GREENLIGHTHEALTH

2010-06-18T07:49:00.000-07:00

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How to Reduce Your HIV and AIDS risk

2010-06-17T11:50:00.001-07:00

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What is HIV?

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the body's immune system. A healthy immune system is what keeps you from getting sick.

Because HIV damages your immune system, you are more likely to get sick from bacteria and viruses. It is also harder for your body to fight off these infections when you do get them, so you may have trouble getting better. HIV is the condition that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

What is AIDS?

AIDS is a progression of HIV. When HIV moves into its final stages, it is considered to be AIDS. People who have AIDS are at an even higher risk of getting sick, and their bodies are even less able to fight off infections than people who have HIV. They usually die of an infection or cancer.

How do people get HIV?

HIV can only be passed from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, semen and vaginal fluid. The most common ways HIV is passed are:

By having unprotected anal, vaginal or oral sex with an infected person.
By sharing needles and syringes for injecting drugs with an infected person.

You may be at risk of getting HIV if you have any of the risk factors listed in the box below. Children born to infected mothers can also become infected during pregnancy.

Possible risk factors for HIV infection

You should be tested for HIV if you:

Have had unprotected sex with many sex partners.
Have a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Use illegal injected drugs.
Had blood transfusions or received blood products before 1985.
Have a sex partner with any of the above risk factors.

What contact is safe?

HIV can't live very long outside the body, so you can't get it through casual contact. You can't get the virus by touching, shaking hands, hugging, swimming in a public pool, giving blood, or using hot tubs, public toilets, telephones, doorknobs or water fountains. You also can't get it from food, mosquitoes or other insects.

Should I be tested for HIV?

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) encourages all sexually active people between 13 years and 64 years of age to get tested. The CDC also recommends that pregnant women be tested for HIV. Most HIV antibody tests done by your doctor are accurate if they are done 2 to 3 months or longer after you think you may have been infected. It takes this long for the antibodies to show up in the blood.

Are there HIV tests I can do at home?

There is only one HIV home kit that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Home Access HIV-1 Test System is a collection kit that is used to collect a blood sample that is then mailed to a laboratory for testing. This test offers the advantage of privacy and anonymity.

Should I use the home test or see my doctor?

Your doctor is concerned about you, your health and your privacy. If you want to be tested for HIV, you should see your doctor. He or she will help you decide whether you should be tested and will give you the support you need before and after the test. You don't get this type of support with home tests.

However, if you are afraid to talk with your doctor about HIV or to be tested, then the home collection test may be a good idea. If the test result is positive, you should see your doctor right away.

Remember, one negative test is not a guarantee that you don't have HIV or won't get it in the future. You should talk with your doctor and learn about ways to protect yourself from getting infected.

How can I avoid getting HIV?

The best ways to protect yourself from getting infected with HIV are to:

Not have sex with a person who is infected or is having sex with others.
Practice "safer" sex if you do have sex.
Not share needles and syringes.

You can't tell who's infected with HIV by how they look. It takes an average of 8 years for symptoms of AIDS to develop after a person is infected with HIV. So even people who don't look or feel sick can give you AIDS.

What is "safer" sex?

The "safest" sex is no sex. If you are having sex, "safer" sex is sex between 2 people who don't have HIV infection, only have sex with each other and don't abuse injectable drugs.

Safer sex also means using condoms if you have any doubts about whether your partner is infected or whether he or she is having sex with someone else. Use male latex condoms every time you have sex.

If a man doesn't want to use a male condom, use a female condom. Female condoms may not be as effective as male condoms, but they offer some protection.

Never let someone else's blood, semen, urine, vaginal fluid or feces get into your anus, vagina or mouth.

What's the right way to use condoms?

Using condoms the right way is important to make sure you are protected. Latex condoms should be used during all sex acts, including anal, vaginal and oral sex. If you are allergic to latex, use a polyurethane condom. For oral sex on a woman, she can use a condom split lengthwise to place between her body and her partner's mouth.

If you are thinking about using a spermicide, be aware that research has shown that spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 can cause genital irritation and increase your risk of catching an STI. However, using a condom with nonoxynol-9 is better than not using a condom at all.

Use only water-based lubricants (such as K-Y jelly) with condoms. Oil-based lubricants, such as petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline), baby oil or lotions, cause the rubber in condoms to break.

How to use male condoms

Use a latex or polyurethane condom. Condoms made from natural membranes, such as sheep gut, aren't as good because the virus that causes AIDS is small enough to get through the tiny pores in these condoms.

Put the condom on before any contact is made.
Unroll the condom over an erect penis. The unrolled ring should be on the outside. Unroll the condom to the base of the penis. Leave about a half-inch of space in the tip so semen can collect there.
Squeeze the tip of the condom to get the air out.
Pull out after ejaculating ("coming") and before the penis gets soft. Hold the condom against the base of the penis so it doesn't slip off.
Throw away the condom. Don't reuse condoms.

What if I share needles?

The best decision for your health is to get help for your drug abuse. If you do share needles and syringes, clean them twice with bleach and water to help kill HIV. Draw bleach into the syringe and needle, then squirt it out. Do the same with water. Do both steps again.

How to Reduce Your HIV and AIDS risk

2010-06-17T11:50:00.000-07:00

What is HIV?

What is AIDS?

How do people get HIV?

HIV can only be passed from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, semen and vaginal fluid. The most common ways HIV is passed are:

By having unprotected anal, vaginal or oral sex with an infected person.
By sharing needles and syringes for injecting drugs with an infected person.

You may be at risk of getting HIV if you have any of the risk factors listed in the box below. Children born to infected mothers can also become infected during pregnancy.

Possible risk factors for HIV infection

You should be tested for HIV if you:

Have had unprotected sex with many sex partners.
Have a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Use illegal injected drugs.
Had blood transfusions or received blood products before 1985.
Have a sex partner with any of the above risk factors.

What contact is safe?

Should I be tested for HIV?

Are there HIV tests I can do at home?

Should I use the home test or see my doctor?

How can I avoid getting HIV?

The best ways to protect yourself from getting infected with HIV are to:

Not have sex with a person who is infected or is having sex with others.
Practice "safer" sex if you do have sex.
Not share needles and syringes.

What is "safer" sex?

What's the right way to use condoms?

How to use male condoms

Put the condom on before any contact is made.
Unroll the condom over an erect penis. The unrolled ring should be on the outside. Unroll the condom to the base of the penis. Leave about a half-inch of space in the tip so semen can collect there.
Squeeze the tip of the condom to get the air out.
Pull out after ejaculating ("coming") and before the penis gets soft. Hold the condom against the base of the penis so it doesn't slip off.
Throw away the condom. Don't reuse condoms.

What if I share needles?

Natural Family Planning

2010-06-17T11:47:00.000-07:00

What is natural family planning?

Natural family planning is a method used to help a couple determine when sexual intercourse can and cannot result in pregnancy. During each menstrual cycle, one of a woman's ovaries releases an egg. This process is called ovulation. The egg moves toward the uterus through the fallopian tubes, where fertilization may take place. An unfertilized egg may live for up to 12 hours. The egg will be shed later during the menstrual period if it isn't fertilized. A woman is most likely to become pregnant if sexual intercourse takes place just before or just after ovulation.

During the menstrual cycle, a number of changes occur in a woman's body. By keeping track of these changes, couples can plan when to have intercourse and when to avoid intercourse, depending on whether they are trying to achieve or avoid pregnancy.

How does natural family planning work?

Two methods of natural family planning are currently taught. The first is the mucus or ovulation method. In this method, the days just before and just after ovulation are determined by checking the woman's cervical mucus. When a woman is most likely to become pregnant, the cervical mucus is stretchy, clear and slick. The mucus during this time looks and feels much like an uncooked egg white.

The second method is called the symptothermal method. With this method, the woman takes her temperature each day with a basal body temperature thermometer and writes it down on a chart. At the time of ovulation, a woman's temperature will rise slightly (about .9°F). The woman also checks the consistency of her cervical mucus like she does with the mucus method. She may also notice other changes, such as pain in the area of the ovaries, bloating, low backache and breast tenderness.

In both methods, couples use a chart to keep track of the changes in the woman's body.

How effective are these methods in helping a couple avoid pregnancy?

These methods can help a couple avoid pregnancy if the couple receives training from a specialized instructor and if they carefully follow all of the instructions provided. (Ask your doctor how to find an instructor who is specially trained in teaching natural family planning.) Both methods can be 90% to 98% effective (2 to 10 pregnancies per 100 couples) when they are practiced correctly. However, if a couple doesn't follow the instructions completely, these methods will be much less effective. In practice, these methods may not be as reliable as other forms of birth control.

Can natural family planning help a couple achieve pregnancy?

Yes. As many as 2 out of 3 couples who don't have fertility problems become pregnant if they have sexual intercourse on the days that the cervical mucus is clearest and most stretchable.

What about the rhythm method?

The rhythm method is based on calendar calculations of previous menstrual cycles. This method doesn't allow for normal changes in the menstrual cycle, which are common. The rhythm method isn't as reliable as the mucus method or the symptothermal method and is generally not recommended. Women who have no variation in the length of their menstrual cycles can use the rhythm method to know when they are ovulating (usually 14 days before the start of their period).

What about women with irregular cycles or who are breastfeeding?

It is common for a women to have menstrual cycles that are irregular (either longer or shorter than 28 days). A woman who has irregular menstrual cycles may still be able to tell when she is ovulating by watching for the changes in her body.

Special instructions have been developed for mothers who are breastfeeding their babies. Ask your doctor for these instructions if you are breastfeeding.

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Birth Control Options

2010-06-17T11:41:00.000-07:00

What kind of birth control is right for me?

The type of birth control you choose depends on your needs. Some people only need to prevent pregnancy. Other people may also want to protect themselves or their partners from diseases that can be passed by having sex. These diseases are called sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Some STIs include acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes, genital warts and syphilis.

Talk with your family doctor about the pros and cons of each birth control option.

Is saying "no" to sex really an option?

Yes. No method of birth control is 100% effective. The risk of getting pregnant or catching an STI may outweigh the pleasure you get from sex. The only way to make absolutely sure you don't get pregnant, get someone pregnant or get an STI is not to have sex at all.

What are barrier methods?

Barrier methods include the diaphragm, the cervical cap, contraceptive sponges and condoms. These methods prevent pregnancy by blocking sperm from getting into the uterus. Barrier methods must be used every time you have sex.

A woman must visit her doctor to be fitted for a diaphragm or a cervical cap.

Using a diaphragm, cervical cap or contraceptive sponge may increase the risk of urinary tract infections in some women. Some women have allergic reactions with these methods.

Are condoms a good choice?

Yes. Condoms aren't expensive and are widely available. Condoms are an especially good choice if you or your partner are also having sex with other people or if either of you has had sex with other people in the past.

Condoms offer the most protection against STIs of all the barrier method options. Using a spermicide with condoms can offer better protection against pregnancy, but it does not increase your protection against STIs . Spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 can cause genital irritation and can actually increase your risk of catching an STI.

