Hareesh Rox U

BIDVERTISER the best GOOGLE ADSENSE ALTERNATIVE

2014-09-27T22:09:00.001-07:00

Got a new and awesome way to earn revenue from your blog easily and fast.
Ever heard about BIDVERTISER its an awesome way to earn money from your blog or website.
If you want to earn money fast and easy bidvertiser is the best. It is truly a google adsense alternative.
I really got angry when google adsense suspended my account but later on I found out about BIDVERTISER and I will recommend it to you also. Join today its plain and simple. There will be debate for your blog or website on how much money should be given for displaying ads on you site and money will flow to you like a river.......
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Its really sad to know you are alone

2014-09-27T21:58:00.001-07:00

No matter how awesome or how famous you are in between your friends you will always have a feeling of being lonely. I don't know why I am writing this blog but I suddenly felt like writing this.
When I am with my friends it feels as if it time is flying but when you are alone its like waiting for an apple to grow on an orange tree.
Friends are truly something else they help us find light even in the darkest hours of our life.
even at the end of a cliff a friend will be there to lend a helping hand. Boredom will never touch you when you are with your friends. Ever had a feeling of the weekend to be over? I always have the feeling. At weekends its just unbearable the voice of mother yelling to study, the house chores , the projects , it feels like its the end of the world. But when you return to school every pending work every projects seems to just vanish.
Finding good friends is always hard. After all fiends are easy to make but to find true friends is difficult. When you meet your true friend you will have a feeling from the bottom of your heart.
A friend is like a soul mate always be careful while choosing your friends.. Because when it comes to friends quantity never counts only quality stands out.................................................... By
Hareesh.......

Earn More Through Blog with Adsense

2013-06-16T05:31:00.001-07:00

Welcome Friend.
Earning Huge Money in the internet is very easy. The important thing you must know the right technique with attitude and dedication. I am Earning more than Rs.25000 and above every month from Internet through Google's adsense program. This online jobs doesnt need any Investment.

Many people are looking for an Extra income in the internet and they search for many online money making jobs in the internet. One of the Easiest way to Earn money from internet is through Google. I mean Googe adsense.

What is Google Adsense?
Google adsense is nothing but Pay Per Click (PPC) program. Google Displays thier ads in your website and if some one clicks the google ads in your website, you will be paid for each click.

YES. I can hear many questions from you.

I Don't have a website? Don't worry. We have explained everything in this website on how to create a website for google ads. If you still confused, Feel free to Contact Us to create a blog website (similiar to the one you are reading now) for you with NO COST.

Similarly you have many questions like below...

What is my website contains or what is content in my website?
How do I put Google ads in my website?
How to promote or Market my website with google ads?
How much I can Earn through this PPC program?

All your Questions are clearly explained in this website. Go through this website fully and if you still have any doubts, feel free to contact us. We will guide you the whole process of making making money from internet.
Note: Many people are charging money for teaching the same technique. But we teach you fully with NO COST. Only serious people who are interested in earning money may contact us.

Requirements and Qualification for Google Adsense
You must need some minimum requirements given below to start this Online Pay Per Click Program:

1. A Computer with internet Connection in Home or Office or You can work from Cyber cafe/Browsing Centres.

2. Simple Internet Browsing knowledge is enough to start this program. No Previous experience needed.

3. A Valid Email address.

4. You must have a Bank Account to deposit the cheques which you will receive from Google.

5. A simple website similar to the one you are viewing . This website is called Blogger. The website can contain any content or topic except any pornographic, hate-related, violent, or illegal content. Dont get confused if you dont have a website. We will help in developing the website for you. Contact Us for all the details.

6. Free Time - You have to spend a little time (Min 1 hr daily). More time you spend, more the chance to earn more money.

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Many of my friends started this Google Pay Per Click (PPC) also called Google adsense program as a part time and gradually they make it as a full time job.

Go through this website fully and read several times until you are familiar with the Google adsense concept. You may also contact us for any kind of help regarding this Adsense program. Our efficient staffs will guide you to earn money.

What Is Blogger?

Chapter 3
Blogger is nothing but a Personal or Business Dairy or Website, where you write your interesting stuffs on a regular basis. You do not need to create a website. Blogger has its own template. Just you need to post your interesting topics, contents, etc. The activity of updating a blog is â€œbloggingâ€� and someone who keeps a blog is a â€œblogger.â€�

Many people doesnt know how to create a website to publish thier interesting articles. Blog gives them an opportunity to create their own blog, where they can post their interests.
People dont need any technical software languages to create the Blog. Just sign up with blogger and you have your own space in the internet.

Creating Blogger is absolutly Fast, Interesting and Free of Cost. Start Creating your Blogger Now... Click here to create your blog now.

As per Google AdSense terms and conditions your blogger/website Doesn't Contain below mentioned things....

Excessive profanity
Violence, racial intolerance, or advocate against any individual, group, or organization
Hacking/cracking content
Illicit drugs and drug paraphernalia
Pornography, adult, or mature content
Gambling or casino-related content
Excessive advertising
Any other content that promotes illegal activity or infringes on the legal rights of others
Pop-ups, pop-unders or exit windows that interfere with site navigation, obscure Google ads, change user preferences, or are for downloads. Other types of pop-ups, pop-unders, or exit windows may be allowed, provided that they do not exceed a combined total of 5 per user session
Excessive, repetitive, or irrelevant keywords in the content or code of web pages
Deceptive or manipulative content or construction to improve your site's search engine ranking, e.g., your site's PageRank Incentives (monetary or point-based) to users or third-party beneficiaries for online activity including, but not limited to, clicking on ads or links, performing searches, Surfing websites, reading emails, or completing surveys
Sales or promotion of certain weapons, such as firearms, ammunition, balisongs, butterfly knives, and brass knuckles
Sales or promotion of beer or hard alcohol
Sales or promotion of tobacco or tobacco-related products
Sales or promotion of prescription drugs
Sales or promotion of products that are replicas or imitations of designer goods

Quality Content For Your Blog Website

Chapter 5
Here we have listed some of the famous article websites to get quality content for your blog website. You can visit any of the below website and get the content of your interest. We reccommend you to select categories in the area of Home based jobs, Business, Investment or anything related to Earning money categories.
Note : While copying the content, make sure you follow the terms and conditions of the respective article website from where you copy the content.
Below is the famous article website to get quality content.
http://www.a1articles.com
http://www.ezinearticles.com
http://www.articlecity.com
http://www.365articles.com

Chapter 6
After creating your blog website, the next step is to apply for Google adsense program.
What is Google Adsense?Google displays thier ads in the websites and this ad blocks are called google adsense. You can notice google ads in many websites, which shows "Ads by Google".
How Google pays you for displaying their ads in yours Blog/websites?Google has many advertisers and those advertisers are willing to display thier ads in other websites. Google gets advertisement from advertisers and display their ads in other Blog/Websites. If some one visits your blog website and clicks those ads in your Blog/Website, you will be paid by google for each click. Google doesn't reveal how much they pay for each click. The amount depends on advertisers how much they pay for google.
Can i click ads in my website to increase my earnings?YOU SHOULD NOT Click ads in your Blog/Website. Google tracks all Invalid/Fraud clicks and if they found such activities from your website, Google will ban your acount and all your earnings will be lost.
When will i get the payment from Google?All your payment related questions are answered in your google adsense account.
How to apply for Google adsense?
Before applying for Google adsense, make sure you have created your blog website with quality content. Google adsense program needs Blog/website to apply.
You can apply for google adsense at www.google.com/adsense .

Chapter 7Once you get approval from Google adsene, you can place google ads in your blog website. This chapter explains how to place google ads in your blog website.
Step 1. Go to www.blogger.com and login using your Gmail Id and password. Click "Template" link as shown below.

Step 2. Now click the "Add a page element" link as shown in the page below.
Step 3. Now you will get a pop up window. In this window you have many options. You have to click "Adsense" option as shown in the below page.
Step 4. Now you will get a page as shown below. Click "Sign in" link to place your adsense code in you blog.
Step 5. Now enter your Gmail id which you used while applying google adsense and fill the details as shown below.
Step 6. Now you will get a page as shown below. You can select your ad format to display in your blog website.
Step 7. Once you select your ad format, Click "Save changes" button.
Step 8. Now you have added the adsense to your blog website. Your adsense page element is placed as shown in the page below.
Step 9. Now you have to move the adsense page element to the top of the page as shown below. You can move this by dragging the adsense page element by pressing your right click mouse.
Step 10. Now you have to follow the steps 1 and 2 as shown in the below page. Click "Save" button and click "View blog" as shown in the page below.
Step 11. Now you have successfully added your ad in your blog website. You can see the below page with your google ads.

Apply Google Adsense To Earn Money

How To Place Google Ads In Your Blog?

Become a Game Tester

2013-06-06T23:13:00.000-07:00

What gamer hasn't dreamed about playing games for a living? While this may seem like a great career, and a cool way to get a first job in the games business, the truth is less appealing.

IGN reached out to quality assurance (QA) testers from all over the world to hear their sides of the story. We received dozens of emails from contributors across numerous game companies. They told us stories of demanding working conditions, low pay and shaky worker morale.
Do you want to be a game tester and earn tons of money click here Click Here

World of Warcraft

2013-06-06T23:10:00.000-07:00

World of Warcraft

World of Warcraft is a massively multiplayer online role playing game that takes places four years since the aftermath of Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos where thousands of players can interact within the same world, from adventuring together to fighting against each other in epic battles.

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World of Warcraft Walkthroughs

World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade Walkthrough
It's time to venture out into the Outland. GameSpot's primer for The Burning Crusade will get you started on your journey!
- Go to Online Walkthrough »
World of Warcraft Walkthrough
This walkthrough to Blizzard's award-winning MMO has everything you need to get started in the vast world of Azeroth. If you're having trouble picking a class, deciding which upgrades to use, or want to be a more effective party member, this guide is for you!
- Go to Online Walkthrough »

See All World of Warcraft Game Help »

World of Warcraft Videos

World of Warcraft Exclusive Mount - Armored Bloodwing

Play Video
Soar into battle atop the undisputed ruler of the night skies—the all-new Armored Bloodwing mount.
- May 31, 2013
- 0:31
- (2,368 views)
Video Games vs. Depression

Play Video
Can games help tackle depression? Danny explores the link between video games and dealing with mental health issues.
- May 3, 2013
- 18:26
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Gaming Meme History: Leeroy Jenkins

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Jess checks out a hugely popular meme that got started on one of the biggest games in the world; LEEROY JENKINS!!!
- Feb 10, 2013
- 2:42
- (52,086 views)

See All World of Warcraft Videos »

World of Warcraft News & Features

World of Warcraft film begins shooting in 2014

Producer Charles Roven says movie based on Blizzard's MMO expected to begin shooting early next year.

Posted Jun 3, 2013 8:29 pm SST
$25 Armored Bloodwing mount now available in WOW

New rideable flesh-eating bat available for purchase in Blizzard Entertainment's MMO game.

Posted May 31, 2013 8:19 pm SST
Blizzard confirms 'large design and technology changes' for Titan

Developer confirms World of Warcraft follow-up undergoing major overhaul.

Posted May 29, 2013 8:09 pm SST

See All World of Warcraft Articles »

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Kerala's Top Ten Tourist Spot

2013-01-21T21:27:00.004-08:00

Kerala , known as Gods Own Country,is the land of lagoons and palms ,the land of elephants and tigers,and the land of rich cultures and traditions, and has been one of the most sought after places by travellers from all around the world.It is without doubt one of the most beautiful places on the planet and thats why they call it 'Gods Own Country'.The cultural life of the people of Kerala is equally beautiful and is a major factor in attracting the tourists.So here we have selected for you the top ten destinations in Kerala.

1. Munnar - The Kashmir of the South

Munnar is without doubt the most beautiful place in Kerala.Located at 1600 m above sea level, this was once the summer resort of the erstwhile British Government in South India.The lush green mountains adorned by tea and coffee plantations are a sight to watch.Munnar gives you a heavenly feeling, with the thick mist surrounding you in the middle of the plantations.The nearby mountains present a spectacular view.There are also some waterfalls and trekking paths for the adventurous traveller.The Indo Swiss diary farm project,the lake and the dam are other sights to watch.With its sleepy little cottages, bungalows, old playgrounds and courts, Chithirapuram ,10km from Munnar, still exudes an old world charm.

How to reach there?

Nearest Airport- Cochin 105Kms

Nearest Railway Station - Aluva

2. Wayanad - Nature at her most beautiful self

If Munnar presented to you beauty which is partly man-made, Wayanad shows you how beautiful nature can be without human interference.The mountains, the winding lanes and the thick forests on either sides give you an ethereal experience.In the Muthanga wildlife sanctuary at the heart of Wayanad,animals like the Indian elephant, spotted dear, bison are easily spotted in their natural habitats,others animals like tiger and leopard can also be seen if you are lucky.The Edakkal caves give you paintings that are some 4000 years old.The Bamboo forests are an excellent picnic spot.For the adventurer ,trekking in Muthanga,Edakkal and Pakshipathalam can be a lifetime experience.Homely stay at the resorts in Wythiri, away from the hustle and bustle of the cities can be a refreshing experience.Other places of interest are Jain temple,Meenmutty waterfalls,Kuruva islands and the Soochipara waterfalls.

How to reach there?

Nearest Airport - Calicut 109 Kms

Nearest Railwaystaion - Calicut

Road : N H 212 (Kozhikode-Mysore) passes via Kalpetta and Sulthan Bathery.

3. Anathapuri - The land of the Kings

Thiruvananthapuram ( Trivandrum ) is a must have destination for every tourist visiting Kerala , because it offers you a bunch of places of interest.Kovalam, one of the finest beaches in the whole of India,is only a half an hour ride from the city.Another wonderful beach and pilgrimage centre, Varkala is also easily accessible by road.Kanyakumari is the only place in India where you can see both sunrise and sunset and it is only a two hour ride away from Trivandrum. The hillstation Ponmudi,61 Km from the city ,offers you a day full of beautiful sights.The Ananthapuri temple right in the heart of the city is a historic monument and is a magnificent portrait.The city is connected by air, rail and road to all Metros.

4.Kumarakom- Haven of Serenity

If you are looking for a place to relax ,to relieve the tension that has builded up from your workload, to just enjoy peace and silence, this is the place to be . Located close to Kuttanad ,known as the Venice of the East,with its mangrove covered lagoons and houseboats made on bamboo, serving you the most delicious Kerala food , this place just amazes any visitor. Sailing through the calm waters of Kumarakom or enjoying an ayurvedic massage, life just slows down for you. Kumarakon is also a bird watchers' paradise.Many different species visit this place all round the year.The resorts organize many cultural programmes exclusive to kerala like Kathakali for their visitors and also arrange spicy Indian food.So if you want to take a break from work and relax, Kumarakom is the place for you.

How to reach?

By Road From the Cochin International Airport it is an 85 Km delightful ride by road to the Muhamma boat Jetty.

By Rail Nearest Railway station- Kottayam - 16Kms

By Water If you have arrived at Trivandrum International Airport, come to Quilon by road or rail (takes just about one hour). From there, you can take the regular ferry service to Alleppey - a long and delightful ride on Kerala's backwaters. From Alleppey, it's just a short ride to Kumarakom.

5. Thekkady - A showcase of the Wildlife of Kerala

Thekkady is probably the best place in Kerala to observe wildlife and hence nature.From the mighty Indian elephant to the Great Indian tiger, this place has it all.Elephants, deers, boars, bisons and lion tailed macaques are a common sight in the reservoir area. With some luck,other animals like tiger and leopard can be observed.The tourism department offers trekking right into the heart of the forest either on foot or atop elephants.The resort located in an island in the centre of the lake is the ideal place to observe animals.If you are more adventurous ,you can take the road from Moozhiyar to Thekkadi via Gavi winding through the thickest forests of Kerala.Elephants are a common sight on this path.Boating through the lake is a very pleasant experience and you can observe many waterbirds at close range.This place is ideal for wildlife photography.The best time to visit is between September and March.

How to reach?

