Spear-headed through the World Trade Organization, Codex Alimentarius is already being implemented in countries such as Germany, Norway and Uruguay. In Germany, five years ago, you could get a one pound bag of Echinacea, over the counter, for $8US. Today, because of the laws passed through the World Trade Organization under Codex Alimentarius, you need a medical doctor’s prescription for Echinacea and it will cost you, roughly, $175US. Vitamin C is a similar situation. A bottle of Vitamin C, 50mg tablets, which you could get over the counter, used to cost $7 but, once again, you now need a medical doctor’s prescription and it will cost you $75.

“If it is so good why haven’t I heard about it?” This is the question I always get from the cynical, the skeptical and those who think they are too clever to be duped or outwitted by anyone or anything. After 15 years of educating people on the Gerson Therapy, I am always dumbfounded by the amount of people who actually think that the system they live within is designed to protect them and looking out for their best interests when NOTHING is further from the Truth. The reality is cancer, and all other diseases, is a 3 TRILLION dollar per year industry in this country alone!  The institutions and organizations that have their hands in that pot are many. This article will expose those that have corruptly censored and persecuted legitimate therapies that have PROVEN to have the ability to reverse ADVANCED, TERMINAL disease of which the Gerson Therapy is supreme.

The first, and most obvious, is the pharmaceutical industry itself. It is they who directly profit from the myriad of toxic, deadly drugs they dispense to people on a daily basis. Their ridiculously high profit margins from their patents makes them the most profitable industry in the world. Consequently, they fight ferociously to suppress anything that directly threatens or competes with their ability to make those profits and they use those profits to selectively pay off institutions and organizations that are supposed to be looking out for your best interests and serving you, the general public. Disease is big money and they make their money off of you being sick. If anything is remotely designed to keeping you well they try to do everything to keep that information from you. This is how they do it.

We like to think we live in the information age; where at any moment we have the capacity to access anything we want to know. Nothing could be further from the truth. Reality is, we are still slaves to the mainstream media for most of our information and the internet is designed more to confuse people than to give them the DEFINITIVE information that the Gerson Therapy is, beyond a shadow of a doubt, successfully treating advanced disease. If you do a Google search of the Gerson Therapy, or the “cure for cancer”, you will get a plethora of information written by pharmaceutical, American Cancer Society and AMA supported organizations emphatically stating that the Gerson Therapy has never shown the ability to reverse ONE case of advanced cancer. These are outright lies perpetrated by the very organizations whose livelihood would be threatened IF the Gerson Therapy WAS able to reverse disease. It is these SAME organizations that we have endlessly, invited to come to our clinics to view our records, to watch us destroy tumors in weeks, yet they refuse over and over and over again for the simple fact that, “what you do not know cannot hurt you”. Even with that fact in mind, we still remain slaves to the modern media for most of our information; the television news, the newspapers, magazines, radio stations and internet home pages that belch out the information paid for by special interests much more powerful than small organizations such as the Gerson Therapy. Let’s take a look at these special interests, one by one, starting with the media itself.

When you turn on your television, your radio, open your newspaper, your magazine, etc…what are you bombarded with all day long? You are bombarded with drug advertisement after drug advertisement. The pharmaceutical industry spends $32 BILLION per year to advertise their deadly, toxic drugs through all major media outlets available to you. If you are an editor of any of those organizations, your sole, fiscal responsibility is to promote the financial interests of your organization. It has nothing to do with giving you, or I, the Truth! In essence, if you are an editor you simply do not bite off the hand that feeds you. I cannot tell you the countless times we have tried to get the Gerson Therapy into mainstream media outlets only to be denied time and time again. They REFUSE to give us the opportunity to reach the general public. We cannot even buy advertisements in major mainstream media outlets promoting our proven, successful work because if any editor prints anything that threatens the pharmaceutical interests those same pharmaceutical interests will begin pulling their advertisements worth much more than we could ever offer. If this is too hard to believe, read the following quote by John Swinton, former Chief of Staff and Editor for the New York Times. At his retirement dinner, before the Manhattan Press Club, he is asked to stand up and toast a “free press”.

“There is no such thing, at this date of the world's history, in America, as an independent press. You know it and I know it. There is not one of you who dares to write your honest opinions, and if you did, you know before hand that it would never  appear in print. I am paid weekly for keeping my honest opinion out of the paper I am connected with. Others of you are paid similar salaries for similar things, and any of you whowould be so foolish as to write honest opinions would be out on the streets looking for another job. If I allowed my honest opinions to appear in one issue of my paper, before twenty-four hours my occupation would be gone. The business of the journalists is to destroy the truth, to lie outright, to pervert, to vilify, to fawn at the feet of mammon, and to sell his country and his race for his daily bread. You know it and I know it, and what folly is this toasting an independent press We are the tools and vassals of rich men behind the scenes. We are the jumping jacks, they pull the strings and we dance. Our talents, our possibilities and our lives are all the property of other men. We are intellectual prostitutes.”

For another classic example of the repercussions of speaking about the Gerson Therapy, through a major media outlet, read the Pepper-Neely Anti-Cancer Bill expose on this site. It is a frightening display of the power wielded by the medical and pharmaceutical establishment and confirms John Swinton’s scathing observations.