Female condoms aren't as effective as male condoms, but they may be a good choice if a man won't use a male condom.

What about the pill?

Birth control pills work mostly by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg by the ovaries). Most pills are made of two hormones called estrogen and progestin. For the pill to work, you have to take it every day.

Some common side effects of birth control pills are nausea, headaches, acne, increased blood pressure, breast tenderness, bloating, weight gain and depression. However, not every woman who takes the pill will have side effects. You may have to try several types of birth control pills before you find the type that is best for you. The pill may reduce cramping and shorten the number of days of bleeding during the menstrual period. The pill may also help premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Women who take the pill should not smoke.

What about the patch?

The hormonal birth control patch (brand name: Ortho Evra) uses estrogen and progestin to prevent pregnancy. It is applied to 1 of 4 places -- the buttocks, abdomen, upper torso or outer arm. The patch is used on a 4-week cycle. You put on a new patch once a week for 3 weeks. You don't use a patch during the 4th week and your period will start.

The patch's side effects are similar to those of the pill. Women who use the patch should not smoke.

What is the vaginal contraceptive ring?

The vaginal contraceptive ring (brand name: NuvaRing) is a thin, flexible ring that is inserted into the vagina. It releases hormones that keep you from getting pregnant. These hormones are the same ones used in most birth control pills. The ring is left in the vagina for 3 weeks. It doesn't have to be in a specific position in the vagina. You remove the ring after 3 weeks and your period will start. After 7 days, you insert a new ring.

If the ring is out of your vagina for more than 3 hours, it may not work effectively when you put it back in. To protect against pregnancy, you will need to use another form of birth control until the ring has been in all the time for 7 days in a row.

Women who use the vaginal ring should not smoke.

What about hormone shots and implants?

Hormone shots (brand names: Depo-Provera, Lunelle) work much like the pill to prevent pregnancy. They may have some side effects, such as headaches and changes in your period, mood and weight. A Depo-Provera shot prevents pregnancy for 3 months. A Lunelle shot prevents pregnancy for 1 month.

Hormone implants (brand name: Norplant System) are no longer available. If you are currently using hormone implants, you should talk to your doctor to see what your birth control options will be when your hormone implants expire. The implants prevent pregnancy for 5 years, but you can have them removed at any time.

What about an IUD?

"IUD" stands for "intrauterine device." An IUD is put in a woman's uterus by her doctor. It's made of flexible plastic. It isn't known exactly how IUDs prevent pregnancy. They seem to stop sperm from reaching the egg or prevent the egg from attaching to the uterus.

Some IUDs used in the past were related to serious health problems. Today IUDs are safer, but they still have some risks. Most doctors prefer to use IUDs only in women who have already had a baby. Side effects of IUDs include heavier bleeding and stronger cramps during periods.

What about being sterilized?

Sterilization is when a man or woman has an operation to permanently prevent pregnancy. If you're sure that you don't want to have children or you don't want more children, sterilization may be the right choice for you.

Tubal ligation (also called "getting your tubes tied") involves closing off a woman's fallopian tubes so eggs can't travel through them to reach the uterus. A device called Essure can also be used to close off a woman's fallopian tubes. Essure is a metal coil that is inserted into your fallopian tubes by your doctor.

Men are sterilized with a vasectomy. The man's vas deferens (sperm ducts) are closed off so sperm can't get through.

What is natural family planning?

Natural family planning requires a couple to learn when in the woman's cycle she can get pregnant (usually 4 days before and 2 days after ovulation). They must use a barrier method of birth control or not have intercourse during those days. There are a number of ways to keep track of a woman's ovulation. All of them require a lot of planning and commitment.

Is withdrawal effective?

No. When a man tries to pull out before ejaculating ("coming"), he usually leaves behind a small amount of fluid that leaks from the penis during sex. This fluid has enough sperm in it to cause pregnancy.

How well does birth control work?

The box below shows the failure rates (number of pregnancies per 100 women per year) for different types of birth control. These numbers are for couples who use the methods the correct way every time they have sex. The failure rates are higher if you don't use birth control the correct way every time.

Failure rates for birth control methods when used correctly

(Number of pregnancies per 100 women per year)
Male condom alone	11
Female condom alone	21
Diaphragm with spermicide	17
Cervical cap with spermicide	17 to 23
Sponge with spermicide	14 to 28
Spermicide alone	20 to 50
Oral contraceptives	1 to 2
Contraceptive patch*	1 to 2
Vaginal contraceptive ring	1 to 2
Hormone shots	less than 1
Hormone shots	less than 1
IUD	less than 1
Periodic abstinence	20
Surgical sterilization (female)	less than 1
Surgical sterilization (male)	less than 1
Contraceptive patch is less effective in women weighing more than 198 pounds.

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Difference Between Pimples and Acne

2010-06-11T13:02:00.000-07:00

Pimples vs Acne

Are acne pimples empower yourself right now and avoid further confusions anymore

A pimple emerges due to a specific blockage in the skin pores. It is more or less like a skin lesion taking a rounded bumpy shape. Sebaceous glands and hair follicles may often lead to the formation of pimples. It can also be termed as one of the direct results of conditions of severe acne. On the other hand, Acne vulgaris, often termed as just Acne is a familiar skin condition resulting from transformation in pilosebaceous units due to androgen stimulation. Acne gives rise to unprovoking follicular comedones and papules or at times inflammatory nodules and pustules when in the extreme stage.

As already said earlier, pimples are often caused by blockage in the skin pore. There are sebaceous glands present inside every skin pore which produce sebum during skin shedding. Often during such a process bits and pieces of the shedding dead cells are held back by the gluey sebum causing blockage of the skin pores. This is a common symptom during the puberty stage when the skin starts to thicken. As the sebaceous glands keep on secreting sebum the blockage builds up harboring various bacteria including the most common Propionibacterium acnes. On the other hand, Acne occurs when there is a blockage of the follicles. As sebum and keratin plugs start growing through a process of hyperkeratinization, the first signs of acne become visible. Thereon as enlarged sebaceous glands start secreting more and more sebum, there is also a boost in androgen production forming both black heads and whiteheads (open and closed comedones). Some of the precise primary causes of Acne are,

* Genetic syndrome in the family
* Activation of inflammation through scratching
* Hormonal activities
* Bacteria infection
* Anabolic steroids
* Extreme stress
* Restless sebaceous glands
* Exposure to harmful chemicals

Pimples can be successfully treated by applying over-the-counter medicines, application of prescription medicine and popping. Some of the common over-the-counter medicines that are effective are salicylic acid, benzyol peroxide and Triclosan. Some of the prescription medicines that may be suggested are isotretinoin, erythromycin and tetracyclines. Finally, though popping pimples is forbidden by doctors but still it is a commonly popular practice of relieving the pain and discomfort that pimples cause. On the other hand any treatment for Acne to render effect takes a minimum period of two and a half to three weeks. Some of the common modes of treatment used for Acne control are topical bactericidals, topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, hormonal treatments, topical retinoids, oral retinoids, sulfur, dermabrasion, photo-therapy, photodynamic therapy, subcision, laser treatment, etc.

You doctor will be able to guide you on the treatment. He will evaluate your condition and prescribe the medication that is most suitable for you.

Summary:
1. Pimple emerges due to a specific blockage in the skin pores whereas Acne results from transformation in pilosebaceous units due to androgen stimulation.
2. Pimples are not necessarily genetic whereas Acne can be caused due to genetic factors.
3. Pimples can be treated with prescribed and over the counter medicines. On the other hand, treating Acne often includes hormonal treatments.
4. In case of pimples it is the skin pore that gets affected, but in acne the hair follicles get affected.

Read more: Difference Between Pimples and Acne | Difference Between http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-pimples-and-acne/#ixzz0qZpivSoQ

Difference Between Acne and Rosacea

2010-06-11T12:57:00.000-07:00

Acne vs Rosacea

recently i talked about Acne but people seem to confuse it with Rosacea check out some of the differences in this post

There is a lot of difference between acne and Rosacea, and they should not be mistaken as the same. Many people wrongly assume that rosacea has a similar characterization due to the similarities between acne and Rosacea symptoms, but actually these are completely different skin disorders.

Acne has many components such as papules, cysts, white and blackheads etc, whereas rosacea has red papules only. Acne can be present almost anywhere on the body, whereas Rosacea is only present on the nose, face and cheek. People who have acne usually have oily skin, but those who have dry facial skin may suffer from Rosacea.

Rosacea gets aggravated when the deceased area is exposed to sun or heat, and if the person eats too much spicy food. Although both of them are different skin diseases, the treatments are almost the same.

Acne patients develop cysts and nodules in severe cases, which may leave scars, whereas in Rosacea patients scarring has been rarely observed. Rosacea normally starts after the age of thirty, whereas acne starts in patients who are as young as eighteen years of age.

Rosacea is associated with flushing and blushing, which is not seen with acne patients, whereas acne is associated with blackheads which are not seen in Rosacea. Both of them have a close affinity to sebhorrheic dermatitis, and people who have Rosacea may also have acne. Rosacea, when compared to acne, is a neurovascular condition, whereas acne is a outbreak of the skin in the form of pimples. Patients who have Rosacea have red patchy skin with less prominent pimples, whereas acne pimples become very noticeable.

Rosacea has four subtypes – Papulopustular, Erythematotelangiectatic, Ocular and Phymatous Rosacea. Papulopustular Rosacea is mistaken for acne because it has almost the same symptoms, and Erythematotelangiectatic Rosacea is associated with the quick flushing of the facial skin. Ocular Rosacea affects the eyes, and Phymatous rosacea occurs on the nose, chin, ears, and forehead. Acne also has many types, and they start with lesion.

Summary:

1. Rosacea occurs typically in grownups, while acne starts from the teen ages.
2. Acne breaks out on the neck, back, arms and facial skin, whereas Rosacea is only seen on the nose, cheeks and face.
3. Rosacea and acne can be present in the same individual.
4. Acne is associated with oily skin, whereas Rosacea occurs in dry facial skins.
5. Acne and Rosacea both have many types, and they are both two different types of skin disorders.

Read more: Difference Between Acne and Rosacea | Difference Between http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-acne-and-rosacea/#ixzz0qZoCYtyr

Difference Between Caesarian Section and Normal Birth

2010-06-11T12:47:00.000-07:00

Caesarian Section Vs Normal Birth

many have wondered and asked the differences between a caesarian section and a normal delivery. This page gives some green light on the differences.

A normal birth or normal delivery refers to the natural way through which a mother can give birth to a baby through the birth canal (vagina). The natural way therefore women were designed to produce is the vaginal delivery. However, there may be certain circumstances when a woman may not be able to have a vaginal delivery, in which case a caesarian section becomes the best second choice to deliver. A caesarian section (also called C-section) is a surgical procedure where a baby is delivered by incisions made through the mother’s uterus. A C-section is last resort after establishing that a mother or the baby may stand some risks through the natural delivery. The majority of C-sections are performed on short notice due to an emergency during normal delivery but some may be elective. Situations that may necessitate a C-section include: a breech baby, when the baby’s head faces upwards, very low lying placenta, vaginal bleeding, cord prolapsed where umbilical cord falls forward, too much anxiety of the expectant mother in some rare cases may necessitate a C-section.

