GyamaTech | Blog

Navigating the Bootstrap Paradox: A Journey Through Time and Logic

2023-11-16T13:43:00.006+05:30

Welcome, fellow time-travel enthusiasts, to GyamaTech! Today, we embark on a mind-bending journey into the fascinating realm of the Bootstrap Paradox, a concept that challenges our understanding of causality and the very fabric of time itself.

Setting the Stage: Unraveling the Complexity of Time Travel

Prior to delving into the intricacies of the Bootstrap Paradox, it is imperative to lay a robust groundwork in comprehending time travel. Spanning from H.G. Wells's seminal work, "The Time Machine," to contemporary sci-fi blockbusters, society has long been enthralled by the prospect of navigating the temporal landscape. This exploration necessitates a profound understanding of the mechanisms that govern time travel and an exploration of the profound implications it imposes on our comprehension of reality. Let us embark on this journey with a keen eye on the fundamental principles that underpin the enigma of temporal traversal.

The Birth of the Bootstrap Paradox

The Bootstrap Paradox, also known as a causal loop, was first introduced by the physicist and mathematician Kurt Gödel. However, its widespread recognition can be attributed to the renowned physicist and science communicator, Stephen Hawking. But what exactly is the Bootstrap Paradox?

In essence, the Bootstrap Paradox involves an object or information that is sent back in time and becomes the very thing that triggers its existence in the future. Picture a time traveler handing Shakespeare a copy of his own works, claiming it to be a masterpiece. Who, then, is the original author?

A Tale of Two Objects: The Classical Example

Embarking on an exploration of the Bootstrap Paradox, we delve into a quintessential illustration: a time traveler and a distinctive object. In navigating this paradox, profound inquiries into origin, causality, and determinism surface. This classic example serves as a poignant lens through which we dissect the complexities inherent in temporal phenomena, unraveling the enigma that challenges our fundamental understanding of the fabric of time. Time Travel in Popular Culture From literature to cinema, the Bootstrap Paradox has left an indelible mark on popular culture. We'll delve into iconic instances of this paradox in works like "Predestination," "Looper," and "Doctor Who," exploring how different storytellers grapple with the inherent complexities and paradoxes of time travel.

The Cultural Impact of the Bootstrap Paradox

Welcome aboard, time-travel aficionados! As we navigate the twists and turns of the Bootstrap Paradox, it's crucial to recognize the profound impact this mind-bending concept has had on various aspects of our culture and society.

Cultural References and Influences

The Bootstrap Paradox isn't confined to the realms of scientific discourse; it has permeated our cultural landscape in unexpected ways. From music lyrics to contemporary art, references to temporal loops and causality have become embedded in the fabric of our creative expressions.

Influence on Literature Beyond Sci-Fi

While science fiction has long been a playground for temporal exploration, the Bootstrap Paradox has seeped into genres beyond traditional sci-fi. Literary works that may not overtly deal with time travel find themselves inadvertently entangled in the web of causal loops.

Philosophical Reflections: Bootstrap Paradox and Existentialism

Delving deeper into the philosophical implications, we'll explore how the Bootstrap Paradox intertwines with existentialist thought. Questions of free will, destiny, and the nature of existence become magnified in the face of a paradox that challenges our understanding of cause and effect.

Ethical Dilemmas and Moral Quandaries

The Bootstrap Paradox doesn't merely pose intellectual puzzles; it also raises ethical and moral questions. If information or objects can exist without a clear origin, what does this mean for our concepts of responsibility and accountability?

The Bootstrap Paradox in Educational Discourse

Beyond its presence in entertainment and the arts, the Bootstrap Paradox has found its way into educational discussions. Science classrooms, philosophy seminars, and even creative writing courses use the paradox as a tool for critical thinking.

Looking Ahead: Future Applications and Speculations

As technology advances and our understanding of the universe deepens, we'll speculate on the potential future applications of the Bootstrap Paradox. Could our exploration of this temporal enigma lead to breakthroughs in quantum mechanics or even the development of novel technologies?

Resolving the Paradox? The Search for Answers

Can the Bootstrap Paradox be resolved, or is it destined to remain an enigma? We'll examine proposed solutions, ranging from the emergence of parallel universes to the notion that information can exist without a concrete origin.

Embracing the Uncertainty

As we wrap up our exploration of the Bootstrap Paradox, it's evident that time travel, with all its paradoxes and intricacies, continues to captivate the human imagination. Whether a mere figment of speculative fiction or a puzzle awaiting a breakthrough, the Bootstrap Paradox invites us to question the nature of time, causality, and the limits of human understanding.

Join us at GyamaTech as we unravel the mysteries of the cosmos, one paradox at a time. The Bootstrap Paradox may defy easy resolution, but in embracing the uncertainty, we find inspiration for new questions and the relentless pursuit of knowledge.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Apple's Big Announcement: iPhone 15, Watch Series 9, and More!

2023-09-13T18:09:00.003+05:30

Greetings, tech enthusiasts! We're here to bring you all the exciting details from Apple's recent product launch event. The event, which took place at the Apple Park and Steve Jobs Theatre, was nothing short of electrifying. So, without further ado, let's dive into the highlights of this event.

Image credit: Apple

iPhone 15: A Step Forward in Innovation

The star of the show was undoubtedly the iPhone 15. This new iteration brings some noteworthy changes, the most significant being the introduction of a USB Type C port, marking a departure from the familiar Lightning port. This shift is a game-changer and was met with high anticipation.

In terms of display, the iPhone 15 comes in two sizes: 6.1'' and 6.7'', both featuring a 60Hz OLED XDR display. Under the hood, the A16 Bionic chipset powers the non-Pro models, boasting a 4nm technology for improved performance. Storage options remain generous, with 128GB as the base variant, followed by 256GB and 512 GB.

For added durability, the iPhone 15 sports a ceramic shield, while the color options have been revamped, now offering five vibrant choices: Pink, Yellow, Green, Black, and Blue.

Photography enthusiasts will appreciate the upgraded camera setup, with a 48MP primary sensor and a 12MP ultrawide lens. Notably, you can now shoot 4K videos at 60FPS. The aluminum casing has been reinforced with aerospace-grade materials, ensuring the phone's sturdiness.

Additional features include an SOS function for emergency situations, making the iPhone 15 a more secure companion.

Pro & Pro Max Models: Taking It Up a Notch

The Pro and Pro Max models of the iPhone 15 come with their own set of enhancements. They feature a 6.1'' and 6.7'' Pro XDR display with a remarkable 120Hz ProMotion refresh rate and a dazzling 2000 nits of brightness.

Under the hood, the iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max pack the powerful A17 Bionic CPU, boasting a 6-core configuration and delivering a 20-30% performance boost compared to the previous generation. These devices also support Ray Tracing, making them ideal for gaming.

The design has undergone subtle changes, with a more rounded feel and some curved edges, making for a comfortable grip. Notably, the red alert slider has been replaced with a programmable action button, adding customization options to the mix.

For photographers, the Pro models offer even more versatility, featuring a 48MP primary sensor, a 12MP ultrawide lens, and 3X telephoto and 5X telephoto zoom options. Macro photography enthusiasts will also appreciate the addition of macro shooting capabilities.

Apple Watch Series: Incremental Improvements

Apple also introduced updates to its watch series, including the Watch 9 and Watch Ultra 2. While there aren't major differences between them, the Watch Ultra 2 stands out with its shiny frame. Performance has improved by 30%, and the brightness has been bumped up to 2000 nits, ensuring excellent visibility.

New features like the Double Tap function add to the convenience of using these watches. Battery life remains impressive, with up to 18 hours on a single charge for the Watch 9 and an astonishing 36 hours (72 hours on low battery mode) for the Watch Ultra 2, thanks to its 3000 nits peak brightness.

Pricing and Sustainability Initiatives

Apple has maintained competitive pricing across its new releases. The iPhone 15 starts at Rs 79,900, the Watch 9 series at Rs 41,900 - 44,990, and the Watch Ultra 2 at Rs 89,900.

In a nod to environmental sustainability, Apple emphasized its commitment to achieving Net Zero by 2030. Recycled materials and carbon-neutral initiatives were prevalent throughout the event, showcasing Apple's dedication to a greener future.

In conclusion, the iPhone 15 event brought some significant updates to Apple's product lineup. While some changes are incremental, the introduction of the USB Type C port, improved camera capabilities, and enhanced display technology make it a noteworthy upgrade. The Pro models, with their impressive performance and photography features, are particularly enticing.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Samsung controls the Android...Here's how?

2023-03-27T11:06:00.002+05:30

Hello readers, Samsung Electronics is one of the most recognized and influential technology companies in the world. Samsung is renowned for its smartphones, TVs, and other consumer electronics, but did you know that Samsung also exerts a significant amount of control over the Android operating system? In this blog post, we'll explore how Samsung has come to control so much of the Android ecosystem, and the implications of this control.

Samsung is the largest Android smartphone manufacturer in the world. According to StatCounter, as of January 2022, Samsung held a 31.86% share of the global smartphone market. The second-largest manufacturer, Apple, held only a 26.22% share. Samsung's dominance of the Android market has given the company significant power and influence over the development of the operating system.

Samsung has been building Android smartphones since the release of the first Samsung Galaxy device in 2010. Since then, Samsung has released dozens of Galaxy devices, each with its own customized version of the Android operating system. Samsung's modifications to Android have been so significant that they have effectively created their own version of the operating system, which they call "One UI."

Samsung's control over Android

One of the ways in which Samsung exerts control over Android is through the use of its own software and services. When you buy a Samsung smartphone, you'll find a variety of pre-installed apps that are unique to Samsung. These apps include Samsung Health, Samsung Pay, and Bixby, Samsung's voice assistant.

Samsung also modifies the user interface of Android to make it more consistent with the company's design language. One of the most significant changes that Samsung has made to Android is the addition of its own launcher, which replaces the default Android launcher. The launcher is the app that controls the home screen and app drawer of an Android device. By replacing the launcher, Samsung is able to create a consistent user interface across all of its devices, regardless of the version of Android that they are running.

Samsung also controls the hardware that Android runs on. Samsung designs and manufactures its own processors, displays, and other components that are used in its smartphones. This gives Samsung a significant advantage over other Android manufacturers, as they are able to optimize the hardware and software to work together seamlessly.

Finally, Samsung also has a significant amount of influence over the development of Android itself. Samsung is a member of the Open Handset Alliance, which is a group of companies that collaborate on the development of Android. As one of the largest and most influential members of the alliance, Samsung has a significant say in the direction of Android's development.

Implications of Samsung's control over Android

Samsung's control over Android has both positive and negative implications. On the positive side, Samsung's modifications to Android have allowed the company to create a user experience that is unique and consistent across all of its devices. By creating a consistent user interface, Samsung is able to differentiate its devices from those of its competitors, which helps to drive sales.

Samsung's control over the hardware that Android runs on also has positive implications. By designing and manufacturing its own components, Samsung is able to optimize the performance of its devices, which can lead to better battery life, faster performance, and other benefits for consumers.

However, there are also negative implications for Samsung's control over Android. By pre-installing its own apps and services on its devices, Samsung is effectively limiting consumer choice. While it is possible to remove some of these apps, others cannot be uninstalled without rooting the device, which can void the warranty and potentially introduce security risks.

Samsung's control over the development of Android also has negative implications. While Samsung's influence on Android development is not necessarily a bad thing, it does mean that the direction of Android's development is not entirely in the hands of Google, the company that created it.

Future of Pixel

While Samsung's control over Android does not necessarily mean that the Pixel phone's future is in danger, it does create some potential risks for the future of the Pixel line.

Firstly, as Samsung continues to exert more control over the Android ecosystem, it could potentially use that control to limit the capabilities of Pixel devices. For example, Samsung could choose to limit access to certain hardware or software features for devices that are not manufactured by Samsung. This could make it more difficult for Pixel devices to compete with Samsung's own devices, and could potentially lead to a decline in sales for the Pixel line.

Secondly, as Samsung continues to dominate the Android market, it could become more difficult for Google to push its own vision for the operating system. Samsung has already created its own version of Android, called One UI, which is designed to be more consistent with Samsung's design language. If Samsung continues to push its own version of Android, it could potentially limit the ability of Google to make significant changes to the operating system.

Finally, Samsung's dominance of the Android market could potentially limit the ability of other manufacturers to compete with Samsung and Google. This could lead to a market where Samsung and Google are the only major players, which could limit innovation and lead to higher prices for consumers.

In conclusion, while Samsung's control over Android does not necessarily mean that Pixel phones are in danger, it does create some potential risks for the future of the Pixel line. As Samsung continues to dominate the Android market, it will be important for Google to find ways to differentiate the Pixel line and ensure that it remains a viable alternative to Samsung's devices.

Benefits of Samsung & google

There are several benefits to Samsung and Google from their respective roles in the Android ecosystem.

Benefits of Samsung's Control over Android

Consistent user experience: Samsung's modifications to Android have allowed the company to create a user experience that is unique and consistent across all of its devices. This consistent user interface helps to differentiate Samsung's devices from those of its competitors and helps to drive sales.
Hardware optimization: Samsung's control over the hardware that Android runs on allows the company to optimize the performance of its devices, leading to better battery life, faster performance, and other benefits for consumers.
Influence on Android development: As a member of the Open Handset Alliance, Samsung has a significant say in the direction of Android's development. This allows the company to shape the future of the operating system in ways that are beneficial to its own devices and business interests.

Benefits of Google's Control over Android

Wide adoption: Google's open-source approach to Android has led to widespread adoption of the operating system across a variety of devices from different manufacturers. This has helped to make Android the most popular mobile operating system in the world, with over 2.5 billion active devices as of May 2019.
Integration with Google services: Google's control over Android allows the company to integrate its own services and apps deeply into the operating system. This helps to drive usage of Google's services, such as Google Search, Google Maps, and Google Drive.
Innovation: Google's control over Android allows the company to push the boundaries of what is possible with mobile devices. Google has introduced many new features and capabilities to Android over the years, such as support for multiple user accounts, split-screen multitasking, and more.

The Multifaceted Motivations Underlying the Business Strategies of Samsung and Google

For Samsung, controlling Android allows the company to differentiate its devices from those of its competitors and drive sales. By creating a consistent user interface and optimizing the hardware and software to work together seamlessly, Samsung is able to offer a unique and compelling user experience to consumers.

For Google, controlling Android allows the company to drive the adoption of its services and generate revenue through advertising. By integrating its own services and apps deeply into the operating system, Google is able to drive the usage of its services and generate more ad revenue.

Ultimately, both Samsung and Google have a vested interest in controlling Android to some extent, as it allows them to differentiate their products and drive sales and revenue.

Additionally, Samsung's control over Android also means that the company has a greater ability to protect its devices from security threats. By controlling the software and hardware of its devices, Samsung is able to release security updates more quickly and efficiently than other Android manufacturers. This helps to keep Samsung's devices more secure, which is important in an age where cybersecurity threats are becoming increasingly common.

Despite the potential risks and limitations of Samsung's control over Android, it is worth noting that the company's dominance of the Android market has also led to a significant amount of innovation. Samsung has been able to push the boundaries of what is possible with Android, introducing features like the foldable display and 5G connectivity that have helped to shape the future of mobile technology.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Samsung's control over Android is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it has allowed the company to create a unique and consistent user experience across all of its devices, and to optimize the hardware and software to work seamlessly together. On the other hand, it has limited consumer choice and potentially made it more difficult for other manufacturers to compete in the Android market. As Samsung continues to dominate the Android market, it will be important for Google and other manufacturers to find ways to differentiate themselves and ensure that consumers have a wide range of choices when it comes to purchasing an Android device.

Chat GPT | GyamaTech

2023-02-02T16:30:00.004+05:30

Artificial intelligence (AI) has come a long way in recent years, and one of its most impressive applications is in the field of chatbots. Chatbots are computer programs that use natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) to simulate human conversation. They can help businesses automate customer service, support, and other tasks that would otherwise require human interaction.

One of the most advanced and powerful chatbots on the market today is OpenAI's ChatGPT. In this blog, we'll explore what ChatGPT is, how it works, and why it's changing the game in the world of AI-powered chatbots.

What is ChatGPT?

ChatGPT is a transformer-based deep learning model developed by OpenAI. It has been trained on a massive amount of text data from the internet, allowing it to generate human-like responses to a wide range of questions and topics. With its advanced NLP capabilities, ChatGPT can understand the context of a conversation and generate relevant and appropriate responses.

One of the key advantages of ChatGPT is its ability to understand and respond to follow-up questions. It can maintain the context of a conversation and generate coherent responses, even if the conversation covers a wide range of topics. This makes it ideal for use in customer service, support, and other applications where maintaining the context of a conversation is important.

Another advantage of ChatGPT is its scalability. The model can be fine-tuned for specific use cases, such as customer service or FAQ chatbots, and it can be easily integrated into various platforms and applications. This makes it a flexible and versatile tool for businesses looking to implement AI-powered chatbots.

How ChatGPT Works

ChatGPT is a transformer-based deep learning model that uses a multi-layer neural network to process and generate text. When a user inputs a question or statement, the model processes the input and generates a response based on its training data. The response is generated in real-time and is based on the context of the conversation and the information available to the model.