What about the American Cancer Society (ACS)? Certainly they are looking out for your best interests and striving to find the cure for cancer, right? Again, nothing could be further from the truth. The American Cancer Society was created by John D. Rockefeller himself. In the original charters, which HE wrote, he stated, “IF A CURE FOR CANCER IS EVER FOUND THIS ORGANIZATION MUST BE IMMEDIATELY DESTROYED.” Do you think that anyone whose daily bread is coming from the ACS’s existence would remotely consider looking into anything that is professing to reverse cancer? Of course they would not. We have invited the ACS to come to our clinics in Mexico, countless times, to view our records and watch our patients being treated and, time and time again, they have declined such invitations for very obvious reasons.  Here are a couple of quotes from people/organizations who know the ACS all too well. The first quote is from M. Dean Burk who worked for the National Cancer Institute for 34 years. When you work for the NCI for 34 years you work side by side with the ACS. M. Dean Burk, when asked about the ACS stated, “THEY LIE LIKE SCOUNDRELS!”

The Chronicle of Philanthropy, the world’s leading philanthropic journal, has publically stated,   “The American Cancer Society is more interested in accumulating wealth than saving people’s lives!” Every Spring and Fall, when the ACS has their bi-annual fundraising drives, they religiously plead poverty when they are one of the wealthiest non-profit organizations in the world! They have over ONE BILLION dollars in assets at their disposal. Where does the money go that they are able to extract from a trusting and unassuming American Public? The money goes straight to the pharmaceutical industry for research and development that, since 1971 when Richard Nixon first declared the War on Cancer, has not been able to produce ONE effective treatment proving the ability to reverse advanced, terminal disease. Nevertheless, the trusting and unassuming American public continues to donate countless amounts of money and time under the premise that the ACS and the medical establishment are looking out for their best interests. It is a sad state of affairs.

How about the American Medical Association (AMA)? Our medical doctors, of all people, should be looking out for our best interests and fervently seeking out anything that could be potentially curing humanity of its horrendous suffering, no? Yet again, nothing could be further from the truth. It is our medical doctors that are eating directly from the hands of the pharmaceutical industry. Did you know, in ALL major cities in this country, a medical doctor can eat a four-course meal, at the finest restaurants in that city, every single day of the year, compliments of the pharmaceutical industry? My roommates, in chiropractic school, were pharmaceutical representatives before they became chiropractors. They used to tell me stories of the lavish vacations they used to take their medical doctor clients on to Hawaii, Vail and all the top golf courses in the country just to get them to sell their pharmaceutical drugs. Did you know that every single time a medical doctor writes a prescription, they are getting a cut of that profit? Medical doctors, today, have become nothing but glorified drug pushers that are pawns for today’s pharmaceutical industry. A classic example of this can be easily seen in the 1987 court case the AMA vs. WILK. In 1987, FOUR chiropractors took the entire AMA to court accusing them of having a branch, within their organization, specifically designated to try to ELIMINATE chiropractic as a profession! Why would they be so interested in eliminating chiropractors from the planet? The reason is because chiropractors steal BILLIONS of dollars of unnecessary drugs and surgeries annually from the medical doctors and pharmaceutical industry for what we can do with our hands naturally. So, in 1987, Federal District Court Judge, Susan Getzendanner, from Illinois, found the American Medical Association, “GUILTY OF CONSPIRACY”! That is the judgment and, because of this judgment, any medical doctor that tells their patients they should not go to a chiropractor, because they are quacks, can lose their license and, potentially, go to jail. If you ever have anyone tell you that you are a conspiracy theorist, simply lead them to this court case and judgment and you will quickly put them to rest. The medical doctors (oncologists) hate what we do. I cannot tell you how many times we have sent patients back to them completely cured of their “terminal” disease that they sent home to die. Quite often the medical doctors, literally, run them out of their offices in fits of rage. You will NEVER hear about the Gerson Therapy from the AMA.

What about our university medical schools? Why aren’t they looking into such therapies as the Gerson Therapy? The answer to this is quite simple. Where do university medical schools get their money from? The pharmaceutical industry! The American Cancer Society! Our university medical schools receive BILLIONS upon BILLIONS of dollars annually to again, research the pharmaceutical industry’s deadly, toxic drugs and medical procedures. This is why there are no chiropractic programs within university systems either---because we would directly compete with those pharmaceutical interests. In her final editorial, before her retirement as Chief Editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, Marsha Angel wrote a scathing expose entitled, “Is Academic Medicine for Sale?” In that expose, she goes on to expose the very point addressed above; that the universities, and the integrity of scientific research itself, has become corrupted by the powerful financial interests of the medical establishment. It is a money-making racket based on mafia-like principles of cronyism.

Finally, nothing written on this issue would be complete without addressing the FDA’s role in these matters. The FDA is the government-based institution that is supposed to be monitoring the pharmaceutical industry and protecting the American Public from any harm perpetrated by the toxicity of pharmaceutical drugs. Here is a quote from one of the most famous FDA Commissioners in FDA history, Herbert Lay. Herbert Lay stated,

“The thing that bugs me is that the people think the FDA is protecting them. It is not! What the FDA is doing and what the Public thinks it is doing is as different as night and day.”

What could he have meant by this comment? Let’s use the 2001 Bio-Terrorism Bill as a classic example of the corruption in Washington and the pharmaceutical industry. Keep in mind that the FDA is supposed to be policing the pharmaceutical industry, making sure it is not harming the American Public. Nevertheless, in 2001, the World Trade Towers had been bombed. Congress wanted to immediately pass through a bio-terrorism bill. What politician, in their right mind, would vote down that bill at that time in our history? It would be committing political suicide. What a perfect time to attach an earmark to that bill because you know that bill is going to pass. Well, low and behold, the pharmaceutical industry and FDA decided to team up and add an earmark to that bill which would add 50% to the FDA’s employee base; an employee base that would come from the pharmaceutical industry itself. Since that bill passed, the FDA is no longer policing the pharmaceutical industry----they are SLEEPING with them! Is it any wonder, that since that time, on TV, we see countless lawsuits being brought against pharmaceutical companies and their drugs because they are killing, or permanently disabling, countless Americans? Why is this happening? Because the FDA, which is supposed to be closely scrutinizing these drugs before they go on the market, is letting these drugs go through like a revolving door without any scrutiny whatsoever! All at the cost of protecting the American Public it was created to protect.