A vaginal delivery is mainly determined by two variables namely the baby’s descent and the dilation of the cervix: both of which progress with time as described by the Friedman curve. If a problem occurs with the expected progress then things may become a little obvious. A dysfunctional labor will occur when slope of the two curves slows down. Dysfunction generally has two categories: either the cervix stops dilating or the baby’s head stops descending. Sometimes both may occur. A failure to progress diagnosis is made when there’s a stop in the progress for two hours when in active labor.Then a Caesarian section will be prescribed. However, even if Caesarian is indicated, it will still be a last resort after correctable measure has been tried. Things like altering the mother’s position again and again so that the baby can be guided into a descent with fewer obstructions through the pelvis may be tried to rule out a caesarian. Also the baby’s head could be gently rotated with a vaginal exam, so that some course may be re-established where the baby’s neck natural flexion can swing him back to the primary course.

Summary

Normal birth is delivery through a vaginal opening while Caesarian is a surgical procedure of delivery.
A C-section is usually just a second choice delivery and last resort while normal delivery is always the first choice.
A C-section is usually necessitated by emergencies that rule out normal birth possibility.
C-section always involves cutting of the abdomen and uterus while normal delivery doesn’t necessitate cutting of the uterus.

Read more: Difference Between Caesarian Section and Normal Birth | Difference Between http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-caesarian-section-and-normal-birth/#ixzz0qZllMVF0

Why do you have Acne?

2010-06-07T23:12:00.000-07:00

Acne is a common and complex skin disease that affects individuals of all ages. Acne affects to some degree 85% of the population aged 11 to 30 years. Mild acne was defined as up to 10 lesions, moderate acne between 11 and 25 lesions, and severe acne as more than 25 lesions. It is not a life-threatening condition; however, it lasts for years and can cause physical and emotional scars. Despite this, acne may be a feature in many endocrine disorders, including polycystic ovary disease, Cushing syndrome, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and acromegaly. Other nonendocrine diseases associated with acne include Apert syndrome,SAPHO syndrome, Behçet syndrome and PAPA syndrome. The overall knowledge about the causes, natural course, and therapy of acne is very low, not only among the general population but also among final year medical students and even among family physicians and nurses, where myths and misconception

are still in practice.

Acne is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit [PSUs] which consists of sebaceous glands connected to hair follicle. These sebaceous glands produce an oily substance called sebum that normally empties onto the skin through the opening of the follicles. The pathology of acne is caused by four key factors: excess sebum production, hair follicular proliferation and plugging, Propionibacterium acnes (a normal anaerobic resident of the skin surface) colonization, and inflammation. Acne starts from the formation of hardened sebum, or the oily substance secreted to the skin through the sebaceous glands. This then will be permeated with acne-infecting bacteria, which in return will trigger the immune system to release white blood cells to obstruct the attack of the bacteria. As this happens, dead white blood cells and bacteria will accumulate in the hair follicles mixed with skin debris and dead skin particles. When the walls of this plugged follicle breaks down, it starts spilling everything like sebum, bacteria and shed skin cells, thereby leading to lesions and pimples also commonly known as zits. Acne lesions basically occur on the face, back, chest, neck and shoulders. Thus acne is a term for plugged pores [blackheads and whiteheads], pimples and even deeper lumps [cysts and nodules] that appear in different parts of the body.

Acne vulgaris is a leading skin disorder in irrespective of skin colour or age. Acne infantilis is the term used for acne that grows on newborn babies, on the other hand acne rosacea is related to middle-aged people. A recent practice survey conducted at the Skin of Colour Centre in New York City found acne to be the most common diagnosis in black and white patients. As a form of skin disease, the good news is that acne is not transmittable.

Although the exact cause of acne is still unknown, there are 3 main factors involved: hormonal, nutrition and environment. Some of the examples of these factors are listed here:

Changing hormone levels in adolescent girls and adult women: One of the main factors include sudden burst of androgens that occur more during puberty leading to increased sebum production. The use of birth control pills can also cause outbreaks.

Heredity or Genetics: Children usually have a tendency of getting acne from their parents and often get affected due to usage of drugs like androgens and lithium.

Environmental: Irritants like pollution from industry or natural factors like high humidity, sun exposure, seasonal changes and climate can all precipitate an acne attack.

Excess secretion of oil after using of skin products like moisturizers and cosmetics and certain types of makeup can also cause a breakout. Allergic reaction to components in cosmetic products can cause acne to erupt.

Stress and anxiety. Stress may induce release of certain bioactive molecules that can enhance inflammation factors to be released. It is reported that the skin and the mind are linked.

A difference in the prevalence of acne between non-Westernized and fully modernized societies has been noted, and diet has been suspected to be the reason. This question regarding diet and acne is not a new issue and has been debated for many years. It was reported that acne was absent in the Inuit (Eskimo) population when they were still living and eating in their traditional manner. The prevalence of acne became similar to that in Western societies after their acculturation. Surveys of disease in some rural African villages in also reported far less acne than is found in the descendants of people in these areas who now live in the United Kingdom or the United States. More convincing is the study of schoolchildren from Purus Valley, a rural region in Brazil where of the 9955 children aged 6 to 16 years that were studied only 2.7% had acne. Recently an analysis of 1200 Kitavan (Islanders of Papua New Guinea) individuals, including 300 aged 15 to 25 years, and 115 Ache (hunter-gatherers of Paraguay) individuals including 15 aged 15 to 25, found not a single case of acne of any grade. The diet of the Kitavan as well as the Ache includes mainly traditional foods that are locally cultivated hence the absence of acne in these societies is attributable to environmental factors, mainly local diets, which have a substantially lower glycemic index than the Western diet. This does not discard the hypothesis that an alternative explanation of the low prevalence of acne in these non-Westernized populations is that of genetic susceptibility to acne, especially given that the people in these isolated regions live in close-knit and closed communities.

Despite the debate, many westernised adolescents and their parents believe that food is a primary factor. A recent survey of adolescents found that as many as 62% to 72% believed that diet was a contributing factor in acne despite medical guidelines since the 1960s and 1970s that stated that diet plays no important role in acne, and that the condition is primarily attributed to genetic predisposition and hormonal influences. Recently, there has been a reappraisal of the diet and acne connection. The dietary components that have recently been revisited with regard to acne are dairy products, high-glycemic-index foods, fat intake, and fatty acid composition. Several studies have shown that higher levels of milk consumption were associated with acne risk. These studies, however, only suggest correlation but not causation and should be evaluated with caution. As the association was stronger with skimmed milk it suggested that it was not the fat content in milk that was the culprit. Researchers speculate that milk contains hormones and bioactive molecules, such as androgens, progesterone, and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) or iodine all of which may have an acne-stimulating effect. The effect may be stimulated via a genetic pathway, involving FoxO1 transcription factor. This suggests that acne is certainly a disease with a genetic background and other factors induced by environmental growth factors in industrialized countries due to growth factor-mediated affects the genetics of acne. One study also links acne and cancer to the exogenous hormones in dairy products. More about the effects of these hormones are discussed in our book “Is Your Food Killing You?” Chocolate, oily or fatty foods, and foods with high sugar content have been repeatedly nominated as causing or exacerbating acne but no convincing evidence for such a link has been found either.

There are many other environmental pollutants besides added hormones and bioactive molecules deliberately added our foods that can cause acne. On rare occasions environmental pollution can result in a variant of acne called chloracne. Environmental acne results from various chemical exposures and the eruption may be mild or severe. One such example is the Yusho incident in Japan where ingestion of rice oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated quarterphenyls and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran caused acne like eruptions. Another similar incident occurred in Yucheng in Taiwan. In our book, “Is Your Food Killing You?” we discuss in more detail how these environmental pollutants enter the food chain.

Most mild case acne may be treated with over the counter acne medications. Standard therapeutic agents used in acne include oral antimicrobials, isotretinoin, and hormonal agents. The main limitation of current antibiotic treatment for acne is the rise of antibiotic resistance. Although isoretinoin therapy is very effective, it is associated with many potential side effects. These include dry skin, lips, and eyes, headache, decreased night vision, and more rarely, benign intracranial hypertension. It may also lead to an increase in liver enzymes and hypertriglyceridemia; the latter may potentially trigger acute pancreatitis. Additionally, isotretinoin is a highly teratogenic agent, especially if used within the first trimester of pregnancy.

Vitamins have been implicated to reduce the side effects of isotretinoin although this effect is controversial. Synthetic vitamins are widely used in cosmetics for the prevention and treatment of acne. It was reported that in 100 patients with acne (vs. matched controls), the systemic levels of vitamins A and E were much lower overall; also, the lower the levels of vitamins A and E, the more severe was the acne. It is likely that the blood levels of antioxidants are used up more readily in those with acne, because there is a greater demand to deal with free radicals that are produced during the stress to skin caused by acne. Several forms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) are used in lotions, creams, serums, and patches. However, active L-ascorbic acid is such an excellent antioxidant that it is inherently unstable, turning brown as it is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid when exposed to air. Therefore the shelf life of most formulations containing pure vitamin C is short. Vitamin D metabolites may be of importance for growth regulation and various other cellular functions in sebaceous glands making the sebaceous glands to be a promising target for therapy with vitamin D analogues. Omega-3 fatty acid is another supplement added to cosmetic products for the treatment of acne. An analysis of several cosmetic products containing omega-3 fatty acid supplements showed no conclusive evidence that these help in the treatment of acne.

Hormonal therapies used in acne include antiandrogens (androgen receptor-blockers) and agents designed to decrease the endogenous production of androgens by the ovary or adrenal gland, such as estrogens, combination oral contraceptives (OCs), low-dose glucocorticoids, or gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. The use of OCs for acne is controversial because of their potential side effects. Knowing that you are not the only one inflicted with acne at some point in life or another helps as with a better understanding of acne, emerging drugs show potential for the future.

While the scientific research continues to be debated and reviewed, the best approach is to individualize an eating plan and focus on healthful dietary intake as diet seems to play a role indirectly in the management of acne. Continue to read up on acne research and help your fight against it.

Breast Cancer:

2010-06-07T04:04:00.000-07:00

Steps to Finding Breast Lumps Early

How can I find breast cancer early?

The best way to find breast lumps is to do 3 things:

Have regular mammograms (usually every 2 years starting at age 50. If you are under 50, talk to your doctor about your risk factors for breast cancer, including your family history, to decide whether regular mammogram screenings are appropriate for you).
Have your doctor check your breasts.
Check your breasts yourself every month.

Doing all of these things gives you the best chance to find cancer as early as you can. Finding breast cancer early makes treatment much easier and more effective.

What is a mammogram?