The model uses a combination of NLP and ML techniques to understand the context of a conversation and generate relevant responses. This includes techniques such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, and part-of-speech tagging. The model is also able to understand and respond to follow-up questions, maintaining the context of the conversation and generating coherent responses.

Why ChatGPT is Disrupting Customer Service and Support

ChatGPT is changing the game in the world of customer service and support by offering a more efficient and effective alternative to human support agents. With its advanced NLP capabilities, ChatGPT can handle a wide range of customer inquiries and support requests, freeing up human support agents to focus on more complex issues.

ChatGPT can also provide faster and more accurate support than human agents. With its real-time response generation, ChatGPT can provide instant answers to customer inquiries, without the need for a human agent to research and respond. This can significantly reduce response times and improve the overall customer experience.

In addition, ChatGPT can be easily integrated into various platforms and applications, making it a flexible and scalable solution

Another benefit of ChatGPT is that it is highly customizable. This means that developers can fine-tune the model to meet the specific needs of their applications. For example, they can modify the model to focus on a particular domain or to generate responses in a specific style or tone. This flexibility makes ChatGPT an ideal choice for a wide range of applications, from customer service chatbots to conversational interfaces for websites and mobile apps.

Despite its many benefits, it's important to keep in mind that ChatGPT is still an AI model and is not perfect. There may be times when it generates responses that are incorrect, irrelevant, or even inappropriate. However, OpenAI is constantly working to improve the model and to ensure that it continues to meet the evolving needs of its users.

Conclusion

In conclusion, ChatGPT is a powerful and advanced AI-powered chatbot that is changing

the way we interact with machines. With its ability to understand context, generate relevant responses, and maintain the flow of a conversation, it is transforming the customer service and support industry. Whether you're a business looking to streamline your customer support or a developer looking to build a chatbot, ChatGPT is a technology worth exploring

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing from this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Black Hole Explained | GyamaTech

2022-10-27T17:43:00.003+05:30

Hello readers,

Today we are going to talk about the Black Hole.

If you remember, in 2014, there was a blockbuster film by Director Christopher Nolan, Interstellar. In this film, space-related concepts, such as wormholes, black holes, and alien planets, were depicted in a scientifically accurate way. But perhaps the most shocking scene was at the end of the film. When in the climax, the main character of the film Cooper falls into a Black Hole. In the film, the name of the black hole was Gargantua. Cooper falls into the black hole with his spacecraft. Initially, everything was black all around him, Complete darkness. But as he falls deeper, He notices some grain-like particles. These particles hit his spacecraft and cause scratches on it. There were some flashes of light, some sparks, and his spacecraft catches fire. He was forced to eject from his spacecraft, and he kept falling into the black hole. And suddenly, he found himself in a five-dimensional space. A five-dimensional tesseract. It was a mind-boggling experience. A place where he could communicate with his past self, by using gravity. Seeing these scenes, you might have wondered, if it is possible.

Does this exist in a black hole?

If we fall into a black hole, what will we see?

Come, let us try to understand these aspects, in today's article.

"Black holes remained largely unknown until the 20th century. A black hole is a region in space where the force of gravity is so strong not even light can escape."

"From the outside, you can't tell what is inside a black hole."

"Black holes haunt our universe. Dark centers of gravity. That swallow everything in their path."

Let us begin with the beginning of this story, readers. The history of black holes isn't very long. 100 years ago, no one knew about black holes. Because of Einstein's Theory of Relativity, black holes were later discovered. Friends, there are two parts to the theory. "The Special Theory of Relativity", and "The General Theory of Relativity".

The Special Theory of Relativity

The Special Theory of Relativity published by Einstein in 1905, tells us how speed influences time.

For Example, If you are in a spaceship that is going very fast if the speed is too high, time will slow down for you. Relative to the people not on the spaceship, back on Earth. The word relative is very important because when you are in a spaceship, you would not feel time slowing down. You would think that time is flowing at the same speed as it normally does. But when you will get back to Earth, you'll find out that there was a difference in the flow of time. This is known as Kinematic Time Dilation. And if you have seen our article on Time Travel, we have explained how this works in detail there.

The General Theory of Relativity

Not only speed, but even gravity can also result in time dilation as shown by Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity. This was developed by him in 1915. The more gravitational force you'd experience, the more time would slow down for you. This is known as Gravitational Time Dilation. And this was depicted amazingly in Interstellar. When Cooper and his team land on the Aqua Planet, one hour on that planet equals 7 years on Earth. This happens on the planet because the planet was very close to the Gargantua black hole. So, the gravitational force of the black hole impacted the time. To visualize this, Einstein wanted us to imagine a space-time fabric.

Kind of like a mesh, on which all planetary objects are placed. The space-time fabric bends due to the mass of the objects. And when the mesh bends, not only does it attract physical objects more, but it leads to time dilation as well, and the other forms of energy, such as sound, heat, or light, are affected by gravitation as well. Yup, that is right. This was another conclusion drawn by Einstein. Gravitation affects almost everything. Not only are physical objects attracted by the force of gravitation, but it also attracts heat, sound, and light as well. Friends, this means that there can be such objects in the universe that have such a high gravitational force that they can completely absorb light. If there are such objects, it means that they would be completely black. We won't be able to see them. Because not even light can escape them. Readers, this is exactly what Black Holes are.

But when Einstein presented his Theory of General Relativity, the concept of black holes was merely theoretical back then. Einstein knew that gravitation influences light. And theoretically, objects that can absorb light were possible. But Einstein did not know that there are actually black holes. In fact, when Einstein was alive, the concept of black holes seemed weird to him. He knew that there can be such things, theoretically, but then, theoretically, the existence of infinity is also possible. But realistically, practically, he did not believe that such things existed in reality. By the time he passed away, not even the term Black Holes was invented. An interesting fun fact here, a key point in Einstein's theory was that light's speed limits gravity's influence. We do not feel gravity's force instantly, everywhere, its upper limit is the speed of light.

To use a practical example, suppose that the sun disappeared suddenly, as you know, we will get to know this 8 minutes later, on Earth, about the disappearance, because it takes 8 minutes for sunlight to reach Earth. But according to Einstein, the gravitational impact of the sun's disappearance will also be felt 8 minutes later. Isn't it very interesting? After Einstein, the Theory of General Relativity was worked on by many scientists There were several equations, and they solved those equations and tries to derive the solutions, and by getting to the solution of these equations, it was theoretically proven that things like black holes, do indeed exist. By the 1960s, researchers and scientists had finally agreed that not only theoretically, but perhaps one day, realistically, we would also be able to see black holes. Because these do exist in space.

The term Black Hole was used for the first time by a magazine in 1964. But only after 1967, did the term gain popularity when physicist John Wheeler popularised it. Even though the term black hole sounds quite sensational, it is a misleading name “Black Hole.” It might sound like there is an actual hole there. But that is not the case. There is no hole in the space.

How Black Holes Formed?

Black holes are formed by stars. So, there is some material at its center. But in the stars, even though our Sun is a star, there is a continuous nuclear fusion reaction at their center. These reactions produce heat and light. The heat being produced sends a force outward, and at the center of the star, there is the force of gravity, this helps the star remain intact and alive. This is how the stars maintain equilibrium throughout their lives, the forces pushing outwards due to the reaction, and the forces pulling inwards due to gravity. But these reactions take place when a fuel exists. Either Hydrogen or Helium. The fuel would not always be there. It would get burned up at some point. And when the fuel ends, there would not be any forces pushing outwards. And the gravitational force pulling inwards would not be countered by an equal force, so that star will collapse on itself because of its own gravity. This will take a long time, by the way. Our Sun's life expectancy is around 10 billion years. But what happens next depends on the mass of the star. Let's look at the chart of the life cycle of a star.

The life cycle of a star

If the mass of the star isn't high, i.e., if it was a small, or average-sized star, it turns into a Red Giant.

After which it can become a planetary nebula or a White Dwarf. But if it was a huge star, a star will a lot of mass, and when it runs out of fuel, it cools down and turns into a Red Super Giant. And then the Super Giant bursts and turns into a Super Nova. After this, a tiny core remains. If the core is tiny, it is called a Neutron Star, but anything bigger than that, we call it a Black Hole. Basically speaking, the mass of the star, after it collapses due to its gravitational force, becomes small and condensed, it can turn into a black hole. Specifically, how small is the volume of the compressed star, for a star as big as our Sun, if that turns into a black hole, the diameter of that black hole will be merely 50 km.

Can you imagine the volume getting this small, but the interesting thing here is that our 'son' will not grow up to be a black hole. This was proven by an Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. He developed the Chandrasekhar Limit value.

He said that the maximum mass of a White Dwarf can be 1.4 times the mass of our Sun. Above this, it cannot be stable and would turn into either a Neutron Star or a Black Hole. But since our son, the Sun, is under this limit, it will become a White Dwarf, instead of a Black Hole.

Now that you have understood why a Black Hole exists?

Now let's understand,

How black holes are

There are mainly 3-4 types of black holes, friends.

Stellar Black Hole

The first is the Stellar Black Hole. That is the most common type of Black Hole. The black holes that were created by stars. Scientists estimate that in our Milky Way Galaxy, there are anywhere between 10 million to 1 billion such black holes.

Primordial Black Holes

Then there are the Primordial Black Holes. These black holes are as small as an atom. But their mass is like that of a mountain. It is an assumption that they are as small as an atom. Friends, these black holes are merely theoretical, and hypothetical, we do not know much about them.

Supermassive Black Hole

The third type of black hole is the Supermassive Black Hole. These black holes are enormous. So big that their mass is more than that of 1 million Suns combined. And it fits into a ball whose diameter is as big as that of our Solar System. Scientists believe that at the center of every major galaxy, there is a Supermassive Black Hole. The Supermassive Black Hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is called Sagittarius A*. And the black hole in the film Interstellar, which was named Gargantua, was said to be a supermassive black hole.

Additionally, scientists believe that there may be a fourth type of black hole too. Though it cannot be said for sure, the fourth type of black hole will be the Intermediate Black Hole, which lies somewhere between the sizes of Stellar and Supermassive black holes. Although, no proof of it has been discovered yet.

One thing that you have seen in the film Interstellar, and the photos that you have seen till now, and your interpretation of them, the black hole is not like a big black ball that sucks everything around it. The black holes look somewhat like this.

(Image Source: Wallpaper Crafter)

This is the black hole as shown in the movie because it is in HD and more 3-Dimensional than the photo captured by us some time ago. The first thing that you would notice in this photo, is the orange-colored ring, that forms around the black hole. It is known as the Accretion Disk. It is an important feature of black holes. As you know, the gravitational pull in black holes is very high, so due to the gravitational pull, a lot of gaseous matter and debris is attracted toward the black hole and remains floating all around it. Like how the planets revolve around the Sun, because of the Sun's gravitational force. The difference is that the gravitational pull of black holes is so strong, that the things revolving around it, revolve at a very high speed, and get so heated up that they turn into a flowing fluid-like matter. They literally become fire-like particles, that are hotter than a million degrees Celsius. The closer they get to the black hole, the faster they revolve around it. The particles revolve so fast, that they get rubbed together and compressed which causes them to start glowing. They emit electromagnetic radiation, which is mainly X-rays. This accretion disk was depicted very accurately in the movie, the only thing they got wrong was that it is not actually orange. Human eyes cannot see X-rays. X-rays lay outside the spectrum of visible light. We simply represent it in an orange-yellowish color so that we can represent it. The real color of this disk would be closer to blue.

In 2019, the first photo of a black hole was taken.

(The Event Horizon Telescope a planet-scale array of ground-based radio telescopes has obtained the first image of a supermassive black hole and its shadow. PHOTOGRAPH BY EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE COLLABORATION) (Image Source: National Geographic)

Even in this, the yellowish-orange color was used to represent this accretion disk. One thing that you can clearly notice in the actual photo, that you might not notice in the movie, is that the particles on one side are brighter than the other side. There is a simple reason for that. the particles spinning toward us seem brighter to us, and those that are spinning away from us, seem dimmer. This is due to the Doppler Beaming Effect. When you see the real photo of this black hole, you can look at this blurred photo and interpret the direction of the spinning particles. The area that is brighter, is coming toward us, and the dim area, is going away from us.

Coming back to the image from the movie, another interesting thing that you'd notice is that the accretion disk gives off an optical illusion due to gravity. It makes it seem that the disk covers the top and bottom of the black hole. It seems like this because gravity bends the light. The area hidden behind the disk when viewed from the front, the light coming from the area, has to move over it because it gets bent by gravity. If you look at the black hole from the top, it will look like a normal, round disk. We get this illusion only when viewing the black hole from the sides. Apart from this, when you enter the black hole, you will see a last circle of light. It is the Photon sphere. The gravity in this area is so strong that the light starts orbiting the black hole. Light is made of photons. The Photons start orbiting the black hole. This means that if you reach this area of a black hole alive, it is theoretically possible to see the back of your head, since the light is traveling in a circle, in the formation of a ring. After this point, is the boundary of the black hole. This is known as the Event Horizon. It is considered a boundary because, after this point, the gravity is so strong that even the light cannot escape. Everything is black beyond this point. If you are falling into a black hole, and you have crossed the event horizon, theoretically, there is no chance of you escaping. If not, even light can escape it, how would a human? In the film Interstellar, it is shown that Cooper's spacecraft continues falling into a black hole, crossed this Event Horizon, and then suddenly reaches a five-dimensional space. This part of the movie is purely an imagination. It is speculation because we do not know what is inside the Event Horizon. The producers of Interstellar had hired a Nobel prize-winning physicist to keep everything scientifically accurate. But obviously, things that are yet to be discovered by science, things that we know nothing about, for those parts, the movie turned towards the imagination.

What will be at the center of the black hole? Einstein's General Theory of Relativity tries to describe this. In this theory, the center of the black hole is termed Singularity. Singularity is the region of a black hole, the center where the curvature of space-time is infinite. Recall the mesh that we talked about in the first half of the article. The heavier the object, the more the mesh of space-time will bend. In the case of a black hole, this is bent so much that it stretches infinitely. As we know from the theory of relativity, time, energy, and everything else are affected by gravity, With the increase in the gravitational force, time keeps getting slower infinitely. But what does it mean for time to get slower infinitely? Does this mean that if you go inside a black hole and if you ever could get out of it, the universe outside would have ended for the rest of us? We don't know, We can just only make theories. What do you think? Comment down & let us know.

There are some interesting theories that are suggested. Like we cannot see inside a black hole from the outside, because the light is absorbed into it, one theory says that inside the event horizon, light reflects off at multiple points before reaching Singularity. So, it is possible that inside the Event Horizon, things would be visible. The thing that we have seen for sure about black holes is this single photo.

(Image Source: National Geographic)

This photo was taken by the Event Horizon telescope, on 10th April 2019. This proved the existence of black holes practically. About 100 years after they were proven theoretically. One thing is sure here if you fall into a black hole, the chances are that you will disintegrate into pieces due to the gravitational force. You will die in milliseconds. But even so, friends, there is no need to be scared of Black Holes. Earlier, many people had this misconception, that black holes suck up all matter, keep getting bigger, and eventually, it will end the whole universe. But that's not how it works. As we told you, at the center of each galaxy, is a supermassive black hole. And all other planetary bodies and stars in the range of the black hole, revolve around it. In the same way that all planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun. The same thing happens at the center of the galaxy, albeit in a much more powerful manner. And the concept of the 5-Dimension mentioned in Interstellar is another interesting concept. Read our "Is it really possible to Travel through Time?" article. These concepts are explained in detail there.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing from this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Will Adani's business strategy make him the cement king of India?

2022-06-11T21:25:00.005+05:30

Hello readers,

Today we are going to learn the Business lessons from Adani's Business strategy. If you like this information, share it with your friends.

On the 16th of May 2022 the legendary business icon Gautam Adani won the race to acquire a major stake in Ambuja Cements and ACC for 10.5 billion dollars and as soon as this deal got finalized the Adani became the second biggest cement manufacturer in India and while every single news channel has told us the basic details of this deal the most important part that they missed out on is the business strategy of the Adani's so in this episode today let's do a deep dive and try to understand, why did the Adani's acquire a stake in Ambuja and ACC? what exactly is their business strategy? and most importantly as investors, what do we need to understand about the changing dynamics of the cement industry of India and the world itself.

Backward Integration

The first and the most obvious reason for Adani's acquisition of Ambuja and ACC is something called backward integration. Now if you're not an MBA student, it might be a little difficult for you to comprehend, so let's try to understand backward integration using the simple analogy of a grocery store. You see guys the supply chain of a grocery store looks something like this, we first have the manufacturer then, we have the distributor is the person who actually buys these products in huge quantities from the manufacturer and then, we have small retail shops who buy products from the distributors in small quantities eventually, the retailer sells it to the customers this is the simple supply chain of retail stores, in reality, we also have wholesalers and local distributors but for our concept, let's use this simplified example.

