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noreply@blogger.com (cQ_shiMMer) — Thu, 11 Sep 2008 03:38:00 -0700

Fedora 9

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Toyota Supra

noreply@blogger.com (cQ_shiMMer) — Wed, 9 Apr 2008 11:00:00 -0700

Toyota Supra

Toyota Supra

Toyota revived its sports car Supra in the summer of 1993 - more potent and far more costly than the 1986-92 generation. Sole body style was a 2-door hatchback coupe with 2+2 seating and a one-piece folding rear seatback. Toyota offered base and Turbo models. Both had dual airbags and all-disc antilock brakes. The Supra Turbo also got traction control and a limited-slip differential, in addition to a firmer sport-tuned suspension. Both models could be equipped with an optional Sport Roof - a removable aluminum panel over the front seats. Power was supplied by a 3.0-liter dual-cam inline 6-cylinder engine. Base Supras ran 220 horsepower, while twin turbochargers gave the Turbo 320 horses. Base cars came with a 5-speed manual transmission; Turbos, a 6-speed. A 4-speed automatic transmission was optional on either Supra model.
Value for the Money - Lofty performance and fine fit/finish make this toyota Supra a worthy, if costly, contender - provided that you don’t need to carry passengers out back.

Facelift Version (1996-2002)

Facelift-Models were only available in the US, Canada and Japan. From April ‘96 on sales were ment to be boosted by modificating various details. Supra’s headlights did get a black housing, the yellow indicators were replaced by clear ones (Image of the facelift front spoiler) and the tail lights got a anthracite-coloured bezel, which is also different from the pre-facelift version. A horizontal bar was added to the radiator opening in the front spoiler, the side indicators on the fenders of the J-Spec were replaced by side marker lights like on the US-Spec. The orange front side-markers of the J-Spec are different from those in the US-Spec, while the red rear-lights are being the same. The US-Spec type side-markers do have a flat, oval shape and are in a bright orange shade, the J-Spec type side-markers taper off in the frontal area with a small edge and are in a darker orange shade (compare image below).
The dashboard colour was changed to a light grey colour and the cloth seats got a new pattern and an integrated head-rest. The lineup of available exterior colours did change in 1996, too. The following colours weren’t available anymore. Colour Code US-Sales Name JAP-Sales Name
752 Baltic Blue Metallic Deep Teal Metallic
1A1 Anthracite Metallic Darkbrownish Gray Mica-Metallic
The following colours were added to the lineup:
Colour Code US-Sales Name JAP-Sales Name
6P3 Deep Jewel Green Pearl Dark Green Mica-Metallic (05.95+)
6N0 Not available Grayish Green Mica-Metallic
8L5 Royal Saphire Pearl Blue Mica-Metallic

Japanese Specification

In terms of technic no changes were made. The 3-gauge cluster was replaced by one with two large and three small gauges (boost for turbo-models/voltmeter for N/A’s, fuel, oil temperature) (Gauge Cluster). The digital odometer was swapped for an analogue one. Exterior details were changed. As well the 17″-type as the 16″-type rims got new-style center-caps (Picture). The equipment grade “GZ” was dropped. Natural aspirated SZ-R Supras got the turbo-version’s 6-Speed Getrag manual transmission instead of the 5-speed gearbox, as well as Recaro sportseats (also availabe with leather upholstery) as extra equipment. RZ’s got them as standard equipment. Dual airbags became standard equipment in all equipment grades eventually.