Another classic example of the corruption of the FDA is the fact that the Canadian Government paid the FDA $50 MILLION to put Canola Oil on the Generally Recognized As Safe List (GRAS) when we KNOW that Canola Oil causes cancer and/or fatty degeneration of the liver in laboratory rats!

As you can see, the corrupt, medical establishment has many arms attached to it. Those arms all benefit from the incredible amount of money generated within it. The pharmaceutical industry makes its money off the patents it receives for its drugs. United States patent laws declare that, “nothing can be patented in its natural forms.” In other words, YOU CANNOT PATENT THE GERSON THERAPY! Therefore, the massive amounts of money generated by pharmaceutical drugs cannot be generated by the Gerson Therapy because you cannot patent a carrot and the therapy is carried out in the confines of the patient’s own home; out of the hands of the corrupt pharmaceutical industry and medical doctors! This is why the assault on natural therapies by the medical establishment and the United States Government ferociously continues. What the future holds is even more frightening. Read the section on this website entitled, “CODEX ALIMENTARIUS”. It is already in place in several countries around the world and it will be here in the United States very shortly.

To all those skeptics who think we live in a perfect world, where humanity is pure and looking out for your best interest, think again. From the day you left your mother’s womb, you have been lied to day after day by special interests with deep pockets that only want to make their pockets deeper. The reality is, the Gerson Therapy has nearly 100 years of proven success in the treatment of advanced disease, including terminal cancer. To this day, 50 years after his MURDER, Dr. Max Gerson remains the most censured doctor in the history of medicine. The evidence and scientific proof is clear. This is why we DESPERATELY need your financial support; to fight these powerful institutions within our country. Any money you donate to our organization goes towards trying to reach out to the general public, through creative advertising campaigns designed to save as many lives as possible through education. Please donate today through any of the options available to you.

“Unless we put Medical Freedom into the Constitution, the time will come when medicine will organize into an undercover dictatorship. . . to restrict the art of healing to one class of men, and deny equal privilege to others, will be to constitute the Bastille of Medical Science. All such laws are un-American and despotic and have no place in a Republic ... The Constitution of this Republic should make special privilege for Medical Freedom as well as Religious Freedom.” (1787)  -Benjamin Rush, a signatory of the Declaration of Independence

The Health Advocates Society Presents June 28th in Appleton, WI "Censored For Curing Cancer, the American Experience of Dr. Max Gerson"

Shampoo, conditioner, body wash, bubble bath, hand soap, shaving cream, face wash, face toner, lotion, serum, moisturizer, ointment, chap stick, sunscreen, bug spray, antiperspirant, deodorant, body spray, cologne, perfume, toothpaste, mouthwash, and if one wears makeup then additionally foundation, blush, eye shadow, eyeliner, mascara, nail polish, and lip gloss are all personal care products that could be used by a person on a daily basis. According to Malkan (2007), “72% of these products contain phthalates”; which are synthetic chemical fragrances. These phthalates are known to cause cancer and birth defects. They disrupt hormones in men, women, and children by acting as synthetic estrogen; causing tissue changes in our body, particularly detrimental to our reproductive organs (EWG, 2009). Phthalates are only one of the many types of hazardous chemicals allowed in personal care products.

There are many other ingredients allowed in personal care products that have equally detrimental side-effects to the human body; ingredients such as parabens, toluene, hydroquinone, BHT, EDTA, propylene glycol, sulfates, alcohol, and petroleum distillates all have extremely high health hazards. Some of these chemicals cause damage to our brain and nervous system. According to studies done or obtained by the Environmental Working Group (2009) this damage can range from subtle developmental delays to chronic nerve degeneration diseases (Skin Deep, 2009).  In addition, all the above mentioned chemicals have Industry Safety Warnings; meaning that people who work in the factories where the chemicals are produced have to take cautious actions and precautions to avoid exposure to the chemicals, classifying exposure as an occupational hazard. Seriously though, can these ingredients truly be that dangerous to our bodies just by using them on our skin? Absolutely.

Our skin is the largest organ of our bodies and we absorb whatever we put on it. Day after day, week after week, month after month, year after year; it adds up. We cleanse, condition, and moisturize in vain while our skin absorbs, and our organs accumulate toxic chemicals that are known to cause free radical damage to our cells, reproductive malformations, and genetic mutations. To make matters worse, many of these products contain chemicals that enhance absorption; which means we are absorbing these chemicals into our bodies at an even higher rate than they would be naturally absorbed into our bodies through our skin. How much of a higher rate? Well, no one really knows because there is no required testing of cosmetics before they go on to our stores shelves. Should it not be the responsibility of the government, or the cosmetic companies to warn us of the consequences that long- term use of these ingredients have upon our bodies? Unfortunately, that responsibility falls solely on us and with most people unaware of what they are being subjected to they cannot make the conscious choice to protect themselves.