A mammogram is the most effective way to find breast cancer early, up to 2 years before the lump is even large enough to feel. A mammogram is a special kind of X-ray of your breasts. The amount of radiation used in the X-ray is very small and not harmful.

Mammograms detect cancer because cancer is more dense (thicker) than the normal part of the breast. A radiologist will look at the X-rays for signs of cancer or other breast problems.

How is a mammogram performed?

Your breast will rest on a shelf and the X-ray machine will slowly press against your breast until you feel pressure. This pressure is needed to spread your breast out so that a better X-ray can be taken. The X-ray takes 1 or 2 minutes, and the entire process usually takes no more than about 20 minutes.

Do mammograms hurt?

Mammograms can be uncomfortable. But they don't take very long. You may find that planning to have your mammogram shortly after your period makes it less uncomfortable. Your breasts may be less tender at this time.

How often should I get a mammogram?

Women age 50 and over should get a mammogram every 2 years. If you have risk factors for breast cancer, such as a family history of breast cancer, your doctor may want you to have mammograms more often or start having them sooner.

How often should my doctor check my breasts?

Every 1 to 2 years beginning when you're 20. Talk with your doctor when it's time for your breasts to be checked.

How often should I check my breasts?

You should check your breasts every month beginning at about age 20. At this early age, any small lumps are probably just normal breast glands and ducts. Over time you will get used to how your breasts normally feel so that you're able to tell if a new lump appears.

Check your breasts a few days after your period (when your breasts are usually less sore). If you don't have periods or if they come at varying times, check your breasts at the same time every month.

Changes to look for in your breasts

Any new lump (which may or may not be painful or tender)
Unusual thickening of your breasts
Sticky or bloody discharge from your nipples
Any changes in the skin of your nipples or breasts, such as puckering or dimpling
An unusual increase in the size of one breast
One breast unusually lower than the other

How do I check for lumps?

Start by standing in front of a mirror. Look at your breasts with your arms at your side, with your arms raised behind your head, and with your arms on your hips and your chest muscles flexed.

Next, lie down with a pillow under your left shoulder. Put your left hand behind your head and feel your left breast with the pads of the 3 middle fingers on your right hand. Start at the outer edge and work around your breast in small circles, getting closer to your nipple with each circle. After you've finished checking your breast, squeeze your nipple gently and look for discharge (fluid coming out of the nipple).

Do the same thing to your right breast with a pillow under your right shoulder.

Be sure to include the area up to your collarbone and out to your armpit. You have lymph nodes in this area. Cancer can spread to lymph node tissue.

Stress:

2010-06-07T03:48:00.000-07:00

How to Cope Better With Life's Challenges

What causes stress?

Feelings of stress are caused by the body's instinct to defend itself. This instinct is good in emergencies, such as getting out of the way of a speeding car. But stress can cause unhealthy physical symptoms if it goes on for too long, such as in response to life's daily challenges and changes.

When this happens, it's as though your body gets ready to jump out of the way of the car, but you're sitting still. Your body is working overtime, with no place to put all the extra energy. This can make you feel anxious, afraid, worried and uptight.

What changes may be stressful?

Any sort of change can make you feel stressed, even good change. It's not just the change or event itself, but also how you react to it that matters. What's stressful is different for each person. For example, one person may feel stressed by retiring from work, while someone else may not.

Other things that may be stressful include being laid off from your job, your child leaving or returning home, the death of your spouse, divorce or marriage, an illness, an injury, a job promotion, money problems, moving, or having a baby.

Can stress hurt my health?

Stress can cause health problems or make health problems worse. Talk to your family doctor if you think some of your symptoms are caused by stress. It's important to make sure that your symptoms aren't caused by other health problems.

Possible signs of stress

Anxiety
Back pain
Constipation or diarrhea
Depression
Fatigue
Headaches
High blood pressure
Trouble sleeping or insomnia
Problems with relationships
Shortness of breath
Stiff neck or jaw
Upset stomach
Weight gain or loss

What can I do to manage my stress?

The first step is to learn to recognize when you're feeling stressed. Early warning signs of stress include tension in your shoulders and neck, or clenching your hands into fists.

The next step is to choose a way to deal with your stress. One way is to avoid the event or thing that leads to your stress--but often this is not possible. A second way is to change how you react to stress. This is often the more practical way.

Tips for dealing with stress

Don't worry about things you can't control, such as the weather.
Solve the little problems. This can help you gain a feeling of control.
Prepare to the best of your ability for events you know may be stressful, such as a job interview.
Try to look at change as a positive challenge, not as a threat.
Work to resolve conflicts with other people.
Talk with a trusted friend, family member or counselor.
Set realistic goals at home and at work. Avoid overscheduling.
Exercise on a regular basis.
Eat regular, well-balanced meals and get enough sleep.
Meditate.
Participate in something you don't find stressful, such as sports, social events or hobbies.

Why is exercise useful?

Exercise is a good way to deal with stress because it's a healthy way to relieve your pent-up energy and tension. Exercise is known to release feel-good brain chemicals. It also helps you get in better shape, which makes you feel better overall.

Steps to deep breathing

Lie down on a flat surface.
Place a hand on your stomach, just above your navel. Place the other hand on your chest.
Breathe in slowly and try to make your stomach rise a little.
Hold your breath for a second.
Breathe out slowly and let your stomach go back down.

What is meditation?

Meditation is a form of guided thought. It can take many forms. You can do it with exercise that uses the same motions over and over, like walking or swimming. You can meditate by practicing relaxation training, by stretching or by breathing deeply.

Relaxation training is simple. Start with one muscle. Hold it tight for a few seconds then relax the muscle. Do this with each of your muscles, beginning with the toes and feet and working your way up through the rest of your body, one muscle group at a time.

Stretching can also help relieve tension. Roll your head in a gentle circle. Reach toward the ceiling and bend side to side slowly. Roll your shoulders.

Deep, relaxed breathing by itself may help relieve stress (see the box to the right). This helps you get plenty of oxygen and activates the relaxation response, the body’s antidote to stress.

If you want more help treating stress symptoms, ask your family doctor for advice.

Mind/Body Connection:

2010-06-07T03:21:00.000-07:00

How Your Emotions Affect Your Health

What is good emotional health?

People with good emotional health are aware of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. They have learned healthy ways to cope with the stress and problems that are a normal part of life. They feel good about themselves and have healthy relationships.

However, many things that happen in your life can disrupt your emotional health and lead to strong feelings of sadness, stress or anxiety. These things include:

Being laid off from your job
Having a child leave or return home
Dealing with the death of a loved one
Getting divorced or married
Suffering an illness or an injury
Getting a job promotion
Experiencing money problems
Moving to a new home
Having a baby.

“Good” changes can be just as stressful as “bad” changes.

How can my emotions affect my health?

Your body responds to the way you think, feel and act. This is often called the “mind/body connection.” When you are stressed, anxious or upset, your body tries to tell you that something isn’t right. For example, high blood pressure or a stomach ulcer might develop after a particularly stressful event, such as the death of a loved one. The following can be physical signs that your emotional health is out of balance:

Back pain
Change in appetite
Chest pain
Constipation or diarrhea
Dry mouth
Extreme tiredness
General aches and pains
Headaches
High blood pressure
Insomnia (trouble sleeping)
Lightheadedness
Palpitations (the feeling that your heart is racing)
Sexual problems
Shortness of breath
Stiff neck
Sweating
Upset stomach
Weight gain or loss

Poor emotional health can weaken your body's immune system, making you more likely to get colds and other infections during emotionally difficult times. Also, when you are feeling stressed, anxious or upset, you may not take care of your health as well as you should. You may not feel like exercising, eating nutritious foods or taking medicine that your doctor prescribes. Abuse of alcohol, tobacco or other drugs may also be a sign of poor emotional health.

Why does my doctor need to know about my emotions?

You may not be used to talking to your doctor about your feelings or problems in your personal life. But remember, he or she can’t always tell that you’re feeling stressed, anxious or upset just by looking at you. It’s important to be honest with your doctor if you are having these feelings.

First, he or she will need to make sure that other health problems aren’t causing your physical symptoms. If your symptoms aren’t caused by other health problems, you and your doctor can address the emotional causes of your symptoms. Your doctor may suggest ways to treat your physical symptoms while you work together to improve your emotional health.

If your negative feelings don’t go away and are so strong that they keep you from enjoying life, it’s especially important for you to talk to your doctor. You may have what doctors call “major depression.” Depression is a medical illness that can be treated with individualized counseling, medicine or with both.

How can I improve my emotional health?

First, try to recognize your emotions and understand why you are having them. Sorting out the causes of sadness, stress and anxiety in your life can help you manage your emotional health. The following are some other helpful tips.

Express your feelings in appropriate ways. If feelings of stress, sadness or anxiety are causing physical problems, keeping these feelings inside can make you feel worse. It’s OK to let your loved ones know when something is bothering you. However, keep in mind that your family and friends may not be able to help you deal with your feelings appropriately. At these times, ask someone outside the situation--such as your family doctor, a counselor or a religious advisor--for advice and support to help you improve your emotional health.

Live a balanced life. Try not to obsess about the problems at work, school or home that lead to negative feelings. This doesn’t mean you have to pretend to be happy when you feel stressed, anxious or upset. It’s important to deal with these negative feelings, but try to focus on the positive things in your life too. You may want to use a journal to keep track of things that make you feel happy or peaceful. Some research has shown that having a positive outlook can improve your quality of life and give your health a boost. You may also need to find ways to let go of some things in your life that make you feel stressed and overwhelmed. Make time for things you enjoy.

Develop resilience. People with resilience are able to cope with stress in a healthy way. Resilience can be learned and strengthened with different strategies. These include having social support, keeping a positive view of yourself, accepting change, and keeping things in perspective.

Calm your mind and body. Relaxation methods, such as meditation, are useful ways to bring your emotions into balance. Meditation is a form of guided thought. It can take many forms. For example, you may do it by exercising, stretching or breathing deeply. Ask your family doctor for advice about relaxation methods.

Take care of yourself. To have good emotional health, it’s important to take care of your body by having a regular routine for eating healthy meals, getting enough sleep and exercising to relieve pent-up tension. Avoid overeating and don’t abuse drugs or alcohol. Using drugs or alcohol just causes other problems, such as family and health problems.

Sinusitis

2010-06-07T03:13:00.000-07:00

Sinusitis

What are sinuses?

Sinuses are the air chambers in the bone behind your cheeks, eyebrows and jaw. They make mucus, a fluid that cleans bacteria and other particles out of the air you breathe. Tiny hairs called cilia (say: “sill-ee-ah”) sweep mucus out of your sinuses so it can drain out through your nose.

What is sinusitis?

Sinusitis (say: “sine-you-site-iss”) is the name for a condition in which the lining of your sinuses becomes inflamed.

FDA Warning

The. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises against the use of ear candles. Ear candles can cause serious injuries and there is no evidence to support their effectiveness. For more information, please visit the FDA Web site.

What causes sinusitis?