Nearest Airport- Cochin -190 Kms

Nearest Railway station -Kottayam-110 Kms

6. Cochin - The Queen of Arabia

Cochin is the main gateway to South India for foreign visitors and it offers many places of interest to tourists.It gives easy access to almost all tourist places in Kerala.It is connected by air, road and rail to all major places.The merging of the backwaters with the sea gives lot of opportunities for boating and rafting.The ride through the lagoons in Kerala style houseboats is an unforgettable experience.The famous Bolgatty Palace and the Jewish Synagogue are situated on the banks of the lagoons.There are also places of pilgrimage like the Santa Cruz Basilica and the St.Thomas Church at Malayattoor.The Thripunithura Palace is one of the biggest of its kind in the whole of Kerala.The Chinese fishing nets in the lagoons are an enchanting sight.Being the only metro in central Kerala, it also gives you great opportunities for shopping.

7.Thrissur- The cultural capital of Kerala

Thrissur or Trichur is famous for the Thrissur Pooram, one of the biggest festivals in the whole of India.The sight of a hundred adorned elephants on either sides of the famous Vadakkunnatha Temple during the festival is a must watch scene for anyone visiting Kerala.The festival takes place around April-May.The city is also famous for many of the traditional art forms of Kerala like Kathakali.The Guruvayur temple located near the city is a famous pilgrimage spot.The two major waterfalls of Kerala, Athirappally and Vazhachal, which have been the locations for many Bollywood films , are only a few hours ride from the city.Anakkayam , 20 Kms from Chalakkudy is on the shore of the famous Chalakkudy river and the place is breathtakingly beautiful with its rushing waters, chiseled rocks and silent streams.

How to reach?

The city is well connected by road and rail.

Nearest Airport - Cochin -60Kms

8.Vagamon - Enchanted Meadows

Vagamon is a pilgrimage spot , a picnic spot and at the same time a place for adventure.Situated near the Kerala-Tamilnadu boundary,in the district of Kottayam, the main attraction of this place is the hillocks stretching over a large area,with only grass and a beautiful lake among the hillocks.This is the ideal family picnic spot.During the winter , the hillocks are covered by thick mist,so thick that you cannot see a person standing 5feet away.Being within that mist, in such beautiful landscape is an inexplicable feeling and it must be experienced.The nearby pine forests are an ideal place for romantic couples.The Kurishumala church atop a hill is a famous pilgrimage place and the trekking to the church is a very adventurous task.

How to reach?

Nearest Railway station - Kottayam - 75Kms

Nearest Airport - Cochin-100Kms

First Aid

2012-10-17T05:33:00.000-07:00

First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by non-expert, but trained personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients.

A US Navy corpsman gives first aid to an injured Iraqi citizen

History

The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights, such as the Knights Hospitaller, formed in the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights, and training other knights in how to treat common battlefield injuries.^[1] The practice of first aid fell largely in to disuse during the High Middle Ages, and organized societies were not seen again until in 1859 Jean-Henri Dunant organized local villagers to help victims of the Battle of Solferino, including the provision of first aid. Four years later, four nations met in Geneva and formed the organization which has grown into the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field".^[1] This was followed by the formation of St. John Ambulance in 1877, based on the principles of the Knights Hospitaller, to teach first aid, and numerous other organization joined them with the term first aid first coined in 1878 as civilian ambulance services spread as a combination of "first treatment" and "national aid"^[1] in large railway centres and mining districts as well as with police forces. In 1878 Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd, together with Colonel Francis Duncan established the concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. Shepherd, together with a Dr Coleman, conducted the first class in the hall of the Presbyterian school in Woolwich using a comprehensive first aid curriculum that he had developed. It was Shepherd who first used the English term "first aid for the injured"^[2]First aid training began to spread through the empire through organisations such as St. John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways.^[3]

Many developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been driven by wars, such as in the case of the American Civil War, which prompted Clara Barton to organize theAmerican Red Cross.^[4] Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the military and the Scouting movement. New techniques and equipment have helped make today’s first aid simple and effective.

[edit]Aims

The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three key points:^[5]

Preserve life: the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives
Prevent further harm: also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or danger of further injury, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
Promote recovery: first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound

First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases.

[edit]Key skills

Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, andCirculation. The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary. Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulsechecks may be done on less serious patients.

In case of tongue fallen backwards, blocking the airway, it is necessary to hyperextend the head and pull up the chin, so that the tongue lifts and clears the airway.

Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation, while others consider this as part of the Circulation step. Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments, as required. Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3Bs": Breathing,Bleeding, and Bones (or "4Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, Brain, and Bones). While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed sequentially, certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps simultaneously. This includes the provision of both artificial respiration andchest compressions to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse, and the consideration of cervical spine injuries when ensuring an open airway.

[edit]Preserving life

In order to stay alive, all persons need to have an open airway—a clear passage where air can move in through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down in to the lungs, without obstruction. Conscious people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a GCS of less than 8) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which automatically controls breathing in normal situations may not be functioning.

If the patient was breathing, a first aider would normally then place them in the recovery position, with the patient leant over on their side, which also has the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It also avoids a common cause of death in unconscious patients, which is choking on regurgitated stomach contents.

The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called choking. The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of ‘back slaps’ and ‘abdominal thrusts’.

Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing. If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as agonal breathing, the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognized first aid procedure—cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body.

[edit]Promoting recovery

The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as cuts, grazes or bone fracture. They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small adhesive bandage on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an ambulance) arrives.

[edit]Training

First aid scenario training in progress

Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often acquired passively through life experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); these procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, and in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on the way.

Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes.

[edit]Australia

In Australia, nationally-recognized first aid certificates may only be issued by registered training organisations that are accredited on the National Training Information System (NTIS). Courses are based on the delivery and assessment of units of competency from various training packages.^[6] Most first aid certificates are issued at one of three levels::

Provide Basic Emergency Life Support. Formerly Level 1 (or “Basic First Aid”, or “Basic Life Support”) this is a 1-day course covering primarily life-threatening emergencies. It involves the training and assessment of HLTFA201A from the HLT07 Health Training Package^[7]
Apply First Aid. Formerly Level 2 (“Senior First Aid”) is either a 2 day face to face course or 1 day face to face combined with 4 - 8 theory work at home or online. It involves the delivery and assessment of HLTFA301B Apply First Aid. It covers all the aspects of training in "Provide Basic Emergency Life Support, as well as specialized training for treatment of burns, bites, stings, electric shock and poisons and the use of an AED. Apply First Aid must be re-accredited every three years to remain current for use in the workplace^[8] Reaccreditation of the CPR component (HLTFACPR201)^[7] is generally required annually, although individual states set the specific requirements.
Apply Advanced First Aid. Formerly Level 3 (“Occupational First Aid”) is a one day course covering advanced first aid, use of oxygen and automated external defibrillators and documentation. It is suitable for workplace first aiders and those who manage first aid facilities. It is based on the training and assessment of a group of units of competency - HLTFA301B Apply first aid, HLTFA402B Apply advanced first aid and HLTFA403A Manage first aid in the workplace - that are generally delivered together.

Other courses outside these levels are commonly taught, including CPR-only courses, Advanced Resuscitation, Remote Area or Wilderness First Aid, Administering Medications (such assalbutamol or the EpiPen) and specialized courses for parents, school teachers, community first responders or hazardous workplace first aiders. CPR Re-accreditation courses are sometimes required yearly, regardless of the length of the overall certification.

[edit]Canada

In Canada, first aid certificates can be issued under the auspices one of four training organizations that authorize 'course providers' to provide their particular "brand" of first aid training in up to ten provinces and three territories (thus, nationally): Canadian Red Cross Society, (Royal)Lifesaving Society (Canada), St. John Ambulance, and Canadian Ski Patrol. Besides first aid courses for the general public, such as "Emergency" and "Standard" first aid, which incorporates and includes CPR, most of these organizations also administer more specialized training, for example "Aquatic Emergency Care" for life guards (Lifesaving Society), "Wilderness First Aid" (St. John Ambulance), first aid that meets regulations for employment as a child care worker (Cdn. Red Cross Society) and first aid training that meets regulations for first aid attendants employed in the workplace.

Workplaces can come under occupational health and safety and insurance regulations that are either provincial (e.g. construction work sites) or federal (e.g. air, rail or marine transportation). Therefore, these national first aid training organizations offer workplace first aid training that complies with the specific training requirements, standards and syllabi set either by a given province or else by the particular federal regulatory requirement (for example, maritime industry first aid for ships crew and officers, or commercial aviation first aid for air transport crew such as airline flight attendants and pilots.

First aid training leading to certification that meets provincial workplace standards can also be offered through private training companies that have to be accredited and authorized by the relevant provincial regulatory agency or ministry. For example, the British Columbia provincial Workers Compensation Board (Worksafe BC) sets out OFA Occupational First Aid training and certification standards and requirements at 3 levels ranging from 8 to more than 40 hours.

Beyond 'first aid' training and certification are standards for 'pre-hospital care' such as 'first responder', 'emergency medical responder', paramedic and other titles. For example, fire-rescue personnel and paramedical personnel provide care that goes beyond 'first aid'. Yet a police officer might only be required to hold a first aid, not a pre-hospital care first aid 'ticket' as part of his or her current qualification. The military train in first aid and pre-hospital emergency care that is oriented to combat and other military situations and environments.

The training syllabi (course content) for "Emergency" First Aid (around 8 hours; 8 hours when recertifying; basically CPR along with treatment for shock and a few other life threatening conditions such as anaphylaxis and severe bleeding) and "Standard" First Aid (around 16 hours, but 8 hours to recertify within a certain recurrency period - otherwise re-do the 16 hours) are set out by Health Canada, a federal department of the Government of Canada which accredits a training organization as a course provider of these two basic certificates, needed by those people employed in federally regulated workplaces.

Workplace safety regulations and standards for first aid vary by province depending on occupation. However, as some occupations are governed by federal, not provincial, workplace safety regulations, such as the transportation industry (marine, aviation, rail), trainees need to confirm with their employer as to exactly what specific training and certification standards comply with the applicable regulatory agencies, federal or provincial.

Emergency First Aid: is an 8-hour course covering primarily life-threatening emergencies: CPR, bleeding, choking and other life-threatening medical emergencies.
Standard First Aid: is a 16-hour course that covers the same material as Emergency First Aid and will include training for some, but not all, of the following: s; burns; poisons, bites and stings; eye injuries; head and neck injuries; chest injuries; wound care; emergency child birth; and multiple casualty management.

CPR certification in Canada is broken into several levels. Depending on the level, the lay person will learn the basic one-person CPR and choking procedures for adults, and perhaps children, and infants. Higher-level designations also require two-person CPR to be learned. Depending on provincial laws, trainees may also learn the basics of automated external defibrillation (AED).^[9]

Level A is the lowest level of CPR training. Trainees learn how to perform the standard one-rescuer CPR and choking procedures on adults.
Level B requires the same procedures as Level A, but trainees learn to perform these maneuvers on children and infants in addition to adults.
Level C requires the same maneuvers as Level B, and trainees are also taught how to perform two-person CPR.
Level HCP (Health Care Professional) was introduced in Canada in response to new guidelines set by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.^[10] In addition to the techniques taught in Level C, artificial resuscitation, AED use (to certification standards), and bag-valve-mask use is taught. Anyone with CPR-HCP certification is considered AED certified.

[edit]France

In France, first aid certificates are delivered by organisations that are approved by the Minister of the Interior, following the official national reference document (Référentiel national, RN). There are about 20 approved associations (Croix-rouge française, Fédération Nationale de Protection Civile, Fédération des secouristes français Croix-Blanche, Œuvres hospitalières françaises de l'ordre de Malte, Union nationale de protection civile, Association nationale des premiers secours, …); many administrations — army, fire services, national education, … — are also approved.

at school: basics must be taught at the primary school
- grande section de maternelle (5 years old): to detect a danger, to look for an adult,
- cours élémentaire 1 (CE1, 7 years old): to protect oneself, to call for help,
- cours moyen 2 (CM2, 10 years old): to make a complete phone call, to place a casualty in an adapted position (sitting, lying, recovery position);
at the Journée défense et citoyenneté (Information to the army careers): IAPS, Initiation à l'alerte et aux premiers secours (initiation to call for help and first aid)
1. Securing.
2. Calling for help.
3. The casualty is not alert (recovery position).
4. The casualty is not breathing (CPR, AED).
PSC1: Prévention et secours civiques de niveau 1 (Prevention and civic aid, level 1): 10 hours,
1. Securing (including emergency casualty movement).
2. Calling for help.
3. The casualty is choking.
4. The casualty bleeds deadly.
5. The casualty is not alert (recovery position).
6. The casualty is not breathing (CPR, AED, including children and babies).
7. The casualty complains about illness (including strokes and heart infarction).
8. The casualty complains after a trauma (burns, wounds, broken bones, joint sprains and dislocations).
SST: Sauvetage-secourisme du travail (first aid at work): similar to PSC1, with a study of the specific risks of the activity of the worker;
PSE: premiers secours en équipe (team first aid, certified first responders):
- PSE1 (level 1): 35 hrs, acting as a member of a first aid organisation
  general principles (managing stress, relationships to the casualty and the bystanders, hygiene, being part of a team, security, basic anatomy), advanced assessment (check pupils, check pulse, pain assessment), cervical collar, suction, oxygen first aid, basic bandages and tourniquets, methods with two team members (emergency movements, recovery position, removal of a helmet, jaw thrust, CPR), specific cases (amputations, casualty in a car, drowning), simple patient transport (walking, sitting in a chair);
- PSE2 (level 2): 35 hrs, acting as a member of a rescue team
  managing the medical wastes, cleaning an ambulance and the first aid material, reacting to an accidental contact with blood, complete assessment (including blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, ear thermometer), two-way radio, specific cases (bites, stings, intoxication, blast, rhabdomyolysis, heat stroke, hypothermia, hanging and strangulation, convulsions, diabetes,anaphylaxis, pregnancy, behaviour disorders), advanced bandages, preservation of an amputated limb, member realignment and splints (including cervical collar, KED, long spine board with side head supports, vacuum mattress, Donway traction splints), casualty lifting (including standing casualty with a spine trauma, casualty lying face-down or in recovery popsition, different lifting device, stretchers and chairs), casualty transport (including obstacles passing, stairs), situations with multiple casualties (including disasters, plan rouge, plan Orsec, chemical hazard).

[edit]Ireland

In Ireland, the workplace qualification is the Occupational First Aid Certificate. The Health and Safety Authority issue the standards for first aid at work and hold a register of qualified instructors, examiners and organisations that can provide the course. A FETAC Level 5 certificate is awarded after passing a three day course and is valid for two years from date of issue. Occupational First Aiders are more qualified than Cardiac First Responders (Cardiac First Response and training on the AED is now part of the OFA course) but less qualified than Emergency First Responders but strangely Occupational First Aid is the only one of the three not certified by PHECC. Organisations offering the certificate include, Ireland's largest first aid organisation, the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps, the St John Ambulance Brigade, and the Irish Red Cross. The Irish Red Cross also provides a Practical First Aid Course aimed at the general public dealing primarily with family members getting injured. Many other (purely commercially run) organisations offer training.

[edit]Singapore

In Singapore, the workplace qualification is the Occupational First Aid Certificate. The Ministry of Manpower (Singapore) issue the standards for first aid at work and qualifies first aid instructors, occupational nurses and doctors and registered safety officers as examiners and organisations that can provide the course. Instructors are required to undergo an ACTA certification, a nationally recognised training standard endorsed by the Workforce Development Agency. Workplaces with more than 25 employees are required to have certified Occupational First Aiders. The Occupational First Aid Course recently incorporated a CPR and AED segment which is accredited by the National Resuscitation Council of Singapore and is valid for 2 years. Occupational First Aiders learn more workplace related topics than Cardiac First Responders and is the industry standard in Singapore. However, they may be less qualified than EMTs.

[edit]The Netherlands

In the Netherlands basic level lay firstaid training is mostly provided by specialised (commercial) first aid training companies or volunteer instructors and first aiders are mostly certified by the "Dutch Red Cross" and the foundation "Het Oranje Kruis". The foundation "LPEV" certifies mainly advanced and first responder level' firstaid training.

