tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67794705719006620522026-10-14T17:23:38.021+05:30Graduated Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) study content. Short notes and helpful tips! (Please select the article of your choice from the Archives/Categories) Vedanti Salvihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06071579254773489460noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6779470571900662052.post-90992127231016770632021-02-02T10:07:00.002+05:302021-02-02T10:07:25.000+05:30

Basics of pharmaceutics & dosage form include simple points such as:1. What is the drug?~ Definition of the drug & explanation of terminologies included in it.~ What are the alternative names used to indicate a drug.2. What is a dosage form?~ Definition of dosage form.~ The difference between a drug and a dosage form.3. What is the need for dosage form?~ Why there is a need to formulate a

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 Formulation of EmulsionsA typical emulsion consists of API (drug), oil, water and excipients (non-drug). Type of drug depends on the internal phase. If internal phase is oil (in o/w emulsion) the drug is lipid soluble/ hydrophobic and vice versa.Excipients include antioxidants, emulsifying agents (surfactants, those obtained from natural sources [gums] and finely divided solids) and

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Stability of Emulsions and Evaluation of Stability1) Stability of EmulsionsThere are two principal requirements for the stability of an emulsion:i) There should not be changes in mean droplet size and size distribution of the droplets in an emulsion.ii) The suspended droplets should remain homogeneously dispersed in the continuous phase throughout it's shelf life.Stability/ instability of the

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Identification of Emulsion type.Basically, emulsions are of two types : o/w and w/o.Click here to view the article on What is an Emulsion?Following tests are conducted in order to identify the type of emulsion.1. Cobalt chloride test:Filter paper soaked in cobalt chloride solution and dried, changes colour from blue to pink when exposed to the o/w (oil in water) emulsion.2. Dilution test:This

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 LINCTUSESWhat is a Linctus?Linctuses are sweet, viscous liquid oral preparations containing medicinal substances which have demulscent, expectorant or sedative properties.These contain high proportions of syrup and glycerin which exert demulscent effect on the mucous membrane of throat.In order to obtain prolonged local action, linctuses should be administered slowly in undiluted

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SYRUPS : Monophasic Liquid Dosage FormSyrups are sweet and viscous or nearly saturated aqueous solutions of sugar or sugar substitute.Syrups containing therapeutic agent(s) are known as medicated syrups.Syrups containing flavouring agents but not medicinal substance/ therapeutic agent are known as flavoured vehicles.Role/advantages of syrups:1. Palatable: nauseous, bitter tasting, saline

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 EmulsionInstead of a long definition, let's get to know this term in small divided forms.Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system.It consists of two immiscible liquids (one is generally water and another is oil) It consists of one phase dispersed into another in the form of globules/ droplets.Either oil is dispersed in water (o/w) or water is dispersed into oil (w/o)This system

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AROMATIC WATERSAromatic waters are the saturated solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substances. Methods of preparation of aromatic waters:Distillation:Crude drug/material is placed in sufficient amount of purified water in flask. After heating water forms a steam which is condensed to obtain a condensate which contain aromatic principles. This method is expensive, tedious and time

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MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Mono-Single Monophasic – single phase dosage forms Examples: solutions, aromatic waters and tinctures A.  SOLUTIONS Monophasic system of two or more substances, e.g. sodium chloride solution, Pharmaceutical solutions are defined as the liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substances usually dissolved in water. Methods of preparation 1.

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Affinity chromatographyAffinity chromatography is a method of separating biochemical mixture based on a highly specific interaction between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, receptor and ligand, or protein and nucleic acid.Back in the year of post-graduation, I have delivered a seminar on Affinity Chromatography.Its Powerpoint presentation is not so good and I did not include much

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Chromtography is an interesting section in Pharmaceutical Analysis subject.Here, I have compiled various chromatographic techniques in one/ two documents.INDEX1. Classification of chromatography2. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)4. Ion Exchange Chromatography Following pdf also contains various sub-sections with detailed information about

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In NMR chapter, from the GPAT point of view, the quantum numbers, their role and chemical shift phenomenon are the important points.  so, here I have given details about the same! View other instrumental analysis notes on the homepage ⇢ www.gpat360.blogspot.com  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) - Absorption of radio frequency (electromagnetic radiation) waves induce transition

