin, E. Holland, L. Joyce, A. K. Knapp, P. Matson, R. Miller, D. Ojima, W. Polley, T. Seastedt, A. Suarez, T. Svejcar and C. Wessman. 1996. Rangelands in a changing climate Impacts, adaptations and mitigation. Pp. 131-158 in Climate change 1995. Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change. Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on...

The Environment And Social Justice EnvironmentalEthics

Thu, 10 May 2012 06:04:19 GMT

The integration of environmental problems and social justice issues is an achievement of environmentalist thinking and activism in Mexico and Central America. In fact, it could be argued that the intellectual tradition in Mexico since the nineteenth century has resisted the typically North American erasure of the human from environmental thinking. The inclusion of history and people in the representation of landscapes in different media and arts to a great extent has been a reaction to a...

Responding to Sealevel Rise Global Environmental Change

Wed, 09 May 2012 18:01:49 GMT

Given the high impact potential already discussed and the commitment to sea-level rise independent of emission scenarios, a rational response to sea-level rise and climate change in coastal areas would be to identify the most appropriate mixture of mitigation and adaptation.82-83 Mitigation could greatly reduce the risks associated with sea-level rise and climate change beyond the 21st century. Adaptation acts to reduce the impacts of sea-level rise and climate change, as well 79 S. Fankhauser,...

Passive solar water heating Low Energy Strategies

Wed, 09 May 2012 04:49:57 GMT

Ample supplies of hot, clean water ' on tap' are a basic signifier of an advanced society. Ever since ancient times the heating and distribution of domestic hot water DHW has been central to a civilised lifestyle - even if only the rich could enjoy the convenience and comfort that DHW can provide. Over the last century or so, fossil-fuelled DHW systems have become the norm, and the last 50 years in particular has seen DHW usage rocket. Daily power showers have replaced the weekly bath in water...

Increasing human use of fresh water resources GlobalWarming

Sat, 05 May 2012 18:42:56 GMT

The global water cycle is a fundamental component of the climate system. Water is cycled between the oceans, the atmosphere and the land surface Figure 7.5 . Through evaporation and condensation it provides the main means whereby energy is transferred to the atmosphere and within it. Water is essential to all forms of life the main reason for the wide range of life forms, both plant and animal, on the Earth is the extremely wide range of variation in the availability of water. In wet tropical...

Vertical Variation AtmosphericChemistry

Wed, 02 May 2012 08:41:00 GMT

The vertical distribution of aerosol mass concentration typically shows an exponential decrease with altitude up to a height Hp and a rather constant profile above that altitude Gras 1991 . The aerosol mass concentration as a function of height can then be expressed as where M 0 is the surface concentration and Hp the scale height. Jaenicke 1993 proposed values of Hp equal to 900 m for the marine, 730 m for the remote continental, 2000 m for the desert, and 30,000 m for the polar aerosol types....

Radioactivity in Waste Products Activity of Spent Fuel NuclearEnergy

Wed, 02 May 2012 02:20:42 GMT

When a reactor is just shut down, there are extremely high levels of activity The actual activity at the moment of shutdown depends on the recent history of the reactor operation and is dominated by the decay of the short-lived radionuclides. These radionuclides, especially those with half-lives of the order of hours or days, are important for the heat budget of the reactor immediately after shutdown, and their role is crucial in reactor accidents in which there is difficulty in maintaining the...

Middle East Oil Not So Secure After All EnergySecurity

Wed, 02 May 2012 00:42:53 GMT

Although Americans generally felt secure in their control of Middle East oil during the 1950s and early 1960s, a few US defence experts began to question the political stability of the area. In 1963, the Rand Corporation published the first detailed study on the security of Middle East oil supplies, as part of a programme of research being carried out for the US Air Force.9 The study noted that 'twice in the past decade there has been a major disruption of the flow of Middle East oil to the...

Vegetarianism And The Environment EnvironmentalEthics

Tue, 01 May 2012 02:37:48 GMT

As the twentieth century unfolded, however, the influence of vegetarianism in the United States began to wane as the livestock industry became increasingly powerful and meat became an affordable staple for working-class families Rifkin 1992 . In a culture trained in the mindset that meat promotes strength and vegetarianism fosters weakness, a dramatic revival, growth, and broadening of vegetarianism began in 1971, with the publication of Francis Moore Lappe's book Diet for a Small Planet. In...

Regenerative braking SustainableEnergy

Mon, 30 Apr 2012 05:26:05 GMT

There are four ways to capture energy as a vehicle slows down. 1. An electric generator coupled to the wheels can charge up an electric battery or supercapacitor. 2. Hydraulic motors driven by the wheels can make compressed air, stored in a small canister. 3. Energy can be stored in a flywheel. 4. Braking energy can be stored as gravitational energy by driving the vehicle up a ramp whenever you want to slow down. This gravitational energy storage option is rather inflexible, since there must be...

Water Is There Enough and Is It Drinkable EnvironmentalReport

Mon, 30 Apr 2012 04:52:23 GMT

Some till the soil, a few are kings John L. Ford, Water and Wastewater Engineering Few of us think regularly about water. It seems limitless because it falls from the sky year after year. We turn on the tap and fresh, pure water comes out. Most of us have never known it to be otherwise. But problems that water specialists saw on the horizon many decades ago are now with us. Water shortages are a well-known problem not only in desert areas such as Tucson, Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Albuquerque but...