Anything that causes swelling in your sinuses or keeps the cilia from moving mucus can cause sinusitis. This can occur because of changes in temperature or air pressure. Allergies can cause sinusitis. Using decongestant nasal sprays too much, smoking, swimming or diving can also increase your risk of getting sinusitis. Some people have growths called polyps (say: “pawl-ips”) that block their sinus passages and cause sinusitis.

When sinusitis is caused by a bacterial or viral infection, you get a sinus infection. Sinus infections sometimes occur after you’ve had a cold. The cold virus attacks the lining of your sinuses, causing them to swell and become narrow. Your body responds to the virus by producing more mucus, but it gets blocked in your swollen sinuses. This built-up mucus is a good place for bacteria to grow. The bacteria can cause a sinus infection.

What are the symptoms of sinusitis?

The symptoms of sinusitis include:

Pain or pressure in the forehead, cheeks, nose and between the eyes
Headache
Fever
Nasal congestion
Reduced sense of smell and taste
Cough, which may be worse at night
Bad breath (called halitosis)
An ache in the teeth

How is acute sinusitis treated?

Treatment for sinusitis depends on the cause.

You can use a saline nasal spray, which will clean our your nasal passages and help clear congestion. Your doctor may recommend a prescription nasal spray that helps treat inflammation.

If you have sinus pain or pressure, your doctor may prescribe or recommend a decongestant to help your sinuses drain. Decongestants are generally only recommended for short-term use.

Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen (one brand: Tylenol) and ibuprofen (some brands: Advil, Motrin) can ease headache and sinus pain.

If your case of sinusitis is very severe and your doctor thinks the cause is bacterial, he or she may prescribe an antibiotic. You may take an antibiotic for 10 to 14 days, but you will usually start feeling better a couple of days after you start taking it. It is important to take antibiotics exactly as your doctor tells you and to continue taking it until it is completely gone, even after you’re feeling better.

If allergies are causing your sinusitis, your doctor may treat the allergy. Then the sinusitis will usually clear up on its own.

See the box below for other things you can do to feel better when you have sinusitis.

Tips on taking care of sinusitis

Get plenty of rest. Lying down can make your sinuses feel more stopped-up, so try lying on the side that lets you breathe the best. You can prop yourself up with a pillow.
Sip hot liquids and drink plenty of fluids.
Apply moist heat by holding a warm, wet towel against your face or breathing in steam through a cloth or towel. This will relieve sinus pressure and help open your sinus passages.
Talk with your doctor before using an over-the-counter cold medicine. Some cold medicines can make your symptoms worse or cause other problems.
Don’t use a nasal spray with a decongestant in it for more than 3 days. If you use it for more than 3 days, the swelling in your sinuses may get worse when you stop using the medicine.
Avoid alcohol, which can worsen swelling in the sinuses.

Sore Throat

2010-06-03T08:50:00.000-07:00

What causes sore throats?

Sore throats can be caused by many things. Viruses (such as those that cause colds and mononucleosis) can lead to a sore throat. Bacteria (such as those that cause strep throat) can also cause a sore throat, as can smoking, breathing polluted air and allergies to pet dander, pollens and molds.

What is tonsillitis?

Tonsillitis is when the tonsils (at the back of your mouth on each side of your throat) become infected by bacteria or a virus. It causes the tonsils to swell and can cause a sore throat and other symptoms. Signs of strep throat and tonsillitis are often alike (see the box below).

Symptoms of tonsillitis and strep throat

Sore throat
Fever
Headache
White patches in your throat or on your tonsils
Pain when you swallow
Red and swollen tonsils
Swollen, sore glands in your jaw and throat
Abdominal pain (usually in children)
Vomiting (usually in children who have strep throat)

If I have tonsillitis, will I need a tonsillectomy?

Tonsillectomy is a surgery that removes the tonsils. Most people who have tonsillitis don't need a tonsillectomy. You might need a tonsillectomy if you get severe tonsillitis often or if your tonsils are too large and cause problems with your breathing. Your doctor can tell you if a tonsillectomy is needed.

What is strep throat?

Strep throat is caused by a type of bacteria called Streptococcus. The pain of strep throat often feels much like sore throats caused by other bacteria or by viruses. What's important and different about strep throat is that if it isn't treated it can sometimes result in kidney inflammation or rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can lead to a rash, inflamed joints and, in severe cases, damage to the valves of the heart.

What is mononucleosis?

Mononucleosis (mono) is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. One of the main signs of mono is a sore throat that may last for 1 to 4 weeks. Other symptoms include swollen glands in your neck and armpits, fever, headache and feeling tired.

What tests may be used to find the cause of my sore throat?

Your doctor may do a rapid strep test, a throat culture or both. A rapid strep test will give results fast--usually within about 15 minutes. But the test won't tell if your sore throat is caused by a bacterium other than Streptococcus or if it's caused by a virus. A throat culture takes longer--between 24 and 48 hours--but it's more accurate. If your doctor thinks you may have mono, he or she will probably do a blood test.

What is the treatment for a sore throat caused by bacteria?

If your sore throat is caused by bacteria, your family doctor will probably prescribe an antibiotic. You will most likely begin to feel better in a few days, but it is very important to take all the antibiotics your doctor prescribes. This reduces the risk that your sore throat will return and also helps prevent antibiotic resistance.

What is the treatment for a sore throat caused by a virus?

Antibiotics don't work against viruses. Infections caused by viruses usually just have to run their course. Most symptoms caused by a cold-type virus go away in a week to 10 days.

Symptoms caused by mono can last for 4 weeks or more. If you have mono, your doctor will probably suggest that you get plenty of rest and that you not exercise too hard. You can take acetaminophen (one brand name: Tylenol), ibuprofen (some brand names: Advil, Motrin, Nuprin) or naproxen (one brand name: Aleve) for the sore throat, headache and fever.

What about a sore throat that's caused by allergies?

If a sore throat is a symptom of hay fever or another allergy, your doctor can help you figure out how to avoid the things that trigger your allergies. You may also need to take medicine for your allergies.

How can I avoid catching or passing a sore throat?

The best ways to avoid catching or passing the viruses and bacteria that can lead to a sore throat are to wash your hands regularly, avoid touching your eyes or mouth and cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing.

Easing the pain of a sore throat

Take acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen to relieve pain.
Gargle with warm salt water (1 teaspoon of salt per 1 cup [8 ounces] of water).
Suck on throat lozenges or hard candy.
Suck on flavored frozen desserts (such as Popsicles).
Use a humidifier in your bedroom or other rooms you spend lots of time in.
Drink lots of liquids. They help keep your throat lubricated and prevent dehydration.

Pneumonia

2010-05-31T06:39:00.000-07:00

Pneumonia:

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Your lungs have 2 main parts: airways (also called bronchial tubes) and alveoli (also called air sacs). When you breathe, the air moves down through your airways and into your alveoli (say: "al-vee-oh-lie"). From the alveoli, oxygen goes into your blood while carbon dioxide moves out of your blood. When you have pneumonia, your alveoli get inflamed (irritated and swollen) and fill with fluid. This makes it difficult for you to breathe.

Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or a virus. It can also be caused by fungi or irritants that you breathe into your lungs.

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

The symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild to severe, depending on your risk factors and the type of pneumonia you have. Common symptoms are similar to the symptoms caused by a cold or the flu. They include the following:

Cough
Fever
Bringing up mucus when you cough
Difficulty breathing
Chills
Chest pain

If you have any of these symptoms, or if you suddenly start getting worse after having a cold or the flu, see your family doctor.

Who is at risk for pneumonia?

Anyone can get pneumonia, but it is more likely to develop in someone who already has a weak immune system and can't fight off the infection.

People who are at an increased risk of pneumonia include the following:

Babies and young children
People who are 65 years of age and older
People who have weakened immune systems because of disease (such as human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) or alcohol abuse
People who work in construction or agriculture
People who smoke

How does my doctor know I have pneumonia?

Your doctor will diagnose pneumonia based on your medical history and the results from a physical exam. He or she may also need to do some tests, such as a chest X-ray or a blood test.

What are possible complications of pneumonia?

Severe cases of pneumonia may require treatment in the hospital. Your doctor may give you oxygen to help you breathe or antibiotics through an IV.

Complications of pneumonia include pleural effusion and bacteria in the bloodstream. Pleural effusion is when fluid builds up in the layers of tissue between your lungs and the wall of your chest and becomes infected. This can make breathing very difficult. To drain the fluid, a tube may need to be placed between your lungs and your chest wall, or you may need surgery.

Bacteria in the bloodstream occur when the pneumonia infection in your lungs spreads to your blood. This increases the risk that the infection will spread to other organs in your body. Bacteria in the bloodstream are treated with antibiotics.

People who have heart or lung problems, people who smoke, and people who are 65 years of age and older are more likely to experience complications from pneumonia.

How can I prevent pneumonia?

You can help prevent pneumonia by doing the following:

Get a flu shot each year. Pneumonia often develops after someone has the flu. By getting a flu shot each year, you decrease your risk of both the flu and pneumonia.

Get the pneumococcal vaccine. It's recommended that all children under 2 years of age and people 65 years of age and older get vaccinated for pneumonia. (The vaccine for children is actually called the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.) The vaccine is also recommended for people of all ages who have conditions including the following:

Chronic heart problems (such as heart disease)
Chronic lung problems (such as emphysema)
Diabetes
Immune deficiency diseases (such as HIV and sickle cell anemia)

The pneumococcal vaccine does not prevent all types of pneumonia. However, studies show that it can protect you from one of the more serious types of bacterial pneumonia. Side effects of the vaccine are usually mild. They can include soreness and swelling around the area where the shot was given.

Wash your hands frequently. Washing your hands kills germs that can make you sick, including the germs that cause pneumonia. Make sure to wash your hands before eating and after using the restroom.

Don't smoke. Smoking damages your lungs and makes it harder for your body to defend itself from germs and disease. If you smoke, talk to your family doctor about quitting as soon as possible.

Make healthy choices. Your body is better able to fight off infections when you eat a healthy diet and are physically active.

What are the different types of pneumonia?

There are 4 types of pneumonia:

Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. You can catch it in public areas (such as work, school, the grocery store or the gym). Bacteria, virus, fungi or irritants in the air can cause community-acquired pneumonia. The bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of this type of pneumonia. This type of pneumonia can also develop after you have a cold or the flu.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (also called institution-acquired pneumonia) is a type of pneumonia that you can catch while you are staying in the hospital, especially if you are staying in an intensive care unit (ICU) or are using a ventilator to help you breathe. This type of pneumonia also includes pneumonia that develops after you have major surgery (such as chest surgery) and pneumonia that develops while staying in or receiving treatment in kidney dialysis centers and chronic care centers. It can be very dangerous, especially for young children, older adults and people who have weakened immune systems.
Aspiration pneumonia is type of pneumonia that develops after you inhale particles into your lungs. This occurs most often when small particles enter your lungs after vomiting and you are not strong enough to cough the particles out of your lungs.
Opportunistic pneumonia is a type of pneumonia that affects people who have weakened immune systems. It is caused by certain organisms that do not typically make healthy people sick, but they can be dangerous for people who have conditions such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or people who have recently had an organ transplant.

