<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302</id><updated>2024-09-11T10:56:49.888-06:00</updated><category term="robotica"/><category term="Mecanica"/><category term="computación"/><category term="Microcontroladores"/><category term="electronica digital"/><category term="S.O."/><category term="automatizar"/><category term="control"/><category term="electronica analogica 3"/><category term="energía libre"/><category term="gadget"/><category term="hidráulica"/><category term="interfase"/><category term="novedades"/><category term="plc"/><category term="simuladores"/><title type='text'>Grupo Ingenieros Mexico</title><subtitle type='html'>Este blog esta dirigido a estudiantes en ing. y egresados. Que guste de compartir información sobre sus carreras</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>16</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-3139966371267771541</id><published>2012-04-12T13:00:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2012-04-12T13:01:01.379-05:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="computación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="electronica digital"/><title type='text'>control de corrimiento de salidas lógicas</title><content type='html'>Anteriormente&amp;nbsp;había&amp;nbsp;publicado un ensaño sobre los motores a pasos, si recuerdan esa&amp;nbsp;publicación&amp;nbsp;recordaran que se controlan&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;través&amp;nbsp;de un corrimiento de salidas&amp;nbsp;lógicas, bueno&amp;nbsp;aquí&amp;nbsp;les dejo un proyecto&amp;nbsp;hice&amp;nbsp;sobre eso. como pueden ver es la mismo&amp;nbsp;aplicación&amp;nbsp;de control de motores a pasos&amp;nbsp;aquí&amp;nbsp;esta el&amp;nbsp;vídeo&amp;nbsp;gracias por su&amp;nbsp;atención&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/3139966371267771541/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/04/control-de-corrimiento-de-salidas.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/3139966371267771541'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/3139966371267771541'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/04/control-de-corrimiento-de-salidas.html' title='control de corrimiento de salidas lógicas'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-1134386815504750929</id><published>2012-02-18T17:31:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2012-02-21T12:17:52.512-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gadget"/><title type='text'>Ipad Mini, con un costo de 299 dolares, podría acabar con su competencia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://cdn.alltouchtablet.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/mini-ipad.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;205&quot; src=&quot;http://cdn.alltouchtablet.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/mini-ipad.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Reseña basada en:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9224377/iPad_Mini_priced_at_299_would_crush_tablet_rivals_says_analyst&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.computerworld.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En el ultimo trimestre del 2011 las ventas del ipad 2 bajaron del 64% al 57%, debido al lanzamiento de otras tablets como&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Amazon&#39;s Kindle Fire, que tiene un precio de 200 dolares, y que tiene una pantalla de 7 pulgadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;debido ha esto apple podria lanzar ala venta en este año la ya esperada ipad mini con un precio de 299&amp;nbsp;dolares, con una pantalla de 8 pulgadas (7.85 pulgadas), y con una memoria de 8gb.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;Rhoda Alexander la gerente de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;tablet and monitor research del&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;IHS iSuppli, dice tener un proyecto solido y se espera que el lanzamiento se a finales de este año. otro probable costo es 349 dolares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;otra cosa que señalo es que:&amp;nbsp;según&amp;nbsp; lo compradores &quot;el ipad actual es muy grande&quot;,&amp;nbsp;también&amp;nbsp;dijo: &quot;muchos de ellos&amp;nbsp;preferían&amp;nbsp;tener vais ipads en su casa&quot;.&amp;nbsp;también&amp;nbsp;ha dicho que lanzara al mismo tiempo el ipad 3, para retener a los que les guste el tamaño actual del ipad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/1134386815504750929/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/ipad-mini-con-un-costo-de-299-dolares.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/1134386815504750929'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/1134386815504750929'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/ipad-mini-con-un-costo-de-299-dolares.html' title='Ipad Mini, con un costo de 299 dolares, podría acabar con su competencia'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-7728401093647447024</id><published>2012-02-17T21:24:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2012-02-17T21:24:14.007-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="computación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="novedades"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="S.O."/><title type='text'>Revelan el nuevo logotipo de Windows 8</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2012/02/windows-8-logo.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;122&quot; src=&quot;http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2012/02/windows-8-logo.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;post_title&quot; itemprop=&quot;name headline&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05em; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;Microsoft&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05em; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ha echo un&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05em; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;montón&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05em; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;de cambios con su nuevo sistema operativo, a hora&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;también&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05em; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;lo hace con su logotipo (dejando de lado el logotipo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;clásico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05em; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;de bandera). como lo ha explicado sam moreau en el blog oficial de Microsoft, el logotipo fue echo con la ayuda de la agencia de publicidad Pentagram (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;siniestro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05em; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;jaja), que se plantea una pregunta al comienzo del proyecto, &quot;si se llaman&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;Windows (ventana en español), por que su logotipo es una bandera?&quot;, esta&amp;nbsp;discusión&amp;nbsp;llevo eventualmente a la ventana de cuatro paneles que se ve arriba, que parece mas una venta que &amp;nbsp;sus predecesores, es&amp;nbsp;obvio&amp;nbsp;que la&amp;nbsp;compañía&amp;nbsp;hace eco de su nuevo lenguaje de diseño &quot;Metro&quot;. Microsoft&amp;nbsp;también&amp;nbsp;hace notar que el logotipo es &quot;autentica mente&amp;nbsp;digital &quot;, y dice que le&amp;nbsp;dará&amp;nbsp;la bienvenida haciendo una ligera&amp;nbsp;inclinación&amp;nbsp;de el color de su escritorio.&amp;nbsp;aquí&amp;nbsp;se tiene el&amp;nbsp;logotipo&amp;nbsp;un poco mas grande&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2012/02/windows-8-logo-big.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;67&quot; src=&quot;http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2012/02/windows-8-logo-big.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;también&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;los invito a que visiten estas dos paginas, la de el blog oficial de windows, y la de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;engadget, que me mantienen informado sobre lo nuevo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/17/microsoft-reveals-windows-8s-new-logo-it-s-a-window-not-a-fl/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.engadget.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://windowsteamblog.com/windows/b/bloggingwindows/archive/2012/02/17/redesigning-the-windows-logo.aspx?utm_source=twitterfeed&amp;amp;utm_medium=twitter&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;windowsteamblog.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/7728401093647447024/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/revelan-el-nuevo-logotipo-de-windows-8.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/7728401093647447024'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/7728401093647447024'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/revelan-el-nuevo-logotipo-de-windows-8.html' title='Revelan el nuevo logotipo de Windows 8'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-1073926366650045170</id><published>2012-02-17T13:05:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2012-02-17T13:05:44.493-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="automatizar"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plc"/><title type='text'>PLC</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