Medical firstaid must always be provided by certified ambulance crews, physicians and hospital staff.

[edit]United Kingdom

In the UK, there are two main types of first aid courses offered. An “Emergency First Aid at Work” course typically lasts one day, and covers the basics, focusing on critical interventions for conditions such as cardiac arrest and severe bleeding, and is usually not formally assessed. A “First Aid at Work” course is usually a three-day course (two days for a re-qualification) that covers the full spectrum of first aid, and is formally assessed by recognized Health and Safety Executive assessors. Certificates for the “First Aid at Work” course are issued by the training organization and are valid for a period of three years from the date the delegate passes the course. Other courses offered by training organizations such as St. John Ambulance, St Andrew’s First Aid or theBritish Red Cross include Baby and Child Courses, manual handling, people moving, and courses geared towards more advanced life support, such as defibrillation and administration of medical gases such as oxygen and entonox.

The British Forces use First Aid ranging from levels 1–3, to assist the medical staff on their Ship, Squadron, Section, Base or any other purpose required. They are trained in both Military and Civilian First Aid and often utilise their knowledge in aid stricken regions around the world. First Aid is vital on board HM Ships because of the number of people in a small area and the space given to perform their task, it is also vital for the Army and Royal Marines to know basic first aid to help the survival rate of the soldiers when in combat.

[edit]United States

In the United States, there is no universal schedule of First Aid levels that are applicable to all agencies that provide first aid training. Training is provided typically through the American Red Cross, but may also be completed by local fire departments and the American Heart Association (AHA) in terms of CPR. The American Red Cross, however, offers the following courses:^[11]

CPR
- CPR-Adult (CPR-A)
- CPR-Child and Infant (CPR-CI)
- CPR-Adult and Child (CPR-AC)
- CPR-Adult, Child, and Infant (CPR-ACI)
CPR/Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
- CPR/AED-Adult (CPR/AED-A)
- CPR/AED-Adult and Child (CPR/AED-AC)
- CPR/AED for the Professional Rescuer
First Aid
- First Aid Basics
- Standard First Aid
- First Aid - Responding to Emergencies
- Wilderness and Remote First Aid
- Emergency Medical Response
Specialty
- Administering Emergency Oxygen
- Bloodborne Pathogens Training
- Lifeguarding (Lifeguard training)
- Epinephrine Auto-Injector Use
- First Responder in the Workplace training (CPR/AED/First Aid)
- Dog, Cat, and Dog/Cat First Aid
- Babysitter's Training
- Instructor Certification

Red Cross training programs may vary by Chapter and season. Lay First Aid Providers in the United States are subject to Good Samaritan law protections as long as their treatment does not extend beyond training or certification. First Aid training in the United States is limited to basic life support functions needed to sustain life, and training instills the importance of activating the Emergency Medical System before beginning assistance (through the Three C's: Check, Call, Care). Training classes range from a few hours for a specific course, or several days for combination, specialty, and instructor courses. Red Cross volunteers are required to be Standard First Aid plus CPR/ACI certified (AED is encouraged but not required as of 2009), as well as passing the FEMA NIMS Introductory certification.

[edit]Specific disciplines

There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional training. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.

Aquatic/Marine first aid is usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards, professional mariners or in diver rescue, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue and/or delayed MedEvac.
Battlefield first aid takes into account the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict.
Hyperbaric first aid may be practiced by SCUBA diving professionals, who need to treat conditions such as the bends.
Oxygen first aid is the providing of oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions resulting in hypoxia.
Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
Hydrofluoric Acid first aid is taught to first aiders in the chemical industry where hydrofluoric acid may be used. Instructs the first aider how to initially treat (with calcium gluconate) any skin that has been splashed with the acid.
Mental health first aid is taught independently of physical first aid. How to support someone experiencing a mental health problem or in a crisis situation. Also how to identify the first signs of someone developing mental ill health and guide people towards appropriate help.

[edit]Symbols

For more details on this topic, see Emblems of the Red Cross#Use of the emblems.

Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official protective symbol of the Red Cross. According to the Geneva Conventions and other international laws, the use of this and similar symbols is reserved for official agencies of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations. Use by any other person or organization is illegal, and may lead to prosecution.

The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the white cross on a green background shown below.

Some organizations may make use of the Star of Life, although this is usually reserved for use by ambulance services, or may use symbols such as the Maltese Cross, like the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps and St John Ambulance. Other symbols may also be used.

ISO First Aid Symbol
St. Andrew's First Aid Badge
Symbol of the Red Cross
Maltese or Amalfi Cross
Star of life
Civil defence

[edit]Conditions that often require first aid

Also see medical emergency.

Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs.^[12]
Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction toallergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of epinephrine.
Battlefield first aid—This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the ‘traditional’ battlefield setting or in an area subject to damage by large scale weaponry, such as a bomb blast.
Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a splint.
Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site.
Cardiac Arrest, which will lead to death unless CPR preferably combined with an AED is started within minutes. There is often no time to wait for the emergency services to arrive as 92 percent of people suffering a sudden cardiac arrest die before reaching hospital according to the American Heart Association.
Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient’s trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich Maneuver.
Childbirth.
Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt.
Diving disorders, drowning or asphyxiation.^[13]
Gender-specific conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion.
Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient.
Hair tourniquet a condition where a hair or other thread becomes tied around a toe or finger tightly enough to cut off blood flow.
Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.
Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.
Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) and Hypoglycemia (insulin shock).
Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm.
Insect and animal bites and stings.
Joint dislocation.
Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as temporary respiratory abnormalities, change in skin complexion, etc.) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, and/or fidgeting as well as altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities).
Muscle strains and Sprains, a temporary dislocation of a joint that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage.
Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain.
Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts osteomyelitis.
Wounds and bleeding, including lacerations, incisions and abrasions, Gastrointestinal bleeding, avulsions and Sucking chest wounds, treated with an occlusive dressing to let air out but not in.

Tsunami

2012-10-17T05:29:00.003-07:00

A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbor wave";^[1] English pronunciation: /suːˈnɑːmi/ soo-nah-mee or/tsuːˈnɑːmi/ tsoo-nah-mee^[2]) is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.^[3]

Banda Aceh after being hit by a tsunami, caused by the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train".^[4] Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with over 230,000 people killed in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

The Greek historian Thucydides suggested in 426 BC that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes,^[5]^[6] but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves would interact with specific shorelines.

Taken at Ao Nang, Krabi Province, Thailand, during the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Thailand

Etymology

Tsunami warning bilingual sign in Ulee Lheue, Banda Aceh in Acehnese andIndonesian

The term tsunami comes from the Japanese 津波, composed of the two kanji 津 (tsu) meaning "harbor" and 波 (nami), meaning "wave". (For the plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice and add an s, or use an invariable plural as in the Japanese.^[7])

Tsunami are sometimes referred to as tidal waves. In recent years, this term has fallen out of favor, especially in the scientific community, because tsunami actually have nothing to do with tides. The once-popular term derives from their most common appearance, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunami and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of tsunami the inland movement of water is much greater and lasts for a longer period, giving the impression of an incredibly high tide. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling"^[8] or "having the form or character of"^[9] the tides, and the term tsunami is no more accurate because tsunami are not limited to harbours, use of the term tidal waveis discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.

There are only a few other languages that have an equivalent native word. In Acehnese language, the words are ië beuna^[10] or alôn buluëk^[11](depending on the dialect). In Tamil language, it is aazhi peralai. On Simeulue island, off the western coast of Sumatra in Indonesia, in Devayan language the word is smong, while in Sigulai language it is emong.^[12] In Singkil (in Aceh province) and surrounding, the people name tsunami with wordgloro.^[13]

History

Main article: Historic tsunami

Lisbon earthquake and tsunami in 1755

The Russians of Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin in Japan, with their ships tossed inland by a tsunami, meeting some Japanese in 1779

As early as 426 BC the Greek historian Thucydides inquired in his book History of the Peloponnesian Warabout the causes of tsunami, and was the first to argue that ocean earthquakes must be the cause.^[5]^[6]

"The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could happen."^[14]

The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae 26.10.15-19) described the typical sequence of a tsunami, including an incipient earthquake, the sudden retreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave, after the 365 AD tsunami devastated Alexandria.^[15]^[16]

While Japan may have the longest recorded history of tsunamis, the sheer destruction caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami event mark it as the most devastating of its kind in modern times, killing around 230,000 people. The Sumatran region is not unused to tsunamis either, with earthquakes of varying magnitudes regularly occurring off the coast of the island.^[17]

Generation mechanisms

The principal generation mechanism (or cause) of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea.^[18] This displacement of water is usually attributed to either earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calvings or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests.^[19]^[20] The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity. Tides do not play any part in the generation of tsunamis.

Tsunami generated by seismicity

Tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.^[21] More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with convergent or destructive plate boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami.

Drawing of tectonic plate boundary beforeearthquake
Overriding plate bulges under strain, causingtectonic uplift.
Plate slips, causingsubsidence and releasing energy into water.
The energy released produces tsunami waves.

Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres),^[22] which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.

On April 1, 1946, a magnitude-7.8 (Richter Scale) earthquake occurred near the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. It generated a tsunami which inundated Hilo on the island of Hawai'i with a 14 metres (46 ft) high surge. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the Pacific Ocean floor is subducting (or being pushed downwards) under Alaska.

Examples of tsunami originating at locations away from convergent boundaries include Storegga about 8,000 years ago, Grand Banks 1929, Papua New Guinea 1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilized sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before traveling transoceanic distances.

The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc.)

The 1960 Valdivia earthquake (M_w 9.5) (19:11 hrs UTC), 1964 Alaska earthquake (M_w 9.2), 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (M_w 9.2) (00:58:53 UTC) and 2011 Tōhoku earthquake (M_w9.0) are recent examples of powerful megathrust earthquakes that generated tsunamis (known as teletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (M_w 4.2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called local and regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a few minutes.

Tsunami generated by landslides

In the 1950s, it was discovered that larger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be caused by giant landslides. Underwater landslides that generate tsunamis are calledsciorrucks.^[23] These phenomena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from falling debris or expansion transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (over 1700 feet). The wave didn't travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat amazingly managed to ride the wave. Scientists named these waves megatsunami.

Scientists discovered that extremely large landslides from volcanic island collapses can generate megatsunamis that can cross oceans.

Meteotsunamis

Some meteorological conditions, such as deep depressions that cause tropical cyclones, can generate a storm surge, called a meteotsunami, which can raise tides several metres above normal levels. The displacement comes from low atmospheric pressure within the centre of the depression. As these storm surges reach shore, they may resemble (though are not) tsunamis, inundating vast areas of land.^[24]

Characteristics

When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.

The wave further slows and amplifies as it hits land. Only the largest waves crest.

Tsunamis cause damage by two mechanisms: the smashing force of a wall of water travelling at high speed, and the destructive power of a large volume of water draining off the land and carrying all with it, even if the wave did not look large.

While everyday wind waves have a wavelength (from crest to crest) of about 100 metres (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2 metres (6.6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200 kilometres (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph), but owing to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 metre (3.3 ft).^[25] This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water. Ships rarely notice their passage.

The reason for the Japanese name "harbor wave" is that sometimes a village's fishermen would sail out, and encounter no unusual waves while out at sea fishing, and come back to land to find their village devastated by a huge wave.

As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, wave shoaling compresses the wave and its speed decreases below 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously. Since the wave still has the same very long period, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does notbreak, but rather appears like a fast-moving tidal bore.^[26] Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front.

When the tsunami's wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.^[26] A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run up.^[27]

About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but they are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. They are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, glacier calvings, and bolides.

Drawback

Wave animation showing the initial "drawback" of surface water

If the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough—called a drawback—rather than a wave crest, the water along the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas.

A drawback occurs because the water propagates outwards with the trough of the wave at its front. Drawback begins before the wave arrives at an interval equal to half of the wave's period. Drawback can exceed hundreds of metres, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed.

Scales of intensity and magnitude

As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between different events.^[28]

Intensity scales

The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were the Sieberg-Ambraseys scale, used in the Mediterranean Sea and the Imamura-Iida intensity scale, used in the Pacific Ocean. The latter scale was modified by Soloviev, who calculated the Tsunami intensity I according to the formula

where is the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, known as the Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by theNGDC/NOAA and the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami.

Magnitude scales

The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy.^[28] Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced the tsunami magnitude scale , calculated from,

where h is the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distance R from the epicenter, a, b & D are constants used to make the M_t scale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale.^[29]

Warnings and predictions

Forecast of tsunami attack probability

Kunihiko Shimazaki (University of Tokyo), a member of Earthquake Research committee of The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion of Japanese government, mentioned the plan to public announcement of tsunami attack probability forecast at Japan National Press Club on 12 May 2011. The forecast includes tsunami height, attack area and occurrence probability within 100 years ahead. The forecast would integrate the scientific knowledge of recent interdisciplinarity and aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. As the plan, announcement will be available from 2014.^[33]^[34]^[35]

Mitigation

As a weapon

There have been studies and at least one attempt to create tsunami waves as a weapon. In World War II, the New Zealand Military Forces initiated Project Seal, which attempted to create small tsunamis with explosives in the area of today's Shakespear Regional Park; the attempt failed.^[39]

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

2012-10-17T05:27:00.002-07:00

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( pronunciation (help·info); born 15 October 1931) usually referred to as Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is an Indian scientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of India. Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, studied physics at the St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, and aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT), Chennai.

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Before his term as President, he worked as an aerospace engineer with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).^[2] Kalam is popularly known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.^[3] He played a pivotal organizational, technical and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since theoriginal nuclear test by India in 1974. Some scientific experts have however called Kalam a man with no authority over nuclear physics but who just carried on the works of Homi J. Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai.^[4]

Kalam was elected the President of India in 2002, defeating Lakshmi Sahgal and was supported by both the Indian National Congress and theBharatiya Janata Party, the major political parties of India. He is currently a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and Indian Institute of Management Indore, Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai), JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India.

Kalam advocated plans to develop India into a developed nation by 2020 in his book India 2020. Books authored by him have received considerable demands in South Korea for the translated versions.^[5] He has received several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. Kalam is known for his motivational speeches and interaction with the student community in India.^[6] He launched his mission for the youth of the nation in 2011 called the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme to defeat corruption in India. Kalam was also criticized for inaction as a president on the pending mercy plea petitions, that delayed prosecution of the convicts.

[edit]
Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to Jainulabdeen, a boat owner and Ashiamma, a housewife, at Rameswaram, located in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu^] He came from a poor background and started working at an early age to supplement his family's income.^[11] He was brought up in a multi-religious environment but did follow a religious routine.^[12] After completing school, Kalam distributed newspapers in order to financially contribute to his father's income.^[11]^[12] In his school years, he had average grades, but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn and spend hours on his studies, especially mathematics.^[12]Early life and education

"I inherited honesty and self-discipline from my father; from my mother, I inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness as did my three brothers and sisters."

—A quote from Kalam's autobiography^[9]

After completing his school education at the Rameswaram Elementary School, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli where he graduated in physics in 1954.^[13] Towards the end of the course, he was not enthusiastic about the subject and would later regret the four years he studied it^{[citation needed]}. He then moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering.^[10], at the MIT Madras, India (see: Wings of Fire), where he obtained his masters degree^{[citation needed]}. Kalam has a several honorary doctorates, but completed his formal education with the Master's degree from MIT, Madras^{[citation needed]}.

While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with the lack of progress and threatened revoking his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next two days. He worked tirelessly on his project and met the deadline, impressing the Dean who later said, "I [Dean] was putting you [Kalam] under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline".^[14]

[edit]Career as scientist

This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, Prof. Satish Dhawan and Dr. Brahm Prakash. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.