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Cough
Fever
Bringing up mucus when you cough
Difficulty breathing
Chills
Chest pain

If you have any of these symptoms, or if you suddenly start getting worse after having a cold or the flu, see your family doctor.

What is walking pneumonia?

Walking pneumonia is a mild case of pneumonia. It is often caused by a virus or the Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria. When you have walking pneumonia, your symptoms may not be as severe or last as long as someone who has a more serious case of pneumonia. You probably won’t need bed rest or to stay in the hospital when you have walking pneumonia.

How is pneumonia treated?

Treatment depends on the type of pneumonia you have, how severe your symptoms are, how healthy you are overall and your age.

For pneumonia caused by bacteria, your doctor will probably prescribe antibiotics. Most of your symptoms should improve within a few days, although a cough can last for several weeks. Be sure to follow your doctor's directions carefully. Take all the antibiotic medicine that your doctor prescribes. If you don't, some bacteria may stay in your body. This can cause your pneumonia to come back. It can also increase the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotics don't work to treat infections caused by viruses. If you have viral pneumonia, your doctor will likely talk to you about ways to treat your symptoms. Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are available to lower fever, relieve pain and ease your cough. However, some coughing is okay because it can help clear your lungs. Be sure to talk to your doctor before you take a cough suppressant.

When you have any type of pneumonia, it's important to get lots of rest and drink plenty of fluids.

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Acne

2010-05-31T06:34:00.000-07:00

Acne in Teens: Ways to Control It

What causes acne?

Acne commonly starts in the early teen years, when the oil glands in the body start making more sebum (oil). In people who have acne, dead skin cells mix with the extra oil and plug up hair follicles in the skin. Bacteria that grow in the hair follicles cause more skin irritation.

A "whitehead" occurs when the hair follicle is plugged with oil and skin cells. If the follicle is plugged near the surface of the skin and the air touches it, it turns black and is called a "blackhead." A blackhead isn't caused by dirt.

If the wall of a plugged hair follicle breaks, the area swells and turns into a red bump. If the hair follicle wall breaks near the skin surface, the bump usually becomes a pimple. If the wall breaks deep in the skin, acne nodules or cysts can form. This is called "cystic acne."

Things that often make acne worse

Oil-based makeup, suntan oil and hair products
Stress
Hormonal changes, especially during menstruation
Squeezing or picking at blemishes
Hard scrubbing of the skin

Things that don't cause acne

Dirt
Chocolate or french fries
Sexual activity
Masturbation

Who gets acne?

Both boys and girls get acne. But it may be worse in boys because they have more skin oils.

Family history also plays a role. If your mother and father had bad acne, you may have it, too.

Your immune system plays a role too. Some people are extra sensitive to the bacteria that get trapped in their hair follicles.

For many people, acne fades by the age of 25, but it can continue well into the adult years.

How can acne be treated?

Many treatments are available for acne, including over-the-counter creams and prescription medicines.

Over-the-counter Treatments

Over-the-counter acne products can help treat your acne. Benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid are the most common and most effective over-the-counter medicines for acne. These medicines kill bacteria, dry up the oil and make your skin peel off. They are available in many forms, such as gels, lotions, creams, soaps or pads.

In some people, over-the-counter acne medications may cause side effects such as skin irritation, burning or redness. Tell your doctor if you have side effects that are severe or that don't go away over time.

Keep in mind that it can take up to 8 weeks before you notice an improvement in the appearance of your skin. If an over-the-counter acne product doesn't seem to help after 2 months, talk to your doctor.

Prescription Medicines

If over-the-counter medicines are not effective, your doctor may prescribe a retinoid cream or gel. Retinoids, such as tretinoin and adapalene, are usually applied to the skin once a day. Be sure not to get them near your eyes, mouth and the area under your nose.

If you use a retinoid, you must avoid the sun or use a strong sunscreen because this medicine increases your risk of getting a sunburn. Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant should not use a retinoid called tazarotene because it can cause birth defects.

If your acne is severe, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to treat it. Antibiotics such as minocycline, doxycycline and tetracycline reduce bacteria and inflammation, and can be used in combination with other treatments for acne, such as benzoyl peroxide. Antibiotics can be taken by mouth or used on the skin as a lotion, cream or gel.

How is severe cystic acne treated?

Isotretinoin may be used to treat severe cystic acne that doesn't get better with other treatments. It's a pill that is taken once a day by mouth for 15 to 20 weeks.

Pregnant women should never take isotretinoin. It can cause serious birth defects and miscarriages. Women on isotretinoin must use 2 types of birth control or not have sex starting 1 month before she begins taking the medication and lasting 1 month after she stops taking it.

There is a possibility that other serious side effects may occur, so people taking isotretinoin should be closely monitored by their doctor.

Does acne cause scars?

Acne, especially cystic acne, can cause scars in some people. You can help reduce scarring by not squeezing or picking at blemishes. Also, avoid scrubbing your skin. If you do get scars, treatments are available.

MALARIA

2010-05-31T06:24:00.000-07:00

How to Prevent Malaria

What is malaria?

Malaria is an infection of a part of the blood called the red blood cells. It is spread by mosquitoes that carry a parasite that causes malaria. If this mosquito bites you, the parasite can get into your blood. The parasite lays eggs, which develop into more parasites, and they feed on your blood cells until you get very sick. If left untreated, malaria can quickly become very serious and can even be fatal.

What are the symptoms of malaria?

The symptoms of malaria include:

High fever (can often be 104 degrees F and higher)
Chills
Shaking
Extreme sweating
Fatigue
Discomfort (called malaise) and body aches
Headache
Muscle ache
Nausea
Vomiting

Where is malaria most common?

Malaria is a health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries, including portions of Central and South America, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Africa, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. It can also be a problem for people visiting these countries. If you are traveling to a tropical area or to a country where malaria is common, you should be aware of the risk and take some precautions. Check the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) web site for information about travel health concerns for international locations before you go.

How can I protect myself from getting malaria?

You should do whatever you can to keep from getting mosquito bites. If you can, sleep in a room with screens on the windows and doors. Use a mosquito net over your bed. If possible, spray the net with permethrin, a spray that repels mosquitoes. During the evening, wear light-colored pants and shirts with long sleeves. It's important to protect yourself with a bug repellent spray that contains no more than 35% of a chemical called DEET. Avoid going outdoors without protection in the evening, when mosquitoes are typically more active. Medicine is also available to help prevent malaria.

What medicines can I take to prevent malaria?

If you plan to travel to a country where malaria is common, you'll probably take a medicine that may keep you from getting malaria. This is called "prophylactic" malaria medicine. Remember, however, no medicine can protect you 100% and you should still take other precautions to prevent malaria.

Prophylactic malaria medicines require you to start taking the medicine a few days or a week before you leave on your trip. You keep taking the medicine during your trip and after your trip for about 1 to 4 weeks, depending on which medicine you are taking. It's important to keep taking the medicine after your trip because the malaria parasites could still be in your blood. If you stop taking the medicine too soon, it could give the parasites an opportunity to grow and make you sick. Malaria medicines have some side effects, and not everyone can take them. Your doctor can tell you which medicine is right for you. What type of medicine you take also depends on where you will be traveling.

Mefloquine and atovaquone/proguanil are two medicines you can take. If you can't take one of these, your doctor might recommend you take doxycycline. Doxycycline makes you sunburn easily, so you must wear a hat, long sleeves and sunscreen whenever you're outside during the day.

If you're traveling to parts of Central America, the Dominican Republic, Haiti or some areas of the Middle East, your doctor may prescribe chloroquine.

Beware of homeopathic medicines advertised to prevent malaria. Because homeopathic medicines are not regulated, it’s hard to know whether they will be effective. The CDC also warns against purchasing prophylactic malaria medicines overseas. In some countries, medicines sold to help prevent malaria may be fake or less effective than necessary.

Diabetes

2010-05-31T06:08:00.000-07:00

What is Diabetes?

Your body changes most of the food you eat into glucose (a form of sugar). Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter all the cells of your body and be used as energy.

Diabetes is a disease that occurs when a person’s body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use insulin properly. When you have diabetes, the sugar builds up in your blood instead of moving into the cells. Too much sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems, including heart disease and damage to the nerves and kidneys.

There are 2 types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body doesn’t produce any insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Between 90-95% of people who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

The early stages of diabetes have very few symptoms, so you may not know you have the disease. But damage may already be happening to your eyes, your kidneys and your cardiovascular system even before you notice symptoms. Symptoms of diabetes may include the following:

Extreme thirst
Extreme hunger
Frequent urination
Sores or bruises that heal slowly
Dry, itchy skin
Unexplained weight loss
Blurry vision
Unusual tiredness or drowsiness
Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Frequent or recurring skin, gum, bladder or vaginal yeast infections

If you are regularly experiencing any of these symptoms, call your family doctor right away.

Who is at risk for diabetes?

You are at increased risk for diabetes if:

You're older than 45 years of age
You're overweight
You don't exercise regularly
Your parent, brother or sister has diabetes
You gave birth to a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds or you had gestational diabetes while you were pregnant
You're African American, Hispanic American/Latino, Native American, Asian American or Pacific Islander

If you have 1 or more of these risk factors, your doctor may want you to be tested (also called "screened") for diabetes. You might also be screened at a younger age and more often if you have risk factors. Talk to your doctor about your risk of developing diabetes and about a plan for regular testing.

How will I be tested for diabetes?

Screening is usually done with a fasting blood test. You'll be tested in the morning, so you shouldn't eat anything after dinner the night before. A normal blood sugar test result is between 70 and 99 mg per dL. A test result higher than 126 mg per dL suggests diabetes. However, you should have 2 tests that are higher than 12 mg per dL, on 2 different days, before a diagnosis of diabetes is made. Test results from 100 mg per dL to 125 mg per dL suggest prediabetes.

Why is it important for diabetes to be diagnosed early?

Many people have diabetes for years before they show symptoms. By the time they are diagnosed, some people already have eye, kidney, gum or nerve damage caused by diabetes. There's no cure for diabetes, but there are ways for you to stay healthy and reduce the risk of complications. If you exercise, watch your diet, control your weight and take the medicine your doctor may prescribe, you can make a big difference in reducing or preventing the damage that diabetes can do. The earlier you know you have diabetes, the sooner you can make these important lifestyle changes.

How can I help myself stay healthy if I have diabetes?

Although diabetes can’t be cured, you can still live a long and healthy life. The single most important thing you can do is control your blood sugar level. You can do this by eating right, exercising, maintaining a healthy weight and, if needed, taking oral medicines or insulin.

Eat a healthy diet. The recommended diet for many people who have diabetes is very similar to that suggested for everyone: low in fat, low in cholesterol, low in salt and low in added sugar. In order to help keep your blood sugar at a healthy level, t's important to eat at least 3 meals per day and never skip a meal. For more information, read our Diabetes and Nutrition handout.