The fact is that our government does not regulate, test, or approve any of the personal care product ingredients that are available to consumers today. Surprisingly, the Food and Drug Administration does not even have the power to demand recalls on personal care products. (FDA, 2005) The FDA gives full responsibility to the cosmetic companies to make sure that their ingredients are safe, but most cosmetic companies are falling short of these responsibilities. Many companies fail to make sure that their ingredients are even entirely listed. For example, “fragrance” or “parfum” is actually a variety of phthalates that cosmetics companies are allowed to list as “fragrance” to keep the identity of their “secret ingredient” safe from competitors. (FDA, 2005) Not only do cosmetic companies disguise ingredients, but also include misleading information on their packaging. A product can be labeled with words like “organic, soothing, natural, gentle, or hypo-allergenic”, and still be loaded with multiple ingredients that are harmful to our bodies. These cosmetic industries are failing to test ingredients for safety and are knowingly using toxic chemicals in their products; which cause cancer, birth defects, and reproduction problems (EWG 2009).

To add insult to injury, other countries such as Japan, Europe, and Canada have banned hundreds of these chemicals in personal care products; forcing cosmetic companies to remove any chemicals that are known to or highly suspected of causing cancer, birth defects, or genetic mutations. Japan has banned 274 toxic chemicals that were being used in cosmetics.  Europe has banned 268 toxic chemicals.  Canada is still ahead of the United States by banning 80 toxic chemicals while the United States has banned only six (EWG, 2009).  I think it is fair to say that the United States is behind with industry standards. Perhaps this should be an indicator of what, if any, influence the cosmetic industry giants have over political decisions that could implement new laws to force companies to reformulate and make safer products available to Americans. It is doubted that mere coincidence could be in play when the cosmetic industry giant, Proctor & Gamble has made $2,407,647 in political contributions so far this year to special interest lobbyist groups (Center For Responsive Politics, 2009). The good news is that some cosmetic industry giants have removed toxic chemicals from the products that they sell….in Japan, Europe, and Canada. Here in the United States, the identical products can be purchased with all the toxic ingredients included (Skin Deep, 2008).  Just because the government and cosmetic companies are doing nothing to warn us about this dirty little secret does not mean that we cannot protect ourselves.

Reading all of the ingredients listed on a product is the only way to know exactly what one will be absorbing into their skin. Do not assume that a product is safe because of: where one buys it from (such as the organic isle at a store or a health food store); what one hears or sees about it from the radio, television, newspaper, or internet; who is selling it  (like a trusted friend, family member, or a beautiful 20 year-old salesperson); claims that are made by that particular product (such as “Aloe & E” or “Younger, healthier, more vibrant skin”) or how the product looks or smells (like a beautiful, ornate, little glass bottle of a concoction that is divinely fragranced). The absolute only way to know if a product is safe is to read every ingredient that is listed on the packaging and learn which chemicals to avoid.

The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics ( CSC) is working diligently to raise awareness of toxic chemicals in our personal care products. The CSC is also working to get the federal government to require cosmetic companies to remove all dangerous chemicals that are known or highly suspected to cause harm to our bodies. The CSC is also asking the cosmetic companies themselves to voluntarily reformulate their products so they are safer for us to use. In addition, The Environmental Working Group has paved the road for us to have access to a highway of information regarding cosmetics. They have compiled a database of products, companies, ingredients, toxicology research, and studies that tell us how dangerous a particular product or ingredient is to our bodies and why at www.cosmeticsdatabase.com. This incredibly useful tool will rate a product or ingredient on a scale of 0-10, noting its particular hazards.
Thankfully, someone has done the research that is so valuable in deciding what is and what is not safe to use on our skin. Who would have thought that the industry giant Johnson and Johnson’s would make a baby lotion so toxic that the ingredients add up to a hazard score of seven out of ten (Skin Deep, 2009)?  The second ingredient is propylene glycol (the only ingredient in anti-freeze).  In addition there are added parabens, BHT, and synthetic fragrances.  It is amazing that this product is still accepted with open arms by new parents across the country. People simply have not been warned about these ingredients, and the actual scale of damaging effects these ingredients have to our bodies.

Right now is the time to start selecting safer products to use on our skin. Embrace this opportunity given here to protect oneself and one’s family from any further harm from personal care products. All the tools needed for selecting products that are free from harmful chemicals have been provided here. The only way to bring change in our government and cosmetic companies is to share information learned and expose the false sense of security others have about personal care products being safe with the truth about the cosmetic industry in the United States. And please, walk down the hall and find out…what’s in your bathroom?

Cancer, Aloe & E (7)

Sources

Environmental Working Group (2009) Chemicals banned in other countries Retrieved from: www.ewg.org/node/22624

Malkan S. (2007) Not Just Another Pretty Face: The Ugly Side of the Beauty Industry. British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers

Center For Responsive Politics, Lobbying Spending Database (2009) Retrieved from: http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?lname=Procter+%26+Gamble&year=2009

Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (2009) Ingredients in “Johnson & Johnson’s Original Baby Lotion” Retrieved from:

http://www.cosmeticsdatabase.com/product/96878/Johnson_%26_Johnson_Johnson%27s_Baby_Lotion_Original/

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2005) FDA Authority Over Cosmetics

Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm074162.htm

1946_Testimony_ocr

I'm sure you can understand my astonishment last night at the discussion when there was an implied reference to us (presumably meaning people who do not want to ingest dangerous, ineffective, and unnecessary chemicals) about "responsibility" by a water company official.... meaning... apparently we should all be responsible for knowing what we are putting in our bodies? Well, I could not agree more. There are no true health freedoms without responsibility. Unfortunately, since our health freedoms are being infringed upon because informed consent has been violated and our right to choose has been taken away from us by the water company, we have very little option! If anyone is being irresponsible with our bodies it is those fluoridators who have prescribed the public a medication available in an unregulated supply so that any unsuspecting victim may have as much fluoride as they want with unlimited access. Not having a fluoride warning label on the water bill? Neglecting to inform the public not to mix fluoridated water with baby formula so the child does not get an overdose? Yeah, I would call that irresponsible too. So when it comes to the matter of responsibility, YES, we want it!!! Please give it back to us!