Example

Now let's say we have a businessman called Mr.Kulkarni. Mr.Kulkarni is a Marathi businessman, who has 10 grocery stores in Pune and one of the most profitable products he sells is a packet of ghee. Now he buys 10,000 packets of ghee per month at 420 rupees each and sells it at an MRP of 520 rupees. Now, this is when he realizes that dude if he gets ghee at 420 rupees the distributor gets it at 360 rupees right, so if Mr.Kulkarni himself became the distributor he could actually get it at 360 rupees and make more profits. So you know what he goes on to acquire his own distributor and becomes a major distributor for all retailers in Pune and now his own Kirana stores become his distribution company's clients and now the same 10,000 packets of ghee that he used to buy at 420 rupees, He buys them from his distribution company at just 400 rupees and sells them at 480 rupees. Whereas two other retail stores his distribution company sells it at a normal price of 420 rupees because of which they would go on to sell it at 520 rupees so, Mr.Kulkarni’s distribution company first makes a 40 rupees profit when he sells it to his retail stores then his retail stores make a profit of 80 rupees per packet when he sells it to the customers and then when he sells it to other retailers he further makes a profit of 60 rupees. So you see what happened a retailer became a distributor and started increasing his profit margins but at the same time, he is also able to sell the product to the customers at a much cheaper rate. Eventually, he is able to compete with other retailers so if there are five local stores while all four stores will sell ghee at 520 rupees Mr.Kulkarni's retail stores will attract a lot more customers why because he's selling his product at 24 cheaper costs. (Explain in the figure)

Similarly, the same ketchup that he used to buy at 90 rupees he sells to his own retail stores at 70 rupees, eventually sends it to the customer for 120 rupees. He sells shrikhand to his retail stores at 160 rupees and sells it to the customer at 200 rupees. So you see what happened Mr.Kulkarni was able to increase his profit margins by becoming the distributor and then he became his own client because of which he is able to control the prices better. And lastly, because his company is both the distributor and the retailer he is able to sell products at a cheap rate and at the same time have a competitive advantage over other Kirana stores in the locality this way tomorrow he can go on to expand his business to 20 30 40 retail stores and he would only keep making more money.

And the next step to this is when Mr.Kulkarni realizes that dude being the distributor already has a supply chain to push 50000 packets of ghee, 300000 packets of milk, 50000 packets of shrikhand, and 10000 packets of paneer. So instead of buying these products from the manufacturer, why doesn't he himself become the manufacturer? so then Mr.Kulkarni would then go on to acquire a dairy company that would produce all the dairy products and push those products to its distribution supply chain all the way up to his retail business and to the customers again he'll get more margins more control and more expansion this is what we call as backward integration.

Wherein a company goes on to acquire critical entities of its own supply chain to become more profitable to have a competitive edge over other rivals and lastly to have better control over the supply chain, eventually expanding the business this is exactly what Mr.Adani is doing with Ambuja and ACC. As we all know the Adani's are known to be builders and they have an enormous business in construction in the infra space wherein, they are building thousands of kilometers of an expressway, thousands of crores worth of ports airports, and power plants and on top of that they also have residential and commercial properties coming up, and all these projects require a ton of cement and a ton of steel. And now that Adani has bought a major stake in Ambuja and ACC just like Mr.Kulkarni's retail stores became his own distribution company's clients, in this case, all Adani companies in the construction or related business will go on to become Ambuja and Acc's clients.

In fact, this is the reason why Mr.Adani said, “On the demand side we continue to execute on a massive number of construction activities that span every one of our infrastructure businesses. I, therefore, expect us to be one of the largest customers of our own cement business.”

So you see just like Mr.Kulkarni was able to have better control and better profits through backward integration, Mr.Adani and his company are expected to have better control over the prices of the cement better supply, and more importantly an edge over their competitors. Were again building ports and buildings it's just that instead of a packet of ghee you have a bag of cement and just like Mr.Kulkarni would make money by selling his dairy products like paneer, milk, and shrikhand. Mr.Adani would use and sell all kinds of cement-like ordinary portland cement, portland pozzolana cement, and portland slag cement for their own projects, eventually to increase their own profits. And this brings me to the second reason and this is something that you can literally find on every single news, article on the internet which says that since the Adani group takes up giant infra projects from the government itself in the next few years as a part of the Pradhan Mantri Avas Yojna we have 100 smart cities, 200 airports, housing for all and all of these will skyrocket the demand for cement, eventually benefiting the cement industry of India. So when the Adani's build such projects the cement orders at Ambuja and Acc will increase eventually Mr.Gautam Adanis's goal of doubling the capacity of these companies is expected to be fulfilled this is the story behind Adani group's acquisition of Ambuja and Acc, now the question over here is if India is such a lucrative and profitable market why did wholesome sell its take to Adani's and leave India all together? because as you see the stock price of Ambuja is steadily appreciated by 200, in the past few years the profits of the company have risen steadily, and it's already the second-largest producer of cement in India. Then why did holism sell as investors? why is it super important for you? well, the first reason for this is that wholesome is a swiss company and Switzerland is one among the nations that have actually signed the Paris agreement, and Switzerland's goal is to actually get to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, and if you look at the most emission-intensive industries in the world, you will know that even if the entire cement industry is considered to be one country it would still be the third-largest greenhouse emitter in the world, only behind China and the US secondly. If your emission levels are beyond a certain limit, you will be charged a surcharge on top of the cost of your product in the European Union, and other strict countries that apply the carbon border tax, and when it comes to cement it is one of the most polluting commodities in the world. So the cement industry, in general, is a very risky business to actually have in your portfolio with respect to vision 2050. As a result countries like Switzerland are pushing their companies to go green, because of which they already have one of the highest carbon taxes in the world and wholesome is even ahead of sizzle, and by the way, they are literally building a world-class product as a substitute to cement itself, and one of the best examples of the same is that eco-packed concrete, which reduces carbon emissions by 3200 as compared to conventional concrete.

Similarly, they have eco planet green cement roofing solutions motors and a lot more coming up. So as an investor this is a very very big deal because it's almost like, Volkswagen telling the world that they will produce only hydrogen fuel vehicles and they'll stop producing petrol and diesel cars altogether, that is how big the green and clean industries are expected to become in the next 20 years. Now if you look at wholesome in India you will know that India alone contributed to 26 of their co2 emissions so merely by selling their cement business in India, they will be reducing their carbon emissions portfolio by a large extent in fact this is the reason why you will see that they did not just quit the Indian market, but they also quit Brazil, Northern, Ireland, Sri-Lanka, Malaysia and even Russia so as investors this tells us one thing if the largest cement manufacturer in the world is so bullish that it's quitting the emerging markets to bet on green concrete and green products it's a revolution in the making, and we need to pay attention to this.

And lastly, the one thing that absolutely blew my mind is that if you draw a comparison between Ultratech cement, Ambuja, and Acc you will see that Ultratech has a capacity of 120 million tons per annum, whereas Ambuja Simmons installed capacity is just 31.45 million tons per annum, and Acc has a production capacity of 34.45 million tons per annum. So you see even together these companies have a total production capacity of only 65.9 million tons per annum, which is nearly half of that of Ultratech. So considering the fact that Adani's are known to be market leaders in any category they enter in the Adani Vs Ultratech battle is going to be super interesting to study as students of business, so keep an eye on that.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Is it really possible to Travel through Time?

2022-05-03T12:48:00.004+05:30

Hello readers,

Today we are going to talk about Time Travel. If you like this information, share it with your friends.

Is it really possible to travel through time? Or is it only fiction for novels and films? In today's article, let's understand the concept of time traveling scientifically.

"Great, are you talking about a time machine?" "You know the rules of time jumps, right?" "Time travel: a concept that has been explored since the early 1900s." "I have no idea, but when we're talking about time travel here. Either it's all a joke or none of it is." In 1895, writer H.G. Wells wrote his groundbreaking novel The Time Machine. It was after this that the phrase 'time machine' became popular. A machine that can take you into the future as well as the past. With it, you can travel through time. Although this novel was fiction, a science fiction novel, several philosophers and physicists were inspired by it. Not only were serious research papers written on time travel, but many films were also made. If we think about it, the exact way time travel takes place can be used to classify it into different types. First, let's use sci-fi films, to understand this concept better. Time travel can be of many different kinds. The first is the one-way travel to the future. You travel to the future and you can't return. It is one-sided time travel. Interstellar is an example of this. In it, a time traveler traveled to the future, but his family members and other people keep on aging when he meets them again. Some had even died. The second way is Instantaneous Time Jumping. A person can jump from one point in time to another instantly using a time machine. It was shown in the film Back to the Future. And in The Girl Who Leapt Through Time. The third way can be when the time traveler stands still, and it is time that is moving around the traveler. This was shown in the film Harry Potter: Prisoners of Azkaban. When Hermione uses the time turner. The fourth is Slow Time Travel. As shown in the 2004 film Primer. The time traveler gets inside a box, with every minute he spends in the box, he goes back in time by a minute. So if he wanted to go back a day, he had to remain in the box for a day. The fifth is traveling at the speed of light to travel through time. This was shown in Superman (1979). In it, Superman flew faster than the speed of light and travels back in time. The question is, among all these concepts of time travel, which way is actually possible today? In real life. Which way may be possible in the future? And which way is completely unscientific and will never be possible. Don't be surprised, you might think that all of these are rubbish, science fiction, and can't be possible. That's not true. Some of these are actually possible to do, even today. Broadly speaking, there can be two types of time travel. One is to travel into the future, and the other is to go back into the past.

I'll tell you one story,

In March 2003, the FBI arrested 44-year-old Andrew Carlssin. Newspapers reported that this man was extraordinarily lucky. In the history of Stock Markets, he had earned like no other. He invested $800 and within 2 weeks, it turned into $350 million. The FBI suspected that he was running a scam. That he was an insider trader. When Andrew was questioned, he answered that he was a time traveler. He claimed that he was a traveler from 250 years in the future. And that he knew how the stocks would perform so he invested in them. And got the extraordinary result. The FBI was surprised at this. The FBI was convinced that he was lying. And they took it upon themselves to prove that he was lying. When they investigated some more, they found that Before December 2002, there was no record of Carlssin. Even more surprising was that on 3rd April, Carlssin had to appear in court for his bail hearing, but he had disappeared, never to be found again. Was he really a time traveler?

So, Let's talk about traveling to the future first. The scientific explanations and theories of traveling to the future, are derived from Albert Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity. The concept of time dilation was introduced by Einstein. Before Einstein, it was believed that time is constant. Whether you're on Earth, on Mars, or near a black hole. Time was believed to be something that was constant. One of the most famous mathematicians and physicists in the world, Isaac Newton was the one to say this. In his opinion, regardless of the speed with which you're traveling through space, regardless of the position, the flow of time would be constant. Albert Einstein was the first person to refute this. He said that Newton was wrong. Time isn't constant. He claimed that time was like a river. Like water flows in a river, sometimes it slows down, sometimes the flow of the river speeds up, similarly, to the flow of time, sometimes it slows down and sometimes it picks up pace. Depending upon speed and gravity. Yup, you heard it right, Einstein had said that time can actually be sped up and slowed down if the speed and gravitational force could be changed. This is known as time dilation. The way that your pupils dilate, similarly, time dilates too when the speed of the object increases or if an object is subjected to an increased gravitational force. How had Einstein actually discovered this?

So, I won't go into that explanation. Basically, time dilation can be done in two ways. The first is speed. If you are sitting in an object that is going very fast. Like an aeroplane or a spacecraft. The faster something goes, the more would time slow down for it. Relative to a person who isn't going as fast. If I have to explain it with a practical example, suppose you have two clocks, I keep one clock with me and put it on the ground. And I send the other clock with you on an aeroplane. The aeroplane goes around the earth once and lands back. If we then compare the two clocks, though the clocks showed the same time initially, now the clock that you took with you on the aeroplane, the time it shows would be some nanoseconds behind the other. The two clocks wouldn't show the same time. Because one clock was traveling at a higher speed. It's subjected to Kinematic Time Dilation. I'm not making this up. There was an experiment in 1971. Atomic clocks were used. Because time was to be measured precisely. And it was seen that the clock that was in the aeroplane, the time it showed was behind that of the other clock. This was known as the Hafele Keating Experiment. This proved Einstein's theory of time dilation. It doesn't mean that time is actually slowing down for the clock, the one on the aeroplane. Rather, it means that time is relative. If we observe the clock on the aeroplane from the ground, time slows down in our relationship. Because we're seeing it, time is slowing down. For a person on the aeroplane, and the clock on the aeroplane, for it, time would continue to move as it did. Theoretically speaking, if we could build a rocket, that travels at the speed of light, and you get in that rocket. You remain in that rocket for 10 years traveling at that speed. And then you return to Earth, the time that you see on earth would be 9,000 years later. Simply speaking, if you want to travel into the future, you can already do it now. It is scientifically possible to do so today. The only problem is that there isn't an aircraft that travels at this speed. You can get to the speed of light. But with improvements in technology, we can build more such aircraft and spaceships that can fly faster. It would slowly become possible. For now, Gennady Padalka, a Russian astronaut, is credited with the most time travel into the future. It's because he remained in space for the longest 879 days. And he was traveling at the speed of 28,000km/hrs. in space. Accordingly, he has traveled 0.02 seconds into the future. In comparison to the people on Earth, he is 0.02 seconds younger. He is so much younger. If you're upset because you think we can't get the technology with which we can travel so fast that we can travel through time significantly in the future, don't be upset. Because there's another way of Time Dilation as laid down by Einstein. By using gravitational force. Similar to time dilation with speed, gravitational force leads to time dilation too. More gravity would be the time dilation.

The time dilation that takes place because of gravity, to visualize it, Einstein asked us to imagine a fabric of space-time. Imagine a mesh, and put balls on it. You can think of these balls as planetary objects. The heavier a ball would be, the more this mesh would get wrapped. The more mass in the ball, in the planetary object, the more would be its gravitational force. Earth's gravitational force is less than Jupiter's. The Sun's gravitational force is more than Jupiter's. Similarly, in the fabric of space-time, you get to see a curve, with the gravitational force of an object. The closer you get to an object with a high gravitational force, the more you feel time slows down. Time would slow down for you. In this mess, you can see that the steeper the drop is, the more time slows down for you. You can have an approximate estimate with this visualization. This basically means that if you want to travel through time in the future, spend some time near Jupiter, around the Sun, or near an object that has even more gravitational force. Like a black hole. If you spend some time near a black hole, time would pass you by slowly. This is the same concept shown in the film Interstellar if you remember. The main character in it, lands on a planet near a black hole, and each hour he spends there, it's 7 years for the people not on the planet. That was the amount of time dilation in that film because of the black hole. It is a scientifically accurate depiction. It will actually happen like this. But whether someone can survive being that close to a black hole is unknown. It's said that black holes are the heaviest objects in the universe. It's also said that light starts bending around black holes. This was considered to be purely theoretical, but 3 years ago, a telescope clicked the first picture of a black hole and proved it. On 10th April 2019, the Event Horizon telescope clicked this picture. This photo went viral on the internet. Because this is the first rendered visual image of a black hole. Anyway, if we get back to time travel, I told you two ways of traveling into the future. The first is to travel at a high speed, and the second is to get very close to a gravitational object with high gravity, and a high mass. Practically speaking, I would like to give you another example of this, the GPS satellites, that keep revolving around the earth, at a high speed, they are farther than the earth's gravity compared to us.

That's why we get to see time dilation, in both senses, in the GPS satellites. And the scientists need to keep rectifying the time calculations on those satellites because of this time dilation. If they don't rectify the clocks on the satellites, then the time on those clocks and those on earth will differ. There would be problems with GPS communication. Interestingly, friends, there is a third way of time traveling in the future. Cryosleep. It has been shown in many films too. There was a recent film Passenger, you might remember. People were traveling on a spacecraft, they were frozen. They were in cryosleep. For months and years, humans are put into a condition where they don't age. They remain asleep. It's science fiction. But in reality, NASA is trying to develop a Stasis Chamber. In it, astronauts would be kept in a state of mild hypothermia, in a cold environment, in it, astronauts would be able to sleep continuously for 2 weeks. A hibernation of sorts. The concept behind it is that when a body is kept cool, the chemical reactions in the body would slow down to quite an extent. this would lead to energy conservation in the body and would slow down aging. There was a case in Japan, related to this, an injured man survived 24 hours without food or water when his body went into a hibernation of sorts. The temperature of that man's body was only 22°C. Normally, if a human body is this cold for a long time, it may lead to death. But by chance, I don't know by what miracle, not only did this man survive, but he also made a full recovery from that mode. After his body was discovered by someone else. Medical reports claimed that there was no permanent damage to his body. His organs had slowed down and his brain was unharmed too. Cryosleep is something that may be developed in the future. By NASA or some other space agency. We'll have to wait and watch. But you would have noticed one thing. All the ways I talked about till now, were of time travel into the future. What about the past? Can we travel into the past, realistically? As of now, we can't travel into the past, but we can get a glimpse of the past. Because it takes a significant time for light to travel, from one place to another, even with how fast light travels, if we talk about distance in light-years, it takes years for light to travel to some places. So, if we could get somewhere before the light reaches there, and then look back at the approaching light, the light would be from the past. That is how we can see the past.