Exercise. Exercising will help your body use insulin and lower your blood sugar level. It also helps control your weight, gives you more energy and is good for your overall health. For more information, read our Diabetes and Exercise handout.

Maintain a healthy weight. Losing excess weight and maintaining a healthy body weight will help you in 2 ways. First, it helps insulin work better in your body. Second, it will lower your blood pressure and decrease your risk for heart disease.

Take your medicine. If your diabetes can't be controlled with diet, exercise and weight control, your doctor may recommend medicine or insulin. Oral medicines (taken by mouth) can make your body produce more insulin or help your body use the insulin it makes more efficiently. Some people need to add insulin to their bodies with insulin injections, insulin pens or insulin pumps. Always take medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes. For more information, read our Oral Medicines for Diabetes handout.

How do I check my blood sugar level?

Your doctor may suggest that you check your blood sugar level (also called blood glucose level) at home. Checking your blood sugar level involves pricking your finger to get a small drop of blood that you put on a test strip. You can read the results yourself or insert the strip into a machine called an electronic glucose meter. The results will tell you whether or not your blood sugar is in a healthy range. To learn more, read our Monitoring Your Blood Sugar Level handout.

Check your blood sugar level as often as your doctor suggests. You may need to check it more often at first, until you get the feel for how it changes and what makes it change.

What if my blood sugar gets too low?

People who have diabetes may have times when their blood sugar level is too low. Low blood sugar is called hypoglycemia. Signs of hypoglycemia include the following:

Feeling very tired
Frequent yawning
Being unable to speak or think clearly
Loss of muscle coordination
Sweating
Twitching
Seizures
Suddenly feeling like you’re going to pass out
Becoming very pale
Loss of consciousness

People who have diabetes should carry at least 15 grams of a fast-acting carbohydrate with them at all times in case of hypoglycemia. The following are examples of quick sources of energy that can relieve the symptoms:

Nondiet soda- ½ to ¾ cup
Fruit juice- ½ cup
Fruit- 2 tablespoons of raisins
Milk- 1 cup
Candy- 5 Lifesavers
Glucose tablets- 3 tablets (5 grams each)

If you don’t feel better 15 minutes after having a fast-acting carbohydrate, or if monitoring shows that your blood sugar level is still too low, have another 15 grams of a fast-acting carbohydrate.

What health problems can diabetes cause?

Diabetes can be a dangerous and life-threatening disease if you don’t control your blood sugar level. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage your eyes, blood vessels, nerves and kidneys. Here are some of the problems (also called complications) diabetes can cause:

Blindness and vision loss (called diabetic retinopathy): Diabetes can damage the small blood vessels in the retina, which can cause vision loss and even blindness. For more information, read our Diabetes: Eye Care handout.

Heart disease: People who have diabetes are twice as likely to have heart disease and damage to the blood vessels in the heart. This increases their risk of heart attack and stroke. For more information, read our Diabetes and Heart Disease handout.

Nerve and blood vessel damage (called diabetic neuropathy): Damage to blood vessels in the legs can limit the supply of blood to the nerves in the legs and feet. This can cause burning, tingling and numbness in the affected areas (usually starting in the toes and spreading to the whole foot). It also makes it difficult to feel injuries (such as foot sores). Damage to the blood vessels can also put you at risk for infections and sores that don’t heal. In severe cases, parts of the foot or lower leg may have to be amputated (removed). For more information, read our Diabetic Neuropathy handout.

Kidney disease (called diabetic nephropathy): Diabetes can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, which then can’t filter out the body’s waste. In some people, the kidneys stop working completely. These people require dialysis or a kidney transplant. Dialysis is a treatment that eliminates wastes in the blood. For more information, please read our Diabetic Nephropathy handout.

The good news is that diabetic complications can often be prevented by taking care of yourself, following your doctor’s orders and controlling your blood sugar level. For more information on how to prevent these problems, please read our Preventing Diabetic Complications handout.

Asthma

2010-05-31T05:56:00.000-07:00

What is asthma?

Asthma is a disease of the lungs. The airways of people with asthma are extra sensitive to the things they're allergic to (called allergens) and to other irritating things in the air (called irritants).

Asthma symptoms start when allergens or other irritants cause the lining of the airways to swell (become inflamed) and narrow. The muscles around the airways can then spasm, (contract rapidly), causing the airways to narrow even more. When the lining of the airways is inflamed, it produces more mucus. The mucus clogs the airways and further blocks the flow of air. This is called an "asthma attack."

How can I avoid allergens and irritants?

If pollen and mold cause your symptoms, use your air conditioner and try to keep the windows of your home and car closed. Change the filter on your heating and cooling systems frequently.

To keep mold down, clean and air out bathrooms, kitchens and basements often. Keep the level of humidity under 50%. You can do this with an air conditioner or a dehumidifier.

People who are allergic to dust are actually allergic to the droppings of dust mites. To reduce dust mites in your home, wash bedsheets weekly in hot water (above 130°F). Cover mattresses and pillows in airtight covers and remove carpets and drapes. If you must have carpet, you can treat it with chemicals to help reduce dust mites. Try to avoid stuffed animals, dried flowers and other things that catch dust.

Pets can cause problems if you're allergic to them. If you have a pet, keep it out of your bedroom.

Don't allow smoking in your house or car. Tobacco smoke can make your asthma worse.

How do I control my asthma symptoms?

Treatment of your symptoms involves avoiding things that cause asthma attacks, keeping track of your symptoms and taking medicine.

Things that can trigger an asthma attack

Air pollution
Dust
Mold
Pollen
Tobacco smoke
Pet dander
Exercise
Changes in temperature
Some foods
Sulfite (food preservative in red wine, beer, salad bars, dehydrated soups and other foods)
Aspirin, or ibuprofen (brand names: Advil, Motrin, Nuprin)
Heartburn
Sinus infections
Strong emotions
Perfume
Spray-on deodorants
Viruses

What is a peak flow meter?

A peak flow meter is a hand-held device that measures your peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), or how fast you can blow air out of your lungs. Measuring your peak flow regularly can help you tell whether your asthma is getting worse.

To use a peak flow meter, you will first need to find out your "personal best" peak flow. Take a deep breath and blow as hard as you can into the mouthpiece. Your personal best is the highest reading you get on the meter over a 2-week period when your asthma is under good control.

What medicines are used to treat asthma?

Asthma medicines can generally be divided into two groups: medicines to prevent attacks (controller medicines) and medicines to treat attacks (sometimes called rescue medicines).

Your doctor will talk to you about these medicines and what to do if you have an asthma attack.

How do controller medicines work?

Controller medicines help reduce the swelling in your airways to prevent asthma attacks.

Controller medicines include inhaled corticosteroids, cromolyn and nedocromil.

Newer medicines, called anti-leukotrienes, are also used to prevent asthma attacks. These include montelukast, zafirlukast and zileuton.

Controller medicines must be taken on a regular basis--whether or not you're having symptoms. They take hours or days to start to help and don't work well unless you take them regularly.

Warning signs of an asthma attack

Peak flow less than 50% of your personal best
Coughing or wheezing
Shortness of breath
Tightness in chest

How do rescue medicines work?

Rescue medicines provide quick relief during an asthma attack by helping the muscles around your airways relax, which allows your airways to open.

Inhaled bronchodilators are rescue medicines. They can be used on a regular basis or only when they are needed to quickly reduce symptoms.

How do I use an inhaler?

Some asthma medicines are taken with a metered-dose inhaler. Your doctor will show you how to use an inhaler. Here are the basic steps:

Remove the cap and hold the inhaler upright.
Shake the canister.
Tilt your head back and breathe out.
Put the inhaler 1 to 2 inches away from your mouth. Or, if you're using a spacer, put the end of it in your mouth and seal your lips around it. (A spacer is a tube that you attach to your inhaler. It makes using an inhaler easier.)
Press down on the inhaler to release the medicine as you slowly breathe in for 3 to 5 seconds. (If you use inhaled dry powder capsules, close your mouth tightly around the mouthpiece of the inhaler and inhale rapidly.)
Hold your breath for 10 seconds so the medicine can get into your lungs.
Repeat as many times as your doctor suggests. Wait 1 minute between puffs.

How can I tell if my asthma is getting worse?

Signs that your asthma is getting worse include having symptoms at night, a drop in your peak flow and the need to use your rescue medicine more often. Talk to your doctor if you think that your asthma is getting worse.

Get help right away if:

Your rescue medicine doesn't relieve your symptoms.
Your peak flow keeps dropping after treatment or falls below 50% of your best.
Your fingernails or lips turn gray or blue.
You have trouble walking or talking.
You have extreme difficulty breathing.
Your neck, chest or ribs are pulled in with each breath.
Your nostrils flare when you breathe.

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Diabetes

2010-05-31T04:38:00.000-07:00

What is Diabetes?

If you just found out you have diabetes, you probably have a lot of questions and you may feel a little uncertain.But you're not alone. In the United States, 23.6 million people have diabetes. Most of these people lead full, healthy lives. One of the best things you can do for yourself is to learn all you can about diabetes. This handout will tell you some of the basics about diabetes.

What is diabetes?

Your body changes most of the food you eat into glucose (a form of sugar). Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter all the cells of your body and be used as energy.

Diabetes is a disease that occurs when a person’s body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use insulin properly. When you have diabetes, the sugar builds up in your blood instead of moving into the cells. Too much sugar in the blood can lead to serious problems, including heart disease and damage to the nerves and kidneys.

There are 2 types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body doesn’t produce any insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Between 90-95% of people who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.

How can I help myself stay healthy if I have diabetes?

Although diabetes can’t be cured, you can still live a long and healthy life. The single most important thing you can do is control your blood sugar level. You can do this by eating right, exercising, maintaining a healthy weight and, if needed, taking oral medicines or insulin.

Eat a healthy diet. The recommended diet for many people who have diabetes is very similar to that suggested for everyone: low in fat, low in cholesterol, low in salt and low in added sugar. In order to help keep your blood sugar at a healthy level, t's important to eat at least 3 meals per day and never skip a meal. For more information read this handout on Diabetes and Nutrition

Exercise. Exercising will help your body use insulin and lower your blood sugar level. It also helps control your weight, gives you more energy and is good for your overall health. For more information read this handout on Diabetes and Exercise
Maintain a healthy weight. Losing excess weight and maintaining a healthy body weight will help you in 2 ways. First, it helps insulin work better in your body. Second, it will lower your blood pressure and decrease your risk for heart disease.

Take your medicine. If your diabetes can't be controlled with diet, exercise and weight control, your doctor may recommend medicine or insulin. Oral medicines (taken by mouth) can make your body produce more insulin or help your body use the insulin it makes more efficiently. Some people need to add insulin to their bodies with insulin injections, insulin pens or insulin pumps. Always take medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes. For more information read this handout on Oral Medicines for Diabetes

How do I check my blood sugar level?

What if my blood sugar gets too low?