aquí&amp;nbsp;les dejo un pequeño curso de PLC&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/zlsJxSK8tPE?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1661568542&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1661568543&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/1073926366650045170/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/plc.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/1073926366650045170'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/1073926366650045170'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/plc.html' title='PLC'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-1445345130489575851</id><published>2012-02-06T22:02:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2012-02-06T22:02:34.130-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hidráulica"/><title type='text'>prensa hidráulica</title><content type='html'>Bueno lectores en este&amp;nbsp;semestre&amp;nbsp;estoy llevando la materia de hidro-neumática, y buscando en&amp;nbsp;Internet me encontre con este video que explica el principio de pascal. Espero les guste bye&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/yOtAiqx8j5E?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/1445345130489575851/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/prensa-hidraulica.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/1445345130489575851'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/1445345130489575851'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/prensa-hidraulica.html' title='prensa hidráulica'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-5438827448854492391</id><published>2012-02-05T16:43:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2012-02-05T16:43:45.552-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="computación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="control"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mecanica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Microcontroladores"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="robotica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="simuladores"/><title type='text'>control de servo motores</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Servo motores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Primer paso para construir un robot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDs3lNABhQVVJMeMQgy_1L3Ub9ZqhdjmSIZ7IiZlY4XeJT8BZQpd0G9ePSYQyOSKcUusnnrYXIXPEpAAxEG9SMspKuIhABTOlF7IFkVy10y9K5u1KictFBHsG9K2GrZCZOLuLj9X4oCxar/s1600/servomotores.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDs3lNABhQVVJMeMQgy_1L3Ub9ZqhdjmSIZ7IiZlY4XeJT8BZQpd0G9ePSYQyOSKcUusnnrYXIXPEpAAxEG9SMspKuIhABTOlF7IFkVy10y9K5u1KictFBHsG9K2GrZCZOLuLj9X4oCxar/s320/servomotores.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shapetype coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; o:preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; o:spt=&quot;75&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0&quot;&gt;  &lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; o:connecttype=&quot;rect&quot; o:extrusionok=&quot;f&quot;&gt;  &lt;o:lock aspectratio=&quot;t&quot; v:ext=&quot;edit&quot;&gt; &lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;http://at89c52proyect.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/servomotores.jpg&quot; id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_1&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 190.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 425.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;servomotores&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Como lo prometido es deuda, voy a tocar el tema de los servo motores, dedique todas mis vacaciones escolares a investigar y desarrollar un control de servo motores asistido por computadora. Este proyecto está programado en lenguaje ensamblador, para el núcleo de AVR de la marca ATMEL, y una aplicación de Windows.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Antes de entrar al control tenemos que ver un poco de servo motores, este tipo de motor sirve para tener control&amp;nbsp; de pociones precisas (claro todo depende de la marca y modelo), a través de una interface de un solo alambre, además de sus respectivos alambres de alimentación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Todos los motores miden las posiciones por ángulos, la posición neutro se le asigna el valor de 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;⁰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;, si movemos el motor hacia la derecha son ángulos positivos y si lo movemos hacia la izquierda son ángulos negativos, los servo motores más comerciales solo tienen movimiento en 180 grados, esto significa que tenemos ángulos dese -90 hasta +90.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2XD9RdDGUSeGdN0jM-F2cHHTB6p0PTOw2T8eyYDGH_28BCUFXdW41a678UpSG9YH0aRFU6OgMKpMfb1NrPOytdwzlUjeZbA5aNfx7765sF27XkzO4vim_YaeqbGRpAfX3njlf_jpevPyp/s1600/Image26924.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;296&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2XD9RdDGUSeGdN0jM-F2cHHTB6p0PTOw2T8eyYDGH_28BCUFXdW41a678UpSG9YH0aRFU6OgMKpMfb1NrPOytdwzlUjeZbA5aNfx7765sF27XkzO4vim_YaeqbGRpAfX3njlf_jpevPyp/s320/Image26924.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;http://usuarios.multimania.es/sparta/hpbimg/SERVO4.JPG&quot; id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_7&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 253.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 317.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;SERVO4&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;La terminal de señal (por lo general un alambre blanco o amarillo) se utiliza para mandar el valor del ángulo deseado. Pero cómo? Los servos motores utilizan, como método de comunicación, un protocolo llamado PCM. PCM es una adaptación de lo que conocemos PWM, pero se utiliza para mandar señales digitales (a diferencia de PWM que representa valores analógicos). El servo motor internamente contiene un convertidor de frecuencia a voltaje, este voltaje es el que se utiliza para obtener el valor de la posición, que después se pasa a un control analógico de posición que, con ayuda de un potenciómetro, ubica el motor en el ángulo deseado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcFrB4UebhDoiZOJDrVjtU031kbxv_XGJ47EhxO8H47c2rI1Lik3C-Tl2g4vPZam9E9XN2QxUMig7O1LfyhmQ-0wh53vD2k9aPRcrO6uVtirjdA9ilxH_IPbg6M3Hh9PobtExm2JbY1aXX/s1600/servo1.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcFrB4UebhDoiZOJDrVjtU031kbxv_XGJ47EhxO8H47c2rI1Lik3C-Tl2g4vPZam9E9XN2QxUMig7O1LfyhmQ-0wh53vD2k9aPRcrO6uVtirjdA9ilxH_IPbg6M3Hh9PobtExm2JbY1aXX/s320/servo1.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;http://www.info-ab.uclm.es/labelec/solar/electronica/elementos/servomotores/servo1.gif&quot; id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_4&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 243pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 356.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;servo1&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Entonces variando el valor del ancho de pulsos podemos variar el valor del ángulo. Pero a cuánto y en qué proporción? Para este tipo de servo motor el tiempo T es de 200 ms, si alguna vez han trabajado con PWM se darán cuenta que: es mucho tiempo (hablando en cuestión de micro controladores, jajá no soy flash) con un cristal decente, de 8Mhz sería una eternidad&amp;nbsp; esperar a que se cumpla el tiempo, por eso utilizar subrutinas de retardo sería muy mala idea, por lo tanto he decido hacerlo por interrupciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Cómo?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Primero se configura un timer a un cierto tiempo de tal forma que se aproxime a un fracción de segundo, que sea de fácil manejo, también ese valor de tiempo se tiene que seleccionar con cuidado. Porque? Porque esa unida de tiempo también nos dará la resolución de pociones que va a manejar nuestro servomotor, entre más veces quepa este número en un ms, mas pociones manejamos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;A pesar de que el tiempo T es de 200ms, el ángulo de -90 es representado por 1 ms&amp;nbsp; y el ángulo de +90 está representado por 2 ms, esto significa que cualquier otra posición está representada por cualquier valor que nuestro control pueda adoptar dentro de este rango. Por ejemplo el ángulo de 0 grados, está representado por el valor de 1.5 ms (esto significa que nuestro control va estar en valor lógico 1 por 1.5 ms y los otros 198.5 ms se encontrara en valor lógico 0). Otro ejemplo si queremos un ángulo de +90 grados nuestro control dura 2 ms en valor lógico 1 y los otros 198ms está en valor lógico 0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE47oauayoEzxmXY2YQ6-WSosUTLEMrpKPI41A9QRC4n5YrZisSJYAAZm8Et6BZE2NPMzSbJ7TG7holTEN4Sj4BWOfL8uobItJtyeGT2h1ZrURvrMUEg2FczhtHsM6_gcLb5PoLSm6p9ak/s1600/servo_01.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;197&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE47oauayoEzxmXY2YQ6-WSosUTLEMrpKPI41A9QRC4n5YrZisSJYAAZm8Et6BZE2NPMzSbJ7TG7holTEN4Sj4BWOfL8uobItJtyeGT2h1ZrURvrMUEg2FczhtHsM6_gcLb5PoLSm6p9ak/s320/servo_01.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;http://www.ermicro.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/servo_01.jpg&quot; id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_10&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 262.