Reported Oil Reserves versus Technical Analysis Petrodollar

Sat, 28 Apr 2012 17:21:09 GMT

The pessimists use technical data, whereas the optimists use the political data. Jean H. Laherrere, renowned oil geologist, ASPO Conference, May 20 0320 Dr. Salameh tackles the thorny question of how accurate are Middle East reserve estimates. His conclusion that these may be overstated by up to 300 bn billion barrels, or roughly five North Seas, will certainly give pause for thought. If his assessments are right, the world faces very major challenges in developing and securing the oil supplies...

Feedbacks in the climate system GlobalWarming

Sat, 28 Apr 2012 08:08:56 GMT

A Saharan dust storm originating in Mali blew off the west coast of Africa on 6 June 2006. Although partially hidden by the dust storm, the differences of the underlying landscape are still apparent as the sands of the Sahara give way to vegetation of the south. The Sahel is particularly vulnerable to desertification - land degradation from climate change and or human activity that transforms a region to a desert. increase, the actual rise in global average temperature was likely to be more...

References Gbf SustainableAgriculture

Fri, 27 Apr 2012 19:26:43 GMT

Antonelli, G. 1990 'Soviet agriculture in the current transitional phase', Questione- Agraria, no 37, pp51-73 Argyris, C. and Sch n, D. A. 1996 Organisational Learning II , Theory, Methods and Practice, Reading MA, Addison-Wesley Csaki, C. 1998 'Agricultural research in transforming Central and Eastern Europe', European Review of Agricultural Economics, vol 25, no 3, pp289-306 Csizinszky, A. A. 2003 'Developing international collaborations in Central and Eastern Europe', Hortscience, vol 38, no...

Climate Classification ClimatesWeather

Fri, 27 Apr 2012 12:56:39 GMT

Surface data collected as described in Section 15.1 allow us to summarise the climate of a place in terms of average conditions and deviations from them. Particular attention is usually paid to monthly mean values of the daily-mean temperatures and daily extremes, along with the monthly rainfall. The next step in condensing the flood of numbers that arise in continuously measuring the weather everywhere is to group homoclimes, places with similar climates. This imposes orderliness on the...

The Sun EnvironmentalProjects

Fri, 27 Apr 2012 05:58:44 GMT

very morning you can count on it In virtually every location around the globe, the sun rises in the east. And it sets every evening in the west. It's one of Earth's most reliable and familiar rhythms, and it has been since Earth was formed. For thousands of years, people have worshipped the sun as it followed its familiar path across the sky, bringing life and light to Earth. Farmers depend on it for their crops. Plants need it for photosynthesis. And for some, sunrises and sunsets are the...

Other storage technologies SustainableEnergy

Thu, 26 Apr 2012 11:49:00 GMT

There are lots of ways to store energy, and lots of criteria by which storage solutions are judged. Figure 26.13 shows three of the most important criteria energy density how much energy is stored per kilogram of storage system efficiency how much energy you get back per unit energy put in and lifetime how many cycles of energy storage can be delivered before the system needs refurbishing . Other important criteria are the maximum rate at which energy can be pumped into or out of the storage...

Materials and Methods 1 Climate Change Response Act

Tue, 24 Apr 2012 18:13:58 GMT

The specimens that were examined are listed in appendix 9.1. All measurements are in millimeters unless otherwise noted, and dimensions are illustrated in figures 9.1-9.3. A dial caliper and osteometric board were used to obtain measurements. Abbreviations specific to this chapter are as follows FIGURE 9.1 Dimensions of measurements for rodent and lagomorph specimens discussed in the text. Drawing by C. Suzane Ware. FIGURE 9.1 Dimensions of measurements for rodent and lagomorph specimens...

Global aspects of aridity trend Palmer Drought Severity Index for ClimateStudies

Tue, 24 Apr 2012 17:50:19 GMT

Aridity trend over northern China is not an isolated phenomenon, but with significant worldwide linkage. The Palmer Drought Severity Index PDSI is the most prominent index of meteorological drought used in the United States Heim 2002 . The PDSI was created by Palmer 1965 with the intent to measure the cumulative departure relative to local mean conditions in atmospheric moisture supply and demand at the surface. A monthly dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index PDSI from 1870 to 2002 is...

Conservation and Preservation EnvironmentalHistory

Tue, 24 Apr 2012 08:29:53 GMT

A core topic for environmental history is the formation of land, water, and conservation policies how land was allocated as the country was being settled how land use policy developed and what laws allowed people to gain title to land as private property. By the late nineteenth century, most of the unsettled land had been allocated and people began to press for the conservation of natural resources for efficient use and to join a growing national movement to set aside wilderness areas for...

TimeIndependent Production Thermoeconomics

Tue, 24 Apr 2012 08:19:33 GMT

Improved base-load system design is demonstrated by four exploring journeys. The executable tools SystemTL.exe, DesalTL.exe, and NovelsysTL.exe are used. Automated local optimization in the three tools assumes a single dissipation price for cdi and 1 for Kzl . The first journey deals with gas turbine power systems and is generated by the tool SystemTL.exe. The second deals with seawater distillation systems and is generated by the tool DesalTL.exe. The third deals with testing new ideas applied...

Data and Analysis UrbanEnergy

Mon, 23 Apr 2012 19:31:58 GMT

Our analyses incorporate several types of data from different sources including 1 historic energy supplies in the USA 1850-2001 and historic energy consumption data in the USA 1900-2001 2 recent 1960-2000 energy supply and consumption data in developing and other countries 3 per capita income Geary-Khamis international dollars for all countries analysed 4 historic per cent GDP created by the industrial sector for the USA 1900-1997 5 recent 1960-2000 per cent GDP created by the industrial sector...