“

”

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam^[15]

After graduating from Madras Institute of Technology (MIT – Chennai) in 1960, Kalam joined Aeronautical Development Establishment ofDefense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as a chief scientist. Kalam started his career by designing a small helicopter for the Indian Army, but remained unconvinced with the choice of his job at DRDO.^[16] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committeeworking under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.^[10] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) where he was the project director of India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohinisatellite in near earth orbit in July 1980. Joining ISRO was one of Kalam's biggest achievements in life and he is said to have found himself when he started to work on the SLV project. Kalam first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.^[2] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the program to include more engineers.^[15]

Kalam addresses engineering students atIIT Guwahati

In 1963–64, he visited Nasa's Langley Research Center in Hampton Virginia, Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland and Wallops Flight Facility situated at Eastern Shore of Virginia.^[8]^[17] During the period between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar SLV and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be success.

Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in the development, test site preparation and weapon designing. In the 1970s, a landmark was achieved by ISRO when the locally builtRohini-1 was launched into space, using the SLV rocket.^[18] In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, namely, Project Devil and Project Valiant , which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme.^[18] Despite the disapproval of Union Cabinet, PremierIndira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's directorship.^[18] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects.^[18] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile program under his directorship.^[18]Kalam and Dr. V. S. Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defense Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defense Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simulataneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one by one.^[19] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating 388 crore rupees for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (I.G.M.D.P) and appointed Kalam as the Chief Executive.^[19] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.^[19]^[20] He was the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period where he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with R. Chidambaram during the testing phase.^[8]^[21] Photos and snapshots of him taken by the media elevated Kalam as the country's top nuclear scientist.^[22]

In 1998, along with cardiologist Dr.Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost Coronary stent. It was named as "Kalam-Raju Stent" honouring them.^[23]^[24] In 2012, the duo, designed a rugged tablet PC for health care in rural areas, which was named as "Kalam-Raju Tablet".^[25]

[edit]Presidency

Abdul Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing 107,366 votes won byLakshmi Sahgal. He served from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.

On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed to the leader of opposition, Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhi that they would propose Kalam for the post of President.^[26] The Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.^[27]^[28] After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for him, President K. R. Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office and hence left the field clear for Kalam to become the 11th President of India.^[29]

I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.

—Kalam responding to the announcement of his candidature by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee^[30]

On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Parliament of India, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues.^[31]

Kalam along with Vladimir Putin andManmohan Singh during his presidency

The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in the Parliament and the state assemblies with media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion. The counting was held on 18 July.^[32] Kalam won the presidential election in a highly one-sided contest. He became the 11th president of the Republic of India.^[33] He moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.^[34]Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the President. Dr. Sarvapali Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr. Zakir Hussain (1963) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India.^[35] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.^[36]

During his term as President, he was affectionately known as the People's President.^[37]^[38]^[39] In his words, signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.^[40]

Kalam is criticized for inaction as a President in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions.^[41] Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardon, suspend and remit death sentences and commute the death sentence of convicts on death row.^[41]^[42] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his 5 year tenure as a President, rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was hanged thereafter.^[41] The most important of the 20 pleas is thought to be that of Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.^[42] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending action on the mercy plea resulted in him continuing in the death row.^[42]

At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election.^[43]However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes.^[44] He did not have the support of the Left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents to receive a renewed mandate.^[45]^[46]

Nearing the term expiry of the 12th President Pratibha Patil, whose tenure ends on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.^[47]^[48]^[49] After the reports, social networking sites were abuzz with activities extending their support for his candidature.^[50]^[51] BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party will lend their support if Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposes his name for the 2012 presidential election.^[52]^[53] Just a month ahead of the election,Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support to Kalam and revealed that they both would suggest his name.^[54] Days after expressing support, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as a solitary supporter.^[55] On 18 June 2012, Kalam refused to contest 2012 presidential poll after much speculations.^[56]

Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me."

—Kalam's message to public upon denying to contest Presidential poll 2012.^[56]

[edit]Criticisms and controversies

The controversy that surrounds Kalam's role as a nuclear scientist, is the lack of reliable and factual reporting of the yield of Pokhran-II tests.^[57] The director of the site test, K. Santhanam, publicly admitted that the thermonuclear bomb was a "fizzle" test, criticising Kalam for issuing the wrong report.^[57] However, Kalam dismissed the claims and R. Chidambaram, a key associate of Pokhran-II, also described these claims as incorrect.^[58]

[edit]Personal attacks

In spite of his leading role in the development of Indian nuclear programme, Kalam has received criticism from many of his peers who claimed that he had "no authority" over nuclear science.^[59]Homi Sethna, a chemical engineer criticised Kalam claiming that Kalam had no background in publishing articles in nuclear science, even in nuclear physics. Sethna maintained that Kalam received his masters degree in aerospace engineering, which is a completely different discipline from nuclear engineering, and what various universities awarded him for his achievements had nothing to do with nuclear physics. Sethna, in his last interview, maintained that in the 1950s, Kalam had failed advanced physics courses during his college life and quoted "What does he know (about [nuclear] physics)....?", on the national television. Homi Sethna also accused Kalam of using his presidency to gain a national stature of a nuclear scientist.^[60]

Others felt that Kalam had never worked in any of the Indian nuclear power plants and had no role in developing the nuclear weapon which was completed under Raja Ramanna.^[61] Kalam worked as an aerospace engineer in a SLV project in the 1970s and from the 1980s onwards, as a project director before he moved to Defence Research and Development Organisation, Sethna concluded. The prestigious IISc,Bangalore rejected Kalam's application as they felt that he lacked scientific credentials.^[60]

In 2008, Indian media questioned his claims about his personal contributions to missile inventions while working in a classified missile programme.^[60] Kalam had taken credit of inventing the Agni,Prithvi and Aakash missile system.^[60] All of these were developed, researched and designed by other scientists whereas Kalam was involved in getting the funds and other logistic tasks.^[60] As a director of DRDO, a lot of credit had gone to Kalam. R. N. Agarwal, former director, Advanced System Laboratory and former Program Director of Agni missile was considered to be the real architect behind the successful design of Agni Missile.^[60]^[62] In his own biography, Kalam credited the development of Agni missile to Dr Ram Narayan Agarwal, an alumnus of MIT. For the Prithvi missile project, he named Col VJ Sundaram as the brain behind this project and for the Trishul missile, he gave credit to Commander SR Mohan.^[63] In 2006, senior media correspondent Praful Bidwai, in the The Daily Star, wrote that two aerospace projects, Project Valiant and Project Devil, which were authorised by former Premier Indira Gandhi under the directorship of Abdul Kalam, resulted in "total failure". In the 1980s, these projects were ultimately cancelled by the government under the pressure of the Indian Army.^[64]

Kalam was also criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant, where he supported setting up of the nuclear power plant and never spoke with the local people.^[65] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they perceived to him to be a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurance provided by him on the safety features of the plant.^[66]

Frisking by American security authorities

Abdul Kalam was frisked at the JFK Airport in New York, while boarding a plane on 29 September 2011. He was subjected to "private screening" as he does not come under the category of dignitaries exempt from security screening procedures under American guidelines. He was frisked again after boarding the Air India aircraft with the US security officials asking for his jacket and shoes, claiming that these items were not checked according to the prescribed procedures during the "private screening", despite protests from the airline crew confirming him as India's president.^[67]^[68] The incident was not reported until 13 November 2011.^[69] India threatened retaliatory action as there was a "general sense of outrage" around the country.^[70] The Indian Ministry of External Affairs protested over this incident and a statement by the ministry said that the US Government had written a letter to Kalam, expressing its deep regret for the inconvenience.^[68]

Kalam was previously frisked by the ground staff of the Continental Airlines at the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi in July 2009 and was treated like an ordinary passenger, despite him being on the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security's list of people exempted from security screening in India.^[71]

[edit]Future India: 2020

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam delivering a speech

In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regards his work on India's nuclear weapons program as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.

It was reported that, there was a considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him.^[72]

Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology. He has proposed a research program for developing bio-implants. He is a supporter of Open Source over proprietary solutions and believes that the use of free software on a large scale will bring the benefits of information technology to more people.^[73]

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999.^[12] In his own words, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available."^[12] He continued to interact with students during his term as a President and also during his post-presidency period as a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad^[74] and Indian Institute of Management Indore,^[75] Chancellor of Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram,^[76] aprofessor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai),^[77] JSS University (Mysore),^[78] and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India.

[edit]Popular culture

In May 2011, Kalam launched his mission for the youth of the nation called the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme to defeat corruption.^[79]^[80] He also has interests in writing Tamilpoetry and in playing veenai, a South Indian string instrument.^[81]

He was nominated for the MTV Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003^[82]^[83] and in 2006.^[84] In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as an extremely positive influence to a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.^[85]

[edit]Awards and honours

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's 79th birthday was recognised as World Students' Day by United Nations.^[86] He has also received honorary doctorates from 40 universities.^[87]^[88] The Government of India has honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.^[89] In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his immense and valuable contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.^[90]

Year of award or honour	Name of award or honour	Awarding organisation
2012	Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa)	Simon Fraser University^[91]
2011	IEEE Honorary Membership	IEEE^[92]
2010	Doctor of Engineering	University of Waterloo^[93]
2009	Hoover Medal	ASME Foundation, USA^[94]
2009	International von Kármán Wings Award	California Institute of Technology, U.S.A^[95]
2008	Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa)	Nanyang Technological University, Singapore^[96]
2007	King Charles II Medal	Royal Society, U.K^[97]^[98]
2007	Honorary Doctorate of Science	University of Wolverhampton, U.K^[99]
2000	Ramanujan Award	Alwars Research Centre, Chennai^[100]
1998	Veer Savarkar Award	Government of India^[10]
1997	Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration	Government of India^[10]^[100]
1997	Bharat Ratna	Government of India^[100]^[101]
1990	Padma Vibhushan	Government of India^[100]^[102]
1981	Padma Bhushan	Government of India^[100]^[102]

Micheal Jackson

2012-10-17T05:22:00.002-07:00

Michael Joseph Jackson^[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ,^[2] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His unparalleled contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.

Michael Jackson

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with breaking down racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped to bring the then relatively new television channel MTV to fame. With videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" he continued to innovate the medium throughout the 1990s, as well as forging a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot, and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop and rock artists.

Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), andHIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fametwice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first and only dancer from pop and rock music. Some of his other achievementsinclude multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award; 26 American Music Awards, more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century" and "Artist of the 1980s"; 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career, more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era; and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.^[3] He was also one of the world's most prominent humanitarians and philanthropists; personally, and through his Heal the World Foundation, he donated more than $300 million in charity, holds the Guinness World Record for having supported the most charities out of any pop star, and echoed these themes throughout some of his notable songs.^[4]^[5]

Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he wasaccused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment and Jackson's estate signed the largest music contract ever, with a $250 million deal to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.^[6]

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)Life and career

Jackson's childhood home in Gary, Indiana, showing floral tributes after his death

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,^[7] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, andJanet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.^[8] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.^[9]

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.^[10]^[11]^[12] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.^[12]Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.^[10] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.^[13] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain childlike throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.^[14]

In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".^[15]^[16]

Jackson (center) as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1972

In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congasand tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.^[8] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.^[17]

The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.^[8]Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."^[18] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.^[8] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown, among themGot to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin".

The Jackson 5 "became a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists... five working-class black boys with afros and bell bottoms, and they really didn't have to trade any of that stuff in order to become mainstream stars."^[19]

The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.^[20]

Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records^[20] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.^[21] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "This Place Hotel", and "Can You Feel It".^[17] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.^[22] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.^[23]

Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".^[24]^[25] It reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.^[26] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".^[27]^[28] That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".^[24] Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.^[29] Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.^[30] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.^[31]

Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)

In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded artist in one night for both award shows.^[32]^[33] These awards were thanks to the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide^[34]^[35] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,^[36] as well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million copies so far.^[37] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".^[38] Thrillerwas certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work.^[39]

Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.^[40] Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."^[41] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.^[32] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the first (and currently only) music video ever to be inducted.^[42]^[43]^[44]

Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".^[40] The New York Times wrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".^[45]

On March 25, 1983, Michael Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean" which gave him his first Emmy nomination.^[46] Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which formerSoul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.^[47] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."^[48]

Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)

Jackson with a Knott's Berry Farm Snoopy mascot in April 1984

On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry,^[49] from ad agencyBBDO and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.^[23] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.^[50]Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising.

On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.^[51] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8 million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.^[52] He also co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognized it with two special honors: one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea. Michael won the award for the creation of the song.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]

Jackson at the White House being presented with an award by PresidentRonald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan, 1984

In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale byRobert Holmes à Court.^[57] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s. Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.^[58] In 1981,^[59] McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).^[58]^[60] According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.^[58]^[60] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.^[59]^[60]

According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."^[61]Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey".^[58]^[59] But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.^[57] Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.^[57] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months of due diligence and on the negotiations.^[57]

In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.^[57] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.^[57] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.^[57]^[61]Jackson's purchase of ATV Music was finalized August 10, 1985.^[57]

Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)

Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid-1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he might be bleaching his skin.^[62] According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.^[63] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.^[64] By the mid-1990s several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.^[65] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.^[66] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".^[66] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.^[67]

During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. He also relied heavily on Klein for medical and business advice.^[68]

Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.^[69]^[70] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.^[71] It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick(the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.^[69]^[70] Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.^[70]^[72]^[73] These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise.^[74] Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:

Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."^[75]

Jackson wore a gold-plated military style jacket with belt in theBad era

Jackson collaborated with George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the originalDisneyland and at EPCOT in Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: the Paris installation was the last one to close, in 1998.^[76] The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.^[77]

In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video.^[78] With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.^[79] It did not top Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Badwas still a substantial success in its own right.

The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, includingThriller.^[80] Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with costuming and choreography inspired byWest Side Story. As of 2012, the album sold between 30 to 45 million copies worldwide.^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien andHumberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989.^[32]^[39] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the U.S., the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91] In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.^[92]

Front view: Jackson wearing the costume on a June 2, 1988 performance in Vienna, Austria

The Bad world tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.^[93] In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.^[94] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows atWembley Stadium. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.

In 1988, Jackson released his only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.^[95] Jackson wrote about his childhood,The Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.^[96] He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.^[66] He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.^[66] Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list.^[97] The musician then released a film called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters, but due to financial issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.^[98]

In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km²) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.^[99]^[100]In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.^[101] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.^[98]

His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".^[102]^[103]^[104]^[105] The nickname was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."^[106] President George H.W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".^[107] From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.^[108]^[109] Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration allowed Jackson to receive his second Emmy nomination.^[46]^[98]

Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)

In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,^[110] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.^[111] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.^[112]^[113]^[114] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.^[115] The album's second single "Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.^[116] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the 1980s.^[117] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.^[118] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.^[116]

Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tourgrossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts.^[116]^[119] He sold the broadcast rights to hisDangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.^[120]

Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.^[121]^[122] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them Gabonand Egypt.^[123] His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."^[123]In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.^[123] He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.^[123]

In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.^[62] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.^[116] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.^[32]^[39]^[124]

First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)

Main article: 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson

Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey on February 10, 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.^[16]^[62]^[116]

In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.^[125]^[126]^[127] The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.^[128] Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.^[127] Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.^[127]

Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute strip search.^[129] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually uncircumcised,^[130] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.^[131] His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.^[132]^[133] Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.^[125]^[129]^[134] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.^[135] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.^[136]^[137]^[138] The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.^[139] The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".^[140] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.^[137]

In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at theMGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend.^[141] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."^[142] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.^[143] Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."^[144] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.^[143]

Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"^[143] They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.^[145] The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".^[146] At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.^[145] The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.^[147] In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.^[148]

HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)

In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.^[149]^[150] He then released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.^[151] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.^[115]^[152] HIStoryreceived a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.^[153]

"Scream/Childhood". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".^[153] "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.^[101] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".^[153] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack.^[154] "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.^[153] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation Leagueand other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.^[155] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.^[32]^[156]

The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed a total of $165 million. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.^[93] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.^[157] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.^[147]^[158] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.^[159]^[160]

Michael Jackson at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival for the Ghosts music video premier

In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.^[161] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.^[161]^[162] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.^[112]^[153] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.^[100] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.^[163] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli andLuciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.^[164]

Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)

At the turn of the century, Jackson won an American Music Award as Artist of the 1980s.^[165] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.^[162] Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed, he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.^[166] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.^[162] Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola, that he was leaving Sony.^[162] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were suspended.

In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.^[167] The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.^[168] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert atRFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "What More Can I Give" as the finale.^[166] Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special titled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration which debuted in November 2001.