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 425.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;servo_01&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Otra ventaja de usar un micro es la comunicación por puerto rs232, como todo el control va estar por interrupciones, no perdemos tiempo en la recepción. La ventaja de las interrupciones es que: tienes un mejor control de tiempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Lo único que nos falta es mandar un dato que represente un tiempo determinado, para eso desarrolle una aplicación de Windows que hace esta función. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;Ya sin más que decir les dejo un video que muestra una simulación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;object width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; class=&quot;BLOGGER-youtube-video&quot; classid=&quot;clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000&quot; codebase=&quot;http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;http://i.ytimg.com/vi/-v_rww1Yh7U/0.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/-v_rww1Yh7U?version=3&amp;f=user_uploads&amp;c=google-webdrive-0&amp;app=youtube_gdata&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;bgcolor&quot; value=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; /&gt;&lt;embed width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot;  src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/-v_rww1Yh7U?version=3&amp;f=user_uploads&amp;c=google-webdrive-0&amp;app=youtube_gdata&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;si a alguien le interesa los&amp;nbsp;códigos&amp;nbsp;y cosas por el estilo comente y los subo bueno eso es todo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;gracias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/5438827448854492391/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/control-de-servo-motores.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/5438827448854492391'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/5438827448854492391'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2012/02/control-de-servo-motores.html' title='control de servo motores'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDs3lNABhQVVJMeMQgy_1L3Ub9ZqhdjmSIZ7IiZlY4XeJT8BZQpd0G9ePSYQyOSKcUusnnrYXIXPEpAAxEG9SMspKuIhABTOlF7IFkVy10y9K5u1KictFBHsG9K2GrZCZOLuLj9X4oCxar/s72-c/servomotores.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-2720207750577576478</id><published>2011-12-12T19:40:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2011-12-12T19:55:49.829-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="interfase"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mecanica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Microcontroladores"/><title type='text'>motores PaP</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;MOT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;ORES PASO A PASO O MOTORES PaP&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.micropik.com/images/mt55si25d.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.micropik.com/images/mt55si25d.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A diferencia de los motores de corriente directa, que se arrancan a todo lo que da apenas se aplica un voltaje, los motores PaP solo se mueven un cierto Angulo. Los motores de corriente continuo solo cuentan con dos terminales mientras los PaP cuentan con 4,5, o 6 según sea su tipo y número de posiciones. Los motores PaP pueden quedarse en una posición, lo que es una ventaja cuando necitas hacer control por posición (ejemplo: orientar un panel solar hacia el sol, o el acimut de una antena parabólica)&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Los motores PaP pueden ser encontrados en impresora antiguas, disqueteras, o lectores de CD. Son relativamente fáciles de controlar (solo se alimentan la terminal del ángulo de movimiento), a diferencia de los servo motores (después hablare sobre ellos), que necitas mandar señal por pcm&amp;nbsp; o pwm, que es algo gorros, pero más práctico. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El ángulo de giro o paso puede ser muy variado desde 90 grados hasta .72 grados, para que el motor gire estos grados es necesario aplicar un pulso en una de sus terminales. Un motor de 90 grados por paso necesitaría 4 pulsos para un giro completo, mientras que uno de 1.8 necesita 200 pulsos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Hay dos tipos de motores PaP unipolares y bipolares. Los unipolares constan de dos bobinas independientes, mientras que los bipolares al parecer tienen 4 bobinas pero en realidad siguen siendo dos pero son dos bobinas con derivación central.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdz44sWHvnE0LZXwaTe06AQU9WCkNDH98yPcIqnM16lcve54e3IT0ZTw03ukgiQpZjFQwhmyZMr-98ycJ2yFaRRsv2SlfYCjRIS1D6sQXDk-iO_LvkWL070UgWBZuLV1Ux9HkvNJzQBLYo/s1600/motores+pap.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;201&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdz44sWHvnE0LZXwaTe06AQU9WCkNDH98yPcIqnM16lcve54e3IT0ZTw03ukgiQpZjFQwhmyZMr-98ycJ2yFaRRsv2SlfYCjRIS1D6sQXDk-iO_LvkWL070UgWBZuLV1Ux9HkvNJzQBLYo/s320/motores+pap.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Control de motores PaP Bipolares&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El control de una secuencia ordenada de un motor bipolar, es cambiando la polaridad de las bobinas en una determinada forma para obtener un giro completo, a continuación les muestro una tabla que explica esta secuencia con señales binarias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;N. de paso&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1b&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2b&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Esta tabla corresponde al diagrama de arriba.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Para controlar este motor se necesita un circuito para generar esta secuencia, puede hacerse con un microcontrolador, la PC, o una maquina secuencial, etc. Esto depende de su imaginación. Como cualquiera de estas opciones nos da una corriente baja, tenemos que utilizar un driver, para esto se utiliza el circuito integrado &lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;&quot;&gt;L293B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;&quot;&gt;, para utilizarlo se arma el siguiente circuito.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-sPQN0WJ1zOaZj6Ajn4ene61eITHb2Qr9JndXZwo0E8uXJHg1lzYhHtkhoNEf9q6PqS_1E24rQmGp0RV_4aNw9lmmlXgBcOfx9mh8wyI11sPnBlSBmmL5vQLJTtKVID6_fHDbio0Di3el/s1600/driver.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;226&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-sPQN0WJ1zOaZj6Ajn4ene61eITHb2Qr9JndXZwo0E8uXJHg1lzYhHtkhoNEf9q6PqS_1E24rQmGp0RV_4aNw9lmmlXgBcOfx9mh8wyI11sPnBlSBmmL5vQLJTtKVID6_fHDbio0Di3el/s320/driver.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A pesar de que conozco su funcionamiento jamás he utilizado uno de estos motores. En caso de no consigan el driver pueden hacerlo con transistores un compañero en clases lo hiso y funciono muy bien.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Control de motores PaP Bipolares&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A comparación de los anteriores estos son más fáciles de usar (es en serio), en este caso solamente prendemos y apagamos las terminales del circuito en secuencia. También como en el anterior hay que utilizar un driver el uln2803 o uln2003 o cualquier arreglo de transistores de Darlington, otra ventaja de este motor es que este driver es más económico que el &lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;&quot;&gt;L293B aquí la configuración de este circuito integrado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK822KK7fR1k5ieUpa8jape3vG1lqw9yKi1sKK3Dwn9O5ED_TvKPXDXAgsTaZ22OoMpaCXWMv2B0mmYPGxFj9j02q96g5Ay-3WBUb7AQu88uJioFzbrfreIAybCt7U8zT6BtT9me_olMHF/s1600/driver2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK822KK7fR1k5ieUpa8jape3vG1lqw9yKi1sKK3Dwn9O5ED_TvKPXDXAgsTaZ22OoMpaCXWMv2B0mmYPGxFj9j02q96g5Ay-3WBUb7AQu88uJioFzbrfreIAybCt7U8zT6BtT9me_olMHF/s320/driver2.png&quot; width=&quot;169&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El cable COM del motor se manda a luz, esto significa que las terminales se encienden con un 0, pero como este driver ya incluye un inversor, hay que encenderlo con unos. Aquí el circuito de conexión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj32b-tdIs3Sf33010DQCn53C4ytJz8P8e4LgOBJXuvpAuC0pTs7VWfJt277N_gREzgR-eprLqQhkr5_Ct4eYidPBBp8zlFAr_e6drOiiP_1DM0I665vaA1ESZNw1-N-tbpAcYKocXX6gKA/s1600/circuito.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;157&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj32b-tdIs3Sf33010DQCn53C4ytJz8P8e4LgOBJXuvpAuC0pTs7VWfJt277N_gREzgR-eprLqQhkr5_Ct4eYidPBBp8zlFAr_e6drOiiP_1DM0I665vaA1ESZNw1-N-tbpAcYKocXX6gKA/s320/circuito.