Daily Changes ClimatesWeather

Mon, 23 Apr 2012 19:24:19 GMT

Screen temperatures do not rise and fall over equal periods of the day the cooling period lasts longer Figure 3.11 . This can be explained as follows. Heating of the ground occurs when the net radiation is positive downward, which is the situation between dawn and mid-afternoon Figure 3.12 . Solar radiation declines after noon Figure 2.4 , but the gradual rise of ground temperature leads to a continued increase in the loss of terrestrial radiation Note 2.C . As a result, the net radiation on a...

The longterm palaeoperspective EnvironmentalChange

Mon, 23 Apr 2012 14:54:36 GMT

Although the most dramatic instances of land degradation may have come to light only in recent years, there is clearly a need for a long-term perspective since any 'cycle' of degradation and subsequent recovery, where this is possible, involves a high level of hysteresis, with the timescales of regeneration often orders of magnitude longer than the timescales of degradation. One of the processes involved in land degradation - erosion from the land surface - has been reconstructed from many...

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Lem Geology

Sun, 22 Apr 2012 22:46:05 GMT

To read about how one scientist is using maps and mapping technology to map the human footprint, go to the National Geographic Expedition on page 892. A useful tool for a geologist is a geologic map. A geologic map is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks located below the soil. A geologic map can also show features such as fault lines, bedrock, and geologic formations. Using the information contained on a geologic map, combined with data from visible rock formations,...

Nimby ClimateChange

Sun, 22 Apr 2012 15:34:09 GMT

The International Wildlife Coalition, the Ocean Conservancy, The Humane Society, and The Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound, are unhappy. The folks on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island are not happy. Nimby, not in my backyard, has created an unlikely coalition of environmentalists and bent-out-of-shape residents from Cape Cod's Hyannis Port, all the way to Buzzards Bay. For years the Sierra Club and Greenpeace promoted wind power as a way to reduce or control the use of fossil fuels. But...

Environmental Philosophers And The Policy Process EnvironmentalEthics

Sun, 22 Apr 2012 12:59:43 GMT

Environmental philosophers seek to influence policy at three stages 1 agenda setting, identifying environmental issues 2 evaluation, assessing whether implementations conform to the original intent of policies and 3 policy change, amending policy goals and means in light of new information and or new value and political environments. In addition, many environmental philosophers also seek to provide a normative justification of public policies for environmental protection by offering alternative...

Health Benefits From Warming GlobalWarming

Sun, 22 Apr 2012 06:39:25 GMT

Pim Martens has written that while the overall impact of global warming on human health is expected to be markedly negative, human beings may experience a few positive outcomes. Some diseases that thrive in cold weather such as influenza may find their ranges and effects reduced in a warmer world. The elderly might die less frequently of cardiovascular and pulmonary ailments heart diseases that peak during cold weather. Whether the milder winters could offset the mortality during the summer...

Living for the City The Future of America

Sun, 22 Apr 2012 02:39:41 GMT

Cities take center stage in smart growth because they are the spots to which new development or more accurately redevelopment is primarily steered. The problems of sprawl would be solved if more people would rediscover the joys of living in cities considered by activists to represent the highest expression of civilization and culture, the most efficient use of land, the places most likely to promote community, and the most environmentally friendly organization of human habitation. Conveniently,...

Geology of the Porcupine Cave Area Climate Change Response Act

Sun, 22 Apr 2012 02:37:27 GMT

The Manitou Dolomite accumulated on a broad, stable, westward-facing cratonic shelf bathed in shallow, well-oxygenated marine waters teeming with life Foster, 1972 Gerhard, 1972 Stewart and Poole, 1974 . After deposition as fossiliferous limestone, the strata were largely transformed into dolomite in the Porcupine Cave area, a process of recrystallization that obliterated much of the Ordovician fossil record. At the cave site, the Manitou Dolomite is a 55-m-thick, well-bedded, gray, resistant...

References Rzw National Climate Policy

Sat, 21 Apr 2012 05:47:31 GMT

Baron, J. 1997 'Biases in the quantitative measurement of values for public decisions', Psychological Bulletin, vol 122, pp72-78 Baron, J. and Greene, J. 1996 'Determinants of insensitivity to quantity in valuation of public goods Contribution, warm glow, budget constrains, availability, and prominence', Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied, vol 2, pp107-125 Biel, A. and Dahlstrand, U. 2005 'Values and habits A dual-process model', in Krarup S. and Russell C. S. eds Environment,...

Diagram Of A Properly Closed Landfill PollutionGuide

Sat, 21 Apr 2012 02:10:20 GMT

Cutaway view of a modern landfill designed to prevent the two main hazards of the dump explosions or fires caused by methane gas, and leakage of rainwater mixed with dangerous chemicals or leachate . Cutaway view of a modern landfill designed to prevent the two main hazards of the dump explosions or fires caused by methane gas, and leakage of rainwater mixed with dangerous chemicals or leachate . about the benefits of recovering and burning methane as an energy source. By 2002 the program had...

Energy stores Low Energy Strategies

Thu, 19 Apr 2012 19:14:11 GMT

Most alternative energy sources are inherently variable and unpredictable. Solar and wind power are the worst offenders in this respect, while being in many ways the most convenient and cost-effective. Technologies based on wind and solar power, therefore, have to cope with a widely fluctuating energy input that rarely matches demand for more than short periods. A practical alternative energy system must be able to smooth out any mismatches that occur without an overdependence on back-up...