This was getting a glimpse of the past. Can we actually travel through time into the past? On 28th June 2009, world-famous physicist, Stephen Hawking, hosted a party at the University of Cambridge. There were balloons and champagne at the party, but what was special about the party was that though everyone was invited, no one attended. Stephen Hawking had hosted this party for time travelers. If a time traveler was visiting our timeline from the future, they were welcome at this party. This comedic experiment was conducted to prove that it isn't possible to travel to the past. Had this been possible, we would see future time travelers all around us. Where are the travelers traveling to the past? Why don't we meet them? Theoretically speaking, Einstein's theory of relativity, doesn't disprove time travel to the past. Einstein had said that in the mesh of space-time if a gravitational force is put on that is so heavy that the object falls through the mesh, it would create a wormhole. We can use that wormhole to travel into the past. It's said that to do this, we'd need an extremely powerful gravitational field. Similar to the one of a black hole. Perhaps a spinning black hole can generate so much gravitational field that it bends the curvature of space-time back on itself. It would create a close time-like curve known as CTC. You can try to understand it through this diagram. You can try to imagine it. Nobel Prize-winning physicist Kip Thorne believes that small wormholes get created and then disappear in space all the time. But they are really small. Smaller than atoms. And if we want to travel through them, we would need to open them up somehow. It would take a lot of energy to expand them. Not only normal energy, but we would need negative energy also. Negative energy is a kind of anti-gravitational energy that would repeal the fabric of space-time. Like the same poles of magnets repel one another. Negative energy would work in the same way to repel it. This would make it possible to keep the wormhole for a long while and to travel through it. How would this negative energy be harvested? How would it be created? It's something to think about. This is purely theoretical for now. But it is a theory by a Nobel Prize-winning scientist, so it holds a lot of weight. With this, you may think that it might be theoretically possible to travel to the past. But when we talk about traveling to the past, there are a lot of hurdles. There are major obstacles for us. I'm talking about Paradoxes. Such as the Grandfather Paradox.

The paradox goes like this, suppose I go to the past while time traveling. And I kill my great-grandfather. If he dies, how would I be born? If my great-grandfather died, I shouldn't be alive. And if I was never born, I never existed, how could I have gone to the past and killed him? How do you explain this? This is a paradox. Either I'm alive or I'm not. This goes against logic. There are some theories to explain this. Such as the Theory of Multiverse. The theory claims that what happened once was in one universe. But when you travel back in time and change something, it would create a new universe, creating a multiverse. So there are multiple universes with different things happening. Related to this, there's another paradox, the Predestination Paradox. It claims that when I'd go into the past, and do whatever, everything I do shapes my present timeline. This paradox claims that things are destined to turn out in a certain way. Things will play out as written in destiny. No matter how much you try to change the past, whatever you try to change, and the result of that change, would be your present. If you're confused, let me give an example. Suppose your friend meets with an accident, and he dies. I hope it doesn't but imagine that it happens, and you have a time machine. You go into the past and try to prevent that accident from happening. But what actually happens? By going into the past, you have done something that actually caused the accident. And then you find out that it was because you went into the past, and you tried to prevent that accident, that was the reason for the accident. This was the concept in many films. 12 Monkeys, Timecrimes (2007), The Time Traveller's Wife (2009), Predestination (2014). Overall, there would be many logical problems when traveling to the past. There would be paradoxes, due to these, it may never be possible. But traveling to the future is possible, even today. And it will become more and more probable in the future. And to get a glimpse of the past is currently possible too. So in a sense, time travel already exists. And as shown in films like interstellar, it was the scientific truth to an extent.

But what about Andrew Carlssin's story? I didn't say much about it. The story that I told you at the beginning, friends, was actually a story published in a satirical newspaper, called The Weekly World News. Later it was printed by Yahoo News, and several other media organizations reported the story as if it were fact. But the truth remains, that story was a satire. It was fake news that was circulated in newspapers, and people believed that it was true. It was a fabricated story basically. I hope you found this episode informative.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

What Is Metaverse?

2022-03-07T14:09:00.001+05:30

Hello readers,

Today we are going to learn about Metaverse. If you like this information, share it with your friends.

Lately, we've all been seeing and reading this term Metaverse, everywhere. The term has attracted worldwide attention. To an extent, talking about what Metaverse meant is like talking about what the Internet meant in the 1970s. The building blocks of the new form of communication were in the process of being formed, but no one knew what the reality would be. While this is true, at the time the "Internet" was coming, not every idea of what it would look like is true. On the other hand, a lot of marketing hype is wrapped up in this idea of Metaverse. Facebook is particularly vulnerable after Apple approached the bottom of the company due to Apple's move to limit ad tracking. It is impossible to separate Facebook's vision for the future, as everyone has a digital wardrobe to swipe from the fact that they want to make money by selling virtual clothes.

While it may seem that the metaverse is a product of Meta’s wild ambition, that’s not the case at all. Some would argue that the metaverse Mark Zuckerberg spent so much time describing during the Connect 2021 conference keynote already exists, while others see it as the next evolution of the internet known as Web3 or Web 3.0.

Now everyone wants to know what it is and how it works. If you are looking for answers on Metaverse, this article can help you.

What is metaverse?

A metaverse is a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social connection and it can be defined as a simulated digital environment that uses augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and blockchain, along with concepts from social media, to create spaces for rich user interaction mimicking the real world.

It covers nearly everything, such as games, meetings, and shopping. To access Metaverse, you must first put on a headset, after which you can connect to the virtual reality interface.

History of Metaverse

The term metaverse was coined by Neil Stephenson almost 30 years ago in his science fiction novel Snow Crash, in which he imagined living avatars encountered in realistic 3D buildings and other virtual reality environments.

In recent years, Metaverse has come to represent the utopian convergence of digital experiences driven by Moore's Law, to enable a rich, real-time, globally-interconnected virtual- and augmented-real environment that will enable billions of people to work and play.

Does the Metaverse Already Exist?

If the metaverse is to become an embodied internet, then it must have certain properties that separate it from isolated virtual reality experiences like Second Life.

What Will be the Power of the Metaverse?

The metaverse will be driven by diverse forms of technology such as cloud infrastructure, software tools, platforms, applications, user-generated content, and hardware. In addition to the technical requirements, the metaverse will include various user experiences including, but not limited to, entertainment, gaming, commerce, social interactions, education, and research.

Why do holograms include Metaverse?

When the internet first arrived, it started with a series of technological innovations, like the ability to let computers talk to each other over great distances or the ability to hyperlink from one web page to another. These technical features were the building blocks that were then used to make the abstract structures we know the internet for websites, apps, social networks, and everything else that relies on those core elements. And that's to say nothing of the convergence of the interface innovations that aren't strictly part of the internet but are still necessary to make it work, such as displays, keyboards, mice, and touchscreens.

With the metaverse, there are some new building blocks in place, like the ability to host hundreds of people in a single instance of a server (ideally future versions of a metaverse will be able to handle thousands or even millions of people at once), or motion-tracking tools that can distinguish where a person is looking or where their hands are. These new technologies can be very exciting and feel futuristic.

However, there are limitations that may be impossible to overcome. When tech companies like Microsoft or Fa Meta show fictionalized videos of their visions of the future, they frequently tend to gloss over just how people will interact with the metaverse. VR headsets are still very clunky, and most people experience motion sickness or physical pain if they wear them for too long. Augmented reality glasses face a similar problem, on top of the not-insignificant issue of figuring out how people can wear them around in public without looking like huge dorks.

So, how do tech companies show off the idea of their technology without showing the reality of bulky headsets and dorky glasses? So far their primary solution seems to be to simply fabricate technology from whole cloth. The holographic woman from Meta's presentation? I hate to shatter the illusion, but it's simply not possible with even very advanced versions of existing technology.

Unlike motion-tracked digital avatars, which are kind of janky right now but could be better someday, there's no janky version of making a three-dimensional picture appear in midair without tightly controlled circumstances. No matter what Iron Man tells you. Perhaps these are meant to be interpreted as images projected via glasses both women in the demo video are wearing similar glasses, after all, but even that assumes a lot about the physical capabilities of compact glasses, which Snap can tell you isn't a simple problem to solve.

This kind of glossing over reality is frequently present in video demos of how the metaverse could work. Another of Meta's demos showed characters floating in space is this person strapped to an immersive aerial rig or are they just sitting at a desk? A person represented by a hologram does this person have a headset on, and if so how is their face being scanned? And at points, a person grabs virtual items but then holds those objects in what seems to be their physical hands. This demo raises so many more questions than it answers.

On some level, this is fine. Microsoft, Meta, and every other company that shows wild demos like this are trying to give an artistic impression of what the future could be, not necessarily accounting for every technical question. It's a time-honored tradition going back to AT&T's demo of a voice-controlled foldable phone that could magically erase people from images and generate 3D models, all of which might've seemed similarly impossible at the time.

However, this kind of wishful-thinking-as-tech-demo leaves us in a place where it's hard to pinpoint which aspects of the various visions of the metaverse will actually be real one day. If VR and AR headsets become comfortable and cheap enough for people to wear on a daily basis a substantial “if” then perhaps the idea of a virtual poker game where your friends are robots and holograms floating in space could be somewhat close to reality. If not, well you could always play Tabletop Simulator on a Discord video call.

The flashiness of VR and AR also obscure the more mundane aspects of the metaverse that might be more likely to come to fruition. It would be trivially easy for tech companies to invent, say, an open digital avatar standard, a type of file that includes characteristics you might enter into a character creator like eye color, hairstyle, or clothing options, and let you take it everywhere. There's no need to build a more comfortable VR headset for that.

But that's not as fun to imagine.

Rise of Metaverse

In fact, Mark Zuckerberg, owner of Meta (formerly known as Facebook), estimates that it may take five to 10 years for Metavers' main features to become mainstream. But Metaverse is growing aggressively.

You can see the ultra-fast broadband speeds, virtual reality headsets, and the continuous-on-online world already on and on, even if they are not accessible to everyone.

What is the Metaverse right now?

The paradox of defining the metaverse is that in order for it to be the future, you have to define away the present. We already have MMOs that are essentially entire virtual worlds, digital concerts, video calls with people from all over the world, online avatars, and commerce platforms. So in order to sell these things as a new vision of the world, there has to be some element of it that's new.

Spend enough time having discussions about the metaverse and inevitably someone will reference fictional stories like Snow Crash the 1992 novel that coined the term Metaverse or Ready Player One, which depicts a VR world where everyone works, plays, and shops. Combined with the general pop-culture idea of holograms and heads-up displays these stories serve as an imaginative reference point for what the metaverse a metaverse that tech companies could actually sell as something new could look like.

That kind of hype is as vital a part of the idea of the metaverse as any other. It's no wonder, then, that people promoting things like NFTs cryptographic tokens that can serve as certificates of ownership of a digital item, sort of are also latching onto the idea of the metaverse. Sure, NFTs are bad for the environment, but if it could be argued that these tokens might be the digital key to your virtual mansion in Roblox, then boom. You've just transformed your hobby of buying memes into a crucial piece of infrastructure for the future of the internet.

It's important to keep all this context in mind because while it's tempting to compare the proto-metaverse ideas we have today to the early internet and assume everything will get better and progress in a linear fashion, that's not a given. There are no guarantee people will even want to hang out sans legs in a virtual office or play poker with Dreamworks Mark Zuckerberg, much less whether VR and AR tech will ever become seamless enough to be as common as smartphones and computers are today.

It may even be the case that any real Metaverse would be little more than some cool VR games and digital avatars in Zoom calls, but mostly just something we still think of as the internet.

When will Metaverse come?

So the question is, how long will it take to move from the various proto-metaverse to the massive metaverse? Mark Zuckerberg believes it will happen by the end of the decade, but it could also be much sooner because the basic elements are already in place. Today's Internet-backed infrastructure allows large crowds to gather in virtual environments, such as Travis Scott's VR concert in Fortnite with over 12.3 million players tuned in. While this current infrastructure is very effective, it will need to be further developed to support the idea of Metaverse Industry experts.

We also have the hardware to render realistic virtual environments and avatars in 3D. The leading manufacturer of virtual reality headsets is owned by Meta, Oculus. Since its first release at Microsoft in 2016, HoloLens has been supporting a variety of enterprise usage cases, including mixed reality smart glasses. In addition, Apple is rumored to be releasing its AR and VR headsets in 2022. HTC, Pico, MagicLeap, and other manufacturers are making rapid progress. Different hardware platforms, while Cascade technology architectures are shifting various computer loads on back-end server infrastructure to edge devices. Unity Furious is a prime example of streaming fully interactive real-time 3D environments where environment rendering is handled by their automatically scaled GPU server infrastructure. Metaverse will be a ubiquitous computer experience where users can take advantage of traditional devices such as computers and mobile devices as well as enhance the experience with emerging immersive AR and VR wearables.

Finally, the same innovative technology that has been disrupting the financial services industry since the Bitcoin network came into existence in January 2009 can be used to enable data continuity in the metaverse. NFTs, or nonfungible tokens, are a great example of how blockchain technology can be used to verify ownership of digital assets, and 3D virtual reality platforms already exist that take advantage of them.

MarkPetit, vice president and general manager of Unreal Engine at Epic Games, said in a recent interview that Metaverse would require a "shared virtual world that includes perseverance." This means that for the ideal customer experience, the user must be able to travel the world with their digital goods. An example of this would be the user's NFT shoes purchased from Nike in the future for use on avatars on Meta's Horizon platform, but also in other virtual worlds such as Fortnite and Minecraft.

Another example, Decentraland, is a completely decentralized world with no central leadership. The world is based on the Ethereum blockchain and is controlled by a decentralized autonomous body. Through this organization and voting, players can control the policies that determine how the world behaves. Decentraland also has a decentralized currency, the MANA, which can be exchanged for other currencies on cryptocurrency exchanges.

In the future, decentralized could be one of the many decentralized worlds that form part of the metaverse, in which digital assets and currencies will flow as fiat money and material goods are exchanged in the real world by people living in different countries.

Today, just as there is no one who owns the Internet, Metaverse will have many important players in space, even if they don't own it, and companies like Meta, Microsoft, Unity, Epic Games, Roblox, and others want to be among them, so they are pouring billions of dollars to make the sci-fi dream come true.

India's role in the construction of Metaverse

The IANS report also found that Mark Zuckerberg said that as social networks take the initial steps to create augmented reality (AR) driven metaverse experience for billions of people, India and its vast pool of talent will be a big part of that journey.

Speaking at the company's 'Fuel for India' event, Zuckerberg said that he was really excited about the role that India would play in shaping the future of the metaverse, the successors of the mobile internet.

"This is because India's engineers, developers, and manufacturers and the entire vibrant startup ecosystem are playing a big role in shaping the future. By 2024, India is on track to achieve the world's largest app developer base. It already has. One of the largest 'Spark AR' developer communities, Zuckerberg told Vishal Shah, VP, Metaverse during a conversation.

Future of Metaverse

Mark Zuckerberg-owned Meta also announced new tools to help people build for the Metaverse, including Presence Platform, which will enable new mixed reality experiences on Quest 2, and a $150 million investment in immersive learning to train the next generation of creators.

What are the problems with the metaverse?

Addiction and mental health. If you have watched Ready Player One, you know exactly how metaverse can affect your mental health. Addiction to the virtual world might not only lead to mental health problems like depression, anxiety but cause obesity and heart problems due to the sedentary lifestyle.

Conclusion

Metaverse is just an idea. Soon, this could become a reality as many big technology companies are betting that it will be as big as it is, even if it is not as big as today's internet. Anyone who doesn't have to wait for personal virtual experiences to create a vast world can join platforms like Decentraland, Horizon Workrooms, or Roblox to at least get an idea of what the future holds.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Why Is Python Widely Used for AI & Machine learning?

2022-01-17T19:20:00.005+05:30

Hello readers

Today, In this article, we’ll discuss why Python is widely used for AI and ML.

With each passing minute, AI and machine learning are grabbing more eyeballs than ever. Who’d have thought that there could exist a self-driven car or smartphones that forecast what weather it will be tomorrow! But today, all this is a reality.

AI projects are different from traditional software projects. There is a difference between the technology stack, the skills required for an AI-based project, and the need for in-depth research. To implement your AI aspirations, you must use a programming language with stable, flexible, and available tools. Python offers it all, so today we see a lot of Python AI projects.

From development to deployment and maintenance, Python helps developers be productive and confident about the software they create. Benefits that make Python the best fit for machine learning and AI-based projects include simplicity and consistency, access to the best library and framework for AI and ML, flexibility, platform independence, and a wide community. These add to the overall popularity of the language.

Why is Python widely used for AI and ML?

Top reasons to make Python popular for AI and machine learning.

Rich library ecosystem

A programming language library is a reference to a module that comes with pre-written code that allows the user to use the same functionality to perform different actions. Python has libraries that help developers save time because they don't have to start from scratch.

List of some common libraries used for AI and machine learning:

Pandas
Scikit learn
Keras
TensorFlow
Caffe
PyBrain

With the help of these libraries, AI and ML algorithms can be implemented more easily. These libraries are useful for data analysis, in-depth learning, machine learning, computer vision, and advanced computing.

Alterableness

Python is an alterable (flexible) language, meaning it can be used in conjunction with other programming languages to achieve the desired results. This gives the developer the option to choose between OOPs or scripting. Also, it does not need to retrieve the source code, which will make it easier to see the results. Due to its flexibility, it provides a safe environment for the developer.