Another revision happened in August 1997: The cloth seats got once again a new, upbeat pattern and the 4-spoke airbag steering wheel got replaced by a 3-spoke one with carbon applications in RZ and SZ-R equipment grades. Both grades got REAS-shock absorbers as standard equipment as standard (Relative Active Absorber System), which minimizes vehicle roll in corners.
A very interesting modification is the introduction of the “ECT-iE” called Tiptronic-Gearbox in RZ-S Supras. The known 4-speed converter automatic gearbox was adapted with buttons on the steering wheel for manual shifting. Along with the model-change of the Toyota Aristo Vertex the turbo-engine got equipped with variable valve timing VVT-i (Variable Valve-Timing with Intelligence), as well as OBD2-diagnostics and drive-by wire throttle control (ETCS-i). The addition of VVT-i allows higher reving and results in a torque peak of 450Nm (441Nm without VVT-i) at 3600rpm instead of 4800rpm. The natural aspirated 2JZ-GE engine didn’t change.
Exterior colours got overhauled once again. “Silver-Metallic Graphite” (1B9) and “Super Bright Yellow” (576) were added to the colour range, “Dark Green Mica-Metallic” (6P3) and “Silver Metallic” (199) were dropped. In August 1999 Toyota adapted the Supra’s chassis to the new Japanese crash-standard “GOA”. These vehicles can be identified by their modelcode “GF-JZA80″ instead of “E-JZA80″. The targa roof, which was lastly only available in SZ-Models in combination with 4-speed automatic gearbox got dropped completely in the same year.
The last change happened in 2001: “Super Red IV” (3L2) was replaced by “Super Red V” (3P0) as an exterior colour.
Supra’s production ceased in July 2002, with special watches being hand over to the last few buyers.

Overview Japanese Equipment Grades (1996-2002)

# Turbo (with VVT-i 08/1997+) RZ: traction control, limited slip differential, large brakes with 17″-type wheels, 6-speed manual gearbox, REAS, Recaro sportseats (with optional leather upholstery)
# RZ-S: traction control, limited slip differential, small brakes with 16″type wheels, 6-speed manual gearbox or 4-speed Tiptronic (end of 1997+)

Non-Turbo
# SZ: small brakes with 16″type wheels, 5-speed manual gearbox oder or 4-speed automatic gearbox, targa roof optional (only in combination with 4-speed automatic gearbox, until 1999)
# SZ-R: 6-speed manual gearbox, limited slip differential, REAS, small brakes with 16″type wheels, Recaro sportseats optional

North-American Specification

In the US and Canada the facelifted version has been introduced with a delay of one year beginning with model-year ‘97. MY ‘97 Supras were marketed as a “25th Anniversary Edition”. It was simply a marketing trick for boosting up sales and not an anniversary of any kind. Turbo-equipped versions (6-Speed reintroduced) were only sold in states without California emissions. They weren’t available as hardtops anymore.
Exterior-wise only the Non-Turbo versions got the new center-cap design while Turbo-Models kept the old style but high-gloss polished wheels as standard. Unlike the Japanese version the three-gauge cluster and the digital odometer remained the same as before.
The US-Spec’s last model-year (’98) features similiar modifications to those of the Japanese version after the revision in ‘97. The three-spoke steering wheel and the new design for the cloth-seats were introduced as well as new exterior colours: “Quicksilver FX” (1B9) and “Imperial Jade Mica” (6Q7, as an replacement for 6P3) were added, “Alpine Silver Metallic” (199) was dropped. The 2JZ-GTE turbocharged engine remained the same, while the 2JZ-GE natural aspirated engine got equipped with variable valve timing VVT-i like in the Lexus IS300. This modification resulted in a maximum power output of 225hp instead of 220hp (SAE). It was exactly the other way around as in Japan, where the 2JZ-GTE got equipped with VVT-i while the 2JZ-GE stayed conventional. Non-Turbos were only available together with 4-Speed automatic transmission in the last model-year. Decreasing sales resulted in a sales cease in 1998 (Canada: 1997), which marked the end of the production of LHD export-vehicles.

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Software For You

noreply@blogger.com (cQ_shiMMer) — Sat, 29 Dec 2007 11:34:00 -0800

Software,The Important Things

Meaning

Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some task on a computer system.[1] The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.

Relationship between computer hardware

Computer software is so called to contrast with computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958.[3] In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem.

Types

Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.

System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more. The purpose of systems software is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used, especially memory and other hardware features, and such as accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc.
Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on. An Integrated development environment (IDE) merges those tools into a software bundle, and a programmer may not need to type multiple commands for compiling, interpreter, debugging, tracing, and etc., because the IDE usually has an advanced graphical user interface, or GUI.
Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Typical applications include industrial automation, business software, educational software, medical software, databases, and computer games. Businesses are probably the biggest users of application software, but almost every field of human activity now uses some form of application software.

Operation

Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as a hard drive, memory, or RAM). Once the software is loaded, the computer is able to execute the software. Computers operate by executing the computer program. This involves passing instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as machine code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation -- moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering the control flow of instructions.

Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another. Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. Moving data, especially large amounts of it, can be costly. So, this is sometimes avoided by using "pointers" to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. More complex computations may involve many operations and data elements together.

Instructions may be performed sequentially, conditionally, or iteratively. Sequential instructions are those operations that are performed one after another. Conditional instructions are performed such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the value(s) of some data. In some languages this is known as an "if" statement. Iterative instructions are performed repetitively and may depend on some data value. This is sometimes called a "loop." Often, one instruction may "call" another set of instructions that are defined in some other program or module. When more than one computer processor is used, instructions may be executed simultaneously.

A simple example of the way software operates is what happens when a user selects an entry such as "Copy" from a menu. In this case, a conditional instruction is executed to copy text from data in a 'document' area residing in memory, perhaps to an intermediate storage area known as a 'clipboard' data area. If a different menu entry such as "Paste" is chosen, the software may execute the instructions to copy the text from the clipboard data area to a specific location in the same or another document in memory.

Depending on the application, even the example above could become complicated. The field of software engineering endeavors to manage the complexity of how software operates. This is especially true for software that operates in the context of a large or powerful computer system.

Currently, almost the only limitations on the use of computer software in applications is the ingenuity of the designer/programmer. Consequently, large areas of activities (such as playing grand master level chess) formerly assumed to be incapable of software simulation are now routinely programmed. The only area that has so far proved reasonably secure from software simulation is the realm of human art— especially, pleasing music and literature.[citation needed]
Kinds of software by operation: computer program as executable, source code or script,
configuration.

Music For Life

noreply@blogger.com (cQ_shiMMer) — Sat, 29 Dec 2007 04:43:00 -0800

WELCOME TO MUSIC WORLD

Meaning

Music is an art form consisting of sound and silence. Elements of sound in music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, structure, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and sub-genres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts", music can be classified as a performing art, a fine art, or an auditory art form. Music may also involve generative forms in time through the construction of patterns and combinations of natural stimuli, principally sound. Music may be used for artistic or aesthetic, communicative, entertainment, ceremonial or religious purposes, and by many composers purely as an academic instrument for study.

History

The history of music predates the written word. The development of music among humans must have taken place against the backdrop of natural sounds such as birdsong and the sounds other animals use to communicate.[citation needed] Prehistoric music is the name given to all music produced in preliterate cultures.

Ancient

A range of paleolithic sites have yielded bones in which lateral holes have been pierced: these are usually identified as flutes[2], blown at one end like the Japanese shakuhachi. The earliest written records of musical expression are to be found in the Sama Veda of India and in 4,000 year old cuneiform from Ur.[citation needed] Instruments, such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments have been recovered from the Indus valley civilization archaeological sites.[3] India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world—references to Indian classical music (marga) can be found in the ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. The traditional art or court music of China has a history stretching for more than three thousand years. Music was an important part of cultural and social life in Ancient Greece: mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual ceremonies; musicians and singers had a prominent role in ancient Greek theater; music was part of children's basic education.

Performance

Performance is the physical expression of music. Often, a musical work is performed once its structure and instrumentation are satisfactory to its creators; however, as it gets performed more and more over time, it can evolve and change in any number of ways.A performance can either be rehearsed or improvised. Improvisation is a musical idea created on the spot (such as a guitar solo or a drum solo), with no prior premeditation, while rehearsal is vigorous repetition of an idea until it has achieved cohesion. Musicians will generally add improvisation to a well-rehearsed idea to create a unique performance. Many cultures include strong traditions of solo and performance, such as in Indian classical music, and in the Western Art music tradition. Other cultures, such as in Bali, include strong traditions of group performance. All cultures include a mixture of both, and performance may range from improvised solo playing for one's enjoyment to highly planned and organised performance rituals such as the modern classical concert, religious processions, music festivals or music competitions.Chamber music, which is music for a small ensemble with only a few of each type of instrument, is often seen as more intimate than symphonic works. A performer may be referred to as a musician.
TheoryMusic theory encompasses the nature and mechanics of music. It often involves identifying patterns that govern composers' techniques. In a more detailed sense, music theory (in the western system) also distills and analyzes the elements of music – rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, and texture. People who study these properties are known as music theorists.