Policy Development for Air Pollution Abatement Global Environmental Change

Thu, 19 Apr 2012 18:35:59 GMT

The smogs in Europe and North America in the 1950s triggered the development of environmental policies and measures to combat air pollution issues. In recent years, air pollution abatement strategies and environmental laws and institutions have developed in most countries and in regions such as the area covered by the UN Economic Commission for Europe UN ECE and the European Union. Command and control policy, via direct regulation, has been the most prominent policy instrument. Traditionally,...

Introduction Low Energy Strategies

Thu, 19 Apr 2012 18:21:07 GMT

Modern buildings need heat and electrical energy to perform their design functions. Even today, with climate change widely acknowledged as the greatest threat to human civilisation in its entire history, buildings are being designed and constructed which are, and will continue to be, totally dependent on national energy grids. These grids are still, and for a long time will continue to be, almost totally dependent on fossil fuels. Thanks to political inertia, vested interests and endemic...

Proxy data and proxy reconstructions NaturalClimate

Wed, 18 Apr 2012 07:03:13 GMT

The lack of widespread instrumental climate records prior to the mid-19th century requires that we turn to proxy data in our attempts to reconstruct how the climate has changed over past centuries. When, as is typically the case in studies of the past millennium, our interest is primarily in annually resolved climate variations, we must turn to high-resolution climate proxy data, such as tree rings, corals, ice cores, and historical documentary records. Mann et al. 1998 assembled a network of...

Orographic Cloud ClimatesWeather

Tue, 17 Apr 2012 22:27:25 GMT

Hills deflect winds upwards, so that the air cools, possibly to dewpoint. In that case, clouds form at the Lifting Condensation Level LCL Note 8.B , shown in Figure 8.1. For example, the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand is more cloudy and wet than the east coast Chapter 10 because of the orographic uplift of the mainly westerly winds. A cap cloud, shaped like a contact lens, forms at the crest of an isolated mountain, if winds rise over it sufficiently high to attain the Lifting...

Assessment of neurobehavioral outcomes and functional abilities The Lifespan Of Earth

Tue, 17 Apr 2012 16:49:40 GMT

Neuropsychological assessment plays an important part in diagnostic, recovery and rehabilitation processes post-TBI, and the characteristics of such childhood assessments at the acute stage are described in Chapter 11a. Assessment is more frequent and long-term for severely injured individuals who suffer serious deficits that impact significantly on their ability to function in daily life. Ongoing assessment of function is necessary to track the development of cognition post-injury and to...

How The Earth Sheds Its Warmth Energy from Nature

Mon, 16 Apr 2012 20:41:48 GMT

The earth is constantly losing its thermal energy by all three of the mechanisms that transport heat from one place to another conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat is conducted through the solid material the inner core and the lithosphere including the crust . It is carried upward in convection currents in the outer core, the mantle, the oceans, and the atmosphere, and it is radiated away into space. Convection not only transports heat, it brings about the generation of more heat because...

Glossary GlobalWarming

Mon, 16 Apr 2012 13:58:07 GMT

Acidity. As carbon dioxide levels rise in ocean and freshwater, acidity increases, threatening animals with shells made of calcium. Aerosols regarding Climate Change see also Soot . Particles in the atmosphere that, depending on their position and density, may increase or decrease global warming. Albedo see also Feedback Loops . Reflectivity. Light-colored surfaces, such as snow, reflect much more heat than darker ones, such as forests or oceans. Antarctic Oscillation. An upper-air wind pattern...

Glossary Causes of Climate Change

Mon, 16 Apr 2012 05:53:56 GMT

acidification The alteration of seawater so that it becomes more acidic due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide that ends up in the ocean and creates carbonic acid. acid rain Rainfall with a pH of less than 5.0. This type of acid precipitation includes acid fog and acid snow. acids Solutions with free positively charged hydrogen ions that are sour to the taste. Acidic and alkaline solutions neutralize to form salts. adaptation One of two strategies the other is mitigation that can be used...

The Grapes of Global Warmings Wrath Clean Energy Economy

Mon, 16 Apr 2012 02:45:25 GMT

Americans far to the south are also feeling the ominous brush of global warming. Cattle and sheep rancher Ogden Driskill is owner of the Camp Stool Ranch near the Devil's Tower in northeastern Wyoming and as plainspoken and tough minded as any dirt rancher in America. He says, Something is way out of whack in our climate right now. I've got hundred-year-old oak trees that are dying, maybe because of the drought or maybe because the seasons are all fouled up. Some are in bud right now when it's...

A paradox EnvironmentalProtection

Sun, 15 Apr 2012 22:51:03 GMT

However, in light of the definition of 'nature' that we have been assuming the second of Mill's two senses , there appears to be something extremely paradoxical about the idea that we can protect or restore nature. It is analogous to the paradox that Mill found in the idea that we might adopt the injunction to 'follow nature' as a principle of action following nature would have to be a deliberate act, and precisely for that reason could not count as following nature. There appears to be a...

Spaceage Technology Shapes Modern Geology

Sun, 15 Apr 2012 16:26:32 GMT

Many years ago, farmers planted and plowed with their hands, a few tools, and sometimes large animals, such as horses. Since then, new technology has revolutionized the work of farmers. In the United States, agriculture is a multi-billion dollar industry, in part because of something called precision farming. Precision farming Precision farming, which is also called site-specific farming, is a method of farming that involves giving special attention to certain areas of a field. The fields...

MTBE A Cautionary Tale GreenInitiatives

Sat, 14 Apr 2012 19:49:54 GMT

Methyl tertiary-butyl ether MTBE marks the story of a small, incremental fuel change that cascaded into public scandal with billions of dollars in lawsuits and some important lessons for alternative fuels. MTBE is made from natural gas. When added to gasoline it increases the oxygen content and makes the fuel burn more cleanly. MTBE was initially a darling of both the oil industry and air quality regulators. It was attractive to the oil industry because it boosted octane and used an otherwise...