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Mass Spectrometry Spectrometry = use of no radiations. Compound under investigation is bombarded with a beam of electrons to produce the ionic fragments or an ionic molecule of the original species. Resulting charged particles are then separated according to their masses. The spectrum produced shows information abound various masses produced and their relative abundance. PRINCIPLE

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INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: BASICS This technique is used for the structural analysis of molecule.  After absorption of IR radiations, molecules vibrate at many rates of vibrations, which shows various characteristic peaks in the spectrum. Various wavelength ranges (IR): REGION WAVELENGTH (μ) WAVE NUMBER (cm-1) Photographic region Visible to 1.2

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Ultraviolet Spectroscopy In this anaytical technique, ultraviolet radiations are used. Wavelength ranges of radiations: Visible light : 400 - 800 nm Near UV radiations : 200 - 400 nm Far/ Vacuum UV : below 200 nm Generally, we carry out UV analysis in near UV region of radiations. PRINCIPLE : Electronic transitions When a molecule absorbs UV radiations, the electronic excitation

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Pharmaceutical Analysis is one of the interesting subjects in Pharmacy. Knowing how the analysis of compounds is carried out and what actually happens at molecular levels is really interesting.  The answers of questions like 'what happens at molecular levels?', 'What exactly happens when a compound is exposed to various radiations/chemicals during analysis?' are given in the principles

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Microencapsulation Microencapsulation is the process by which tiny liquid droplets or solid particles are suspended or coated with a continuous film of polymeric material. Product known as: microcapsules Size : micrometer to millimeter (<1mm) Mononuclear microcapsule Parts of microcapsules: 1. Intrinsic part (inner): Core: contains active ingredient. 2. Extrinsic part (outer): Shell:

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GPAT BOOKS Often students ask about the books for GPAT preparation. There are several books available for each subject in pharmacy and also as a compilation of all the subjects. Books for only MCQ practices are also available. But before you use such MCQ books, try to understand fundamental concepts, clear your doubts. I would like to differentiate such books into general reference

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1. Capsule number and their approximate capacity in mg and ml No.  : mg  : ml 000 : 950 : 1.37  00  : 650 : 0.95    0  : 450 : 0.68    1  : 300 : 0.50    2  : 250 : 0.37    3  : 200 : 0.30    4  : 150 : 0.21    5  : 100 : 0.13 ¶  Remember that 

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1. What is Draves test? Draves test is used for measuring the efficacy of wetting agent. Procedure: In this test, 5 gm cotton skein is attached to a 3 gm hook, which is tied by means of a thread to a weight. The skein is placed into a cylinder containing the surfactant solution to be tested and is held submerged by the hook and the thread is attached to the weight.  As soon as most of the

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To read the article on formulation of hard  gelatin capsule and soft gelatin capsule<-----click here. I) Physicochemical properties of the gelatin. The two most important physicochemical properties of the gelatin  a) bloom strength & b) viscosity are considered while preparing capsule shells. a) Bloom strength: It is an empirical gel strength measure. It is a molecular

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Parenteral formulations and Quality control tests In previous article on parenterals (Parenteral I) we have seen some of the basic concepts. In this article, additives used in parenteral preparations, types of formulations and quality control tests are given shortly. To view previous article on basics of parenteral preparations <<---click here. In previous GPAT exams, questions on

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Basics of parenteral dosage forms Parenteral route: para- other, -enteral- intestine. Parenteral dosage form: It can be defined as a sterile drug product, which is presented in the form of solution, suspension, emulsion or reconstituted lyophilised powder, suitable for administration by injection. [Ref- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/

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Capsules are solid unit dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed within either a hard or soft gelatin shell. Hard gelatin capsules (HGC): Hard Gelatin Capsules Contain two parts: a cap and other is a body. Widely used for the filling of powders, granules and pellets. Manufactured by dipping method, which involves steps: Dipping, Rotation, Drying, Stripping, Trimming &

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Every year 1-2 questions are asked in the GPAT exams from these general topics of Pharmaceutics. 1. Terms of solubility Descriptive term Volume of solvent in ml per gm of solute Very soluble Less than 1 Freely soluble 1 to 10 Soluble 10 to 30 Sparingly soluble 30 to 100 Slightly soluble 100 to 1000 Very

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