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Los diodos del circuito se emplean para proteger el circuito de control y le agregamos un diodo zener para proteger el integrado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Al igual que el anterior hay que encender las terminales en una secuencia y en general hay tres secuencias de control. La más simple cumple con el trabajo, pero debido a que no se activan y se desactivan las bobinas una atrás de la otra el motor pierde fuerza aquí están:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;N. de paso&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1b&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Como ya lo mencione el motor pierde fuerza con esta secuencia, por eso la más recomendable es la siguiente, pero gasta más corriente y el motor es algo brusco, aquí se los dejo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;N. de paso&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1b&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;La siguiente secuencia es mi favorita porque tienes más resolución de giro, de hecho el doble. Y tienes más fuerza y el giro es más fluido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;N. de paso&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1b&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso6&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.55pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paso8&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Antes de que te lances a hacer tu control tienes que tener en cuenta que el motor tiene un tiempo determinado de velocidad, si lo superas el motor o se traba o se vuelve loco.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Bueno y para terminar les dejo un proyectito que entregue en la materia de programación 2 aquí el video y unas fotos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjytBqakNfQas0wwLDccU2wpxNZRMIgbk-iq5Rx9T5cxRn91v26CvAxxjoZXcEJw_4Na3gP7QsM4ToiSCPpp3jdwsGmTsxyZk2Fy5q-bHEHenZ7PwQiCCRqpYBS3ZnHgYTaA4A1zC0s59BH/s1600/SPM_A0027.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjytBqakNfQas0wwLDccU2wpxNZRMIgbk-iq5Rx9T5cxRn91v26CvAxxjoZXcEJw_4Na3gP7QsM4ToiSCPpp3jdwsGmTsxyZk2Fy5q-bHEHenZ7PwQiCCRqpYBS3ZnHgYTaA4A1zC0s59BH/s1600/SPM_A0027.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBrD23pwLZ1cCxSHb82xfvwOMXCAvBwWlrfkZouhFeIosj7O6J6FWdQxa7XyJGtCWgsCW9fWtYz5gQrwbE7LB-mBprlcIvWr21Bud_kDjzyOx3apuJsVE9c5Mtso1Jhnhs8DNXlW3PY-zx/s1600/SPM_A0028.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBrD23pwLZ1cCxSHb82xfvwOMXCAvBwWlrfkZouhFeIosj7O6J6FWdQxa7XyJGtCWgsCW9fWtYz5gQrwbE7LB-mBprlcIvWr21Bud_kDjzyOx3apuJsVE9c5Mtso1Jhnhs8DNXlW3PY-zx/s1600/SPM_A0028.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGnVpALj1i0fR1G4e5k-eV6vwBfhn5pvdJA1fbzK7qO42MjhwwcM-vdOTPhwOynerGuQfb45_ZbcV6VXU-XaUzJ2LdIJO1vKoO5zI_9JgsrKq2gq9d6rfBC2cxdodKwhUSKXL8-Nsdu0-n/s1600/SPM_A0032.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGnVpALj1i0fR1G4e5k-eV6vwBfhn5pvdJA1fbzK7qO42MjhwwcM-vdOTPhwOynerGuQfb45_ZbcV6VXU-XaUzJ2LdIJO1vKoO5zI_9JgsrKq2gq9d6rfBC2cxdodKwhUSKXL8-Nsdu0-n/s1600/SPM_A0032.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;object class=&quot;BLOGGER-youtube-video&quot; classid=&quot;clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000&quot; codebase=&quot;http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;http://i.ytimg.com/vi/_uGxWdwdfJs/0.jpg&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/_uGxWdwdfJs?version=3&amp;f=user_uploads&amp;c=google-webdrive-0&amp;app=youtube_gdata&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;bgcolor&quot; value=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; /&gt;&lt;embed width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot;  src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/_uGxWdwdfJs?version=3&amp;f=user_uploads&amp;c=google-webdrive-0&amp;app=youtube_gdata&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Bueno esta simulado por que el fisco hace mucho que lo des arme pero funciona si alguien le interesa deje un comentario y yo posteo los códigos y los ejecutables para el micro y la computadora bueno es todo y gracias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/2720207750577576478/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/motores-pap.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/2720207750577576478'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/2720207750577576478'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/motores-pap.html' title='motores PaP'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdz44sWHvnE0LZXwaTe06AQU9WCkNDH98yPcIqnM16lcve54e3IT0ZTw03ukgiQpZjFQwhmyZMr-98ycJ2yFaRRsv2SlfYCjRIS1D6sQXDk-iO_LvkWL070UgWBZuLV1Ux9HkvNJzQBLYo/s72-c/motores+pap.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-7643626630676614909</id><published>2011-12-11T23:06:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2011-12-11T23:06:06.599-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="robotica"/><title type='text'>Robots Cocineros</title><content type='html'>Ya aprendieron a hacer palomitas!!!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/bots_kitchen-1323401780438.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/bots_kitchen-1323401780438.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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James y Rosie, una pareja de robot de la universidad de Munich, ya conocidos por sus panqueques y salchichas de desayuno, han expandido sus conocimientos a palomitas y&amp;nbsp;sándwiches&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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Hay que destacar que ninguno de estos pasos fueron programados, si no que estos robots fueron instruidos, y comprendieron lo que&amp;nbsp;tenían&amp;nbsp;que hacer paso a paso, y en un momento dado interrumpir estos pasos, por ejemplo el robot de las palomitas se le dijo que tenia que prender la estufa y localizo la perilla de la estufa y la&amp;nbsp;encendió,&amp;nbsp;todo esto a&amp;nbsp;través&amp;nbsp;de un sistema de&amp;nbsp;navegación.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/DTaeWITW1kI?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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por que esta&amp;nbsp;investigación&amp;nbsp;es tan&amp;nbsp;importante?&lt;br /&gt;
, por que uno no quiere que el robot le pregunte a cada rato una&amp;nbsp;instrucción&amp;nbsp; lo ideal seria decir al robot: &quot;has me&amp;nbsp;un&amp;nbsp;sándwich&quot;&amp;nbsp;o &quot;limpia la casa&quot;. y que el robot haga todo esto de forma&amp;nbsp;autónoma&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;object width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; class=&quot;BLOGGER-youtube-video&quot; classid=&quot;clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000&quot; codebase=&quot;http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;http://1.gvt0.com/vi/_SIUCrmE8J0/0.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/_SIUCrmE8J0&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;bgcolor&quot; value=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; /&gt;&lt;embed width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;266&quot;  src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/_SIUCrmE8J0&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;les dejo la&amp;nbsp;fuente&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/kitchen-robots-graduate-from-pancakes-to-popcorn-sandwiches&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;spectrum.ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/7643626630676614909/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/robots-cocineros.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/7643626630676614909'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/7643626630676614909'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/robots-cocineros.html' title='Robots Cocineros'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-2287796931401014699</id><published>2011-12-09T00:03:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2011-12-09T00:11:03.982-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="electronica digital"/><title type='text'>Computadora echa de relevadores.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Si creen que leyeron mal, están equivocados, escribe una computadora hecha con relevadores &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neoteo.com/images/Cache/BED9x590y590.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;http://www.neoteo.com/images/Cache/BED9x590y590.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Harry Porter científico del Computer Science Departament de la Portland State University se ha encargado de la construcción exitosa de una computadora, no basada en componentes electrónicos, sino más bien en componentes algo pasados de moda (relevadores, interruptores y resistencias).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neoteo.com/images/Cache/BEDAx590y590.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;http://www.neoteo.com/images/Cache/BEDAx590y590.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Con todos los documentos de electrónica disponibles y con la facilidad de conseguir algunos componentes, cualquier aficionado de la electrónica es capaz de crear una pequeña computadora y no me refiero a comprar las tarjetas y atornillarla a una carcasa, si no a construir una pequeña unidad de procesamiento a través de transistores, compuertas lógicas y circuitos integrados dedicados. Pero este científico logro llevar este hobby a otro nivel &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neoteo.com/images/Cache/BEDBx590y590.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;249&quot; src=&quot;http://www.neoteo.com/images/Cache/BEDBx590y590.