Discussion and Study Questions 1 EnvironmentalAssessment

Sat, 14 Apr 2012 15:46:01 GMT

1 One interpretation of trends in environmental legislation has been presented above. What are other ways in which this sequence of laws and regulations could be interpreted Provide some evidence for this alternative point of view. 2 Discuss whether the changing relationships between the federal government and the states, especially in enforcement, may properly be referred to as a trend. Is the direction of movement consistent Where does your state fit in this relationship 3 What problems do...

Lessons for American Cities Hfa GreenCities

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 20:14:04 GMT

One of the clearest conclusions is that, compared to many of the European initiatives profiled, there is simply not enough attention given in the United States to aggressively promoting ecological design and building. The northern Europeans especially have made major national commitments to advancing ecological building, often with substantial and creative financial underwriting and through other important forms of national and municipal leadership. The priority given by northern European...

Plants In Buildings GlobalWarming

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 18:23:26 GMT

Plants modify the environment in buildings by three processes 1 photosynthesis, during which a green plant converts CO2 and water to sugars and oxygen for growth 2 respiration, the reverse process to photosynthesis. This releases CO2 back into the atmosphere and in so doing makes energy available for cell metabolism 3 transpiration, which is the evaporative loss of water from a plant, a process that turns large amounts of energy into latent heat, so producing a net cooling effect from the...

Spontaneous Fission HalfLives NuclearFission

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 15:49:26 GMT

Data on spontaneous fission half-lives and average kinetic energies associated with the decay process are available. Within the context of the theory described here, half-lives of spontaneous fission are a product of preforma-tion probabilities and half-lives associated with decay to various modes . Although the preformation probabilities associated with the formation of different clusters of daughter pairs depend in principle on the masses and charges of parents and of the particular daughter...

Built Environment EnvironmentalEthics

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 12:45:54 GMT

The built environment includes the flora, non-human fauna, human beings, air, water, soil, and other earthen elements of center-city, suburban, and fringe areas. The built environment has become the center of human settlement and population, a majority of energy use by human beings, and practices and policies responsible for destruction of nonurban habitat, consumption of green space, and other forms of environmental degradation. Philosophical responses to these realities situate the built...

References Ybm Globalization and the Environment

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 12:21:47 GMT

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Basic laws related to water, 2002 Available. at http www.epa.gov win law.html accessed on December 19, 2003 . 2. Allenby, B.R., Industrial Ecology Policy Framework and Implementation, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999. 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics release inventory TRI program Background on the stakeholder dialogue, 2002, Available at http www.epa.gov accessed on December 26, 2003 . 4. Goldstein, E.S., Economics and the...

Case Study The Grey Water System At Linacre College Oxford GlobalWarming

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 11:44:18 GMT

Linacre College built a great new 'green' building as a hall of residence, gym and restaurant in 1995. Anglian Water decided to use this building as a test bed for their innovative grey water system. This consisted of a two-stage process, in which stored grey water is passed through a sand filter to remove solids, then through a hollow fibre membrane separation process, which removes soap, bacteria and some dissolved organic material. Despite the fact that these filters produced a relatively...

MilwaukeeThe Nations Worst Drinking Water Disaster TheEnvironment

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 06:36:33 GMT

In April 1993, 403,000 residents of Milwaukee became victims of what is considered the worst drinking water disaster the nation has experienced. Cryptospor-idium flourished in the city water supply, which had been turbid cloudy for several days. For a week more than eight hundred thousand residents were without potable drinkable tap water. By the end of the disaster more than forty people lost their lives because of the outbreak. In addition to the human suffering, the disease cost an estimated...

Convergence Of The Easterlies Meteorology

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 01:51:08 GMT

Near the equator, the belts of tropical easterly winds meet. This is the intertropical convergence zone ITCZ , which was introduced in Chapter 2. It is a region of low pressure and light winds. Thundershowers often form in this zone. In ancient times, this region was called the doldrums, because sailing ships passing through it on their way from the northern hemisphere to the southern, or from the southern hemisphere to the northern, were often becalmed for lack of wind. In the Atlantic, the...

Cancer Clusters ClimateChange

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 00:47:43 GMT

Any community believing that it has an unusual number of cancer cases naturally looks for an environmental cause the soil, the water, the air. Since the beginning of human societies, disease any disease in a community always strikes more than one person. Consequently, clusters are to be expected, as the many AIDS cases in Kampala, and thyroid cancers in Belarus, Legionnaires' disease in Philadelphia, influenza in season, and the many outbreaks of bacterial food poisoning at picnics, all of...

From Geopolitics to Geoscarcity NaturalCatastrophes

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 00:43:58 GMT

Human beings have known about oil for a long time. For millennia, people collected the black goo that seeped to Earth's surface and used it for a variety of purposes. Some believed it had medicinal properties, while others used it to caulk boats. But oil's value as an energy source wasn't recognized till the industrial era. Up to the eighteenth century, most people in Europe and the United States lit their homes with wax and tallow candles and vegetable oil lamps technologies similar to those...

Dating Methods Involving Chemical Changes Paleoclimatology

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 00:43:40 GMT

Two general categories of dating methods are based on chemical changes within the samples being studied since they were emplaced. The first involves amino-acid analysis of organic samples, generally used to assess the age of associated inorganic deposits. The method may also be used to estimate paleotemperatures from organic samples of known age. The second category encompasses a number of methods that assess the amount of weathering that an inorganic sample has experienced. They are primarily...