Simple and consistent

Python offers concise and readable code. While behind complex algorithms and versatile workflow machine learning and AI, the simplicity of Python allows developers to write reliable systems. Developers have to do their best to solve the ML problem instead of focusing on the technical details of the language.

In addition, Python attracts many developers because it is easy to learn. Python code can be understood by humans, making it easier to build models for machine learning.

Many programmers say that Python is more intuitive than other programming languages. There are many other frameworks, libraries, and extensions that facilitate the implementation of various functionality. Since Python is a general-purpose language, it can perform a complex set of machine learning tasks and enable you to quickly build prototypes that allow you to test your product for machine learning purposes.

Platform freedom

Platform independence refers to a programming language or framework that allows developers to execute things on one machine and use them on another machine without any (or at least minimal) changes. One of the keys to Python's popularity is that it is a platform-independent language. Python is supported by a number of platforms, including Linux, Windows, and macOS. Python code can be used to create standalone executable programs for most common operating systems, meaning that Python software can be easily distributed and used on those operating systems without a Python interpreter.

What's more, developers often use services like Google or Amazon for their computer needs. However, you can often find companies and data scientists who use their own machines with powerful graphics processing units (GPUs) to train their ML models. And because Python is platform-independent, this training is much cheaper and easier.

Great Community & Huge Popularity

Having strong community support helps the programming language in many ways, especially when it is an open-source language. Python is free, comes with useful libraries and tools, and its documentation can be accessed online. Programmers can discuss their problem statements in forums and have conversations with others to find solutions.

Industrial use of python to implement AI & ML

Various industries use Python to implement AI in their products and services. Travel, fintech, transportation, and healthcare: Python is used. There are some well-known companies that use AI to provide A-grade services to their customers. Industry giants like Uber, Tesla, JPMorgan Chase, Apple, and others have adopted this technology.

You need to know about Siri. One of Apple's best-known products is AI. It uses voice recognition tools and NLP to answer questions and give instructions when performing various actions.

Facebook has been taking advantage of the power of AI for many years. They use it to find maps, fake accounts and report inappropriate content.

How You Can Miss Microsoft Cortana! The tech giant used AI to create an assistant called Cortana. It is available in Windows 10. As the company claims ‘your personal productivity assistant’, Cortana helps you focus on the important things and achieve more with less effort.

Volkswagen, a big name in the automobile industry, the German brand is now replacing human drivers with self-propelled car technology using AI algorithms. Pittsburgh-based autonomous automaker Argo AI has teamed up to develop a car that allows the driver to drive in specific conditions without having to rely on wheels.

Conclusion

Computer-based intelligence or artificial intelligence is profoundly affecting the world we live in, with new applications rising steadily. Brilliant designers are picking Python as their go-to programming language for the various advantages that make it especially appropriate for AI and profound learning ventures.

Python’s broad choice of AI explicit libraries and structures disentangle the improvement procedure and cut advancement time. Python’s basic grammar and comprehensibility advance fast testing of complex calculations and make the language open to non-developers.

It likewise lessens the psychological overhead on engineers, opening up their mental assets with the goal so that they can focus on critical thinking and accomplishing venture objectives. Lastly, the straightforward punctuation makes it simpler to work together, or move extends between designers.

Python additionally flaunts a vast, dynamic network of designers who are glad to offer assistance and backing, which can be important when managing such complex ventures.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

What is Web3?

2022-01-01T19:21:00.000+05:30

Hello readers, today we are going to introduce you to what is Web3. If you like this information, please share it with your friends.

Web 3 represents the next generation of the internet, one that focuses on shifting power from big tech companies to individual users.

Web 3 is a term you may have heard thrown around a lot lately. It simply refers to the next iteration of the internet that promotes decentralized protocols and aims to reduce dependency on large tech companies like Youtube, Netflix, and Amazon. But what is it?

What is Web 3?

To understand Web 3, it is necessary to understand what came first. The first version of the Internet, known as Web 1, arrived in the late 1990s and contained a collection of links and homepages. Websites were not particularly interactive. There is more you can do than just read things and publish basic material for others to read.

Web 2 came next. Some call it the 'read / write' version of the Internet, in reference to computer code that lets you open and edits files instead of just looking at them. This version of the Internet not only allowed people to use content but also created their own content and published it on marketplaces like Tumblr, Internet forums, and Craigslist. Later, the rise of social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, took content sharing to new heights.

Over time, the general public became aware of how tech giants extract their personal data and use it for advertising and marketing campaigns. Facebook, in particular, has been fined numerous times for violating data privacy laws.

While Web2 has brought amazing free services to the world, many people are fed up with the new "wall gardens" created by these huge technology companies and want more control over their data and content. Here comes Web3.

Web 3 can be understood as the 'read/write/own' phase of the Internet. Instead of using the free technology platform to exchange your data, users can participate in the administration and operation of the protocol themselves. This means people can become participants and shareholders, not just customers or products.

In Web3, these shares are called tokens or cryptocurrencies and represent the ownership of a decentralized network known as a blockchain. If you have enough of these tokens, you can say on the network. Holders of governance tokens can spend their assets voting on the future of the decentralized debt protocol.

At a basic level, the idea behind Web3 is to take the world wide web as we know it and add blockchains of the technology behind cryptocurrencies like bitcoin to everything.

Why would you want to do that?

The web was once seen as a utopia in which anyone could do anything, but proponents of Web3 say it is now dominated by big corporations and proprietary algorithms. Blockchains could give people equitable ownership of their presence on the internet. 'Web3 is a way to deal with the trauma of the loss of a once possible great future for the internet,' says Niels Ten Over at the University of Amsterdam.

So, what does it actually involve?

At the core of Web3 are distributed applications built using the Ethereum blockchain, which pays out to users who help keep its network online. Dapps will play a similar role for Web3 that the App Store did in unlocking the potential of the iPhone, says Zoe Scaman, founder of London strategy studio Bodacious and a Web3 proponent.

So, here's the question,

What are Dapps?

Decentralized applications are also called 'dApps' or 'dapps' which are digital applications that run on a computer's blockchain network without relying on a single computer. The advantages of dApps include protection of user privacy, lack of censorship, and flexibility of development.

dApp allows users to personally pay for up to 10 services, including accredited investor checks, crypto fund screening, ID verification, and document authentication. The service allows users to check client crypto wallet costs to check against known-risk indicators and to comply with anti-money laundering regulations.

What are the daps at the moment?

Of the current top five daps, one is the most popular one that allows people to exchange cryptocurrencies, while the other is for trading non-fungal tokens (NFTs). There are three other games, similar to the initial breakout success on the App Store, but with the main difference: you can earn money in cryptocurrency to play them.

So how will the way of using the internet change?

Proponents say this is a bold new future designed to take control away from the big tech platforms and put power in the hands of everyday citizens: a decentralized Internet, where people conquer individual companies. That was the concept behind last month's failed bid to buy a copy of the US Constitution.

Some of the claims behind Web3, such as distributed architecture and decentralization, are best achieved without blockchain, some say. While the web infrastructure is nominally decentralized, in practice most of the Internet runs on servers hosted by a handful of companies, such as Amazon and the same is happening with Web3, they say, people only run dapps hosted by a few providers.

Things aren’t much better within decentralized finance protocols. They’re rife with voter absenteeism, often rely on centralized infrastructure and the barrier to entry in creating them is still high, given that creating blockchains seems to be arcane magic reserved for only the most highly specialized engineers.

But despite its problems, Web 3 has a lot of potentials. Whether it’s too idealistic to put into practice will be something that everyday users will discover over the next decade.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How to create a blockchain with Python?

2021-12-30T21:10:00.001+05:30

Hello readers, today we are going to teach you how to create a blockchain with Python. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Give me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

Did you know that Bitcoin is built on Blockchain?

Before we explain how to build a blockchain in Python, let’s go back to the very start. In 2008, an author (or authors) under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper describing a purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash. Unique to this electronic cash system, transactions would not have to rely on third-party verifications to ensure the security of each transaction. Instead, each transaction would be timestamped, then hashed into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work.

The specific form of electronic currency that Satoshi Nakamoto described in his (or her) paper became known as Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency. But how is this useful when you are trying to build a blockchain in Python?

Well, let’s dive in.

What is a blockchain?

The Bitcoin paper was published in 2008 by an unknown person or group called Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin came out as a peer-to-peer version of electronic cash that allowed transactions without going through centralized institutions (banks). What most people don't know is that in the same paper, Satoshi defines a distributed way of storing information, nowadays known as a blockchain.

To put it simply, Blockchain is a shared, immutable digital ledger that stores transactions over a decentralized network of computers.

We can divide Blockchain into two simple terms:

Block: A space where we store transactions
Chain: A set of linked records

This defines Blockchain as a chain of linked blocks, where each block stores a transaction made with specific parameters.

Each block is built on top of another block, creating an irreversible chain of blocks. In other words, every block depends on another. This turns out into a robust and immutable system in which anyone with the correct permissions can review integrity.

Blockchain introduces an interesting set of features:

History immutability
Information persistency
No errors with stored data

A lot of systems currently rely on Blockchain, such as cryptocurrencies, asset transfer (NFTs), and possibly in the near future, voting.

It's worth mentioning that a Python Blockchain doesn't have to be a complex program with thousands of lines of code. At its core, it would be a list of transactions linked to one another.

Of course, this was a brief explanation, but if you want a full guide, we’ve produced a complete tutorial on Blockchain for beginners. Make sure to check it out.

Without further delay, let’s build a simple Blockchain with Python.

Creating a blockchain with Python

Before we get started, let's define what we're going to do in this article:

Build a simple blockchain system written in Python
Use our blockchain with pre-established transactions presented as strings
Test the immutability of our blockchain

We’re not going to use JSON but Python lists. This will let us simplify the process and focus on applying the key concepts of a blockchain.

What you’ll need to follow this article:

Understanding of classes and methods in Python
Basic usage of command line

Creating the Block class

Open your favorite code editor and create a main.py file. This will be the file we’ll work with.

Now, import Hashlib, a module that lets us create one-way encrypted messages. Cryptography techniques like hashing make Blockchain create secure transactions.

A hash function is an algorithm that takes some data and returns a unique identifier, often named digest or signature. This last part is vital; with a hash function, a slight difference in the input produces a radically different identifier as an output. We’ll see this in action later on.

For now, just import the built-in module Hashlib:

# main.py file
"""
A simple blockchain in Python
"""
import hashlib

This module includes most of the hashing algorithms you’ll need. Just keep in mind we’ll be using the hashlib.sha256() function.

Now, let’s get into the GeekCoinBlock, our totally original blockchain name.

class GeekCoinBlock:
    
    def __init__(self, previous_block_hash, transaction_list):

        self.previous_block_hash = previous_block_hash
        self.transaction_list = transaction_list

        self.block_data = f"{' - '.join(transaction_list)} -{previous_block_hash}"
        self.block_hash = hashlib.sha256(self.block_data.encode()).hexdigest()

I know this may result in a clunky piece of code. Let’s break down each part in the next.

GeekCoinBlock Explanation

First, we create a class named GeekCoinBlock, a wrapper for objects that will have certain characteristics (attributes) and behaviors (methods).

Then we define the _init_ method (also named constructor), which gets invoked each time a GeekCoinBlock object gets created.

This method has three parameters:

self
previous_block_hash
transaction_list

We store the previous hash and transaction list and create an instance variable block_data as a string. This doesn’t happen with real cryptocurrencies, in which we store that kind of data as another hash, but for simplicity purposes, we’ll store every block of data as a string.

Finally, we create the block_hash, which other blocks will use to continue the chain. Here’s where hashlib comes in handy; instead of creating a custom hash function, we can use the pre-built sha256 to make immutable blocks.

This function receives encoded strings (or bytes) as parameters. That’s why we’re using the block_data.encode() method. After that, we call hexdigest() to return the encoded data into hexadecimal format.

I know all of this can be overwhelming, so let’s play with hashlib on a Python shell.

In [1]: import hashlib
In [2]: message = "Python is great"
In [3]: h1 = hashlib.sha256(message.encode())
In [4]: h1
Out[4]: <sha256 ... object @ 0x7efcd55bfbf0>
In [5]: h1.hexdigest()
Out[5]: 'a40cf9cca ... 42ab97'
In [6]: h2 = hashlib.sha256(b"Python is not great")
In [7]: h2
Out[7]: <sha256 ... object @ 0x7efcd55bfc90>
In [8]: h2.hexdigest()
Out[8]: 'fefe510a6a ... 97e010c0ea34'

As you can see, a slight change in the input like “Python is great” to “Python is not great” can produce a totally different hash. This has all to do with Blockchain integrity. If you introduce some little change into a blockchain, its hash will dramatically change. This is the reason why the saying “You can’t corrupt a Blockchain” is true.

Using our block class

We'll build the entire blockchain class later, but for now, we'll use our blockchain to build the blockchain chain.

In the same file, create two transactions made up of simple strings stored in variables, for example:

class GeekCoinBlock:
     ...
t1 = "Noah sends 5 GC to Mark"
t2 = "Mark sends 2.3 GC to James"
t3 = "James sends 4.2 GC to Alisson"
t4 = "Alisson sends 1.1 GC to Noah"

Then, we do the same with the second block, but passing the first block hash as the previous_hash argument.

block2 = GeekCoinBlock(block1.block_hash, [t3, t4])
print(f"Block 2 data: {block2.block_data}")
print(f"Block 2 hash: {block2.block_hash}")

Let's analyze the output from this piece of code. Once again, type in your terminal:

❯ python main.py
Block 1 data: Noah sends 5 GC to Mark - Mark sends 2.3 GC to James - firstblock
Block 1 hash: 01e4e15242a9601725f4a86ca01fbddaaec7105b442955bb0efcadbfc759806d
Block 2 data: James sends 4.2 GC to Alisson - Alisson sends 1.1 GC to Noah - 01e4e15242a9601725f4a86ca01fbddaaec7105b442955bb0efcadbfc759806d
Block 2 hash: 448c4306caf7f6937b0307f92f27fbea3bb73b3470363dee5026a1209dadcfa8

For now, you only see text and some 64 character hashes, but this resumes pretty much the mechanism of a Blockchain.

You start with a genesis block, the base of all other blocks.

Anyone can validate the chain’s integrity, and that’s why a Blockchain is such a secure system. For example, if we slightly modify the content of a transaction:

t2 = "Mark sends 2.3 GC to James" -> t2 = "Mark sends 3.2 GC to James"

We see a dramatic change in the hash of the blocks.

Block 1 data: Noah sends 5 GC to Mark - Mark sends 3.2 GC to James - firstblock
Block 1 hash: 7a990bf1d70230bf2dad6160496c0b3046da7a17b1281fd1d4c63d4eac58e78c
Block 2 data: James sends 4.2 GC to Alisson - Alisson sends 1.1 GC to Noah - 7a990bf1d70230bf2dad6160496c0b3046da7a17b1281fd1d4c63d4eac58e78c
Block 2 hash: 569b977306ce88b53e001dca7ba00c03a51c60d6df4650e7657dcd136f2da0ac

Coding a Blockchain

It’s not that clever to base our system integrity on hand-coded variables, so we need another approach.

We have the blocks. It’s time to build a class that joins them into a Blockchain.

Let’s start by deleting our previous transactions and blocking objects, then using the code below.

# main.py

class Blockchain:
    def __init__(self):
        self.chain = []
        self.generate_genesis_block()

    def generate_genesis_block(self):
        self.chain.append(GeekCoinBlock("0", ['Genesis Block']))
    
    def create_block_from_transaction(self, transaction_list):
        previous_block_hash = self.last_block.block_hash
        self.chain.append(GeekCoinBlock(previous_block_hash, transaction_list))

    def display_chain(self):
        for i in range(len(self.chain)):
            print(f"Data {i + 1}: {self.chain[i].block_data}")
            print(f"Hash {i + 1}: {self.chain[i].block_hash}\n")

    @property
    def last_block(self):
        return self.chain[-1]

This is again a huge piece of code. Let’s break down each part:

Self.chain: The list where all blocks are recorded. We can access each block via list indexes.
Generate genesis block: Append the genesis or first block to the chain. The previous hash of the block is “0”, and the list of transactions is simply “Genesis Block.”
Create block from the transaction: This allows us to append blocks to the chain with just a list of transactions. It would be very annoying to create a block manually every time we want to record a transaction
Display_chain: Prints the chain of blocks with a for loop
Last_block: A property that lets us access the last element of the chain. We used it on the create_block_from_transaction method.

Let’s test this Blockchain.

# main.py

import hashlib

class GeekCoinBlock:
    ...
class Blockchain:
    ...

t1 = "George sends 3.1 GC to Joe"
t2 = "Joe sends 2.5 GC to Adam"
t3 = "Adam sends 1.2 GC to Bob"
t4 = "Bob sends 0.5 GC to Charlie"
t5 = "Charlie sends 0.2 GC to David"
t6 = "David sends 0.1 GC to Eric"

myblockchain = Blockchain()

myblockchain.create_block_from_transaction([t1, t2])
myblockchain.create_block_from_transaction([t3, t4])
myblockchain.create_block_from_transaction([t5, t6])

myblockchain.display_chain()

Now, run the main.py file.