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Los relevadores son interruptores controlados, que constan de una bobina y un contacto que se acciona al generarse un campo electromagnético en la bobina (o desactivarse en los normalmente cerrados), este dispositivo seria una versión mecánica de un transistor que pasa de saturación a corte, esta comparación nos permite imaginarnos algunas compuertas lógicas como las que estamos acostumbrados a usar en los circuitos integrados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neoteo.com/images/Cache/BEDCx590y590.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;http://www.neoteo.com/images/Cache/BEDCx590y590.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Este científico uso 415 relevadores con cuatro contactos inversores. Además para cargar datos, direcciones de memoria y otras tareas relacionadas con las operaciones se utilizaron 111 contactos. Además de utiliza 350 led distribuidos en grandes paneles, Que ayudan a determinar que se está procesando en cada momento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/n3wPBcmSb2U?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Esta pequeña calculadora monstro con una buena cantidad de bobinas, leds, consume un total de 160 watts. El creador de esta calculadorcita a publicado los diagramas y manuales, para que si tienes suficiente dinero, tiempo de vida r interés te lances a esta aventurilla. Les dejo su pagina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~harry/Relay/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~harry/Relay/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/2287796931401014699/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/computadora-echa-de-relevadores.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/2287796931401014699'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/2287796931401014699'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/computadora-echa-de-relevadores.html' title='Computadora echa de relevadores.'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-819469522018696897</id><published>2011-12-06T21:58:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2011-12-06T21:59:58.274-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="robotica"/><title type='text'>sabes quien es Mex-one?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;alguien se imagina a un terminator mexicano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;pues vean esta reseña&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://grupogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/mex-one-robot-0707.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;249&quot; src=&quot;http://grupogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/mex-one-robot-0707.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Un equipo de investigadores mexicanos&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Cinvestav&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;) unidad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;Guadalajara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;del Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Ciencias Computacionales, encabezado po&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;r el investigador&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;Eduardo Bayro, han creado el prototipo mas avanzado de su tipo en iberoamerica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;Entre las acciones que puede realizar este robot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;, está el poder seguir objetos con la mirada y calcular su posición en el espacio tridimensional, mantenerse de pie, caminar en linea recta y patear una pelota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;el prototipo de 1.05 metros y un peso de 15 kg&amp;nbsp;podría&amp;nbsp;realizar actividades domesticas, culturales como ser guia de un museo y hasta cuidados&amp;nbsp;médicos&amp;nbsp;como&amp;nbsp;asistente&amp;nbsp;en un hospital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;con una inversion de 100 mil dolares es mas barato que otros androides de su tipo, se le compara con asimo de honda cuyo costo supero los 1.3 millones de dolares en sus primeros prototipos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;por todo esto es considerado una de las mas grandes aportaciones del cinvestav al mundo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;bueno les dejo de aburrir y pongo el video.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/bFzFeqSokmI?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/819469522018696897/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/sabes-quien-es-mex-one.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/819469522018696897'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/819469522018696897'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/sabes-quien-es-mex-one.html' title='sabes quien es Mex-one?'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-6565275060323797695</id><published>2011-12-04T18:19:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2011-12-04T18:25:05.129-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="robotica"/><title type='text'>Mira un grupo de robots voladores hacer un edificio de 6 metros</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Robots arquitectos?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/flying%20robots%20building%20tower-1322840307586.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;244&quot; src=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/flying%20robots%20building%20tower-1322840307586.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/flying%20robots%20building%20tower-1322840307586.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Vamos a empezar este post haciendonos una pregunta:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Que pasa cuando un grupo de&amp;nbsp;científicos&amp;nbsp;de&amp;nbsp;robotica&amp;nbsp;y un grupo de arquitectos se&amp;nbsp;reúnen&amp;nbsp;en una&amp;nbsp;galería?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;piénsenlo&amp;nbsp;5 minutos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;mmm............................................&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;....................................................&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;bueno si ya lo pensaron y no encontraron una respuesta vean este&amp;nbsp;vídeo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/JnkMyfQ5YfY?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ok y como funciona esto?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;primero los robot toman un bloque de fomi de un dispensador especial de bloques. en seguida el robot&amp;nbsp;recibe&amp;nbsp;las&amp;nbsp;coordenadas&amp;nbsp;donde se debe ubicar el bloque, la&amp;nbsp;ubicación&amp;nbsp;se&amp;nbsp;consigue&amp;nbsp;de una&amp;nbsp;impresión&amp;nbsp;digital detallada (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;blueprint) de la torre. entonces&amp;nbsp;comienza&amp;nbsp;el vuelo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/DSC_0513s-1322849126320.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;211&quot; src=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/DSC_0513s-1322849126320.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/DSC_0401-1322849114698.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/DSC_0401-1322849114698.JPG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;los robot vuelan&amp;nbsp;automáticamente, pero descuiden&amp;nbsp;reciben&amp;nbsp;ayuda del lugar: la&amp;nbsp;galería&amp;nbsp;fue equipada con un sistema de captura de&amp;nbsp;movimiento. una computadora usa la&amp;nbsp;información&amp;nbsp;visual para ubicar las coordenadas del siguiente bloque y mantiene a los cuadracoperos en buen camino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/DSC_0012s-1322846483023.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/img/DSC_0012s-1322846483023.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;siempre hay 6 robots en vuelo. pero que pasa si uno se queda sin&amp;nbsp;batería? el robot se coloca en un cargador&amp;nbsp;espacial&amp;nbsp;y otro robot toma su lugar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #444444; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;este post es solo una reseña&amp;nbsp;mía&amp;nbsp;pero les dejo la pagina original&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/diy/video-watch-flying-robots-build-a-6-meter-tower&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;spectrum.ieee.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/6565275060323797695/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/mira-un-grupo-de-robots-voladores-hacer.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/6565275060323797695'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/6565275060323797695'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/12/mira-un-grupo-de-robots-voladores-hacer.html' title='Mira un grupo de robots voladores hacer un edificio de 6 metros'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-6007484769037716705</id><published>2011-11-25T10:16:00.001-06:00</published><updated>2011-11-25T10:16:56.653-06:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mecanica"/><title type='text'>Encoder optico</title><content type='html'>bueno&amp;nbsp;después&amp;nbsp;de tato tiempo vuelvo a postear algo a este blog, creo que estado ocupado, bueno hoy les dejo algo sobre encoder opticos si&amp;nbsp;algún&amp;nbsp;día&amp;nbsp;llegan atrabajar con motores&amp;nbsp;tal vez&amp;nbsp;les sea&amp;nbsp;útil&amp;nbsp;conocer algo sobre esto.&lt;br /&gt;