Last night we invited the city to come and discuss the dangers of public water fluoridation; and some people showed up. One man in particular had much to say about the alleged benefits of fluoridation. Though we believe him to be sincere, he is sincerely wrong. Here is a message we sent out to him today; addressing some of the claims he had made about fluoridation and providing him with much needed redirection.

Hi Concerned Citizen,

In addition to the 58 studies I handed you yesterday evening I have enclosed some references relating to the case against fluoride. The main reasons the CDC and the ADA are adamantly promoting and protecting this policy are because in addition to losing a large amount of money from the agricultural companies, their reputations and credibility are also at stake. Think of all of the other public health policies that would come into question if they had to admit that public water fluoridation was neither safe nor effective.

One of your main arguments was the work of Dr. Trendley Dean and the study he did with Colorado, Texas, and Illinios. I must tell you even Dr. Trendley Dean himself admitted under oath that this very study was flawed...and that was 55 years ago; not too terribly long after the study was published. (H. Trendley Dean: Proceedings, City of Oroville vs. Public Utilities Commission of the State of California, Oroville, California, Oroville, California, October 20-21, 1955)

I also wanted to ask you if you could please show me ONE study proving fluoridation is both safe and effective. I have been searching for this piece of scientific proof since I started learning about fluoride and I have yet to find one.

As a professional I am sure you can appreciate other professionals who, based on very strong evidence, do not support this fluoridation fallacy. Here is a link to over 3500 doctors, scientists, toxicologists, dentists, nurses, and other health professionals who have signed a public statement that opposes public water fluoridation. http://www.fluoridealert.org/professionals.statement.html

The source I use to find lobbyist ties between industries and government agencies is: www.opensecrets.com

As promised here is a link directly to the CDC's website that confirms over 40% of our nation's children are overexposed to fluoride. Refer to page 2. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db53.pdf

New update! Calgary, Canada voted to stop fluoridating their water just a couple days ago! And their population is over 1 million people. http://calgary.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110208/CGY_fluoride_water_110208/20110208/?hub=CalgaryHome

The Case Against Fluoride
How Hazardous Waste Ended Up in Our Drinking Water

and the Bad Science and Powerful Politics That Keep It There
By Paul Connett, James Beck and H.S. Micklem
Published by Chelsea Green, 2010

See also: APPENDICES

1. R. A. Freeze and J. A. Lehr, The Fluoride Wars: How a Modest Public Health Measure Became America’s Longest-Running Political Melodrama (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2009).
2. E. D. Beltrán-Aguilar, B. F. Gooch, A. Kingman, et al., “Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis—United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2002,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54, no. 3 (August 26, 2005): 1–44,http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm
3. World Health Organization, “EURO incl. DMFT for 12-year-olds,” WHO Oral Health Country/Area Profile Programme, WHO Headquarters Geneva, Oral Health Programme, Malmo University, Sweden, http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/euro.html . Note: WHO has changed and updated its Web site several times over the last five years. The table on this page gives statistics by European country for DMFT (decayed/miss ing/filled teeth) for twelve-year-olds, as of March 3, 2010.
4. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. R. J. Carton, “Review of the 2006 United States National Research Council Report: Fluoride in Drinking Water,” Fluoride 39, no. 3 (2006): 163–72, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/epa/nrc/carton-2006.pdf
8. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 10 (n. 4 above).
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Ten Great Public Health Achievements: United States, 1900–1999,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 12 (April 2, 1999): 241–43, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries,” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm . Note: The authors of this report were Scott Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculum vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf
11. M. W. Easley, “Community Fluoridation in America: The Unprincipled Opposition,” 1999, posted on Dental Watch, http://www.dentalwatch.org/fl/opposition.pdf
12. American Dental Association, Fluoridation Facts, an update commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, https://www.ada.org/sections/professionalresources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf
13. M. W. Easley, “Community Fluoridation in America: The Unprincipled Opposition,” (n. 11 above).