Data 1: Genesis Block - 0
Hash 1: 39331a6a2ea1cf31a5014b2a7c9e8dfad82df0b0666e81ce04cf8173cc5aed3e

Data 2: George sends 3.1 GC to Joe - Joe sends 2.5 GC to Adam - 39331a6a2ea1cf31a5014b2a7c9e8dfad82df0b0666e81ce04cf8173cc5aed3e
Hash 2: 98cf363aecb33989aea0425a3c1287268bd86f63851bc08c0734a31db08506d5

Data 3: Adam sends 1.2 GC to Bob - Bob sends 0.5 GC to Charlie - 98cf363aecb33989aea0425a3c1287268bd86f63851bc08c0734a31db08506d5
Hash 3: 6f1cfcc3082488b97db8fdf8ed33f9ac7519be3e285a37a6fcc2f1904f373589

Data 4: Charlie sends 0.2 GC to David - David sends 0.1 GC to Eric - 6f1cfcc3082488b97db8fdf8ed33f9ac7519be3e285a37a6fcc2f1904f373589
Hash 4: 869df2f03c9860767d35b30a46233fbeea89a3000ae5019d1491e3829d1ab929

Congratulations !!! You've just created a simple Python blockchain from scratch.

Conclusion

Blockchain is the technology behind Bitcoin, Etherium, and every other cryptocurrency out there. In this article, you learned how to create a Blockchain with Python by using hash algorithms like sha256, classes, and objects.

Many people are making fortunes from cryptocurrencies. Just imagine what you could do if you create one by yourself.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How Android works?

2021-11-14T13:43:00.006+05:30

Hello readers, today we are an Introduction to How Android Works. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Give me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

Android development is a popular buzz in the Java programming world. It's Android, which keeps Java at the forefront of the last couple of years. Now, How important is it to understand or learn Android for Java programmers? Well, it depends on, if you like application development and wants to reach a mass, Android offers that opportunity to you. Millions of Android phones are available and they keep increasing, with pace, much higher than iPhone or iOS. What all this means is, it does make a lot of sense to learn Android programming for Java programmers, and this article is about that, but this is also one of the good reasons to learn Java programming. This tutorial will give you a basic idea of How Android works? not detailed but a good overview.

One distinct advantage Java programmers have over others is that Android API is much like Java API, though Android doesn't support all classes available in J2SE SDK, it supports critical ones.

Another advantage is that you can use the same tools as IDE like Eclipse or Android Studio if you are an IntellijIDEA fan to develop Android applications, Google provides an Eclipse plug-in for Android development.

In order to start with Android, you can start reading books or join an online course like The Complete Android Oreo Developer Course - Build 23 Apps! course by Rob Percival and Nick Walter on Udemy. It's a great hands-on course to learn Android in depth.

On the opposite, if you want to go for iOS development, a steep learning curve with Objective-C, Swift, and iOS SDK waits for you. I think it makes more sense for a C++ programmer to do Objective-C and iOS, than a Java Programmer. So the classic battle of Java vs C++ still continues with Smartphone application development. Anyway, let's come to the topic of How Android works internally.

How Android works

As I said Android uses Java for application development. So you can code your Android apps using Java API provided by Google, and it compiles them into class files. The similarity ends here, Android doesn't use Java Virtual machine (JVM) for executing class files, instead, it uses Dalvik virtual machine, which is not a true JVM and doesn't operate on Java bytecode.

In order to run on Dalvik Virtual machines, class files are further compiled into Dalvik Executable or DEX format. After conversion to DEX format, class files along with other resources are bundled into Android Package (APK) for distribution and installation into various devices.

The key thing to know is that Dalvik VM is based on a subset of the Apache Harmony Project for its core class library, which means it doesn't support all J2SE API. If you are using Eclipse IDE for coding Android Apps, then you don't need to worry much because it will help you with code completion.

So, now let's see

How does the Android Application run on a device?

If you are familiar with Linux and the concept of process, then it's easy to understand how android applications run. By default, Each Android application is assigned a unique user id by the Android operating system. After starting an android application, they run in their own process, inside their own virtual machine.

An android operating system manages the starting and shutting down of the application process, whenever required. This means each android application runs in isolation from others, but they can certainly request access to hardware and other system resources.

If you are familiar with mobile application development, maybe in J2ME, then you may know about permissions. So when an android application is installed or started, it requests the necessary permission required to connect to the internet, phone book, and other system resources. The user explicitly provides grants these permissions, or it may deny them.

All these permissions are defined in the manifest file of the Android application. Unlike the Java Manifest file, the Android manifest is an XML file, which lists all the components of apps, and settings for those components.

Four major components of Android application development are Activities, Services, Content Providers, and Broadcast Receivers. Activity is the most common of them, as it represents a single screen in Android Application. For example, in an Android Game, you can have multiple screens for login, high score, instructions, and game screen. Each of these screens represents different Activities inside your app.

Similar to Java, a good thing about Android is that it manages certain tasks on behalf of the developer, one of them is creating an activity object. Activities are managed by System, when you want to start an activity, you call the startActivity() method which takes an Intent object. In response to this call, System can either create a new activity object or reuse an existing one.

Just like Garbage collection in Java, which manages a critical task or reclaiming memory, Android manages the starting, stopping, creating, and destruction of apps by themselves. You may think it's restrictive, but it's not. Android provides life cycle events, which you can override to interact with this process.

That's all on How Android works. Android is definitely worth learning for Java programmers, as it uses Java, you can reuse your existing knowledge of Java programming techniques, design patterns, and best practices to code a good android app. Of course, you need to adapt some Android-specific things like, but those will come along.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

GoLang Programming Language

2021-10-16T21:08:00.001+05:30

Hello readers, today we are discussing What is Go? (GoLang Programming Language). If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Give me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

Go, also known as Golang, is an open-source, compiled, and statically typed programming language designed by Google. It is built to be simple, high-performing, readable, and efficient.

What's the Go or GoLang?

Golang is just another name for Go and Go remains the official name. Golang came from the domain name of the Go official website, golang.org. This is actually really helpful because “Golang” is much more searchable than "Go" on Google. So it makes life a little easier for those who might be looking for information on the programming language.

How It Came Into Being

In 2007, frustrated by some of the C++ inefficiencies and the overcomplicated nature, and desiring a programming language designed specifically for multi-core processors and effectively managing large projects, three Google engineers, Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson, designed the Go language.

The goal was to build an improved C++ that was much easier to use Go was developed based on C’s disciplined syntax but also took inspiration from some of Python’s simplicity and Javascript’s useful features.

Gochi was announced to the public in 2009 and was made open source in 2012 when its first version 1.0 was released. Go quickly grew in popularity and became the first choice of many developers due to its simplicity, readability, functionality, and concurrent nature. Concurrent means it can perform multiple tasks at the same time.

Go is used for server-side programming, game development, cloud-based programming, and even data science. It is also popular for making command-line tools. It's no surprise that people like Kubernetes, Docker, and Hiroku are using Go because the main reason for designing Go is cloud-based programming.

GoLang is paid more and there is more Demand

10 years after the original open-source release of Go, Go is the second most paid language in the USA with average revenue of $140,000, one of the most beloved languages of programmers, and Go gods are in high demand.

Why GoLang Is Good?

Simple Syntax & Easy To Learn

Go contains a small number of popular concepts inspired by other languages, designed to create the simplest possible code. This saves time scanning code to check it, as well as time saved writing less code.

Golang is Fast

Go code is compiled and directly translated into processor-understandable formats. This makes it far faster than languages like Java that first need to compile into byte code, before executing it via a virtual machine.

Boasting small application sizes, Go binary files can be up to 10x smaller than their Java equivalent. This is especially notable for large applications deployed on multiple servers, heavily reducing file loading time and making for the much-improved performance. Go programs are lightweight, as Go runtimes clean up unused memory as extra code within the executable binary. This makes it easier to write memory-efficient Go code as the Go compiler has some spare code logic within each program.

What is GoLang bad for?

It was written for weak programmers, using the old language as a template. It comes complete with simple tools for doing simple things. It is easy to read and easy to use. It is incredibly verbose, lackluster, and bad for smart programmers.

What Is GoLang Used For?

Infrastructure

Popular open-source tools like Kubernetes, Docker, and Prometheus are written in Go for container deployment, scaling, and management for running and bundling applications. Cloud service tools like Terraform and OpenShift are written in Go to offer additional cloud and deployment options, with OpenShift running on top of Kubernetes and used by companies such as KPMG to automate and enhance their AI workflows.

Command-line interfaces

Companies like Comcast, GitHub, Stripe, and Uber use Go for their command-line interfaces. Comcast maintains an open-source client library written in Go, whereas Uber uses Go for CLI API for Jaeger.

Web applications

Large web apps like Monzo’s online banking app have been built in Go since their inception, and now use it to host over 1,600 microservices. Monzo has been using Go solely since 2015, working with Kubernetes and highlighting that Go is “quite simple, it’s statically typed, and it makes it easy for us to get people on board.”

Cryptography and cryptocurrency

Most notably, implementations of the Bitcoin Lightning Network are written in Go, as well as Geth, the main Ethereum implementation.

Machine learning and data science

Both Go and Python has been considered some of the best programming languages for AI and machine learning, yet Go trails way behind R and Python as the most popular data science and machine learning languages.

Go can handle complex math problems much faster than Python, though Python has advantages with its versatility, readability, and multi-purpose use for data science. You can now run Tensorflow models in Go as opposed to just Python to take advantage of some of Go’s speed advantages.

We believe that Golang will become a much more adopted language in the future.

Pros and Cons of GoLang?

Pros

Ease of use.
A smart standard library.
Strong security built-in.
Google's prominence in the industry.

Cons

Sometimes too simplistic.
It's still a young language.
Lack of a virtual machine.
It hasn't quite found its niche.

Limitations of GoLang

Go does not support generic functions.
Go icode takes longer to write than Python.
Not suitable for some types of applications.

Conclusion

In this article, you learned about the GoLang programming language and why it is a good one to know.

Go is a powerful programming language that is here to stay. It's clear from the 2020 StackOverflow Developer Survey that developers love Go, and its popularity is rising year by year.

Go is definitely worth your time.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How To Make Your Own Password Generator?

2021-09-10T19:56:00.000+05:30

Hello readers, today we help you create your own password generator (Using Python). If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Give me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

Can we build our own password generator?

Yes, definitely can. And here we are going to show you how to do it.

Let's create a password generator.

The best thing about building your own password generator is that you can customize it to your liking.

So, without further ado, let's create a password generator using Python.

PREREQUISITES:

1. random 2 libraries (pip install random2)

2. array library (no need to install)

3. Any IDE (ex. VS Code, Pycharm, etc.)

Source Code

import random2
import array

# maximum length of password needed
# this can be changed to suit your password length 
MAX_LEN = 12

# declare arrays of the character that we need in out password 
# Represented as chars to enable easy string concatenation

DIGITS = ['e', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'] 
LOCASE_CHARACTERS = ['a', 'b', 'c','d', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h, 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'x', 'y','z']

UPCASE_CHARACTERS = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N' 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S','T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z']

SYMBOLS = ['@', '#', 'S', '%', '=', ':', '?', '.', '/', '|', '~', '>', '**', '(',')', '<']

# combines all the character arrays above to form one array
COMBINED_LIST = DIGITS+ UPCASE_CHARACTERS + LOCASE_CHARACTERS + SYMBOLS

# randomly select at least one character from each character set above
rand_digit = random2.choice (DIGITS)
rand_upper = random2. choice (UPCASE_CHARACTERS) 
rand_lower = random2.choice (LOCASE_CHARACTERS)
rand_symbol = random2.choice (SYMBOLS)

# combine the character randomly selected above
# at this stage, the password contains only 4 characters but
# we want a 12-character password
temp_pass = rand_digit + rand_upper + rand_lower + rand_symbol

# now that we are sure we have at least one character from each
# set of characters, we fill the rest of
# the password length by selecting randomly from the combined
# list of character above. 
for x in range (MAX_LEN 4):
      temp_pass = temp_pass +
random2.choice (COMBINED_LIST)

# convert temporary password into array and shuffle to
# prevent it from having a consistent pattern
# where the beginning of the password is predictable
temp_pass_list = array.array('u', temp_pass)
random2.shuffle (temp_pass_list)

# traverse the temporary password array and append the chars 
# to form the password
password = ""
for x in temp_pass_list:
            password = password + x

# print out password
print (password)

Output

password_generator.py" 
5m@hf2CJkxsJ
FoXjZ9D:4qjb
p)*m$53H3c19
8S43meI:pf%S
D$~4xF#dRr7D

Hurray! you have a complete strong password generator.

Conclusion

We have seen how to create a password generator from scratch. Can we add more features to it? Yeah, we can add as many as we want. But, make sure that the resultant password is strong enough.

Generate the passwords from the code and use them for your next online account.

Happy Coding!

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How to Become a Cloud Engineer?

2021-09-08T21:42:00.162+05:30

Hello readers,

Today we are guiding you to become a Cloud Engineer. If you like this information, please share it.

It is predicted that Cloud Engineer will be one of the top ten in-demand IT jobs for the next 10 to 15 years. There is a great need for cloud engineers right now, mainly because a large number of organizations are moving their business processes to the cloud. As more and more organizations turn to cloud data storage, the demand for cloud engineers continues to grow.

Cloud development skills are as easy or difficult to learn as the respective on-premise technology stacks in most cases, and in many cases, there is a significant overlap between the two. Today’s resource demand is due to the growing gap between the supply of experienced cloud resources and the fast enterprise adoption of cloud platforms.

So, here's the first question,

What is cloud computing?

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user. In large clouds, tasks are often distributed in multiple locations, each with a data center.

Simply put, cloud computing is a technology used to facilitate access to computers, storage, databases, network management, security, and governance through the Internet, while also allowing customers to manage and pay for their own expenses.

What is the daily work of a cloud engineer

Daily tasks may include:

Helps organizations migrate their computer systems to the cloud
Configuring cloud infrastructure components such as networking and security services
Creating applications and databases that work in the cloud
Monitoring cloud management and data storage services

Do I need a degree to become a cloud engineer?

Although some employers prefer candidates with a bachelor's degree, they do not need to be cloud engineers. Many professionals work in cloud engineering and beyond, gaining the necessary skills and experience. That said, getting a bachelor's degree in a field like computer science or IT can get you fast-tracked in a cloud position.

What are the career paths of a cloud engineer?

If you have a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science or a related field, you will be able to enter the entry-level cloud engineering position. This is not the only way you can go.

Many cloud professionals start them in IT positions that incorporate the concepts used in cloud work. These can be jobs like System Engineer, Network Engineer, DevOps Engineer, and Database Administrator. From there, you can become a cloud engineer or cloud administrator. Cloud engineers can go into more specific roles like cloud architects.

Then,

How to be a cloud engineer

With the right skills and experience, you can set yourself up to be competitive for a cloud engineering job.

Learn New and Relevant skills.

Cloud Platforms: It is generally recommended that you learn a cloud platform well without the minimum knowledge of many things. According to market share, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, and IBM Cloud are the four largest cloud infrastructure providers in 2022. Everything you learn in one cloud platform can be transferred to another with slight differences.

Data storage and security: How to access, store and protect data is an important part of the cloud worker.

Networking: Knowledge of the basics of networking and virtual networks will be useful for integrating networks with cloud services.

Programming: Common languages used in cloud computing include Python, Java, Golang, and Ruby.

Operating System: You need to be well versed in operating systems like Windows and Linux.

Gain Experience.

There are many ways you can gain experience working with the cloud. If you are in an IT role, try contacting your manager to see if there are opportunities to shadow your colleagues in cloud computing roles or if you can do things that will help you learn more about cloud principles. You can explore yourself by signing up for a Cloud Platform account.

There are many cloud platforms to explore, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Alibaba, Microsoft Azure, and IBM Bluemix, etc.

Get a degree or certificate.

A degree or certificate can be useful to develop employers and show employers that you have a knowledge base in the cloud space. If you are new to cloud space, try a basic certificate like Microsoft Azure Fundamentals AZ-900. These can help you learn technology and vocabulary in the field.

If you have a little knowledge of the cloud, you may want to consider more technical certifications. This could include an AWS certificate or a Google Associate Cloud Engineer certificate.

Prepare for the interview.

Practice answering common technical interview questions you may encounter during a live job interview. Practice the interview. You can easily increase your technical knowledge and practice conversation with the interviewer.

Typical interview questions for cloud engineers can provide some insight into the experience required.

Here are some common questions for cloud engineers:

Please give an example of how you have worked with other IT team members to solve cloud-based issues.
What are some of the security issues you've dealt with in the cloud?
What kind of cloud project have you worked on?
Which web tools are especially good for you? What are your favorites and why?

The average starting salary of a cloud engineer:

If you’re curious, this is how much various cloud professionals make in India See it.

Cloud administrator: ₹5,79,886 /yr
Cloud network engineer: ₹ 7,50,000 /yr
Cloud systems engineer: ₹7,50,000 /yr
AWS cloud engineer: ₹8,00,000 /yr
Azure cloud engineer: ₹5,00,000 /yr
Cloud DevOps engineer: ₹6,00,000 /yr
Cloud software engineer: ₹7,79,886 /yr
Google cloud engineer: ₹5,57,183 /yr
Cloud data engineer: ₹7,51,756 /yr
Cloud architect: ₹6,00,000 /yr

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

What Are The Risks After Jailbreaking or Rooting a Device?