nos vemos&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codificador_rotatorio&quot;&gt;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codificador_rotatorio&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/6007484769037716705/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/11/encoder-optico.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/6007484769037716705'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/6007484769037716705'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/11/encoder-optico.html' title='Encoder optico'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-1937004243594338152</id><published>2011-08-14T20:58:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2011-08-14T20:58:02.607-05:00</updated><title type='text'>electronica de potencias</title><content type='html'>Bueno siguiendo las investigaciones de mi carrera les dejo un&amp;nbsp;vídeo&amp;nbsp;que explica el funcionamiento de un mosfet para los que tengan dudas, y los que sepan de este tema&amp;nbsp;ayúdenos&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;349&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/9JKj-wlEPMY&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/1937004243594338152/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/08/electronica-de-potencias.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/1937004243594338152'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/1937004243594338152'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/08/electronica-de-potencias.html' title='electronica de potencias'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/9JKj-wlEPMY/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-898069472670306301</id><published>2011-08-14T16:06:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2011-08-14T16:06:55.293-05:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="energía libre"/><title type='text'>energía libre</title><content type='html'>Apesar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;de que tesala y otros grandes&amp;nbsp;científicos&amp;nbsp;han logrado crear maquinas de&amp;nbsp;movimiento&amp;nbsp;perpetuo que &amp;nbsp;nosostros seguimos pagando por la&amp;nbsp;energía. dichas maquinas &amp;nbsp;consiguen generar mas&amp;nbsp;energía&amp;nbsp;de la que consumen, haciendo un arreglo de conversiones de&amp;nbsp;energía.&lt;br /&gt;
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Hoy les dejo un&amp;nbsp;vídeo&amp;nbsp;de hombre que ha logrado mucho en la &amp;nbsp;generación&amp;nbsp;de electricidad de la nada&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;349&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/mV34378Xqm4&quot; width=&quot;425&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/898069472670306301/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/08/energia-libre.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/898069472670306301'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/898069472670306301'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/08/energia-libre.html' title='energía libre'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/mV34378Xqm4/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-6874348231112529591</id><published>2011-08-12T21:46:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2011-08-12T23:43:21.936-05:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="electronica analogica 3"/><title type='text'>amplificadores operacionales</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo1&quot;&gt;he estado investigando algunos de los temas de las materias de nuestro&amp;nbsp;próximo&amp;nbsp;semestre, hoy les subo una&amp;nbsp;pequeña&amp;nbsp;investigación&amp;nbsp;del primer tema de&amp;nbsp;electrónica&amp;nbsp;analógica&amp;nbsp;3,&amp;nbsp;mírenlo&amp;nbsp;y comenten. no contiene problemas solo son conceptos&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656279&quot;&gt;1.-Circuito básico con amplificadores operacionales&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656280&quot;&gt;1.1 Conceptos&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;El amplificador operación es un amplificador de CC multietapa con entrada diferencial, cuyas características se aproximan a las de un amplificador ideal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656281&quot;&gt;Características ideales del amplificador operacional&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Resistencia de entrada infinita.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Resistencia de salida nula.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ganancia de tención infinita.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;d)&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Respuesta de frecuencia infinita (CC a infinito Hz).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;e)&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Insensibilidad a la temperatura (DRIFT nulo).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656282&quot;&gt;Simbología de opamp&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;A entrada inversora&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;B entrada no inversora &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Y salida&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shapetype coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; o:preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; o:spt=&quot;75&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0&quot;&gt;  &lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; o:connecttype=&quot;rect&quot; o:extrusionok=&quot;f&quot;&gt;  &lt;o:lock aspectratio=&quot;t&quot; v:ext=&quot;edit&quot;&gt; &lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1033&quot; style=&quot;height: 129.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 407.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.emz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656283&quot;&gt;Descripción de las patillas físicas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;En la realidad los opamp posen al menos ocho terminales tomando como ejemplo el amplificador &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 16.5pt; width: 33.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata chromakey=&quot;white&quot; o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;y el &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 16.5pt; width: 33.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata chromakey=&quot;white&quot; o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1032&quot; style=&quot;height: 177pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 254.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.emz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;1. y 5. Son destinados para el equilibrio del opamp (ajuste de tensión de offset)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;2. Entrada inversora&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;3. Entrada no inversora&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;4. Alimentación negativa &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;5. Alimentación positiva&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;6. Salida&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;7. No utilizado&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656284&quot;&gt;Concepto de tención offset de salida&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;El hecho que los transistores de entrada de la etapa diferencial de entrada de AOP no sean idénticos provoca un desequilibrio interno del que resulta en la salida, denominada tención offset de salida aun cuando las entradas estén puestas a tierra. Por este motivo, las patillas 1 y 5 están conectados a un potenciómetro y a la patilla 4. Esto permite eliminar la señal de error presente la salida por medio de un ajuste adecuado del potenciómetro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1031&quot; style=&quot;height: 207.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 212.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.emz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656285&quot;&gt;Ganancia de AOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;La siguiente figura muestra el símbolo de un amplificador genérico:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1030&quot; style=&quot;height: 87.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 297pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Definiremos los siguientes parámetros:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 16.5pt; width: 23.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata chromakey=&quot;white&quot; o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Señal de entrada&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 16.5pt; width: 24.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata chromakey=&quot;white&quot; o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Señal de salida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 16.5pt; width: 25.5pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata chromakey=&quot;white&quot; o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ganancia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; width: 41.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata chromakey=&quot;white&quot; o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;En decibelios tenemos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; width: 154.5pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata chromakey=&quot;white&quot; o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656286&quot;&gt;1.1.1 Estructura&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;A continuación se muestra un diagrama a bloques de un amplificador operacional&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 184.