In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the U.S.^[112]^[115]^[169] However, the sales for Invincible were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.^[166] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional expenditures.^[170] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.^[166] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fatnigger".^[171] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.^[170]

In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.^[172] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.^[173] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm.^[159] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".^[174]Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the U.S., the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.^[112]^[175]

Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)

Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson

Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.

In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.^[176] As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13-year old boy shown in the film.^[176] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.^[177]^[178]^[179] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.^[180] Bahrain was also where the family intended to send Jackson if he was convicted (though Jackson did not know about the plan), according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in The Times of London in September 2011.^[181]

Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)

Jackson with his children inDisneyland Paris, 2006

In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.^[182] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.^[183] Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).^[150] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.^[184] Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time.

In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been finalized.^[185]^[186] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.^[160] In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.^[186]^[187]

In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.^[115] Jackson performed at the World Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records.^[115]^[188] Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral inAugusta, Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."^[189] In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira andBeck, among others.^[190] Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers Akon and RedOne.^[191]^[192] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."^[193]

In September 2007, Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.^[194] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.^[195] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney. The album itself was a hit, however.^[195]^[196]^[197]^[198] In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.^[199] King of Popreached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)^[200]^[201]

An aerial view of part of Jackson's 2,800 acre Neverland Valley Ranch near Los Olivos, CA showing the many rides

In late 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.^[202]^[203]^[204] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and 25.^[205] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.^[206]

In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O₂ Arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.^[207] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.^[208] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.^[209] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.^[210] Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.^[211]^[212]

Jackson on stage rehearsing on June 23, 2009 for his sold out This Is It concert shows

Jackson's first posthumous song released entirely by his Estate was titled "This Is It" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released.^[213] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than$260 million worldwide.^[214] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.^[215] The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled "Planet Earth".^[216] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.^[217]^[218]

Personal life

Main articles: Personal relationships of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson's health and appearance

Jackson is survived by his parents, eight siblings, his three children, a host of nieces and nephews also with grand nephews and nieces.

Death and memorial

Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service

Fans flocked to Jackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, adorning it with flowers and notes on the day of his death

On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.^[219] Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.^[220]^[221] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed.^[222] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).^[223]^[224] Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.^[219]

The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.^[225] Google initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was underDDoS attack, and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at 3:15 pm PDT (22:15 UTC).^[226] The Wikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.^[227] AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."^[228]

Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,^[229]^[230] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.^[230] Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.^[229]^[231] MTV and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.^[232] Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap operaEastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.^[233] Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.^[234] During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.^[235] Magazines including Time published commemorative editions.^[236] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.^[237]

Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. The memorial service was one of the most watched events in online streaming history.^[238] The U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.^[239]

Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read "We had him", a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.^[240] The Reverend Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."^[241] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."^[168] Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.^[242] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.^[243]^[244] At the time of death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.^[245] Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, Conrad Murray.^[246] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.^[247] Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.^[248]

Tribute of fans from all over the world in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park on his first anniversary of death

On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.^[249]^[250] Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".^[251]^[252] On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.^[253]^[254] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye".^[255]^[256]^[257]

Death aftermath

After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009. He sold over 8.2 million albums in the United States, and a total of 35 millionalbums worldwide, in the 12 months that followed his death.^[258]^[259] Jackson became the first artist to sell one million downloads in a week in download history, with a record-breaking 2.6 million downloads of his songs. After his death three of his albums sold more than any new album which was the first time a catalog album has ever scanned more sales than any new album.^[260]Jackson also became the first artist in history to have four of the top 20 best selling albums in a single year in the United States.^[261] Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.^[262] On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, titled "Breaking News".^[263] The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250 million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.^[262]^[264] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game titled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony'sPlayStation 3 due out later that year.^[265]

Michael Jackson was reported to be one of the largest owners of property on the moon. In 2005, he bought a 1,200 acre plot in the Lake of Dreams and owned a smaller parcel in the Sea of Vapours. After his death, a crater on the moon was renamed Michael Joseph Jackson by The Lunar Republic Society in Jackson's honor. The crater, officially named Posidonius J, is located on an area of the moon known as the Lake of Dreams, or Lacus Somniorum. The crater is 22 kilometers across and is situated near Jackson's owned land. A spokesman for the society said: "The official designation of a Lunar crater is a singular honour bestowed upon only a select few luminaries. "Among those receiving this rare tribute over the past century are Leonardo da Vinci, Christopher Columbus, Sir Isaac Newton, Julius Caesar and Jules Verne."^[266]^[267]

On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.^[268] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.^[269] The tour was written and directed by Jamie King^[270] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."^[271] On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson’s original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes.^[272]

In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage.^[273]Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.^[274] Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.^[275]

In 2012, in an attempt to end family public feuding, Jackson's brother Jermaine Jackson retracted his signature on a letter made public criticizing executors of Michael Jackson's estate and his mother's advisers concerning the legitimacy of his brothers will.^[276] T.J. Jackson, son of Tito Jackson, was given co-guardianship of Michael's kids after false reports surfaced of Katherine Jackson going missing.^[277]

Artistry

Influences

One of many identical statues, positioned throughout Europe to promote HIStory

Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis, Jr., Gene Kelly,^[278] David Ruffin,^[279] The Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees and the West Side Story dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "Beat It" and in the "Bad" video.^[280] According to David Winters, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971Diana Ross TV Special "Diana!", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of The Jackson 5), Jackson watched West Side Story almost every week and it was his favorite film.^[281]^[282]^[283] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,^[284]^[285] James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."^[286]

The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."^[287] But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.^[288]

Musical themes and genres

Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.^[289] In most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.^[290] As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to technoand house-edged new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.^[99]^[291]^[292]

Jackson in 1988, performing live at his record-breaking Bad world tour

According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.^[290] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"; and the post-disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".^[290]^[291]^[292]^[293]^[294] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.^[294] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".^[292] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.^[290] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.^[294] "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.^[99]^[290] He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.^[290] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.^[290]

"Thriller"

One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.^[22]

"Smooth Criminal"

A single from the album Bad, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.^[295]

"Black or White"

The lead single from Dangerous, the danceable hard rock song "Black or White" was one of Jackson's most successful recordings.^[296]^[297]^[298] It contains many features of Jackson's vocal style, including the vocal hiccup he is known for.

Problems listening to these files? See media help.

In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".^[299] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.^[79] "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.^[79] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.^[300] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World".^[300] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".^[301] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.^[301] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet".^[301] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.^[301] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.^[301] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.^[302]

HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.^[303] Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.^[304] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.^[303]^[304] In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".^[305] Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.^[290] It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".^[306]^[307]

Vocal style

Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.^[308] His vocal range as an adult was F2-E♭6. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Togetheralbum.^[309] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.^[20] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly".^[310]^[311] 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".^[294]

A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.^[312] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".^[301] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.^[301] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".^[313] Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".^[295]

Music videos and choreography

The iconic crystal rhinestone studded glove worn by Jackson when performing the moonwalk on Motown 25

Jackson has also been referred to as the King of Music Videos,^[314] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.^[290] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.^[315] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.^[316] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.^[317] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.^[318]^[316]His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.^[319] Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.^[320] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines.^[321] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.^[101]

In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.^[72]^[322] For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.^[323] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards;^[324] the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.^[98]

He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor.^[116] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.^[115] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.^[325] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos.^[326]

"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances byEddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a distinct complex dance routine.^[327] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodelNaomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.^[116]

The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".^[328] The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.^[329] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.^[153]^[330]

"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.^[153]^[331] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.^[153]^[162]^[332]^[333]

Legacy and influence

Jackson's star on theHollywood Walk of Fame, set in 1984

Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius".^[240] For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.^[155] Jackson's music and videos, such as Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including Patrick Stump,^[334] Jennifer Lopez,^[335]Beyoncé,^[336] Mariah Carey,^[337] Mýa,^[338] Usher,^[339] Adam Lambert,^[340] Green Day,^[341] Justin Timberlake,^[342] Britney Spears,^[343] Madonna,^[344] Alien Ant Farm,^[166] Ludacris, Ciara,^[345] and Sean P. Diddy Combs^[346]^[347] among many others.^[348] BET described Jackson "as quite simply the greatest entertainer of all time" and someone who "revolutionized the music video and brought dances like the moonwalk to the world. Jackson’s sound, style, movement and legacy continues to inspire artists of all genres."^[349]

Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".^[290] In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".^[40] In 1990, Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.^[98] In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."^[350]

Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.^[351] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.^[352] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".^[353]^[354]^[355]

In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into academia, and has been mentioned in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.^[356]^[357] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings. The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, chemistry and an array of other topics.^[356]^[358]

Honors and awards

Thriller platinum record on display at the Hard Rock Cafe, Hollywood in Universal City, California

Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.^[167]^[359] He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999 and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002.^[167] In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.^[360] His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone),^[361] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (including the "Artist of the Century" and "Artist of the 1980s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era^[362]—and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the world's best selling male solo pop artist.^[32]^[101]^[115]^[165]^[217]^[218]^[363]^[364]^[365]^[366]^[367] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It."^[368] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund^[369] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.^[370]

Earnings and wealth

It's estimated that Michael Jackson earned about $750 million in his lifetime.^[371] In the last several decades of his life, sales of his recordings through Sony's music unit have earned him an estimated $300 million in royalties. He may have also earned an additional $400 million from concerts, music publishing (including his share of the Beatles catalog) endorsements, merchandising and music videos. Estimating how much of these earnings Jackson was able to personally pocket is difficult because one has to account for taxes, recording costs and production costs.^[372]

His net worth has been estimated several times. In June 30, 2002, his balance sheet stated that his assets were worth $130 million, but he had debt of $415 million giving him a net worth of negative $285 million.^[373]

In the February 6, 2003, documentary Living with Michael Jackson, Martin Bashir asked Michael Jackson how much he was worth, and Jackson replied "It's way up there." Bashir then asked, "A billion dollars?" to which Jackson replied "It's over there." Bashir asked for confirmation: "Over a billion dollars!" to which Jackson replied "Yes." When the interview was aired in the US, broadcaster Barbara Walters replied, saying, “As for his claim to be worth over a billion dollars,” Walters explained, “his actual worth is in the two or three hundred million range. That’s hardly bad, but it’s nowhere near a billion”.

In November 2003 Forbes magazine estimated that his assets were worth $550 million ($100 million in properties including Neverland ranch; Encino and Las Vegas homes and other other properties and $450 million in music holdings including 50% stake in Sony ATV and other music publishing). Forbes estimated his debt to be $200 million giving him a net worth of $350 million.^[374]

In March 31, 2007, Jackson's statement of financial condition prepared by Washington-based accounting firm Thompson, Cobb, Bazilio & Associates claimed that his assets were worth $567.6 million. These included his 50% share of the Sony/ATV catalog valued at $390.6 million, Neverland valued at $33 million, cars, antiques, collectibles and other property valued at $20 million, and $668,215 in cash. His debt was stated to be $331 million, giving him a net worth of $236 million. CBS news claimed the report was the clearest account yet of Jackson's finances.

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Mirabai-Saint Kabir Das – میرا بایٔ، کبیر داس

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Mirabai propagated Bhakti (devotion) through songs & music during the 15th century. Meera Bai: was an aristocratic Hindu mystical singer and devotee of Krishna from Rajasthan and one of the most significant figures of the Sant tradition of the Vaishnava bhakti movement. Some 12-1300 prayerful songs or bhajans attributed to her are popular throughout India and have been published in several translations worldwide. In the bhakti tradition, they are in passionate praise of Krishna. Details of her life, which has been the subject of several films, are pieced together from her poetry and stories recounted by her community and are of debatable historical authenticity, particularly those that connect her with the later Tansen. On the other hand, the traditions that make her a disciple of Ravidas who disputed with Rupa Goswami are consonant with the usual account of her life. Mirabai Museum in Merta City

Mirabai (c.1498-c.1547CE)

Do not leave me alone

Do not leave me alone, a helpless woman.
My strength, my crown,
I am empty of virtues,
You, the ocean of them.
My heart’s music, you help me
In my world-crossing.
You protected the king of the elephants.
You dissolve the fear of the terrified.
Where can I go? Save my honour
For I have dedicated myself to you
And now there is no one else for me.

The Saffron

The saffron of virtue and contentment
Is dissolved in the water-gun of love and affection.
Pink and red clouds of emotion are flying about,
Limitless colours raining down.
All the covers of the earthen vessel of my body are wide open;
I have thrown away all shame before the world.
Mira’s Lord is the Mountain-Holder, the suave lover.
I sacrifice myself in devotion to His lotus feet.

Unbreakable

Unbreakable, O Lord,
Is the love
That binds me to You:
Like a diamond,
It breaks the hammer that strikes it.
My heart goes into You
As the polish goes into the gold.
As the lotus lives in its water,
I live in You.
Like the bird
That gazes all night
At the passing moon,
I have lost myself dwelling in You.
O my Beloved – Return.

Nothing is really mine

Nothing is really mine except Krishna.
O my parents, I have searched the world
And found nothing worthy of love.
Hence I am a stranger amidst my kinfolk
And an exile from their company,
Since I seek the companionship of holy men;
There alone do I feel happy,
In the world I only weep.
I planted the creeper of love
And silently watered it with my tears;
Now it has grown and overspread my dwelling.
You offered me a cup of poison
Which I drank with joy.
Mira is absorbed in contemplation of Krishna,
She is with God and all is well!
Meera, a Rajput princess was born in Kudki (Kurki), a little village near Merta, which is presently in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan in northwest India. Her father, Ratan Singh, was a warrior of the Rathore clan, the son of Rao Jodha of Mandore (1416-1489 CE), founder of the city of Jodhpur in 1459.
As an infant Meera became deeply enamoured of an iconic doll of Krishna owned by a visiting holy man: she was inconsolable until she possessed it and probably kept it all her life. Her mother was supportive of her religious tendencies but she passed away.
Meera’s marriage was arranged at an early age, traditionally to Prince Bhoj Raj, the eldest son of Rana Sanga of Chittor. However her new family did not approve of her piety and devotion when she refused to worship their family deity and maintained that she was only truly married to Krishna.
The Meera Museum in Merta City The Rajputana had remained fiercely independent of the Delhi Sultanate, the Islamic regime that otherwise ruled Hindustan after the conquests of Timur. But in the early 16th century CE the central Asian warlord Babur laid claim to the Sultanate and some Rajputs supported him while others ended their lives in battle with him. Her husband’s death in battle (in 1527 CE?) was only one of a series of losses Meera experienced in her twenties, including the death of her mother. She appears to have despaired of loving anything temporal and turned to the eternal, transforming her grief into a passionate spiritual devotion that inspired in her countless songs that inspired in her countless songs drenched with eroticism and separation.

Mira's temple to Krishna at Chittorgarh Fort, Rajasthan

Meera’s devotion to Krishna was at first a private thing but at some moment it overflowed into an ecstasy that led her to dance in the streets of the city. Her brother-in-law, the new ruler of Chittorgarh, was Vikramaaditya, an ill-natured youth who strongly objected to Meera’s fame, her mixing with commoners and carelessness of feminine modesty. There were several attempts to poison her. Her sister-in-law Udabai is said to have spread defamatory gossip.
At some time Meera declared herself a disciple of the guru Ravidas (“guru miliyaa raidasjee”) and left for the centre of Krishnaism, Vrindavan. She considered herself to be a reborn gopi, Lalita, mad with love for Krishna. Folklore informs us of a particular incident where she expressed her desire to engage in a discussion about spiritual matters with Rupa Goswami , a direct disciple of Chaitanya and one of the foremost saint of Vrindavan that time . However rupa goswami being a renunciate celibate , refused to meet with a woman . To this meera replied that the only true man (purusha) in this universe is lord Krishna and the living entities , being the expansions of his energy(prakriti) are actually females . There is another variant of this story where we learn that the priest in charge of the temple of Mathura (sometimes identified as Rupa Goswami, a disciple of Chaitanya) refused allow Meera to enter the temple because she was a woman , to which Meera gave the same reply . She continued her pilgrimage, “danced from one village to another village, almost covering the whole north of India”. One story has her appearing in the company of Kabir in Kashi, once again causing affront to social mores. She seems to have spent her last years as a pilgrim in Dwarka, Gujarat.