2021-08-30T20:04:00.002+05:30

Hello everyone, today we are going to discuss, what are the risks of jailbreaking or rooting a device. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Give me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

You may have heard the term jailbreaking or rooting in regards to your mobile phone, but what is this and what does it really mean for you? And it is Risky? That all information is given in this post.

Jailbreaking and Rooting are processed by which users “hack” their own mobile device by altering its operating system and security features.

First of all,

What is Rooting?

Rooting is a process that allows you to attain root access to the Andriod Operating system code (the equivalent term for Apple Device is jailbreaking). It gives you privileges to modify the software code on the device or install other software that the manufacture wouldn't normally allow you to and much more.

It means remove software restrictions put into place by Google™ to gain the ability to replace the entire operating system.

Why do device users do this?

Customize user experience and expand functionalities.

Gain access to a greater variety of unofficial apps.

Unlock SIM cards in order to use the device with another carrier.

What is Jailbreaking?

Jailbreaking is the process of exploiting the flaws of a locked-down electronic device to install software other than what the manufacturer has made available for that device. Jailbreaking allows the device owner to gain full access to the root of the operating system and access all the features. It is called jailbreaking because it involves freeing users from the ‘jail’ of limitations that are perceived to exist.

It means remove software restrictions put into place by Apple™ on devices that run the iOS operating system.

Why do device users do this?

Carry features over from one device to another.

Remove system apps that typically cannot be uninstalled.

Unlock SIM cards in order to use the device with another carrier.

Risks of Rooting/Jailbreaking

While Jailbreaking or Rooting your device to expand its functionalities may seem harmless, altering the operating system and device security actually exposes your sensitive personal data to cyber-fraud. Jailbreaking and Rooting weaken your device’s built-in security features. Fraudsters prey upon weakly secured mobile devices. They monitor device memory and app usage to gather personal information and distribute malicious apps that introduce your device to malware designed to compromise your personal data.

You can turn your smartphone into bricks. Well, not literally, but if you goof up the rooting process, meaning the code modifications, your phone software can get so damaged that your phone will basically be as useless as a brick.

Your phone warranty turns void. Even though rooting isn't illegal, manufactures try to fight it. Gaining root access will immediately void your warranty. If something happens to your software or hardware, you won't get it fixed by the phone provider.

Your phone is more vulnerable to malware and hacking. You might gain access to more apps and features, but that also means that you'll have to be very selective with what you download on your phone. Some apps might contains malware and steal your sensitive data like login details, passwords, or even payment details. Others might even grant hackers complete access to your phone.

What Can You Do?

Do not jailbreak or root your mobile device or download unofficial apps to a jailbroken or rooted device. sure that your mobile device and the information stored on it is as secure as it can be.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

What Is The Perfect Time To Code?

2021-08-25T17:51:00.001+05:30

Hello everyone, today we are going to tell you what is the right time to code, or what time to choose. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Leave me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

What? Is there even a time for coding?

Yes, my friend!

Not only coding but there is definitely a right time to do everything.

What if I told you

"Hey! Start coding now!" Then, Some of you will refuse and some will even start.

Those who refuse will have some such excuse: I feel sleepy, now! or I want to go out with friends and I will start tomorrow.

So tell what's the perfect time to code?

So let's start...

As a programmer, I generally prefer to start coding after dinner and into the wee hours of the morning before heading to sleep almost all weekends. If you ask a random programmer when they do their best work, there’s a high chance they will admit a lot of it’s done late at night. Some earlier, some later. Some people are naturally not morning people, so they sleep till noon and work afternoons and late nights, still maintaining a healthy amount of sleep.

I love coding at night due to no constant interference when there’s nothing to disturb your aloneness. Coding during the day means having to deal with interruptions in the form of people, calls, texts, and life in general. But in the wee hours of the night, there is no one to disturb me, no social notifications to bug me, and I can code just the projects I want to.

The brain works best when it's late at night because it turns out that late at night/really early in the morning, the brain gets tired enough that it can only focus on one task, not on multiple tasks. There will be flexible and creative thinking.

When I code, I can clearly see how productive I am based on what time of day it is. I have spoken to many others about this very topic and notice that many people have different times that they are highly productive. For example, my friend is at his most productive after 5 AM; I am at my most productive after night dinner.

No matter the time you prefer to work, always keep in mind that developers need an adequate amount of sleep just like everyone else. If I don’t sleep, I tend to screw up more, so I always make sure that I have sufficient hours of sleep and a proper sleep schedule to prevent feeling burnt out and weakened during the day.

Knowing what time you are most productive is important.

Key Points:

It is important to practice coding when you are at your peak performance time.

It is important to take breaks so that you can absorb the material and continue your project unimpeded by your own exhaustion.

For me, There’s magic in the nighttime. The peace and quietness, the internal serenity. There’s just you, your work, and an infinite abundance of time. You are alone.

As a society, we know that smart, talented people work at night. Often in a lonely place, they solve problems mere mortals could only dream of.

When do you Code Day or Night? Comment Below...

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How to Check Incognito History & Delete it in Chrome?

2021-08-22T14:03:00.002+05:30

Hello readers, Today we are giving you information about, How to Check Incognito History & How to Delete it in Chrome. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Give me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

Web browsers normally save your private browsing history, also called incognito history, in order to buffer quickly when you access it again. However, third-party organizations are peeping on such data as well, such as marketers, brands, and agencies. They track your footprint of web browsing.

Many of us might think that the browsing history in incognito mode is not retrieved at all, but this is not true. There is a way in Windows Operating System by which we can see our incognito history and delete it. Many third-party applications are available on the internet for checking it, but we aren’t using any of these applications, we are going to see from DNS Cache using the windows command prompt.

So, the First thing is in your mind is...

What is DNS and How it works? And What is DNS cache?

DNS stands for Domain Name System. It converts the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of any website into its equivalent IP address.

DNS is a device that records the IP address and their hostnames. So when you enter the name of a website in the browser, the browser will check the DNS server and get the IP address of the site to open it.

For Example, All of us visit our favorite websites by typing the web addresses like gyamatech.blogspot.com, but your browser doesn’t understand this, the browser needs to know the IP address of the site you’re trying to visit. So when we type the web address in the search bar, the browser sends a request to the domain name system. As DNS gets a query from the browser, it matches the site URL to an IP address and returns back IP address to the browser.

This entire process of communication between the browser and the DNS server gets recorded on your device even if you’ve used private browsing. If you read the DNS results, it will show the browsing history of your computer. And it’s pretty simple to see the DNS results you don’t have to be a bigshot hacker for this.

DNS Cache is the memory of recent DNS queries stored locally on your computer. It contains all the records of recent website visits so that when next time you will visit the same website, you can get a quick response from the DNS server. In short DNS cache speed up the process of matching IP addresses by handling the names of recently visited addresses before the request is sent out to the internet.

As DNS cache is stored locally on your computer, so we can easily view and clear it very easily using the command prompt.

So, Let's start...

How to see Incognito History?

To see that history, Follow the below steps properly:

1] Open a command prompt.

2] Type command ipconfig /displaydns to see a DNS cache history.

3] Now you can see the detailed information about websites which are recently visited and didn’t show up in history.

How to delete Incognito History?

To delete that history, Follow the below steps properly:

1] Open Command prompt.

2] Type command ipconfig /flushdns to clear the DNS.

3] This will delete the DNS entries.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How To Choose A Programming Language?

2021-08-18T10:33:00.003+05:30

Hello readers, today we are going to help you choose a programming language. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Give me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

Many people ask me that! Which programming language should I learn?

Read this article you'll get your answer!

Many people are curious about code. Unfortunately, choosing a programming language can be a major hurdle, because people lack the information necessary to make a good decision. That’s why you shouldn’t start with a coding language.

I encourage you to think about what you want to accomplish with code. Be specific. Getting a good job isn’t precise enough. After all, is a job good, if it pays well, but you hate it? Code is everywhere, and that means you have many options. Do you want to build mobile apps? Are you interested in the Arduino and Raspberry Pi? Are you a researcher who wants more command over your data? You can do a lot with code, and the opportunities continue to expand.

Once you consider what you want to study, build, and contribute, you can start thinking about which language to learn. There are always options when choosing a programming language, and there will still be confusion more on that later. However, languages have strengths and weaknesses. Certain languages have been adopted more regularly in specific fields.

The first thing you have to understand is that you don't have much of a choice. It's not hard to pick out the top 10 leaders from all the variety of languages. 80% of all that's happening is happening there.

There are such top programming languages are given here as follow:

C, C++, C#, Java ,JavaScript / TypeScript, Objective-C, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, Assemblers, Perl, Swift, etc.

And also, there is a separate group of specialized titles unrelated to the programming languages of general purpose:

CSS, HTML, MATLAB, R, Shell, SQL, XML, etc.

C++/C

C++/C is simple to learning, it is good for beginners. C++/C is used in Game development and Database Software and Operating Systems. C is highly used for Desktop Applications.

Python

Python is a general-purpose language used for everything from server automation to data science. Python is a great language for beginners trying to choose a programming language because it is easy to read and understand. You can also do so many things with Python that it’s easy to stick with the language for quite a while before needing something else. Python is also used for Data Science, Machine Learning, Back-End Development.

Java

Java can be used for anything from web applications (Back-End Web Development) to desktop and mobile apps. Java has a strong presence among large enterprise applications think bank, hospital, and university software. It also powers Android apps.

Swift

Apple released Swift in 2014 as a modern language for developing Mac, iPad, iPhone, Apple Watch, and Apple TV applications. If you want to enter the world of iOS (iOS Apps), Swift is the language with which Apple intends to move forward. Yes, many apps are already written in Objective-C, but Swift is here to stay.

Objective-C

Like Java, Objective-C can be used to write desktop software and mobile apps. However, Objective-C is essentially Apple territory. Until the recent release of the Swift programming language, Objective-C was the language for developing native iPhone and iPad apps. Many major apps are still written in Objective-C, and programmers for these apps are in high demand.

And other unrelated to the programming languages are CSS, HTML, MATLAB, R, Shell, SQL, XML, etc. These are used for general purposes like Web Development and for Back-End Development as well as for Web Applications.

Depending on which field you want to go in, you can decide which programming language to choose.

Good luck in your coding journey.

Which Language Did You Choose? Comment Below...

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Who will end the Monopoly of Google?

2021-08-15T20:11:00.001+05:30

Hello Readers, Today we are giving you information about the Monopoly of Google. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Leave me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

"Google it"

Yeah. That's what over 92% of the world does. Everything from how to fix a broken clip to a broken heart, we don't 'search' anymore. We 'Google it'. And, to take a bite of the treasure trove of Google's knowledge, all we have to do is watch a few ads.

Good Google, no?

Well, they also get to make a cool $115 bn in ad revenue, while the companies who draw such plum paycheques get to increase their visibility and business.

A perfect world.

So it's worth asking, should anyone even dream of getting into Google's business?

Well, the very people who worked in making Google Google, are building an alternative to Google's search engine, Neeva. Approx. a dozen ex-Googlers are working in this startup. Why, though?

Umm, the perfect world of Google is far from perfect.

And, these ex-Googlers want to change that.

The Google era has infringed on our personal space in a scary way. Over 40% of our search results are ads.

The profile us into categories, and soon the harmless promoted posts close down the world on us.

How?

Well, to increase its revenue share, Google will want us to go to the platform again and again. Now to do that, it will show us what we want, and not what we need.

This is called an "echo-chamber" effect.

Ironically, the man who started Neeva, Mr. Sridhar Ramaswamy, is the one who ran Google ads. He worked at Google for 15 years and perhaps knowing too much made him leave.

He is bent on changing the narrative that Google and other online services have been feeding us: that to democratize services, they have to be free.

And that's what Neeva is all about. For a monthly subscription fee of $5-10, Neeval will personalize your data as per your preferences and behavior. But, personalization does not mean selling your soul. They only serve us and will give results that benefit us.

But, how does Neeva plan to compete with free Google?

Well, Neeva plans to complement Google, and not compete with it. Just like Netflix is not anti-theatre, Neeva is not anti-Google.

Neeva itself suggests choosing from alternatives such as ad blockers, private search engines, and other browsers.

Neeva differentiates itself by offering a rich search. experience.

The startup is currently valued at $300 million and will be coming to India by next year. Do you think it will be able to make a dent in the Indian market?

More importantly, will you be willing to pay for it? Let us know in the comments!

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Basic Data Structure You Should Know

2021-08-14T13:03:00.003+05:30

Hello readers, today we introduce you to the basic data structure. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Give me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

So Let's start...

Array

An array is a data structure that contains a group of elements. typically these elements are all of the same data types, such as an integer and string.

Here's an image of a simple array of size 4, containing elements (1,2,3, and 4).

Stack

A stack is a data structure used to store a collection of objects. Individual items can be added and stored in a stack using a push operation.

Here's an image of a stack containing three data elements (1, 2, and 3), where 3 is at the top and will be removed first:

Queues

The queue is another linear data structure that stores the elements in a sequential manner.

Here's an image of Queues containing four data elements (1, 2, 3, and 4), where 1 is at the top and will be removed first:

Linked List

A linked list is like a chain of nodes, where each node contains information like data and a pointer to the succeeding node in the chain.

Here's a visual representation of the internal structure of a linked list:

Graph

A graph is a set of nodes that are connected to each other in the form of a network. Nodes are also called vertices.

Trees

A tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of vertices (nodes) and edges that connect them.

Trie

It provides fast retrieval and is mostly used for searching words in a dictionary, providing auto-suggestion in a search engine, and even for IP routing.

Hash

Hashing is a process used to uniquely identify objects and store each object at some pre-calculated unique index called its "key".

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing from this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

Difference Between Data Scientists and Machine Learning Engineers

2021-08-12T19:21:00.002+05:30

Hello Readers, Today we inform you of the Differences between, Data Scientists and ML Engineers. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Leave me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

[Source Image: istockphoto.com]

There’s often confusion between the roles of Data Scientists and Machine Learning Engineers. Although they certainly work together amicably and enjoy some overlap concerning expertise and experience, the two roles serve quite different purposes. Essentially, we are differentiating between Scientists who seek to understand the science behind their work, and Engineers who seek to build something that can be accessed by others.

To Clear Discussion I'll make Three Categories;

Expertise
Responsibilities
Salary Expectations

Expertise

The reason people get confused about the difference between the two roles is that there are many places where their skills overlap. For example, both Data Scientists and Machine Learning engineers are expected to have good knowledge of,

Supervised & Unsupervised Learning.
Machine Learning & Predictive Modelling.
Mathematics and Statistics.
Python or R.

The major overlaps between the roles have resulted in some organizations, particularly smaller organizations and startups, merging the roles into one. Thus, some organizations have Data Scientists doing the work of Machine Learning engineers and some have Machine Learning engineers doing the work of Data Scientists. Only leading to more confusion amongst practitioners. However, there are some key differences between the expertise required for each role.

Data Scientists are typically extremely good data storytellers. Some would argue that this trait makes them much more creative than Machine Learning engineers. Another difference is that Data Scientists may use tools like PowerBI and Tableau to share insights to the business, and they don't necessarily need to use Machine Learning.

Machine Learning engineers are expected to know about Data Structures & Algorithms and understand the fundamental components that go into creating deliverable software. And it's not unusual for a Machine Learning engineer to have a good grasp of another programming language like Java, C++, or Julia.

Responsibilities

Data Scientists follow the Data Science Process, which may also be referred to as Blitzstein & Pfister workflow. Blitzstein and Pfister initially created the framework to teach students of the Harvard CS 109 course how to approach Data Science problems.

The Data Science process has 5 key phrases, are following

Understanding the Business Problem
Data Collection
Data Cleaning & Exploration
Model Building
Communicate and Visualize Insights

The majority of the work performed by Data Scientists is in the research environment. In this environment, Data Scientists perform tasks to better understand the data so they can build models that will best capture the data’s inherent patterns. Once they’ve built a model, the next step is to evaluate whether it meets the project's desired outcome. If it does not, they will iteratively repeat the process until the model meets the desired outcome before handing it over to the Machine Learning Engineers.

Machine Learning Engineers are responsible for creating and maintaining the Machine Learning infrastructure that permits them to deploy the models built by Data Scientists to a production environment. Therefore, Machine Learning Engineers typically work in the development environment which is where they are concerned with reproducing the machine learning pipeline built by Data Scientists in the research environment. And, they work in the production environment which is where the model is made accessible to other software systems or clients.

Machine Learning engineers are responsible for the maintenance of the ML infrastructure that allows them to deploy and scale the models built by the Data Scientists. And, Data Scientists are users of the Machine Learning infrastructure that is built by the Machine Learning engineer.

Salary Expectations

It is difficult to lower the expectations of an accurate salary. Salaries in both roles vary based on various factors such as the amount of experience you have, the qualifications you have, the position you are in, and the field in which you work.