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 441pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Como podemos ver opamp constan de tres etapas:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Amplificador diferencial:&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;e&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;s la etapa de entrada que proporciona una baja amplificación del ruido y gran impedancia de entrada. Suelen tener una salida diferencial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Etapas de ganancia&amp;nbsp; adicionales:&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;proporciona una ganancia de tensión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Seguidor de emisor en contra fase:&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;proporciona la capacidad de suministrar la corriente necesaria, tiene una baja impedancia de salida y, usualmente, protección frente a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortocircuito&quot; title=&quot;Cortocircuito&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cortocircuitos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656287&quot;&gt;Etapa de entrada&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Sistema de corriente constante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Las condiciones de reposo de la etapa de entrada se fijan mediante una red de alimentación negativa de alta ganancia cuyos bloques principales son los dos&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;espejos de corriente&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;del lado izquierdo de la figura, delineados con rojo. El propósito principal de la realimentación negativa (suministrar una corriente estable a la etapa diferencial de entrada) se realiza como sigue.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;La corriente a través de la resistencia de 39 KΩ actúa como una referencia de corriente para las demás corrientes de polarización usadas en el integrado. La tensión sobre esta resistencia es igual a la tensión entre los bornes de alimentación (&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;V_{S\!+}-V_{S\!-}&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 13.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 61.5pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;!-}&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;) menos dos caídas de diodo de transistor (Q11 y Q12), por lo tanto la corriente es&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;I_{\text{ref}} = (V_{S\!+}-V_{S\!-}-2V_{be})/(39\text{ k}\Omega)&quot; id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_2&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 15.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 213pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;Omega)&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;. El espejo de corriente Widlar formado por Q10, Q11, y la resistencia de 5Kohm genera una pequeña fracción de I ref. en el colector de Q10. Esta pequeña corriente constante entregada por el colector de Q10 suministra las corrientes de base de Q3 y Q4, así como la corriente de colector de Q9. El espejo Q8/Q9 fuerza a la corriente de colector de Q9 a ser igual a la suma de las corrientes de colector de Q3 y Q4. Por lo tanto las corrientes de base de Q3 y Q4 combinadas (que son del mismo orden que las corrientes de entrada del integrado) serán una pequeña fracción de la ya pequeña corriente por Q10.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Entonces, si la etapa de entrada aumenta su corriente por alguna razón, el espejo de corriente Q8/Q9 tomará corriente de las bases de Q3 y Q4, reduciendo la corriente de la etapa de entrada, y viceversa. El lazo de realimentación además aísla el resto del circuito de señales de&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;modo común&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;al forzar la tensión de base de Q3/Q4 a seguir&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texhtml&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;2&lt;i&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;be&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;por debajo de la mayor de las dos tensiones de entrada.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Amplificador diferencial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;El bloque delineado con azul es un&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;amplificador diferencial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Q1 y Q2 son seguidores de emisor de entrada y junto con el par en base común Q3 y Q4 forman la etapa diferencial de entrada. Además, Q3 y Q4 actúan como desplazadores de nivel y proporcionan ganancia de tensión para controlar el amplificador clase A. También ayudan a mejorar la máxima tensión &lt;span class=&quot;texhtml&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Vbe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;inversa de los transistores de entrada (la tensión de ruptura de las junturas base-emisor de los transistores NPN Q1 y Q2 es de 7 V aproximadamente, mientras que los transistores PNP Q3 y Q4 tienen rupturas del orden de 50 V).&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;El amplificador diferencial formado por los cuatro transistores Q1-Q4 controlan un espejo de corriente como carga activa formada por los tres transistores Q5-Q7 (Q6 es la verdadera carga activa). Q7 aumenta la precisión del espejo al disminuir la fracción de corriente de señal tomada de Q3 para controlar las bases de Q5 y Q6. Esta configuración ofrece una conversión de diferencial a asimétrica de la siguiente forma:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;La señal de corriente por Q3 es la entrada del espejo de corriente mientras que su salida (el colector de Q6) se conecta al colector de Q4. Aquí las señales de corriente de Q3 y Q4 se suman. Para señales de entrada diferenciales, las señales de corriente de Q3 y Q4 son iguales y opuestas. Por tanto, la suma es el doble de las señales de corriente individuales. Así se completa la conversión de diferencial a modo asimétrico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;La tensión en vacío en este punto está dada por el producto de la suma de las señales de corriente y el paralelo de las resistencias de colector de Q4 y Q6. Como los colectores de Q4 y Q6 presentan resistencias dinámicas altas a la señal de corriente, la ganancia de tensión a circuito abierto de esta etapa es muy alta.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Nótese que la corriente de base de las entradas no es cero y la impedancia de entrada efectiva (diferencial) de un 741 es del orden de 2 MΩ. Las patas &quot;offsetnull&quot; pueden usarse para conectar resistencias externas en paralelo con las dos resistencias internas de 1 KΩ (generalmente los extremos de un potenciómetro) para balancear el espejo Q5/Q6 y así controlar indirectamente la salida del operacional cuando se aplica una señal igual a cero a las entradas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656288&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Etapa de ganancia clase A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El bloque delineado con&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta&quot; title=&quot;Magenta&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;magenta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;es la etapa de ganancia&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplificador_electr%C3%B3nico#Clase_A&quot; title=&quot;Amplificador electrónico&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;clase A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;. El espejo superior derecho Q12/Q13 carga esta etapa con una corriente constante, desde el colector de Q13, que es prácticamente independiente de la tensión de salida. La etapa consiste en dos transistores NPN en configuración&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_Darlington&quot; title=&quot;Transistor Darlington&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Darlington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;y utiliza la salida del espejo de corriente como carga activa de alta impedancia para obtener una elevada&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganancia_(electr%C3%B3nica)&quot; title=&quot;Ganancia (electrónica)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ganancia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;de tensión. El condensador de 30 pF ofrece una realimentación negativa selectiva en frecuencia a la etapa clase A como una forma de compensación en frecuencia para estabilizar el amplificador en configuraciones con realimentación. Esta técnica se llama compensación Miller y funciona de manera similar a un circuito&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplificador_operacional#Integrador_ideal&quot; title=&quot;Amplificador operacional&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;integrador&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;con amplificador operacional. También se la conoce como &quot;compensación por&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_(an%C3%A1lisis_complejo)&quot; title=&quot;Polo (análisis complejo)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;polo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;dominante&quot; porque introduce un polo dominante (uno que enmascara los efectos de otros polos) en la respuesta en frecuencia a lazo abierto. Este polo puede ser tan bajo como 10 Hz en un amplificador 741 e introduce una atenuación de -3 dB a esa frecuencia. Esta compensación interna se usa para garantizar la estabilidad incondicional del amplificador en configuraciones con realimentación negativa, en aquellos casos en que el lazo de realimentación no es reactivo y la ganancia de lazo cerrado es igual o mayor a&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno&quot; title=&quot;Uno&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;uno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;. De esta manera se simplifica el uso del amplificador operacional ya que no se requiere compensación externa para garantizar la estabilidad cuando la ganancia sea unitaria; los amplificadores sin red de compensación interna pueden necesitar compensación externa o ganancias de lazo significativamente mayores que uno.