Mirabai-M. S. Subbulakshmi as Meera in a 1945 film

Poetry

Meera’s songs are in a simple form called a pada (verse), a term used for a small spiritual song, usually composed in simple rhythms with a repeating refrain. Such collection of songs are called the Padavali. The extant versions are in a Rajasthani dialect of Hindi, Braj, a dialect of Hindi spoken in and around Vrindavan (the childhood home of Krishna), sometimes mixed with Rajasthani, and in Gujarati:
That dark dweller in Braj
Is my only refuge.
O my companion, worldly comfort is an illusion,
As soon you get it, it goes.
I have chosen the indestructible for my refuge,
Him whom the snake of death will not devour.
My beloved dwells in my heart all day,
I have actually seen that abode of joy.
Meera’s lord is Hari, the indestructible.
My lord, I have taken refuge with you, your maidservant.

Although Meera is often classed with the northern Sant bhaktis who spoke of a formless divinity, there is no doubt that she presents Krishna as the historical master of the Bhagavad Gita who is, even so, the perfect avatar of the eternal, who is omnipresent but particularly focussed in his icon and his temple. She speaks of a personal relationship with Krishna as her lover, lord and master. The characteristic of her poetry is complete surrender. Her longing for union with Krishna is predominant in her poetry: she wants to be “coloured with the colour of dusk” (the symbolic colour of Krishna).
The bhajans of Meera have been translated by Robert Bly in his Mirabai Versions (New York; Red Ozier Press, 1984). Composer John Harbison adapted Bly’s translations for his Mirabai Songs. There is a documentary film A Few Things I Know About Her by Anjali Panjabi. Two well-known films of her life have been made in India.
Meera Bai’s life has been interpreted as a musical story in Meera – The Lover…, a music album based on original compositions for some well known Meera bhajans.
Courtesy of Wikipedia***

Saint Kabir Das

Saint Kabir Das

Kabir, Arabic for “great”, dasa, Sanskrit for “slave” or “servant”, is widely acknowledged as one of the great personality of the Bhakti movement in North India.
He was as is widely acknowledged born in Year 1398 A.D.(71 years before Guru Nanak). Kabirpanthis (followers of Kabir) say that he lived upto the age of 120 years and give date of his death as 1518, but relying on the research of Hazari Prased Trivedi, a British Scholar Charlotte Vaudenville is inclined to lend credence to these dates and has prooven that 1448 is probably the correct date of Saint Kabir’s demise.
He could not serve or claim anybody as guru because of his humble birth but was drawn to Ramanand’s teachings. He thought of winning Guru’s blessings in its own way. Ramananda went to the river Ganga, everyday for bath very early in the morning. One day when he was returning from Ghat, his foot touched a human body in the darkness. Startled he exclaimed, “Ram, Ram!” Immediately Kavir got up and with folded hands and appealed to the saint. “Master, you have given me the Ram mantra and made me your Sishya, even though I am only a poor Muslim weaver” and told about his yearnings to reach God. Ramananda was touched deeply by Kabir’s devotion and humility and accepted him as a disciple. he became a worthy sishya in no time by imbibing many secrets of spiritual mysticism from Ramananda.
He started preaching in the most unconventional way. He continued with his vocation of weaving and composed songs as he worked. Though leading a God-intoxicated life, he stressed on manual labor, equality of man and condemned religious bigotry. He stressed on simple life and meditation. People liked the moral message in his songs which poured out from his heart and , who was the very embodiment of things he uttered. He condemned image-worship in temples and mechanical prayers in mosques. he had a large following of Hindus and Muslims. But the orthodoxy of both the religions (Purohits and Mullas) hated him and he was persecuted by both. Ultimately he was forced to leave Banaras and it seems he spent his last days wandering. He was married and had a son and daughter but his family life was not a happy one. According to the legend he died a very old man. On his death, Hindus and Muslims quarreled to claim his body. But when they lifted the shroud, there was only a big heap of roses. It is told that Hindus and Muslims shared equally the flowers and had the last rites per formed of their beloved guru according to their own custom. One community built a temple and another dargah, So goes the story.
Kabir’s Doha

Dukh Mein Simran Sab Kare, Sukh Mein Kare Na Koye
Jo Sukh Mein Simran Kare, Tau Dukh Kahe Ko Hoye

Bura Jo Dekhan Main Chala, Bura Naa Milya Koye
Jo Munn Khoja Apnaa, To Mujhse Bura Naa Koye

Kaal Kare So Aaj Kar, Aaj Kare So Ub
Pal Mein Pralaya Hoyegi, Bahuri Karoge Kub

Aisee Vani Boliye, Mun Ka Aapa Khoye
Apna Tan Sheetal Kare, Auran Ko Sukh Hoye

Dheere Dheere Re Mana, Dheere Sub Kutch Hoye
Mali Seenche So Ghara, Ritu Aaye Phal Hoye

Sayeen Itna Deejiye, Ja Mein Kutumb Samaye
Main Bhi Bhookha Na Rahun, Sadhu Na Bhookha Jaye

Jaise Til Mein Tel Hai, Jyon Chakmak Mein Aag
Tera Sayeen Tujh Mein Hai, Tu Jaag Sake To Jaag

Mangan Maran Saman Hai, Mat Koi Mange Beekh
Mangan Se Marna Bhala, Yeh Satguru Ki Seekh

Bada Hua To Kya Hua, Jaise Ped Khajoor
Panthi Ko Chaya Nahin, Phal Laage Atidoor

10.     Kabira Khara Bazaar Mein, Mange Sabki Khair
            Na Kahu Se Dosti, Na Kahu Se Bair
11.      Kabir Man Nirmal Bhaya, Jaise Ganga Neer
            Pache Pache Har Phire, Kahat Kabir Kabir
12.   Pothi Padh Padh Kar Jag Mua, Pandit Bhayo Na Koye
           Dhai Aakhar Prem Ke, Jo Padhe so Pandit Hoye
13.   Dukh Mein Simran Sab Kare, Sukh Mein Kare Na Koye
          Jo Sukh Mein Simran Kare, Tau Dukh Kahe Ko Hoye
14.   Gur Dhobi Sikh Kapda, Saboo Sirjan Har
          Surti Sila Pur Dhoiye, Nikse Jyoti Apaar
15.   Jeevat Samjhe Jeevat Bujhe, Jeevat He Karo Aas
         Jeevat Karam Ki Fansi Na Kaati, Mue Mukti Ki Aas
16. Akath Kahani Prem Ki, Kutch Kahi Na Jaye
         Goonge Keri Sarkara, Baithe Muskae
17.    Maya Mari Na Man Mara, Mar Mar Gaye Shareer
         Asha Trishna Na Mari, Keh Gaye Das Kabir

Sant Kabir Das

God to Kabir was all pervading supreme spirit. Ram and Rahim personified the same supreme spirit who could be won over only by pure devotion. Rituals or blind worship had no place in his way of serving God. “Seek him in the depth of your heart!” Kabir advised.
“If God dwells only in the mosque, to whom belongs the rest of the country? Those who are called Hindus say that God dwells in an idol; I see not truth in either sect. Oh God, whether Allah or Ram I live by thy name… Hari dwells in the south. Allah in west. Search in thy heart, search in the heart of hearts, there is His abode,” he exclaimed.
Kabir turned out a saint of the masses. His simple and god-intoxicated life became an ideal. His simple compositions –”dohe”–two liners or “chowtai”–four liners were easy to remember and became popular immensely and enabled to grasp essentials of simple spiritual life. A common guru for Hindus and Muslims was the dire requirement of the age, and arrival of Kabir on the National Scene provided the spiritual bond. His songs profoundly influenced the religious belief of the simple rural folk. As is common in India. Each saint acquires the status of a founder of sect. Innumerable followers in North India came to be known as kabirpanthis and followers of his guru came to be known as Ramanandis.

Saint Kabir Das

Through his peculiar use of Hindustani language he achieved linguistic unity. Originally he sang in Bhojpuri a dialect of Hindi in East India. He stayed for long in Banaras and we can detect Awadhi and “Brij” influence. But collected songs of Kabir like (a) Sakhi (songs–dohe), (b) Sabad (sayings, utterances), (c) Ramaini , mainly spiritual guidelines; all have Punjabi influence. His songs find place in Granth Sahib–sacred text of Sikhs. Rabindranath Tagore has translated one hundred of his songs into English. Kabir’s compositions originally existed in hundreds and his disciples of different regions, collected them and popularized throughout the country through wandering ascetics (Gosais).
The followers of Kabir can still be found in present day India (year 2004). They call themselves “Kabir Panthis”

Saint Kabir weaving khadi cloth

He is one of the medieval Indian saints of Bhakti and Sufi movement whose compositions figure in Sikh Scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib. From among all of them, Kabir’s contribution is the largest, 227 Padas in 17 ragas and 237 slokas. Under each raga or musical mode marking a section of the Holy Book, Kabir’s hymns appear at the head of Bhagat Bani, a generic name for the works of contributors other than the Gurus. The presence of a substantial amount of Kabir’s verse in the Sikh Scripture and chronologically he being the predecessor of Guru Nanak, founder of the Sikh faith, led some Western scholars to describe him as the forerunner of Sikhism. Some have even called him the preceptor of Guru Nanak There is, however, ample evidence to prove that Guru Nanak and Kabir had ever met their periods of time in fact do not coincide. Kabir’s compositions do figure in what are known as Goindval Pothis, anthologies of the hymns of the Gurus along with those of some of the Bhaktas prepared in the time of Guru AmarDas, Nanak III. They were inclucled in the Guru Granth Sahib as well But this happened much later when Guru Arjan, fifth in spiritual line from the Founder, compiled the Holy Book Besides his own works and those of his four predecessors, he entered in it hymns of some saints and mystics, both Hindu and Muslim, Kabir was one of them.
Kabir lived in the fifteenth Century after Christ, which was a time of great political upheaval in India. As is true of many contemporary religious teachers, very little reliable information concerning Kabir’s life is available, though there is no dearth of legend gathering around him. Kabir’s life was centred around Kashi, also called Banaras (Varanasi) Legend has it that he was actually the son of a Brahmin widow who abandoned him and that he was found by a Muslim weaver named Niru, who adopted the boy and taught him the weaver’s trade. It is not clear whether he ever married, but tradition gives him a wife named Loi and two children. His caste was that of Julaha and from his sayings his caste’s heriditary occupation of weaving. On the basis of modern research, it seems probable that Kabir belonged to a family of non-celibate yogis converted, not long before and to a considerable degree superficially to Islam. From the writings of Kabir it seems that his knowledge of Islam was slight, rather in his poetical utterances (Bani) a wealth of Hathayoga terminology and a thought structure which bears obvious resemblance to Nath Yogis. Nath Yogis in addition to the yogic conception that all truth is experimental, i.e. to be realized within the body with the aid of psycho-physical practices, concentration, control of breathing and thus making the body incorruptible and the yogis immortal.
Bhakti movement was started by hindu saints while Sufi mysticism by Muslim saints in medieval India (1200-1700). Kabir immensely contributed to the Bhakti Movement and is considered a pioneer of Bhakti along with Ravidas, Farid, and Namdev. His concept of love as a path of suffering may possibly indicate, in some measure, a debt to the Sufis. These and other elements from Nath tradition, bhakti and sufism, kabir combined with his own mystical nature and produced synthesis which is the distinctive religion of Kabir. Tradition tells us that Swami Ramanand was his Guru (a teacher).
In fifteenth century, Benaras was the seat of Brahmin orthodoxy and their learning center. Brahmins had strong hold on all the spheres of life in this city. Thus Kabir belonging to a low caste of Julaha had to go through immense tough time of preaching his idealogy. Kabir and his followers would gather at one place in the city and meditate. Brahmins ridiculed him for preaching to prostitutes and other low castes. Kabir satirically denounced Brahmins and thus won hearts of people around him. There is no doubt that single most famous important person from the city of Benaras today is none other than Saint Kabir.
Kabir through his couplets not only reformed the mindset of common villagers and low caste people but give them self confidence to question Brahmins. It was 100 years after him that Tulsidas broke the hegemony of Brahmins by writing Ram Charitra Manas, a poem of Ramayana at Benaras which went against the tradition of Brahmins. Kabir was in fact first person to go against Brahmins and be so successfull. Benaras was devasted by an attack by a Muslim invader Tamur Lang or “Tamur the lame” during his time. Kabir also denounced mullahs and their rituals of bowing towards kaba five times a day. Because of open condemnation of established and popular religoins, Kabir became an object of the wrath of both Hindus and Muslims in and around Benaras. Kabir travelled in and around Benaras to preach his beliefs.
Kabir believed in sell-surrender and God’s bhakti. The Kabirpanthis follow a lite of singing the praises of God, prayers and a simple and pure life of devotion. Kabir recommends ceaseless singing of God’s praises. He virtually suggests withdrawal from the world. He is against al1 ritualistic and ascetic methods as means to salvation. It is true that Kabir refers to some yogic terms in describing the meditational and mystic methods of the yogis. But, there is no ground to suggest that he himself recommends the yogic path. In fact, far from recommending yoga, he is quite strong in condemning ascetic or yogic methods, and says that yogis, in their meditations, become prey to maya. The point wil1, however be considered further while comparing Radical bhakti with Nathism.
The moral tone is quite strong in Kabir’s hymns. “Kabir deck thyself with garments of love. Love them is given honour whose body and soul speak the truth.” “The ruby of goodness is greater than all thc mines of rubies, all the wealth of three worlds resides in the goodness of heart. When thc wealth of contentment is won, all other wealth is as dust.” “Where there is mercy, there is strength, where there is forgivenesss there is He.” “The man who is kind and practises righteousness, who remains passive in the aftairs of the world, who considers creatures of the world as his own self, he attains the immortal Being; the true God is ever with him. Kabir suggests inward worship and remembrance of God. For him, true worship is only inwards. Put on the rosary inward. By counting beads, the world will be full of light. He clearly suggests moral discrimination betwecn good and bad deeds. What can the helpless road do, when the traveller does not walk understandingly. “What can one do, if, with lamp in hand, one falls in the well.” “Or goes astray with open eyes. Discern ye now between good and evil.”
It is not surprising that Kabir’s satire was brought to bear not simply on the vices and weaknesses of men but reached through and beyond them to the very system themselves. It was the authority of Vedas and Quran that more then the authority of Brahmin or Qazi which Kabir attacked. He rebelled against the pretension of resolving by the means of books or by way of authority, the mystery of human conditions and the problem of liberation (Moksha). He spent his last 40 days living in a place where it was believed that if you die you will born as a Donkey in next life.
Kabir is a firm advocate of ahimsa. His doctrine extends even to the nondestruction of flowers. ” The life of the living you strike dead and you say your slaughter makes it dedicated. It is blood haunting you and those who taught you.” “They fast all day, and at night they slaughter the cow; here murder, there devotion; how can this please God? O’ Kazi, by whose order doth thou use thy knife.” “When you declare the sacrifice of an animal as your religion, what else is sin. If you regard yourself a saint, whom will you call a butcher ?” “The goat eats grass and is skinned, what will happen to those who eat (goat’s) meat? “Do not kill poor jiva, murder will not be forgiven even if you hear a million Puranas. Among the fifty commandments laid down for the followers of Kabir, vegetarianism is one of them. For Kabir, moral life involves adherence to ahimsa.
In common with all monastic, ascetic or otherworldly sects, Kabir does not think well of women. Ihere is almost a tirade against them in the hymns of Kabir. Woman is characterised as “a black cobra’, thc pit of hell and the refuse of the world.” She is considered to be a hurdle in the path of thc spiritual progress of man. He spoke, “woman ruins everything when she comes near a man; Devotion, salvation and divine knowledge no longer enter his soul.” His views, about woman are also evident from all his vehement attacks against maya. Almost everywhere he links maya to a woman who is out to entice and entrap man, and destroy his spiritual lifc. Such views about woman from a married person arc, indeed, quite uncommon. The cosmological views of Kabir give a clear clue to his worldview. He finds Niranjana to be the creator of the world; maya or woman. And this woman stands between man and god. She is there to entice him away from Him.
Kabir composed no systematic treatise, rather his work consists of many short didactic poems, often expressed in terse vigorous language in the form of Padas, Dohas, and Ramainis (forms of poetry in Indian languages). Besides his work recorded in 1604 A.D. in Guru Granth Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev, Nanak V, and preserved inviolate since, two other collections exist – Kabir Granthavali, and Bijak. In his poems, he was quick to tell the illustrations of moral and spiritual truth in the incidents of everyday life , and many of his similes and metaphors are very striking.
The famous gurbani by Bhagat kabir ji from Guru Granth sahib is Gagan Damama Baajooh pariho nishaan-e-ghao, khet jo maandyo surma aab jujhan ka tao, Sura so pahchaniye jo lare deen ke het, purja purja kate marhe kabho na chhade khet.