The scientific revolution as a cultural process EnvironmentalPolitics

Fri, 13 Apr 2012 00:14:48 GMT

Let us begin with the foundational narrative itself the making of modern science, which, in several respects, is one of the formative moments of environmentalism. It is fairly obvious that what is commonly referred to as science and technology, and which we might characterize, somewhat more precisely, as the institutions of Western science, emerged as an integral part of a much broader cultural transformation Huff 1993 . For Karl Polanyi, it was simply the great transformation, while for others...

The Embodied Energy Of Different Building Materials GlobalWarming

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 20:40:16 GMT

At present, the few published figures available for embodied energy usually refer to individual materials, e.g. brick, concrete, timber or glass. These figures are useful for making strategic decisions regarding a house, i.e. should it be built using a timber frame or concrete blocks, but they are less useful when trying to decide if a particular energy-saving feature should be used, for example mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. This is where cradle-to-grave or life cycle analysis...

Concepts in Statistical Inference ClimateResearch

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 20:28:23 GMT

4.0.1 Overview. Our purpose here is to introduce some basic ideas about how information is extracted from data. Section 4.1 deals with the fundamental concept of inference.' The keywords here, estimation' and 'hypothesis testing,' are introduced in a rather intuitive manner. The technicalities will be explained in detail in Chapters 5 and 6. However, special attention is given to the type of knowledge that can be gained under certain circumstances. This is done by presenting simple examples and...

Preface Climate Change Response Act

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 18:16:22 GMT

Since fossil vertebrates were first discovered at Porcupine Cave on the rim of South Park, Colorado, in 1981, the site has become the world's most important source of information about animals that lived in the high elevations of North America in the middle part of the ice ages, between approximately one million and 600,000 years ago. Beginning in 1985, teams of scientists and volunteers from three major research institutions the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, the Denver Museum of Nature...

Classification of Reactors by Generation NuclearEnergy

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 16:55:37 GMT

After a period of seeming indifference to the development of nuclear power, the U.S. DOE launched in 1998 a Nuclear Energy Research Initiative NERI , prodded in part by a recommendation from the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology 11, p. 5-13 . The DOE in 1998 also established a Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee NERAC . The DOE's nuclear efforts have evolved into a multipronged program that includes three interrelated components 1 an effort for near-term i.e.,...

Image Not Available Vvs EnvironmentalChange

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 16:35:25 GMT

Figure 2.2 Composite 500-mb height charts equivalent to pressure contours at about 5.5 km altitude, with high altitudes representing high pressures , based on the 10 winter months out of a 45 month data set December, January and February from 1962-63 to 1976-77 with the strongest a positive and b negative values of the Pacific North-American PNA index. Reproduced from Wallace and Gutzler, 1981 with permission from the American Meteorological Society the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change...

Berry Wendell EnvironmentalEthics

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 15:56:15 GMT

Wendell Berry born August 5, 1934, in Henry County, Kentucky is a principal architect of the philosophy underlying the contemporary American sustainable agriculture movement. Since the mid-1960s, he has published more than thirty books of essays, poetry, and fiction. The range, complexity, and tenor of his thought invite comparisons to Thomas Jefferson. Berry shares Jefferson's vision of an agrarian republic a community of laborers pursuing a modest life of virtue, seeking peace, commerce, and...

Reversible Fuel Cells RFCs EnergyTechnology

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 15:32:43 GMT

In the solar-hydrogen demonstration power plant I have designed, the functions of the electrolyzers and of the fuel cells are combined into reversible units RFCs . These dual-state fuel cells are expected to be much lighter than the combined weights of separate electrolyzers and fuel cells. The RFC during the day will operate in the electrolyzer mode converting solar energy into the chemical form hydrogen while at night it will switch to its fuel cell mode and will convert the chemical energy...

Japan EnvironmentalEthics

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 14:15:27 GMT

Encompassing some 3,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean in East Asia, Japan is one of the great economic success stories of the post-World War II era. Although it ranks tenth in the world in population 127,433,494 as estimated in 2007 , it is the world's third-largest economy behind the United States and China by one measure purchasing power parity and the second-largest behind the United States by other yardsticks real gross domestic product GDP and nominal GDP . Japan's economic might is all the...

GlacialInterglacial Changes in Atmospheric Chemistry Recorded in Ice Cores CarbonDioxide

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 13:30:22 GMT

Selected climate records are summarized in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, covering the periods from 0 to 350 kyr and from 0 to 100 kyr before the present B.P. , respectively. The S18O of calcitic foraminifera from deep sea sediments is a proxy indicator for ice volume. The SD or S18O of ice from ice cores is a proxy indicator of temperature in the area of the ice core. Recent inversions of borehole temperature data conclude that the glacial-interglacial temperature change in Greenland was about 20 C 39, 40...

Glossary SocialResponsibility

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 13:02:48 GMT

Accountability. Corporate accountability refers to having to answer for the consequences of a company's behaviour. Measures of accountability can range from social audits of a company and CSR reporting, to the legal liability for a company's actions. While there is no consensus on what corporate accountability should encompass, the term 'accountability' is usually understood to result in stricter obligations by companies in comparison with 'social responsibility'. Civil society. Civil society...

Romanian system for emergency response Global Water Security

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 10:27:45 GMT

The Romanian organisation for a flood emergency situation is based on procedures and information to assist the early warning and notification messages to responsible emergency management authorities. The responsible institutions for emergency situation management are presented in Fig. 1. The roles of the main institutions are as following Ministry of Environment and Water Management represents the highest level of the system. Its role is to - Develop the national strategy for protection against...