Chapter 1: Poor Medical Practice
1. American Medical Association, “Patient Physician Relationship Topics: Informed Consent,” http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/legal-topics/patient-physician-relationship-topics/informed-consent.shtml
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General (Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 2000),http://fluoridealert.org/teeth/surgeon.general-2000.pdf
3. Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (Washington, DC: Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy Press, 1997), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776
4. Letter coauthored by Bruce Alberts, president of the National Academy of Sciences, and Kenneth Shine, president of the Institute of Medicine, to Albert W. Burgstahler and others, November 20, 1998, http://www.fluoridation.com/fraud.htm
5. Letter from Melinda K. Plaisier, FDA associate commissioner for legislation, to the Honorable Ken Calvert, chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC, December 21, 2000,http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/fda.letter.to.calvert.dec.2000.pdf
6. At the Web site of the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities, http://www.napra.org/ search the National Drug Schedules for “sodium fluoride” or “fluoride and its salts.”
7. K. K. Cheng, I. Chalmers, and T. A. Sheldon, et al., “Adding Fluoride to Water Supplies,” British Medical Journal 335, no. 7622 (2007): 699–702.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the United States,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50, no. RR14 (August 17, 2001): 1–42, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm
9. American Dental Association, “Pediatric Journal Highlights Need for Translational Research, Medical-Dental Collaboration to Improve Children’s Oral Health,” 2009, http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/topics/science_pediatric_research.asp
10. Letter from John V. Kelly, New Jersey assemblyman, 36th District, to Dr. David Kessler, commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, June 3, 1993, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/kelly.1993.pdf
11. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 . Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
12. E. Baldwin, video interview by Kevin Hurley, in “Professional Perspectives on Water Fluoridation,” produced by Michael Connett for Fluoride Action Network, 2009, http://www.fluoridealert.org/prof.dvd.html
13. Letter from Dr. Arvid Carlsson to the South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, February 2009, http://www.fluoridealert.org/southhampton.html
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Pesticides and Food: Why Children May Be Especially Sensitive to Pesticides,” 2008, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/food/pest.htm
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Fluoride. Final Rule,” Federal Register 50, no. 220 (November 14, 1985), http://fluoridealert.org/scher/epa-1985.pdf . Note: The MCL established on April 2, 1986 (51 FR 11396), finalizes regulations proposed in theFederal Register of May 14, 1985 (50 FR 20164), http://fluoridealert.org/scher/epa-1985.pdf
16. Integrated Risk Information System, “Fluorine (Soluble Fluoride) (CASRN 7782–41–4),” Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0053.htm
17. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
18. American Dental Association, “Interim Guidance on Reconstituted Infant Formula,” ADA eGRAM, November 9, 2006, http://www.fluoridealert.org/scher/ada.egram-2006.pdf
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Statement on the 2006 National Research Council Report on Fluoride in Drinking Water,” posted originally March 28, 2006, last updated August 24, 2009, http://www.cdc.gov/FLUORIDATION/safety/nrc_report.htm
20. E. D. Beltrán-Aguilar, B. F. Gooch, A. Kingman, et al., “Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis—United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2002,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54, no. 3 (August 26, 2005): 1–44,http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm
21. S. Fisher, “Dangerous Fluoride?” Health Alert report, CBS-TV (Atlanta, Georgia), March 8, 2010. See also transcript “Fluoride: Friend or Foe?” by Stephany Fisher, http://www.cbsatlanta.com/health/22776266/detail.html
22. “Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion,” WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1, First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, cosponsored by the Canadian Public Health Association, Health and Welfare Canada, and the World Health Organization, November 21, 1986,http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/
23. Council of Europe, “Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine,” CETS no. 164 (1997), http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=164&CL=ENG

Chapter 2: An Inappropriate and Inefficient Practice
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries,” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm . Note: The authors of this report were Scott Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculam vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf
2. O. Fejerskov, A. Thylstrup, and M. J. Larsen, “Rational Use of Fluorides in Caries Prevention: A Concept Based on Possible Cariostatic Mechanisms,” Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 39, no. 4 (1981): 241–49.
3. J. P. Carlos, “Comments on Fluoride,” Journal of Pedodontics 7, no. 2 (1983): 135–36.
4. J. S. Wefel, “Effects of Fluoride on Caries Development and Progression Using Intra-Oral Models,” Journal of Dental Research 69, special no. (1990): 626–33, 634–36.
5. D. H. Leverett, “Appropriate Uses of Systemic Fluoride: Considerations for the ’90s,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 51, no. 1 (1991): 42–47.
6. D. T. Zero, R. F. Raubertas, J. Fu, et al., “Fluoride Concentrations in Plaque, Whole
Saliva, and Ductal Saliva after Application of Home-Use Topical Fluorides,” Journal of Dental Research 71, no. 11 (1992): 1768–75, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/71/11/1768
7. J. Ekstrand, S. J. Fomon, E. E. Ziegler, and S. E. Nelson, “Fluoride Pharmacokinetics in Infancy,” Pediatric Research 35, no. 2 (1994): 157–63.
8. J. D. B. Featherstone, “Prevention and Reversal of Dental Caries: Role of Low-Level Fluoride,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 27, no. 1 (1999): 31–40.
9. H. Limeback, “A Re-examination of the Pre-eruptive and Post-eruptive Mechanism of the Anti-Caries Effects of Fluoride: Is There Any Caries Benefit from Swallowing Fluoride?” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 27, no. 1 (1999): 62–71.
10. B. A. Burt, “The Case for Eliminating the Use of Dietary Fluoride Supplements for Young Children,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 59, no. 4 (1999): 260–74.
11. S. M. Adair, “Overview of the History and Current Status of Fluoride Supplementation Schedules,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 59, no. 4 (1999): 252–58.
12. D. Locker, Benefits and Risks of Water Fluoridation: An Update of the 1996 Federal-Provincial Sub-committee Report, prepared under contract for Public Health Branch, Ontario Ministry of Health First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada (Ottawa: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 1999), http://fluoridealert.org/re/locker.1999.pdf
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999” (n. 1 above).
14. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
15. D. Carnall, “Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (October 7, 2000): 904. Carnall’s statement appeared on the British Medical Journal Web site on the day (October 7, 2000) the journal published a review of the York Report (n. 14 above),http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/904/a
16. Michael Connett’s video interview of Dr. Arvid Carlsson, October 2005. This interview is included on the DVD Professional Perspectives on Water Fluoridation, produced by Fluoride Action Network, http://fluoridealert.org/prof.dvd.html
17. J. Colquhoun, “Education and Fluoridation in New Zealand: An Historical Study,”’ Ph.D. diss., University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1987.
18. David L. Biles, “When It Comes to Fluoride, Education Is Better Than Medication,” Santa Cruz Sentinel (California), March 7, 2010, http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/ci_14528191?source=most_emailed
19. Ibid.
20. CNN-TV, “Diabetes Cases Could Double by 2034,” news broadcast, November 27, 2009, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0911/27/cnr.02.html