Saint Kabir 1398 A.D - 1448 A.D

Poems by Kabir
I have been thinking
I have been thinking of the difference between water
and the waves on it. Rising,
water’s still water, falling back,
it is water, will you give me a hint
how to tell them apart?
Because someone has made up the word
“wave,” do I have to distinguish it from water?
There is a Secret One inside us;
the planets in all the galaxies
pass through his hands like beads.
That is a string of beads one should look at with luminous eyes.
Are you looking for me?
Are you looking for me? I am in the next seat. .
My shoulder is against yours.
you will not find me in the stupas, not in Indian shrine.
rooms, nor in synagogues, nor in cathedrals: .
not in masses, nor kirtans, not in legs winding.
around your own neck, nor in eating nothing but.
vegetables. .
When you really look for me, you will see me.
instantly –.
you will find me in the tiniest house of time. .
Kabir says: Student, tell me, what is God? .
He is the breath inside the breath. .
There’s a moon in my body….
There’s a moon in my body, but I can’t see it! .
A moon and a sun. .
A drum never touched by hands, beating, and I can’t hear it! .
As long as a human being worries about when he will die, .
and what he has that is his, .
all of his works are zero. .
When affection for the I-creature and what it owns is dead, .
then the work of the Teacher is over. .
The purpose of labor is to learn; .
when you know it, the labor is over. .
The apple blossom exists to create fruit; when that.
comes, the petal falls. .
The musk is inside the deer, but the deer does not.
look for it: .
It wanders around looking for grass. .
My body and my mind
My body and my mind are in depression because.
You are not with me. .
How much I love you and want you in my house! .
When I hear people describe me as your bride I look .
sideways ashamed, .
because I know that far inside us we have never met. .
Then what is this love of mine? .
I don’t really care about food, I don’t really care about .
sleep, .
I am restless indoors and outdoors. .
The bride wants her lover as much as a thirsty man .
wants water. .
And how will I find someone who will take a message .
to the Guest from me? .
How restless Kabir is all the time! .
How much he wants to see the Guest! .
The bhakti path.
The bhakti path winds in a delicate way. .
On this path there is no asking and no not asking. .
The ego simply disappears the moment you touch.
him. .
The joy of looking for him is so immense that you.
just dive in, .
and coast around like a fish in the water. .
If anyone needs a head, the lover leaps up to offer .
his.

Recycler Remover by cmd

2012-07-14T04:27:00.001-07:00

How to remove Recycler (Virus) from any Drive
1)Just start command prompt(cmd)
from the run menu or search in windows 7
2)type the following
" attrib -h -r -s \s \d (drive letter : )*.* "
(without Qoutes and brackets)
for any help contact me at :
http://adf.ly/D886L (Please click so that I can earn anything from this blog)

2012-07-13T23:54:00.001-07:00

3 Hacks for Firefox That Will Double Your Internet Browsing Speed

There are many people out there complaining about the Firefox RAM Memory Bug. Lets get it straight. It’s not a bug. It’s part of the cache feature. This ‘feature’ is how the pages are cached in a tabbed environment.

To improve performance when navigating (studies show that 39% of all page navigations are renavigations to pages visited less than 10 pages ago, usually using the back button), Firefox implements a Back-Forward cache that retains the rendered document for the last five session history entries for each tab.

This is a lot of data. If you have a lot of tabs, Firefox’s RAM memory usage can climb dramatically. It’s a trade-off. What you get out of it is faster performance as you navigate the web.

Now a lot of us have found the ’secrets’ on how to manipulate settings in “about:config” to drop the memory usage as long as possible and to increase the speed at which Firefox loads sites. Read on to find out how to do this.

Remember: Firefox (download it here) is the best internet browser available (in my opinion), and these tweaks below will make it even greater and faster. So enjoy!

Reduce the amount of RAM Firefox uses for it’s cache feature

Here’s how to do it:
1. Type “about:config” (no quotes) in the adress bar in the browser.
2. Find “browser.sessionhistory.max_total_viewer”
3. Set it’s value to “0“;(Zero)

Increase the Speed in Which Firefox loads pages

1. Type “about:config” into the address bar and hit Enter.
(Normally the browser will make one request to a web page at a time. When you enable pipelining it will make several at once, which really speeds up page loading.)

2. Alter the entries as follows:
Set “network.http.pipelining” to “true”
Set “network.http.proxy.pipelining” to “true”
Set “network.http.pipelining.maxrequests” to some number like 10.

This means it will make 10 requests at once.

3. Lastly, right-click anywhere and select New-> Integer. Name it “nglayout.initialpaint.delay” and set its value to “0“;.(Zero)

This value is the amount of time the browser waits before it acts on information it receives. If you’re using a broadband connection you’ll load pages faster now.
Optionally (for even faster web browsing) here are some more options for your about:config (you might have to create some of these entries by Right Click –> New– > Interger or String

network.dns.disableIPv6: set “false”
“content.notify.backoffcount”: set “5“; (Five)
“plugin.expose_full_path”: set “true”.
“ui.submenuDelay”: set “0; (zero)

Reduce RAM usage to 10mb when Firefox is minimized:

This little hack will drop Firefox’s RAM usage down to 10 Mb when minimized:

1. Open Firefox and go to the Address Bar. Type in about:config and then press Enter.
2. Right Click in the page and select New -> Boolean.
3. In the box that pops up enter “config.trim_on_minimize”. Press Enter.
4. Now select True and then press Enter.
5. Restart Firefox.

These simple tweaks will make your web browsing with Mozilla Firefox 2-3 times faster and easier. And I think they are fairly easy to apply. Enjoy!

And don’t forget to subscribe to RSS feed if you liked this, and never miss a single post.

[tags]firefox, tweaks, hack, tweaking, tips, fix, ram memory, software, apps, free, open source, mozilla[/tags]

2012-07-13T23:48:00.001-07:00

SPEED YOU DOWNLOADING

speed up ur downloading in utorrent part 2

The speed test

If you are not sure of your download/upload speeds, then visithttp://www.speedtest.net to run a speed test. The defult Server (golden pyramid) works out
most of the time. Or you can select 2 or 3 different server around you to find out the mean result.

Note down the Download and Upload speed including the unit (e.g kbps/mbps); You will
need them later.

older version

newer version

utorrent Upload Speed Setting

Step 1. Run utorrent. On the utorrent window go to "options" menu then click "Speed Guide". In the newer version of utorrent the option "Speed Guide" has been changed to "Setup Guide".

Speed Guide Dialog Box

Setup Guide Dialog Box

Step 2. The Speed Guide or Setup Guide window will appear. Now the value that we are interested in right now is the result you get from the speedtest.com

Older Version

Newer Version

Step 3. Select your connection type or upload speed from the preset list.

Your connection should be near to one of the categories.
You can easily select your connection type from the upload speed result you get from the speedtest.com.

e.g "xx/384k" means that your download speed unlimited and your upload speed is 384kbps.

uTorrent will automatically adjusts the "Affected Settings" area with recommended values for your upload speed.

Step 4. Click on "Use Selected Settings" button. On the newer version click "save&close" button.

The Speed Guide configuring is complete.

Half-open limit fix

Advance Configuration

Step 1. Patching tcpip.sys (Only required for Win XP and Vista. Not needed for Win 7)

Half-open limit fix is a good utility to patch tcpip.sys To download it go to http://half-open.com/download_en.htm(current version 4.2)
Download the zip file and extract all files into a folder.
Open the folder and right click on Half-open limit fix.exe file then select run as administrator.
On the window, first you will see the current half-open connections.
Enter 100 in the new value section and the click "add to tcpip.sys"
Restart your computer.
If something does not work properly and you want to undo the changes then run the software again and then click "Restore original file"

Advanced menu

Step 2. Configuring utorrent

(Use this only if your version is older than 2.x.x)

Now that you have patched the tcpip.sys it is time to configure utorrent.

Run utorrent.
Click on options then preference.
Click on Advanced on the left column.
Look for "net.max_halfopen".
Change "net.max_halfopen" value to 50 then click set.
Now click Ok.
Select all the torrent and stop them.
After 10 seconds start them and watch the speed.

Note: An asasterisk (*) will appear when something is changed from its defult value.

hash value

confirmation dialoag box

Adding More Tracker

You can add more public tracker to get more seeds and peers.

You can add more trackers in two way.

1.Similar torrents

Follow the below steps to find and add more tracker into a torrent.

Select the torrent by clicking on the torrent name.
Click on the General tab below.
There should be a field labeled Hash near to the bottom with a string of alphanumeric characters.
Right-click the string and click Copy.
Go to google.com and paste the value into the search box and hit enter.
There sould be a few result of particularly that torrent from all the torrent site.
Download the torrent from all sites.
You will get a pop up box like in the image.
Click "yes".
Now your torrent will get more seeds and peers.

tracker properties

2. Download public tracker list

To get the tracker list go to the link below

http://www.4shared.com/file/149081589/ed4e2399/public_tracker_list.html

Download the "public tracker list.txt" file in your computer.
Run utorrent.
Now right click on the torrent you want to add tracker.
Click properties.
You will see some trackers under General tab.
Copy the text from the file and paste it at the end of previous tracker list.
Now click on the tracker tab and check if there is any tracker listed twice. If there is any then remove one by right click on it and then click "Remove Tracker".

You will get much more seeds and peers.

Best Trcker List

This tracker list is my personal favorite. This list contain few tracker but works very good. The previous list has much more tracker. More tracker takes more time to update.

Download this tracker list and add them in the torrent properties. Do not replace previous trackers.

http://www.4shared.com/file/243122669/7f2fb72f/best_torrent_tracker_list.html

Rain

2012-07-10T04:07:00.002-07:00

Rain......
Drops of heavenly wishdom
striking the earth,
to help her relieve from the pain
caused by heartless humanbeings.
Tear drops collected
filled together from each a day
To pour upon Mother Earth.
And to cleanse the pain away.
No more she can Bare,
No more she can help,
The worthless human beings,
Oh Rain Where are You.....
By
Hareesh.V.Manoj

Eyes

2012-07-09T07:50:00.000-07:00

Eyes.......................... ‎01 ‎July, ‎2012
Mirrors of the mind 3:08:32 PM
to see everykind.
Windows of the Brain
to help it not drain.
Everyone can see
through the windows of wishdom
but only some can understand
what others dont see.
Nothing is visible to the mind by watching
Only it can make out by matching.
Cause things that help you achieve greatness can't be seen
But only Felt.....................................
By
Hareesh.V.M‎anoj

Game Reviews

2012-06-30T00:22:00.000-07:00

Game Reviews

Most Famous Hindi Poems

2012-06-30T00:09:00.001-07:00

राम / सुरेश सेन नि‍शांत

बहुत गहरे तक

डूबा हुआ हूँ मैं उस राम में

बहुत गहरे तक

मेरे अंतस में बैठी है

मानस की चौपाइयाँ गाती

रामलीला की वह नाटक-मंडली

कसकर पकड़े हुए हूँ

दादी माँ की अँगुली

लबालब उत्साह से भरा

दिन ढले जा रहा हूँ

रामलीला देखने

बहुत गहरे तक

दादी माँ की गोद में मैं धँसा हुआ हूँ

नहा रहा हूँ

दादी की आँखों से

झरते आँसुओं में

राम वनवास पर हैं

राम लड़ रहे हैं

राक्षसों से

राम लड़ रहे हैं

दरबार की लालची इच्छाओं से

राम लड़ रहे हैं अपने आप से

बहुत गहरे तक

डूबा हुआ हूँ मैं उस राम में

बचपन में पता नहीं

कितने ही अँधेरे भूतिया रास्ते

इसी राम को करते हुए याद

किए हैं पार

बचाई है इस जीवन की

यह कोमल-सी साँस वह

राम

जिसे ‘छोटे मुहम्मद’ निभाते रहे

लगातार ग्यारह साल

कस्बे की रामलीला में

छूती थीं औरतें श्रद्धा से जिसके पाँव

अभिभूत थे हम बच्चे

उस राम के सौंदर्य पर

पता नहीं कब बंद हो गईं

वे रामलीलाएँ

पता नहीं कब वह राम

मुसलमान में हो गया परिवर्तित

डरा-डरा गुज़रता है आजकल

रामसेवकों के सामने

उस रामलीला के पुराने

मंच के पास से वह राम

वैसे मेरा वह राम

मानव की चौपाइया

आज भी उतनी तन्मयता से गाता है

उतनी ही सौम्य है

अभी भी उसकी मुस्कान

उतना ही मधुर है

अभी भी उसका गला

पर दिख ही जाती है उदासी

उसकी आँखों में तिरते

उस प्यार-भरे जल में छुपी

बहुत गहरे तक

डूबा हुआ हूँ मैं उस शाम में !

प्रभु तुम मेरे मन की जानो / सुभद्राकुमारी चौहान

मैं अछूत हूँ, मंदिर में आने का मुझको अधिकार नहीं है।

किंतु देवता यह न समझना, तुम पर मेरा प्यार नहीं है॥

प्यार असीम, अमिट है, फिर भी पास तुम्हारे आ न सकूँगी।

यह अपनी छोटी सी पूजा, चरणों तक पहुँचा न सकूँगी॥

इसीलिए इस अंधकार में, मैं छिपती-छिपती आई हूँ।

तेरे चरणों में खो जाऊँ, इतना व्याकुल मन लाई हूँ॥

तुम देखो पहिचान सको तो तुम मेरे मन को पहिचानो।

जग न भले ही समझे, मेरे प्रभु! मेरे मन की जानो॥

मेरा भी मन होता है, मैं पूजूँ तुमको, फूल चढ़ाऊँ।

और चरण-रज लेने को मैं चरणों के नीचे बिछ जाऊँ॥

मुझको भी अधिकार मिले वह, जो सबको अधिकार मिला है।

मुझको प्यार मिले, जो सबको देव! तुम्हारा प्यार मिला है॥

तुम सबके भगवान, कहो मंदिर में भेद-भाव कैसा?

हे मेरे पाषाण! पसीजो, बोलो क्यों होता ऐसा?

मैं गरीबिनी, किसी तरह से पूजा का सामान जुटाती।

बड़ी साध से तुझे पूजने, मंदिर के द्वारे तक आती॥

कह देता है किंतु पुजारी, यह तेरा भगवान नहीं है।

दूर कहीं मंदिर अछूत का और दूर भगवान कहीं है॥

मैं सुनती हूँ, जल उठती हूँ, मन में यह विद्रोही ज्वाला।

यह कठोरता, ईश्वर को भी जिसने टूक-टूक कर डाला॥

यह निर्मम समाज का बंधन, और अधिक अब सह न सकूँगी।

यह झूठा विश्वास, प्रतिष्ठा झूठी, इसमें रह न सकूँगी॥

ईश्वर भी दो हैं, यह मानूँ, मन मेरा तैयार नहीं है।

किंतु देवता यह न समझना, तुम पर मेरा प्यार नहीं है॥

मेरा भी मन है जिसमें अनुराग भरा है, प्यार भरा है।

जग में कहीं बरस जाने को स्नेह और सत्कार भरा है॥

वही स्नेह, सत्कार, प्यार मैं आज तुम्हें देने आई हूँ।

और इतना तुमसे आश्वासन, मेरे प्रभु! लेने आई हूँ॥

तुम कह दो, तुमको उनकी इन बातों पर विश्वास नहीं है।

छुत-अछूत, धनी-निर्धन का भेद तुम्हारे पास नहीं है॥

एक अजन्मे बच्चे का डर / ऋषभ देव शर्मा

इक्कीसवीं शताब्दी की

पहली रात के अँधेरे में

जन्म लेना चाहता है एक शिशु

पर सहम-सहम जाता है

वापस लौट जाता है

उसी अँधेरी गुफा में

जिसके

शीतल गर्भ में

सोया हुआ था

अनादि काल से।

‘बच्चे!