Improper Waste Disposal EnvironmentalChange

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 09:55:02 GMT

The improper disposal of waste material has received considerable attention from the media in recent years. Stories that make the news tend to be those that involve incidents of illegal dumping of toxic wastes by one or another industrial or military establishment. There have been many of them, including several that have led to class-action suits against the alleged polluters. The pollution of waterways by the discharge of raw or inadequately treated sewage and waste products from industrial...

Info Lws CarbonDioxide

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 08:23:56 GMT

Methanol content 1. Effect of methanol H20 ratio le chemical reduction of CO2 iron powder. , CH4 A , , C2H6. Iron powder, 0.8 g am volume, 30 mL reaction 5 h reaction temperature, 25 C. Fig. 2. Effect of zinc powder amount on the chemical reduction of C02 using zinc powder. Medium, H20 30 mL reaction time, 5 h reaction temperature, 25 C. Fig. 2. Effect of zinc powder amount on the chemical reduction of C02 using zinc powder. Medium, H20 30 mL reaction time, 5 h reaction temperature, 25 C....

Water Pollution PollutionGuide

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 06:29:51 GMT

Water covers more than 70 percent of Earth's surface. It is essential to all life. Organisms can survive longer without food than without water. It is one of our most valuable resources. Pollute means to make impure or unclean. In that sense, water pollution has always occurred as a natural phenomenon. Forest fires, storms, volcanoes, or a heavy leaf fall can contaminate a water body. However, these organic materials are broken down or biodegraded naturally. Pollution as we know it began when...

I INTRODUCTION Fsf ClimateChange

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 02:30:20 GMT

Quasi-equilibrium QE convective closures for the relation between moist convection and large-scale dynamics originally proposed by Arakawa and Schubert 1974 assert that convective ensembles at scales smaller than the Reynolds average sub-Reynolds scales act to remove convective instability within the vertical column conditional instability of the first kind . The convective motions thus tend to establish a statistical equilibrium between the variables that affect parcel buoyancy, i.e., the...

The Historical Record As Evidence For Sea Level Variation Sea Level Rise

Thu, 12 Apr 2012 02:13:42 GMT

The late 17th century witnessed some of the coldest years since the end of last glacial period. Though this period also saw the dawn of modern instrumental records for changes in climate Gribbin and Lamb, 1978 , probably the most persuasive evidence for the severity of the winters at this time comes from the ample historical documentation. The famous scenes of frozen canals in Holland by contemporary Flemish painters are perhaps the most dramatic examples of winters seldom encountered since in...

The Mesosphere km Layer The Earths Atmosphere

Wed, 11 Apr 2012 22:18:40 GMT

Below 80 km, there is a layer about 30 km deep, called the mesosphere, in which the temperature decreases with altitude, though at a slower rate than in the troposphere, from a value of about 400 K at 50 km to about 130 K at 80 km. The top of the layer is called the mesopause. The appearance of thin, noctilucent clouds at these heights, that reflect twilight to the earth long after sunset or long before sunrise, provides some evidence of the presence of water vapour in this layer. The...

Regenerative Fuel Cells MethanolEconomy

Wed, 11 Apr 2012 20:52:00 GMT

If a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is designed to operate also in reverse as an electro-lyzer, then electricity can be used to convert the water back into hydrogen and oxygen. This dual-function system known as a regenerative fuel cell also called uni-tized regenerative fuel cell, URFC , is lighter than a separate electrolyzer and generator and is an excellent energy source in situations where weight is a concern. Scientists at AeroVironment of Monrovia, California and NASA developed a...

References Xbw SustainableAgriculture

Wed, 11 Apr 2012 19:37:16 GMT

AGROINFOR 1998 Actualidades de la Agricultura, Bolet n 0 98, Havana, MINAG CNSV 2000 Estadisticas Centro Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal, Havana, MINAG Deere, C. D. 1996 The Evolution of Cuba's Agricultural Sector Debates, Controversies and Research Issues. International Working Paper Series IW96-3, Gainesville FL, Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Deere, C. D. 1997 'Reforming Cuban Agriculture', Development and Change, vol 28, pp649-669 Deere, C....

Chapter Charting a New Direction BeyondWar

Wed, 11 Apr 2012 19:30:09 GMT

1. Throughout the book, the academic discipline of a researcher, if known, is provided the first time that the person's name is mentioned in the book except for anthropologists, whose works constitute the vast majority of sources cited . Douglas Fry, Utilizing human capacities for survival in the nuclear age, Bulletin of Peace Proposals 16 1985 159-66,- Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan Orthe Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1946, orig. pub....

advances in technology and education ClimateSystems

Wed, 11 Apr 2012 16:45:02 GMT

Even though the theory of global warming was first introduced in the late 1800s, it was not until the mid-1900s that the theory actually started to gain notice in the scientific community. This was largely due to advances in technology and education. The first major achievement was the development of infrared spectroscopy for measuring long-wave radiation in the 1940s. Through the ability to measure infrared radiation, scientists could determine that atmospheric CO2 was absorbing more infrared...

Recent precipitation trends HydroclimateProjects

Wed, 11 Apr 2012 14:59:14 GMT

Rain and snow are pivotal variables in the hydrologic cycle, but reliable estimates of global precipitation are difficult to achieve. An obvious contributor to the difficulty in achieving accurate quantitative documentation of global precipitation is that precipitation is discontinuous in time and space. The variation in the spatial character of precipitation is exacerbated by the fact that most oceanic and unpopulated land areas are inadequately represented in existing data Xie and Arkin, 1997...