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656289&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Circuito de polarización de salida&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;El bloque delineado con verde (basado en Q16) es un desplazador de nivel de tensión (o multiplicador de&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texhtml&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Vbe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;); un tipo de&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuente_el%C3%A9ctrica#Fuentes_de_tensi.C3.B3n&quot; title=&quot;Fuente eléctrica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;fuente de tensión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. En el circuito se puede ver que Q16 suministra una caída de tensión constante entre colector y emisor independientemente de la corriente que lo atraviesa. Si la corriente de base del transistor es despreciable, y la tensión entre base y emisor (y a través de la resistencia de 7.5 kΩ) es 0.625 V (un valor típico para un BJT en la región activa), entonces la corriente que atraviesa la resistencia de 4.5 kΩ será la misma que atraviesa 7.5 kΩ, y generará una tensión de 0.375 V. Esto mantiene la caída de tensión en el transistor, y las dos resistencias en 0.625 + 0.375 = 1 V. Esto sirve para polarizar los dos transistores de salida ligeramente en condición reduciendo la distorsión &quot;crossover&quot;. En algunos amplificadores con componentes discretos esta función se logra con (generalmente dos en serie) diodos de silicio.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo4&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8840187118545600302&quot; name=&quot;_Toc295656290&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Etapa de salida&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;La etapa de salida (delineada con&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cian_(color)&quot; title=&quot;Cian (color)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;cian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) es un amplificador seguidor de emisor push-pull&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplificador_electr%C3%B3nico#Clase_AB&quot; title=&quot;Amplificador electrónico&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Clase AB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(Q14, Q20) cuya polarización está fijada por el multiplicador de&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texhtml&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Vbe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Q16 y sus dos resistencias de base. Esta etapa está controlada por los colectores de Q13 y Q19. Las variaciones en la polarización por temperatura, o entre componentes del mismo tipo son comunes, por lo tanto la distorsión &quot;crossover&quot; y la corriente de reposo puede sufrir variaciones. El rango de salida del amplificador es aproximadamente un voltio menos que la tensión de alimentación, debido en parte a la tensión&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texhtml&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Vbe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;de los transistores de salida Q14 y Q20.&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;La resistencia de 25 Ω en la etapa de salida censa la corriente para limitar la corriente que entrega el seguidor de emisor Q14 a unos 25 mA aproximadamente para el 741. La limitación de corriente negativa se obtiene censando la tensión en la resistencia de emisor de Q19 y utilizando esta tensión para reducir tirar hacia abajo la base de Q15. Versiones posteriores del circuito de este amplificador pueden presentar un método de limitación de corriente ligeramente diferente. La impedancia de salida no es cero, como se esperaría en un amplificador operacional ideal, sin embargo se aproxima a cero con realimentación negativa a frecuencias bajas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Nota: aunque el 741 se ha utilizado históricamente en audio y otros equipos sensibles, hoy en día es raro debido a las características de&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruido_(f%C3%ADsica)&quot; title=&quot;Ruido (física)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ruido&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;mejoradas de los operacionales más modernos. Además de generar un &quot;siseo&quot; perceptible, el 741 y otros operacionales viejos pueden presentar relaciones de&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechazo_al_modo_com%C3%BAn&quot; title=&quot;Rechazo al modo común&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;rechazo al modo común&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;muy pobres por lo que generalmente introducirán zumbido a través de los cables de entrada y otras interferencias de modo común, como chasquidos por conmutación, en equipos sensibles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;El &quot;741&quot; usualmente se utiliza para referirse a un operacional integrado genérico (como el uA741, LM301, 558, LM342, TBA221 - o un reemplazo más moderno como el TL071). La descripción de la etapa de salida del 741 es cualitativamente similar a la de muchos otros diseños (que pueden tener etapas de entrada muy diferentes), exceptuando que:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Algunos dispositivos (uA748, LM301, LM308) no tienen compensación interna (necesitan un condensador externo entre la salida y algún punto intermedio en el amplificador operacional, si se utilizan en aplicaciones de baja ganancia de lazo cerrado).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Algunos dispositivos modernos tienen excursión completa de salida entre las tensiones de alimentación (menos unos pocos mili voltios).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_1&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 184.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 300pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;400px-OpAmpTransistorLevel_Colored_Labeled.svg&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;Como podemos ver en la primera etapa es un amplificador diferencial, determina las características de entrada del AOP. En la mayoría de los AOP la salida es de una sola terminal. Con alimentación positiva y negativa, la salida se diseña para tener valor cero en el punto de trabajo. De esta forma una tención de entrada cero produce una tención de salida cero (sin desfasamiento de tención).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;A continuación mostramos el diagrama eléctrico de un AOP.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo3&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_3&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 189pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 441pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\OSCAR\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/6874348231112529591/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/08/amplificadores-operacionales.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/6874348231112529591'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/6874348231112529591'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/08/amplificadores-operacionales.html' title='amplificadores operacionales'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8840187118545600302.post-4573089381498481743</id><published>2011-08-12T21:17:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2011-08-12T21:17:28.518-05:00</updated><title type='text'>iniciamos</title><content type='html'>El&amp;nbsp;día&amp;nbsp;de hoy se inicia este blog que busca unir a los estudiantes de ingenieros y egresados de alguna rama de la&amp;nbsp;ingeniería</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/feeds/4573089381498481743/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/08/iniciamos.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/4573089381498481743'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8840187118545600302/posts/default/4573089381498481743'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ingmx.blogspot.com/2011/08/iniciamos.html' title='iniciamos'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01145956427011788934</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>