यह कैसी ज़िद है,

कैसा भय है,

तुम जन्मते क्यों नहीं?’

-अपने माथे का पसीना

पोंछती हुई

पूछती है

धरती की

बूढ़ी़ आया।

अष्टावक्र सरीखा

बच्चा

चीख उठता है गर्भ में से :

‘नहीं आना है मुझे

तुम्हारी इस धरती के नरक में।

क्या है तुम्हारे पास मुझे देने को?

कुछ और नए हथियार बना डालोगे तुम

मेरी पैदाइश की खुशी में,

और दागोगे

मेरे भविष्य की छाती पर

बन्दूकें और मशीनगनें,

फोडो़गे कुछ नए बम,

बरसा दोगे

रेडियोधर्मी विकिरणों की बारिश

मेरे दिमाग के हर कोने में।

मुझे नहीं आना है

तुम्हारी दुनिया हें।

नहीं.......नहीं.....नहीं!’

और फिर छा जाती है

एक चुप्पी।

अजन्मे बच्चे के इन्कार का

कोई जवाब

किसी के पास नहीं है,

किसी के पास नहीं है कोई जवाब |

एक बार फिर

सुनाई पड़ती है

बच्चे की आवाज़,

राजा बलि के दरवाज़े पर

गुहार लगाते

वामन की तरह :

‘मुझे

तुम्हारी दुनिया में आने के लिए

तीन डग ज़मीन चाहिए।

सिर्फ तीन डग

साफ-सुथरी जमीन!

तीन डग जमीन-

जिस पर

कभी कोई

युद्ध न लडा़ गया हो,

तीन डग ज़मीन -

जिस पर

कभी किसी अस्त्र-शस्त्र की

छाया न पडी़ हो,

तीन डग ज़मीन-

जिसकी वायु शुद्ध

और प्रकृति पवित्र हो!’

आवाज़ कहीं खो गई है,

बच्चा भी चुप है,

धरती की बूढी़ आया भी चुप है,

चुप हैं तमाम महामहिम भूमिपति,

तमाम बड़बोले भूमिपुत्र भी चुप हैं।

नहीं बची है किसी के पास-

तीन डग ज़मीन

जिसकी वायु शुद्ध

और

प्रकृति पवित्र हो!

मेरा नया बचपन / सुभद्राकुमारी चौहान

बार-बार आती है मुझको मधुर याद बचपन तेरी।

गया ले गया तू जीवन की सबसे मस्त खुशी मेरी॥

चिंता-रहित खेलना-खाना वह फिरना निर्भय स्वच्छंद।

कैसे भूला जा सकता है बचपन का अतुलित आनंद?

ऊँच-नीच का ज्ञान नहीं था छुआछूत किसने जानी?

बनी हुई थी वहाँ झोंपड़ी और चीथड़ों में रानी॥

किये दूध के कुल्ले मैंने चूस अँगूठा सुधा पिया।

किलकारी किल्लोल मचाकर सूना घर आबाद किया॥

रोना और मचल जाना भी क्या आनंद दिखाते थे।

बड़े-बड़े मोती-से आँसू जयमाला पहनाते थे॥

मैं रोई, माँ काम छोड़कर आईं, मुझको उठा लिया।

झाड़-पोंछ कर चूम-चूम कर गीले गालों को सुखा दिया॥

दादा ने चंदा दिखलाया नेत्र नीर-युत दमक उठे।

धुली हुई मुस्कान देख कर सबके चेहरे चमक उठे॥

वह सुख का साम्राज्य छोड़कर मैं मतवाली बड़ी हुई।

लुटी हुई, कुछ ठगी हुई-सी दौड़ द्वार पर खड़ी हुई॥

लाजभरी आँखें थीं मेरी मन में उमँग रँगीली थी।

तान रसीली थी कानों में चंचल छैल छबीली थी॥

दिल में एक चुभन-सी थी यह दुनिया अलबेली थी।

मन में एक पहेली थी मैं सब के बीच अकेली थी॥

मिला, खोजती थी जिसको हे बचपन! ठगा दिया तूने।

अरे! जवानी के फंदे में मुझको फँसा दिया तूने॥

सब गलियाँ उसकी भी देखीं उसकी खुशियाँ न्यारी हैं।

प्यारी, प्रीतम की रँग-रलियों की स्मृतियाँ भी प्यारी हैं॥

माना मैंने युवा-काल का जीवन खूब निराला है।

आकांक्षा, पुरुषार्थ, ज्ञान का उदय मोहनेवाला है॥

किंतु यहाँ झंझट है भारी युद्ध-क्षेत्र संसार बना।

चिंता के चक्कर में पड़कर जीवन भी है भार बना॥

आ जा बचपन! एक बार फिर दे दे अपनी निर्मल शांति।

व्याकुल व्यथा मिटानेवाली वह अपनी प्राकृत विश्रांति॥

वह भोली-सी मधुर सरलता वह प्यारा जीवन निष्पाप।

क्या आकर फिर मिटा सकेगा तू मेरे मन का संताप?

मैं बचपन को बुला रही थी बोल उठी बिटिया मेरी।

नंदन वन-सी फूल उठी यह छोटी-सी कुटिया मेरी॥

'माँ ओ' कहकर बुला रही थी मिट्टी खाकर आयी थी।

कुछ मुँह में कुछ लिये हाथ में मुझे खिलाने लायी थी॥

पुलक रहे थे अंग, दृगों में कौतुहल था छलक रहा।

मुँह पर थी आह्लाद-लालिमा विजय-गर्व था झलक रहा॥

मैंने पूछा 'यह क्या लायी?' बोल उठी वह 'माँ, काओ'।

हुआ प्रफुल्लित हृदय खुशी से मैंने कहा - 'तुम्हीं खाओ'॥

पाया मैंने बचपन फिर से बचपन बेटी बन आया।

उसकी मंजुल मूर्ति देखकर मुझ में नवजीवन आया॥

मैं भी उसके साथ खेलती खाती हूँ, तुतलाती हूँ।

मिलकर उसके साथ स्वयं मैं भी बच्ची बन जाती हूँ॥

जिसे खोजती थी बरसों से अब जाकर उसको पाया।

भाग गया था मुझे छोड़कर वह बचपन फिर से आया॥

गांधी / महेन्द्र भटनागर

मानव-संस्कृति के संस्थापक, नव-आदर्शों के निर्माता,

आने वाली संसृति के तुम निश्चय, जीवन भाग्य-विधाता !

सत्य, अहिंसा की सबल नींव पर, सार्थक निर्मित किया समाज,

देश-देश में नगर-नगर में गूँज उठी नयी-नयी आवाज़ !

सदियों की निष्क्रियता पर तुम कर्मदूत बनकर उदित हुए,

विगत युगों के भौतिक-शृंग तुम्हारी धारा से विजित हुए !

नैतिक-हीना सघन निशा में धु्रव दिया तुम्हीं ने सतत प्रकाश,

घिरे निराशा के घन में तुम ने, भर दी तड़ित-चमक-सी आश !

त्रास्त दुर्बल विश्व को सुख, शक्ति के उपहार हो तुम !

मनुज जीवन जब जटिल, गतिहीन होकर रुक गया है,

शृंखलाएँ बंधनों की तोड़ता जब थक गया है,

दमन, अत्याचार, हिंसा से प्रकम्पित झुक गया है,

एक सिहरन, नव-प्रगति के, शांति के अवतार हो तुम !

कर युगान्तर युग-पुरुष तुम स्वर्ण नवयुग ला रहे हो,

नग्न-पशुबल-कर्म गाथा तुम सुनाते जा रहे हो,

मुक्त बलिपथ पर निरन्तर स्नेह-कण बरसा रहे हो,

धैर्य, नूतन चेतना, उत्साह के संसार हो तुम !

तुमने बुझते

युग-मानव के उर-दीपक में

निज जीवन का संचित स्नेह ढाल

अभिनव ज्योति जगायी है !

पर, उस दिन को जोह रहे हम

जब कह पाएँ

किरणों की आभा में जिसकी

सुन्दर जगमग झाँकी भव्य सजायी है !

मानवता की मानों हुई सगाई है !

नव-मानव शिशु को तुमने जन्म दिया,

जीने का अधिकार दिया,

निर्मल सुख शांति अमर उपहार दिया,

होठों को निश्छल मुक्त हँसी का

वरदान दिया,

कोटि-कोटि जन को रहने को

आज़ाद नया हिन्दुस्तान दिया !

जिसके नभ के नीचे

सत्य, अहिंसा का नूतन फूल खिला,

फैली बर्बर जर्जर संस्कृति के भीतर

ज्ञान-सुगन्ध हवा ;

जिसने पीड़ित जन-जन का ताप हरा !

तुमने भर ली अपने उर में

युग की सारी मर्म व्यथा !

जिसको क्षण भर देख लिया केवल

उसने समझा अब जीवन पूर्ण सफल !

याद तुम्हारी शोषित दुनिया का संबल !

एक दिवस उट्ठेगा निश्चय

सोया, भूला समुदाय

तुम्हारा ही प्रेरक-स्वर सुनकर !

पीड़ितों, वंचित-दलित-जन के उरों में आश भर-भर

प्राणमय, संदेशवाहक, साम्य का नव-गीत गा कर,

मुक्त उठने के लिए तुम दे रहे हो पूर्ण अवसर ;

देख मानवता जगी, दुर्जेय कर्णाधार हो तुम !

प्राची के उगे तुम सूर्य

सहसा बुझ गये !

पर, तुम्हारी

फैलती ही जा रही है ज्योति !

दिग-दिगन्तों में समा,

अति शीत ईथर के

असीमित तम किनारों तक,

कि मन की सूक्ष्मतम सब

घाटियों के अंध तम से बंद

पट ज्योतित !

तुम्हारी दिव्य शाश्वत

आत्मा के तेज से

ये धुल गये

जीवन-मलिनता के

अशिव सब भाव !

युग-युग की दबी

खंडित धरित्री पर

गयी बह सत्य अमृत धार !

तुमने कर दिया

उपचार घावों का,

मनुजता के सभी

आधार दावों से !

जगत को कर दिया आश्वस्त

देकर मुक्त विश्व-विधान,

जो सुखमय भविष्यत् का

अमर वरदान !

आज हमारी श्वासों में जीवित है गांधी,

तम के परदे पर मन के ज्योतित है गांधी,

जिससे टकरा कर हारी पशुता की आँधी !

सिहर रही हैं गंगा, यमुना, झेलम, लूनी,

प्राची का यह लाल सबेरा लख कर ख़ूनी,

आज कमी लगती जग को पहले से दूनी !

पर, चमक रही है मानव आदर्शों की ज्वाला,

जिसको गांधी ने तन-मन के श्रम से पाला,

हर बार पराजित होगा युग का तम काला !

बुझ न सकेगी यह जन-जीवन की चिनगारी,

बढ़ती ही जाएगी इसकी आभा प्यारी,

निश्चय ही होगी वसुधा आलोकित सारी !

No one

2012-06-29T05:38:00.004-07:00

No One

by Hareesh V Manoj

life is passing

everything changing,

I don't feel no more happiness

cause I am always sad.

Life is Boring

I can't feel it

I hear no more

laugh, cry , or joy.

No one wants me

cause I am no one.

Will one be there

waiting for me

on and on and on

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2012-06-28T05:04:00.001-07:00

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Economics Project {role of tertiary activities in India}

2012-06-22T09:03:00.002-07:00

The tertiary sector of the economy (also known as the service sector or the service industry) is one of the three economic sectors, the others being the secondary sector (approximately the same as manufacturing) and the primary sector (agriculture, fishing, and extraction such as mining).
The service sector consists of the "soft" parts of the economy, i.e. activities where people offer their knowledge and time to improve productivity, performance, potential, and sustainability. The basic characteristic of this sector is the production of services instead of end products. Services (also known as "intangible goods") include attention, advice, experience, and discussion. The production of information is generally also regarded as a service, but some economists now attribute it to a fourth sector, the quaternary sector.
The tertiary sector of industry involves the provision of services to other businesses as well as final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution and sale of goods from producer to a consumer, as may happen in wholesaling and retailing, or may involve the provision of a service, such as in pest control or entertainment. The goods may be transformed in the process of providing the service, as happens in the restaurant industry. However, the focus is on people interacting with people and serving the customer rather than transforming physical goods.
For the last 100 years, there has been a substantial shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector in industrialised countries. This shift is called tertiarisation.[1] The tertiary sector is now the largest sector of the economy in the Western world, and is also the fastest-growing sector.
Services or the "tertiary sector" of the economy covers a wide gamut of activities like trading, banking & finance, infotainment, real estate, transportation, security, management & technical consultancy among several others. The various sectors that combine together to constitute service industry in India are:
Trade
Hotels and Restaurants
Railways
Other Transport & Storage
Communication (Post, Telecom)
Banking
Insurance
Dwellings, Real Estate
Business Services
Public Administration; Defence
Personal Services
Community Services
Other Services

since India is still on the path of developement,tertiary sector accounts for most developed sector among the three economic sectors,namely primary,secondary and tertiary sectors.in nations like India where developement is yet in the throes,tertiary sector helps in professional occupancies by offering services and different posts in government offices;and if services are provided adequately to the previous two sectors the developement will skyrocket,resulting in the overall developement of the country.

Love Is In The Air

2012-06-20T03:42:00.002-07:00

A few love quotes

"you are a virus who got over my antivirus and and got in my memories"

"In the sea of love you are an island who gives me shelter"

"I am a fly who is stuck in your love web"

"All brave things start because of love"

"Every body say that I am stone-hearted ,But Everybody forgets the fact that things written on the stone never fade away"

Life is to be cherished not wasted,

2012-06-19T11:44:00.002-07:00

Life is of a glance which many souls alas,
but the one who have it does not enjoy what creates life,
love,laugh and cry,
love is the most beautiful one,
the one which makes trees grow,
the one which make flowers bloom,
the one which make a pleasant day,
and on and on and on.
why waste these joys with
unnecessary thoughts my friend..........
by
Hareesh.v.manoj

Hareesh Rox U

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Become a Game Tester

World of Warcraft

World of Warcraft

World of Warcraft Walkthroughs

World of Warcraft Videos

World of Warcraft News & Features

Kerala's Top Ten Tourist Spot

First Aid

History

[edit]Aims

[edit]Key skills

[edit]Preserving life

[edit]Promoting recovery

[edit]Training

[edit]Australia

[edit]Canada

[edit]France

[edit]Ireland

[edit]Singapore

[edit]The Netherlands

[edit]United Kingdom

[edit]United States

[edit]Specific disciplines

[edit]Symbols

[edit]Conditions that often require first aid

Tsunami

Contents

Etymology

History

Generation mechanisms

Tsunami generated by seismicity

Tsunami generated by landslides

Meteotsunamis

Characteristics

Drawback

Scales of intensity and magnitude

Intensity scales

Magnitude scales

Warnings and predictions

Forecast of tsunami attack probability

Mitigation

As a weapon

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

[edit]Career as scientist

[edit]Presidency

[edit]Criticisms and controversies

[edit]Personal attacks

[edit]Future India: 2020

[edit]Popular culture

[edit]Awards and honours

Micheal Jackson

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)Life and career

Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)

Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)

Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)

Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)

Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)

First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)

HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)

Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)

Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)

Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)

Personal life

Death and memorial

Death aftermath

Artistry

Influences

Musical themes and genres

Vocal style

Music videos and choreography

Legacy and influence

Honors and awards

Earnings and wealth

Clixsense - the best way to earn

Dohe of Mirabai,Kabir das.

Mirabai-Saint Kabir Das – میرا بایٔ، کبیر داس