Chapter 3: The Chemicals Used
1. Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, “Public & Environmental Health,” 2003–2004, http://www.fipr.state.fl.us/research-area-public-health.htm
2. Letter from Rebecca Hanmer, deputy assistant administrator for water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to Leslie A. Russell, D.M.D, March 30, 1983, http://fluoridealert.org/re/hanmer1983.pdf
3. J. W. Hirzy testimony on behalf of the National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 280, before the Subcommittee on Wildlife, Fisheries and Drinking Water, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC, June 29, 2000. Video of testimony, “EPA Union Calls for Moratorium on Water Fluoridation,” athttp://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8903910725020792574# , transcript of testimony at http://www.fluoridealert.org/testimony.htm
4. Department of Human Services, Water Fluoridation: Questions and Answers, pamphlet distributed by the Department of Human Services, Victoria, Australia, February 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/re/australia.2009.victoria.pamphlet.pdf
5. Letter from Stan Hazan, general manager, National Sanitation Foundation International’s Drinking Water Additives Certification Program, to Ken Calvert, chair man, Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment, Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, July 7, 2000, http://www.keepers-of-the-well.org/gov_resp_pdfs/NSF_response.pdf
6. C. Wang, D. B. Smith, and G. M. Huntley, “Treatment Chemicals Contribute to Arsenic Levels,” Opflow (a journal of the American Water Works Association), October 2000.
7. R. D. Masters and M. J. Coplan, “Water Treatment with Silicofluorides and Lead Toxicity,” International Journal of Environmental Studies 56, no. 4 (1999): 435–49.
8. R. D. Masters, M. J. Coplan, B. T. Hone, and J. E. Dykes, “Association of Silicofluoride Treated Water with Elevated Blood Lead,” Neurotoxicology 21, no. 6 (2000): 1091–99.
9. E. T. Urbansky and M. R. Schock, “Can Fluoridation Affect Lead (II) in Potable Water? Hexafluorosilicate and Fluoride Equilibria in Aqueous Solution,” International Journal of Environmental Studies 57, no. 5 (2000): 597–637.
10. E. T. Urbansky, “Fate of Fluorosilicate Drinking Water Additives,” Chemical Reviews 102, no. 8 (2002): 2837–54.
11. W. F. Finney, E. Wilson, A. Callender, et al., “Reexamination of Hexafluorosilicate Hydrolysis by Fluoride NMR and pH Measurement,” Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 8 (2006): 2572–77.
12. R. P. Maas, S. C. Patch, A. M. Christian, and M. J. Coplan, “Effects of Fluoridation and Disinfection Agent Combinations on Lead Leaching from Leaded-Brass Parts,” Neurotoxicology 28, no. 5 (2007): 1023–31.
13. R. M. M. Sawan, G. A. S. Leite, M. C. P. Saraiva, et al., “Fluoride Increases Lead Concentrations in Whole Blood and in Calcified Tissues from Lead-Exposed Rats,” Toxicology 271, no. 1–2 (2010): 21–66.
14. Ibid.
15. R. D. Masters and M. J. Coplan, “Water Treatment with Silicofluorides and Lead Toxicity” (n. 7 above).
16. R. D. Masters et al., “Association of Silicofluoride Treated Water with Elevated Blood Lead” (n. 8 above).
17. L. Hendricks, “Feds Note Fluoride Problems,” The Daily News (Newburyport, Massachusetts), January 25, 2010, http://www.newburyportnews.com/punews/local_story_024222057.html#disqus_thread
18. L. Hendricks, “Town Halts Use in Water Supply, Seeks Solutions,” The Daily News (Newburyport, Massachusetts), January 19, 2010.

Chapter 4: Who Is in Charge?
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Division of Oral Health,” list of personnel, March 2008, http://www.fluoridealert.org/bailey3.html
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2003), http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf
3. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
4. R. J. Carton, “Review of the 2006 United States National Research Council Report: Fluoride in Drinking Water,” Fluoride 39, no. 3 (2006): 163–72, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/epa/nrc/carton-2006.pdf
5. The deposition of Stan Hazan was taken in a San Diego County Superior Court case titled Macy v. City of Escondido, case no. GIN015280, on March 9, 2004. The lawsuit sought to have the addition of hexafluorosilicic acid (HFSA) to the water declared unconstitutional under California law. The lawsuit was dismissed, and the dismissal was affirmed on appeal by the Fourth District Court of Appeals. The deposition is online at http://fluoridealert.org/re/hazan-2004.deposition.pdf
6. NSF Joint Committee on Drinking Water Additives, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, NSF International Standard/American National Standard NSF/ANSI 60—2009 (Ann Arbor, MI: NSF International, 2009).
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.