Institutions are expected to offer different benefits. Whatever the role, you can expect to receive invitations to join a company pension plan, flexible or remote work, performance bonuses, and private medical insurance.

India

A Junior Data Scientists can expect to start within the range of ₹500,000 - ₹650,000 per year (It may rise to ₹1,000,000 per year depending on experience). A graduate or Entry-level Machine Learning Engineer can expect a starting salary of ₹450,000 - ₹575,000 per year (It may rise to ₹1,700,000 per year depending on experience). [Source: payscale]

According to research, the average salary of a Data Scientists in the India is ₹10,00,000 per year. The prospectus states that the average salary of a Machine Learning Engineer in the India is ₹701,478 per year.

Lead and Chief Data Scientists can earn anything upwards of ₹1,000,000 (surpassing ₹2,000,000 in some cases). In contrast, More experienced Machine Learning Engineers can expect to earn as much as ₹1,000,000 (particularly if they work for a multinational company like TCS or Intel or etc.).

United States of America

The average base salary of a Data Scientists in the USA is $120,089 per year. In contrast, the average base salary of a Machine Learning Engineer in the USA is $150,660 per year. [Source: Google].

Overall, it is Fair to say that machine learning engineers are generally paid more than data scientists throughout the year.

Final Thoughts From Me

Despite the similarities between the roles, Data Scientists and Machine Learning Engineers are quite different concerning their responsibilities, expertise, and earnings. From the majority of interviews I’ve listened to on the topic, many say the transition from Data Scientists to Machine Learning Engineer is much harder than the transition from Machine Learning Engineer to Data Scientists. This is because Data Scientists aren’t usually proficient with software engineering and computer science fundamentals which is a big learning curve.

Thanks for Reading!

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How to Overclock the CPU?

2021-07-08T20:44:00.017+05:30

Hello Everyone, Today we are giving you information about, How to overclock the CPU. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Leave me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

By overclocking your CPU, you can squeeze extra performance out of your PC without spending any money. Most processors have a little extra headroom, and if you know how to overclock your CPU, you can take advantage of it for higher frame rates in games, faster renders in Adobe Pro, and everything in between.

Although overclocking may seem scary, the reality is that it’s not too difficult and it doesn’t pose much of a risk if you know what you’re doing. In this guide, we’ll run you through the basics for Intel and AMD processors. Remember though, CPU overclocking is only half the battle for maximizing your PC’s performance. You can overclock the memory, too.

Caution

When you overclock a processor, a couple of things happen. The chip runs hotter and uses more power. Both factors can lead to problems if you’re using the stock cooler supplied with the CPU. That doesn’t necessarily mean you can’t overclock, but your potential overclocking headroom is much lower than using a more advanced air or liquid cooling system in your PC.

You’re operating outside of the limits of your CPU when overclocking, which could lower its lifespan. After all, increased power and heat will degrade most PC components faster. That said, most moderate overclocks won’t impact the lifespan of your processor in any meaningful way.

If you want to overclock a laptop CPU, you’re probably out of luck. Few allow it, and fewer still possess the thermal headroom to make it viable. But even if you can, we caution against it for your first overclocking venture.

Overclocking your CPU can void its warranty. AMD and Intel typically don’t cover overclocking, though they would be hard-pressed to prove overclocking killed your CPU unless you pushed way too much voltage through the chip. Motherboard manufacturers may or may not cover overclocking. If you’re concerned, check the warranty before trying.

First of all, Identify your CPU

Before you start overclocking the CPU, figure out what you have the chip may not even support overclocking in the first place.

Which processors you can overclock is an area where AMD and Intel differ significantly. You can overclock the most recent Ryzen CPUs from AMD. Typically, you can only overclock the Intel K and X series CPUs.

Below are several recent unlocked Intel processors primed for overclocking. If your CPU isn’t on the list and doesn’t have a K or X suffix in its name, overclocking may not be possible. Double-check if you’re unsure.

CPU Base clock Turbo clock

Core i9-11900K 3.5GHz 5.3GHz

Core i7-11700K 3.6GHz 5.0GHz

Core i5-11600K 3.9GHz 4.9GHz

Core i9-10900K 3.7GHz 5.3GHz

Core i7-10700K 3.8GHz 5.1GHz

Core i5-10600K 4.1GHz 4.8GHz

AMD processors have remained completely unlocked and overclockable for generations. The last several generations of Ryzen CPUs support overclocking, including the recent Ryzen 5000 chips. Many FX-series processors support overclocking, too, if you’re still holding onto one.

If you’re not sure, don’t fret. The worst thing that can happen if you can’t overclock your CPU is that you try, and it doesn’t work. The software we recommend will tell you as such, so at worst, you’ll face some disappointment.

Some Instructions Before CPU Overclocking

Since overclocking increases your system’s operating temperature, it forces both your CPU and system cooling to work harder than usual. If this is your first overclocking attempt, give your PC a spring cleaning.

Ultimately, you want to make sure clumps of dust aren’t blocking air flowing in and out of your PC. Also, make sure dust doesn’t collect on your CPU cooler. That’s where the majority of the additional heat accumulates.

Before cleaning, turn off the PC and wear an anti-static wristband. We also don’t recommend using a vacuum cleaner to remove dust due to the potential for static buildup.

When you’re finally ready, skip ahead to the section for the brand of CPU you have, and follow the instructions there.

Intel CPU

Extreme Tuning Utility

You can overclock Intel CPUs using the BIOS. Since this is a beginner’s guide to overclocking, we recommend Intel’s Windows-based Extreme Tuning Utility. It’s a free software suite explicitly designed to overclock your Intel CPU.

Unlike some third-party software, the Intel XTU is stable, reliable, and unlikely to cause problems independently. It gives you a detailed look at your CPU’s current state. Even if you’re not overclocking, it’s a great little utility providing loads of information about your system.

Step 1:

Baseline temperatures and performance

The first time you start XTU, take a few baseline readings to make sure your CPU is ready to overclock. Start by running the Stress Test located on the left-hand menu. Run this test for at least an hour. You can sit and watch the test or do something else. If you leave, return toward the end of the hour and look at the system information in the window’s base.

Take note of the Package Temperature. If your CPU is hotter than 80 degrees, you don’t have the thermal headroom to overclock. We recommend improving your cooling before continuing any further.

If your temperature is below that preferably well under it you have some thermal wiggle room to push your chip at a higher frequency.

Step 2:

Multipliers

Although you can overclock your CPU using the Basic tab, learning about the different components of an overclock will help you better understand what’s happening with the chip. It also makes it easier to achieve a stable overclock. Select the Advanced Tuning tab from the left-hand menu and then look to the section headed Multipliers.

Multipliers correspond to the speed you’re getting out of the CPU. It’s a multiplication of the BCLK frequency or reference clock. Ax32 multiplier would typically mean a turbo frequency of 3.2GHz.

Raise your multiplier by one number across all cores. Although you can adjust frequencies individually on different cores, we’ll push for an all-core overclock to keep things simple.

Now test the overclock’s stability. Select Stress Test from the left-hand menu and rerun the test. In this case, you only need to run the test for 10 minutes. If it completes without a problem, increase the multiplier by another step. Rinse and repeat. Eventually, the test will report a fail result, or it will cause your computer to crash. When that happens, step back to the previous multiplier setting.

If you’re happy with the final overclock, run more extended stress tests and play a few games for several hours until the overclock remains stable. If not, reduce the multiplier another step and begin the stress testing process again. When you reach a point where you can happily use your PC as usual at a higher frequency, pat yourself on the back for a successful overclock!

If you run into difficulty trying to stabilize your overclock or want to see if you can push the system further, try adjusting its voltage.

Step 3:

Core voltage

Many voltage parameters can affect a CPU’s operation, but arguably the most important and impactful is core voltage (VCore). You can adjust the voltage using Intel’s XTU, similar to how you changed the multipliers. This process can differentiate between unstable and stable overclocks, or even the difference between modest and much higher overclocks.

But be warned: You need to take more care when adjusting the CPU voltage than you do with multipliers. If you push the CPU to run at a ridiculously high multiplier, it will just crash and restart your system. If you try and force too much voltage through your CPU, it can kill it, so proceed with caution.

Use Google to see what settings other people use for your specific CPU, especially for VCore settings, given its potential to damage the chip. Reddit’s r/Overclocking is a great resource to see what other people generated from the same CPU configurations.

A general rule of thumb is that anything over 1.4 volts is dangerous. However, it is very much dependent on the particular chip in your PC, so additional research is worth considering.

When ready, select the Advanced Tuning tab in the left-hand menu of the XTU and increase your core voltage by about .025. For example, If you’re starting at 1.250, move to 1.275. Select Apply. If the system doesn’t crash, you can rerun the stress test to you’re still within a safe temperature range.

You can also try increasing the multiplier to see if the additional voltage improves your CPU’s overclocking ability.

Step 4:

Tweak, Test And Repeat

At this point, you have all the tools for finding your CPU’s stable overclock. Take it steady. Change settings only in small increments. Run at least one short stress test after each change. Make sure your CPU temperatures do not exceed 80 degrees after a lengthy stress test. Finally, don’t set your voltages too high.

If your system crashes or restarts, that’s a telltale sign you’ve pushed something too far. Go back and make some adjustments. The most important outcome is that you find a safe and stable frequency for your CPU. It’s fun to push it to run at a much higher frequency, but if it’s not sturdy enough to run applications or play games without crashing, it’s not much use outside of bragging rights.

Once you’re happy with a stable frequency, take note of your settings so that you can reapply them later on if needed.

AMD Ryzen Master

If you have a recent generation of AMD Ryzen CPU and want to overclock it with the least effort, you can use the ClockTuner automatic overclocking tool from 1usmus. If you want to learn how to do it manually, to help better understand what AMD overclocking is all about, follow the steps below.

AMD CPU overclocking is very much the same as Intel chips, but the software is different. If you have an AMD Ryzen processor from 2017 onward, the software we recommend for beginners is Ryzen Master. You can download the utility from AMD here.

For older AMD processors, we recommend AMD Overdrive instead. The following instructions still apply, but the software layout differs slightly. Make sure to double-check what you’re doing before making any changes.

Step 1

Stress test

Before you begin overclocking the CPU, make sure that it won’t exceed safe temperatures. Although Ryzen Master has its built-in stress test, it doesn’t last very long. Instead, we recommend the AIDA64 Extreme tool and its stability (Free trial) test. If you like this tool, a full license costs $40, covering up to three PCs.

Open it and select Tools from the top menu, followed by Stability Test. Press Start when ready and leave your PC for around an hour. Make sure that at no point during testing do the temperatures exceed 80 degrees. If they do, improve your CPU cooling before trying to overclock. If you have some temperature headroom, move on to overclocking your system.

Step 2

Frequencies

The latest Ryzen Master software is packed with options, the majority of which you don’t need for a basic overclock. To keep things simple, make sure you’re in the Basic View. If your software matches the screenshot above, you’re all set. If not, select Basic View from the bottom left corner of the expanded interface.

First, switch the Control Mode from Default to Manual. This will allow you to manually adjust clock speed and voltages, which you’ll need for the overclock.

Unlike the Intel software, you can adjust the clock speed directly instead of using a multiplier. Boost the CPU Clock Speed by 50MHz, then select Apply & Test. Ryzen Master will boost your processor’s frequency and test it. If your computer is stable and the temperatures aren’t too hot again, the goal is to stay under 80 degrees you can go through the same process again. Boost the clock speed by 50MHz, run a stress test, and verify that everything is cool and functional.

Ryzen Master’s built-in stress testing utility is decent, but we recommend running a test through AIDA64 after you’ve reached the speed you want. Again, run the test for about an hour and pay close attention to your temperature.

Continue this process until you’ve reached the speed you want or you experience a crash. After that point, dial it back to the last stable setting and use your computer for several hours (maybe even a day or two). If it crashes again, step it back again and test again. When it’s able to run all day while stressed, this is your base overclock, which you may be able to fine-tune for a little extra speed using voltage control.

Step 3

Voltage control

Increasing the CPU’s voltage can improve the stability of an overclock. It also allows you to overclock even further. The drawback is that it can dramatically increase temperatures. Pushing the voltage too high can damage your processor as well, so proceed with caution. Only make small adjustments at a time.

A safe voltage for most AMD CPUs shouldn’t exceed 1.4 volts, but we recommend researching your specific CPU to make sure you don’t set the voltage too high.

If you’re happy to take the risk, using the CPU Voltage section to push up your voltage by a .025 increment. After that, hit Apply & Test to make sure the system is stable, then go back and repeat the process. Keep an eye on your temperature here and make sure you don’t exceed 1.4 volts.

After you’ve reached a stable voltage, run an AIDA64 stress test for at least an hour, keeping an eye on temperatures.

Step 4

Rinse and repeat

Once you find a stable frequency and voltage, give yourself a pat on the back. Now you can increase frequencies further, provided you have additional headroom for voltage and temperature. Save your profile to lock in all these settings so you can use them in future sessions.

When Ryzen Master loads with Windows, it will prompt you to provide your admin approval to apply the overclock. You can start the app and manually apply the overclock if it doesn’t ask for your permission.

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post. There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How Al, loT, Big Data Analytics is being used in IPL

2021-06-12T20:27:00.001+05:30

Hello Everyone, Today we are giving you information about How Al, loT, Big Data Analytics is being used in IPL. If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Leave me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

Source Image: www.wikipedia.org

Key Points:

Speculur BatSense

Power Bats

SuperStats

CricScience

Al-based Bowling Machines

Speculur BatSense

Speculur, a Bengaluru-based sports-tech startup collaborated with Intel to come up with a sensor named 'Speculur Batsense' which is mounted on the top of the handle of the bat.

This technology was first used in the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and is being currently used in IPL.

The device gathers data by using a machine learning algorithm with every stroke.

Power Bats

Anil Kumble partnered with Microsoft and came up with Spektacom, an Al-powered cricket bat that uses a loT-based sensor sticker.

Spektacom uses a mini sticker sensor on a cricket bat to collect data on the quality, speed, twist, and swing of the bat, and the data generated is analyzed with the help of powerful Al models that are developed in Azure.

SuperStats

ESPNcricinfo, a cricket website, launched SuperStats in the year 2018 to forecast the events of the game. The series makes use of three elements namely Smart Stats, Luck Index, and Forecaster, to predict an event in a game.

These metrics have been derived by using the ball-by-ball database from ESPNcricinfo and the complex ML algorithms developed by IIT Madras and Gyan Data.

CricScience

The fusion of Cricket with Data science gives birth to CricScience. Data science is not only helpful for predicting the most favorable team for a tournament but it is also helpful in extracting valuable insights for other use cases.

For eg:- Virat Kohli has been caught several times at the short cover while playing one of his favorite shots in the IPL 2020.

Al-based Bowling Machines

Due to the increasing practice and analysis going behind the scenes, bowling machines have too evolved to provide the batsmen with varied but precise net sessions.

Advanced machines use Al and ML algorithms to replicate all variations a human can bowl.

All teams in the IPL are currently using such machines to leverage the power of technology in their practice.

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post.

There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.

How To Crack A Password !!

2021-04-22T11:16:00.001+05:30

Hello Everyone, Today we are giving you information about How To Crack A Password !! If you like this information, please share it with your friends. Leave me a comment to improve my writing skills and subscribe by email for future updates.

Passwords are the most commonly used method for user authentication. Passwords are so popular because the logic behind them makes sense to people and they’re relatively easy for developers to implement.

However, passwords can also introduce security vulnerabilities. Password crackers are designed to take credential data stolen in a data breach or other hack and extract passwords from it.

What is Password Cracking?

Password cracking is the process of attempting to gain unauthorized access to restricted systems using common passwords or algorithms that guess passwords. In other words, it's the art of obtaining the correct password that gives access to a system protected by an authentication method.

Password cracking employs a number of techniques to achieve its goals.

The cracking process can involve either comparing stored passwords against word lists or use algorithms to generate passwords that match.

What is password strength?

Password strength is the measure of a password's efficiency to resist password cracking attacks. The strength of a password is determined by:

Length: the number of characters the password contains.

Complexity: does it use a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols?

Unpredictability: is it something that can be guessed easily by an attacker?

Let's now look at a practical example. We will use three passwords namely.

password
password]
#password1$

For this example, we will use the password strength indicator of Cpanel when creating passwords. The images below show the password strengths of each of the above-listed passwords.

The higher the strength number, the better the password.

Let's suppose that we have to store our above passwords using md5 encryption. We will use an online md5 hash generator to convert our passwords into md5 hashes.

The table below shows the password hashes

We will now use http://www.md5this.com/ to crack the above hashes. The images below show the password cracking results for the above passwords.

As you can see from the above results, we managed to crack the first and second passwords that had lower strength numbers. We didn't manage to crack the third password which was longer, complex and unpredictable. It had a higher strength number.

Password cracking techniques !!

There are a number of techniques that can be used to crack passwords. We will describe the most commonly used ones below:

Dictionary attack

Brute force attack

Rainbow table attack

Guess

Spidering

Password cracking tool !!

1. John the Ripper

2. Cain & Abel

3. Ophcrack

If you learned at least one thing with this post, then share the post.

There is no expert who can remain an expert without sharing their knowledge. So, keep sharing your knowledge with everyone.