The History Of The Science And Of International Meteorological Cooperation GlobalPolitics

Wed, 11 Apr 2012 07:12:17 GMT

Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier is generally recognised to have been the first person to have made an argument about the greenhouse-like properties of the atmosphere, and to suggest that the atmosphere was important in determining the temperature of the earth's surface.1 He made this assertion in 1827, while studying the flow of heat as an application of his mathematical theorem. He called the effect the 'hothouse effect', through a mistaken analogy with how heat is trapped in a greenhouse...

Evolution Of A Land Ethic EnvironmentalEthics

Wed, 11 Apr 2012 06:14:20 GMT

Writing on Leopold's ethic also has paid attention to Leopold's many comments on how ethics emerge over time within moral communities. Most visibly in ''The Land Ethic,'' Leopold drew on the writings of Charles Darwin describing the evolutionary forces that seemingly push communities, over time, to expand the reach of their ethical ideals. Leopold defined an ethic as ''the tendency of interdependent individuals or groups to evolve modes of co-operation'' Leopold 1949, p. 202 . With little...

Production targets SustainableAgriculture

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 19:41:50 GMT

By the late 1990s, production plans were more formalized and each of the main types of urban farm had to meet planting quotas for certain crops based on population numbers. The aim was for each person to have local access to a target of 170g day of fresh produce, without this having to pass through the ration system. Above this quota, the producer was free to plant whatever he or she chose. Urban agriculture produced largely salad crops and other vegetables, with a smaller amount of medicinal...

Aerosol Types Production And Distribution EnvironmentalIssues

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 19:03:48 GMT

The total global aerosol production is presently estimated to be between 2-3x109 tonnes per annum, and on any given day perhaps as many as 1x107 tonnes of solid particulate matter is suspended in the atmosphere Bach 1979 Cunningham and Saigo 1992 Ahrens 1993 . Under normal circumstances, almost all of the total weight of particulate matter is concentrated in the lower 2 km of the atmosphere in a latitudinal zone between 30 N and 60 N Fennelly 1981 . The mean residence time for aerosols in the...

Recognizing Problems ExtremeWeather

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 17:34:50 GMT

If the soil is at maximum expansion when a building is built then drying soils can cause the foundation support to subside leaving the building hanging. As the soils shrink around the perimeter a higher central portion of the slab will either suspend the edges of the foundation or the slab will crack and sink. When the center of the structure under a slab remains wetter longer and therefore stays higher, the most obvious manifestations of damage to buildings are sticking doors, uneven floors,...

Fuel Cell PollutionGuide

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 15:10:34 GMT

Fuel cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy by combining hydrogen from fuel with oxygen from the air. Hydrogen fuel can be supplied in two ways either directly as pure hydrogen gas or through a fuel reformer that converts hydrocarbon fuels such as methanol, natural gas, or gasoline into hydrogen-rich gas. A fuel cell's only emission is water. Fuel cells have been used in the space program since the early 1960s and are currently used in approximately six hundred office buildings,...

Extending the boundaries of moral considerability EnvironmentalProtection

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 13:55:15 GMT

The central move in much recent environmental ethics has been to attempt to go beyond the circle of sentient beings drawn by utilitarians such as Singer and rights-based theorists like Regan and to extend the scope of moral con-siderability still further. Why might it be thought there is a need to thus extend the circle of considerability At least part of the reason has to do with the implications for environmental policy of stopping at sentience. At a practical level nature conservation bodies...

Plasma Enhanced Preparation of Highly Dispersed NiAl Catalyst for C Reforming of Methane CarbonDioxide

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 13:13:08 GMT

Dang-guo Cheng, Qing Xia and Chang-jun Liu ABB Plasma Greenhouse Gas Chemistry Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education and School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China FAX 86-22-27890078. E-mail changliu public.tpt.tj.cn A special plasma catalyst preparation, which includes a glow discharge plasma treatment followed by calcinations thermally, was developed for CO2 reforming of methane. Such prepared Ni A Os catalyst...

Image Not Available Rnw EnvironmentalChange

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 10:44:28 GMT

Figure 2.13 Modelled effect of global warming on the genesis and maximum potential intensity MPI of tropical cyclones. The thin line is based on an empirical curve of MPI as a function of sea surface temperature SST for the current climate. The data points fitted by the thick curve represent MPI values calculated using the thermodynamic model of Holland 1997 for atmospheric temperature and SST conditions after greenhouse warming. The thick dashed lines show an increase in the genesis threshold...

Other Instruments 1 ClimatesWeather

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 08:55:58 GMT

A different device for measuring humidity is used in radiosonde equipment Section 1.6 . It involves materials which are hygroscopic or water-absorbing , such as lithium chloride, deposited in a thin layer on a slip of glass. Its electrical resistance is lowered when it absorbs water in a damp atmosphere, and this alters the transmitted radio signal, indicating the relative humidity of the air around the balloon up to several kilometres aloft. The water-absorption process is reversible, but...

Fundamental Tenets Of Modern Orbital Theory Paleoclimatology

Tue, 10 Apr 2012 04:36:55 GMT

The slow but perceptible march of earth's orbital orientation conveyed in the Jia-Yi Monument has been formally described in many papers on the orbital theory of climate change Imbrie et al. 1984 Pisias and Imbrie 1986 87 Berger et al. 1992 . Berger 1984 and Berger and Loutre 1991 describe the celestial mechanics of earth's orbital geometry as it relates to climate change. In this section, I describe briefly the basic tenets of the theory derived from these papers. Understanding how earth's...