People who have diabetes may have times when their blood sugar level is too low. Low blood sugar is called hypoglycemia. Signs of hypoglycemia include the following:

Feeling very tired
Frequent yawning
Being unable to speak or think clearly
Loss of muscle coordination
Sweating
Twitching
Seizures
Suddenly feeling like you’re going to pass out
Becoming very pale
Loss of consciousness

Nondiet soda- ½ to ¾ cup
Fruit juice- ½ cup
Fruit- 2 tablespoons of raisins
Milk- 1 cup
Candy- 5 Lifesavers
Glucose tablets- 3 tablets (5 grams each)

What health problems can diabetes cause?

High Blood Pressure:

2010-05-26T01:59:00.000-07:00

Things You Can Do to Help Lower Yours blood pressure

What is high blood pressure?

Arteries are like hoses that carry blood from your heart to the rest of your body. If you put a crimp in a hose, pressure builds up inside it. High blood pressure (also called hypertension) occurs when your blood moves through your arteries at a higher pressure than normal.

What do the numbers mean?

Blood pressure is really two measurements, separated by a slash when written, such as 120/80. You may also hear someone say a blood pressure is "120 over 80."

The first number is the systolic blood pressure. This is the peak blood pressure when your heart is squeezing blood out. The second number is the diastolic blood pressure. It's the pressure when your heart is filling with blood--relaxing between beats.

A normal blood pressure is less than 120/80. High blood pressure is 140/90 or higher. If your blood pressure is between 120/80 and 140/90, you have what is called "prehypertension," which means that if you don’t take important steps, your blood pressure can turn into high blood pressure.

How is high blood pressure diagnosed?

Blood pressure is measured by placing a blood pressure cuff around your arm, inflating the cuff and listening for the flow of blood. Your doctor will measure your blood pressure at more than one visit to see if you have high blood pressure.

How often should I have my blood pressure checked?

After age 18, have your blood pressure checked at least once every 2 years. Do it more often if you have had high blood pressure in the past.

What problems does high blood pressure cause?

Both high blood pressure and prehypertension damage your blood vessels. This in turn raises your risk of stroke, kidney failure, heart disease and heart attack.

Does it have any symptoms?

Not usually. This is why it's so important to have your blood pressure checked regularly

How is it treated?

Treatment begins with changes you can make to your lifestyle to help lower your blood pressure and reduce your risk of heart disease (see the box below). If these changes don't work, you may also need to take medicine.

Even if you need to take medicine, making some changes in your lifestyle can help reduce the amount of medicine you must take.

Lifestyle changes

Don't smoke cigarettes or use any tobacco product.
Lose weight if you're overweight.
Exercise regularly.
Eat a healthy diet that includes lots of fruits and vegetables and is low in fat.
Limit your sodium, alcohol and caffeine intake.
Try relaxation techniques or biofeedback.

How do tobacco products affect blood pressure?

The nicotine in cigarettes and other tobacco products causes your blood vessels to constrict and your heart to beat faster, which temporarily raises your blood pressure. If you quit smoking or using other tobacco products, you can significantly lower your risk of heart disease and heart attack, as well as help lower your blood pressure.

What about losing weight and exercising?

If you're overweight, losing weight usually helps lower blood pressure. Regular exercise is a good way to lose weight. It also seems to lower high blood pressure by itself

Is sodium really off limits?

Not everyone is affected by sodium, but sodium can increase blood pressure in some people. Most Americans with healthy blood pressure should limit the sodium in their diet to 2,300 mg per day. African Americans, older Americans and people with high blood pressure should limit the sodium in their diet to 1,500 mg per day. Your doctor may tell you to limit your sodium even more.

Don't add salt to your food. Check food labels for sodium. While some foods obviously have a lot of sodium, such as potato chips, you may not realize how much sodium is in food like bread, canned vegetables, soups and cheese. Also be aware that some medicines contain sodium.

Do I need to quit drinking alcohol altogether?

In some people, alcohol causes blood pressure to rise quite a lot. In other people, it doesn't. If you drink alcohol, limit it to no more than 1 drink per day for women or 2 drinks per day for men. One drink is a can of beer, a glass of wine (4-5 oz.), or 1 shot (jigger) of liquor. If your blood pressure increases with alcohol, it's best not to drink any alcohol.

Does stress affect my blood pressure?

Stress may affect blood pressure. To help combat the effects of stress, try relaxation techniques or biofeedback. These things work best when used at least once a day. Ask your family doctor for advice.

What about medicine?

Many different types of medicine can be used to treat high blood pressure (see the box below). These are called antihypertensive medicines.

The goal of treatment is to reduce your blood pressure to normal levels with medicine that's easy to take and has few, if any, side effects. This goal can almost always be met.

If your blood pressure can only be controlled with medicine, you'll need to take the medicine for the rest of your life. You may need to take more than one medicine to help control your blood pressure. Don't stop taking the medicine without talking with your family doctor or you may increase your risk of having a stroke or heart attack.

Types of antihypertensive drugs

Diuretics: These drugs help your body get rid of extra sodium and fluid so that your blood vessels don't have to hold so much fluid.
Beta-blockers: These drugs block the effects of adrenaline.
Alpha-blockers: These drugs help your blood vessels stay open.
ACE inhibitors: These drugs prevent your blood vessels from constricting by reducing how much angiotensin II your body makes. Angiotensin II is a chemical that constricts blood vessels (makes them more narrow).
ARBs: These drugs work by blocking the effect of angiotensin II on cells
Calcium channel blockers: These drugs help prevent your blood vessels from constricting by blocking calcium from entering your cells.
Combinations: These drugs combine two medicines, like an ACE inhibitor or a beta-blocker plus a diuretic.

What are the possible side effects of medicine?

Different drugs have different side effects for different people. Side effects of antihypertensive drugs can include feeling dizzy when you stand up after lying down or sitting, lowered levels of potassium in your blood, problems sleeping, drowsiness, dry mouth, headaches, bloating, constipation and depression. In men, some antihypertensive drugs can cause problems with having an erection.

Talk to your family doctor about any changes you notice. If one medicine doesn't work for you or causes side effects, you have other options. Let your doctor help find the right medicine for you.

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ULCERS

2010-05-25T10:43:00.000-07:00

What is an ulcer?

Ulcers are sores on the lining of your digestive tract. Your digestive tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum (the first part of the intestines) and intestines. Most ulcers are located in the duodenum. These ulcers are called duodenal ulcers. Ulcers located in the stomach are called gastric ulcers. Ulcers in the esophagus are called esophageal ulcers.

What causes ulcers?

Doctors used to think ulcers were caused by stress or by eating food with too much acid in it. We now know this isn’t true. Most ulcers are caused by an infection. The infection is caused by a bacteria (germ) called Helicobacter pylori (say: hell-ee-ko-back-ter pie-lore-ee”), or H. pylori for short. Acid and other juices made by the stomach can contribute to ulcers by burning the lining of your digestive tract. This can happen if your body makes too much acid or if the lining of your digestive tract is damaged in some way. Physical or emotional stress may not necessarily cause an ulcer, but it can aggravate an ulcer if you have one.

Ulcers can also be caused by anti-inflammatory medicines. Although most people take these medicines without problems, long-term use may damage the stomach lining and cause ulcers. Anti-inflammatory drugs include aspirin, ibuprofen (one brand name: Motrin), naproxen (brand name: Aleve), ketoprofen (brand names: Actron, Orudis KT) and some prescription drugs for arthritis.

How can my doctor tell if I have an ulcer?

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and may start you on some medicine before doing tests. This is because ulcers usually feel better within a week or so of treatment. You may not need tests if you're getting better.

If you don't get better, your doctor may do an endoscopy or a special X-ray to study your digestive tract. During an endoscopy, your doctor looks into your stomach through a thin tube. He or she may take a biopsy (a sample of the stomach lining) to test for H. pylori. Blood and breath tests can also be used to test for H. pylori.

Possible signs of an ulcer

Feel better when you eat or drink and then worse 1 or 2 hours later (duodenal ulcer)
Feel worse when you eat or drink (gastric ulcer)
Stomach pain that wakes you up at night
Feel full fast
Heavy feeling, bloating, burning or dull pain in your stomach
Vomiting
Unexpected weight loss

How can ulcers be treated?

One way to treat ulcers is to get rid of the H. pylori bacteria. Treatment may also be aimed at lowering the amount of acid that your stomach makes, neutralizing the acid and protecting the injured area so it can heal. It's also very important to stop doing things, such as smoking and drinking alcohol, that damage the lining of your digestive tract.

What is triple therapy?

Triple therapy is a treatment to eliminate H. pylori. It is a combination of 2 antibiotics and bismuth subsalicylate (one brand name: Pepto-Bismol). Other combinations may also be effective. This treatment may be used with medicine that reduces the amount of acid your stomach makes.

What about other medicines?

Several other medicines can be used to help treat ulcers. Two types of medicines (H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors) reduce the amount of acid that your stomach makes. They usually help people start to feel better within 3 days.

Antacids neutralize acid that the stomach makes. A medicine called sucralfate coats the ulcer to protect it from the acid so it has time to heal.

Another medicine, misoprostol, reduces the amount of acid and protects the lining of the stomach. It is usually used to prevent gastric ulcers in people who need to take anti-inflammatory drugs and who have had stomach irritation or ulcers in the past.

How long will I have to take medicine?

Treatment to get rid of H. pylori usually takes about 2 to 3 weeks. Your doctor may want you to take medicine that lowers the stomach acid for up to 8 weeks. Most ulcers heal within this time.

If your symptoms come back after you stop taking medicine, your doctor may want you to take a different medicine or take a low dose of medicine even when you're not having symptoms to keep the ulcer from coming back.

Tips on healing your ulcer

Don't smoke.
Avoid anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
Avoid caffeine and alcohol (or have them only in small amounts and on a full stomach).
Avoid spicy foods if they cause heartburn.

Does what I eat affect my ulcer?

It may. But this isn't true for everyone. Certain foods and drinks may be more likely to make your pain worse. These include both regular and decaffeinated coffee, tea, chocolate, meat extracts, alcohol, black pepper, chili powder, mustard seed and nutmeg. You may want to avoid these things if they bother you. But keep your diet balanced. Try eating small, frequent meals when you're having pain.

Are ulcers serious?

Most people with ulcers just have stomach pain. Some people don’t have any symptoms at all. But ulcers may cause other health problems. Sometimes they bleed. If the ulcers become too deep, they can break through the stomach. This is called perforation. Ulcers can block food from going through the stomach (called obstruction). This causes nausea, vomiting and weight loss. Get help right away if you have any of the warning signs in the box below.

Warning signs that your ulcer is getting worse

You vomit blood.
You vomit food eaten hours or days before.
You feel cold or clammy.
You feel unusually weak or dizzy.
You have blood in your stools (blood may make your stools look black or like tar).
You have ongoing nausea or repeated vomiting.
You have sudden, severe pain.
You keep losing weight.
Your pain doesn't go away when you take your medicine.
Your pain reaches to your back.

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