Chapter 5: An Experimental Program
1. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1991), 142.
2. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
3. D. Fagin, “Second Thoughts on Fluoride,” Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81; excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/sc.am.jan.2008.html
4. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
5. Open letter from Professor Trevor Sheldon, DSc, FMedSci., of the Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK, January 3, 2001, http://www.appgaf.org.uk/archive/archive_letter_shel/
6. “Regulations and Ethical Guidelines: Directives for Human Experimentation,” Office of Human Subjects Research, National Institutes of Health, http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.html . Reprinted from Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law, no. 10 (1949): 181–82.
7. UK Water Act, “The Drinking Water Inspectorate. Fluoridation of Water Supplies”: “90 (2) The Secretary of State may also, with the consent of the Treasury, agree to indemnify any licensed water supplier in respect of liabilities which it may incur—(a) In supplying water to which fluoride has been added by a water undertaker by virtue of any such arrangements . . . ” 2003, http://www.opsi.gov.uk/2003/37/section/58
8. Letter from Dr. B. Havlik, DrSc, Ministerstvo Zdravotnictvi Ceske Republiky, to A. R.
Smith and C. A. Smith, England, October 14, 1999, http://www.fluoridealert.org/czech.jpeg
9. World Health Organization, “EURO incl. DMFT for 12-year-olds,” WHO Oral Health Country/Area Profile Programme, WHO Headquarters Geneva, Oral Health Programme (NPH), WHO Collaborating Centre, Malmo University, Sweden, http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/euro.html Last update March 3, 2010. Note: WHO has changed and updated its Web site several times over the last five years. This online site gives statistics by European country for DMFT (decayed/missing/filled teeth) for twelve-year-olds; http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/euro.html
10. C. Neurath, “Tooth Decay Trends for 12 Year Olds in Nonfluoridated and Fluoridated Countries,” graph in Fluoride & Tooth Decay (Caries) section at Fluoride Action Network Web site, 2004, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/teeth/caries/
11. L. Seppä, S. Kärkkäinen, and H. Hausen, “Caries Trends 1992–1998 in Two Low-Fluoride Finnish Towns Formerly with and without Fluoridation,” Caries Research 34, no. 6 (2000): 462–68.
12. W. Künzel, T. Fischer, R. Lorenz, and S. Brühmann, “Decline in Caries Prevalence after the Cessation of Water Fluoridation in Former East Germany,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 28, no. 5 (2000): 382–89.
13. W. Künzel and T. Fischer, “Caries Prevalence after Cessation of Water Fluoridation in La Salud, Cuba,” Caries Research 34, no. 1 (2000): 20–25.
14. G. Maupomé, D. C. Clark, S. M. Levy, and J. Berkowitz, “Patterns of Dental Caries Following the Cessation of Water Fluoridation,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 29, no. 1 (2001): 37–47.
15. American Dental Association, Fluoridation Facts, an update commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, https://www.ada.org/sections/professionalresources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf

Chapter 6: Fluoridation and Tooth Decay
1. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
2. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr., and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. V. Additional Studies of the Relation of Fluoride Domestic Waters to Dental Caries Experience in 4425 White Children, age 12-14 years, of 13 Cities in 4 States,” Public Health Reports 57, no. 32 (1942): 1155–79,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1968063/pdf/pubhealthreporig01481-0001.pdf
3. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr., and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. II. A Study of 2,832 White Children, Aged 12 to 14 Years, of 8 Suburban Chicago Communities, Including Lactobacillus Acidophilus Studies of 1,761 Children,” Public Health Reports 56 (1941): 761–92.
4. World Health Organization, “EURO incl. DMFT for 12-Year-Olds,” WHO Oral Health Country/Area Profile Programme, Oral Health Programme (NPH), WHO Collaborating Centre, Malmo University, Sweden, http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/euro.html . Last update March 3, 2010. Note: WHO has changed and updated its Web site several times over the last five years. This online site gives statistics by European country for DMFT (decayed/missing/filled teeth) for twelve-year-olds; http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/euro.html
5. C. Neurath, “Tooth Decay Trends for 12 Year Olds in Nonfluoridated and Fluoridated Countries,” graph in Fluoride & Tooth Decay (Caries) section at Fluoride Action Network Web site, 2004, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/teeth/caries/
6. K. K. Cheng, I. Chalmers, and T. A. Sheldon, “Adding Fluoride to Water Supplies,” British Medical Journal 335, no. 7622 (2007): 699–702.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Ten Great Public Health Achievements: United States, 1900–1999,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 12 (April 2, 1999): 241–43, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
8. C. Neurath, “Tooth Decay Trends for 12 Year Olds in Nonfluoridated and Fluoridated Countries,” Fluoride 38, no. 4 (2005): 324–25, at http://fluoridealert.org/re/neurath-2005.pdf
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries,” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm Note: The authors of this report were Scott Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculum vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf
10. Ibid.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999,” 937 (n. 9 above).
12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “The Oral Health of Children: A Portrait of States and the Nation 2005. Condition of Children’s Teeth,” based on data from the National Survey of Children’s Health 2003, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Rockville, Maryland, http://mchb.hrsa.gov/oralhealth/portrait/1cct.htm
13. B. Osmunson, “Water Fluoridation Intervention: Dentistry’s Crown Jewel or Dark Hour?” Fluoride 40, no. 4 (2007): 214–21, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/404/files/FJ2007_v40_n4_p214-221.pdf
14. J. V. Kumar, D. L. Altshul, T. L. Cooke, and E. L. Green, “Oral Health Status of Third Grade Children: New York State Oral Health Surveillance System,” December 15, 2005, http://fluoridealert.org/re/kumar-2005.nys.report.pdf
15. Based on analysis performed by Michael Connett for Fluoride Action Network.
16. B. Osmunson, “Water Fluoridation Intervention” (n. 13 above).
17. Based on analysis performed by Michael Connett for Fluoride Action Network.
18. J. V. Kumar et al., “Oral Health Status of Third Grade Children: New York State Oral Health Surveillance System” (n. 14 above).
19. Based on analysis performed by Michael Connett for Fluoride Action Network.
20. J. V. Kumar et al., “Oral Health Status of Third Grade Children: New York State Oral Health Surveillance System” (n. 14 above).
21. M. Eisenstadt, “How Fluoride Makes a Difference in CNY; Cayuga County Lacks Fluoridation, and Has a Higher Rate of Cavities,” The Post-Standard (Syracuse, New York), December 27, 2005, article begins on page A1.
22. J. Colquhoun, “Why I Changed My Mind About Fluoridation,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 41 (1997): 29–44. Reprinted, with permission, in Fluoride 31, no. 2 (1998): 103–18, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/312103.htm
23. American Dental Association, “Fluoridation Facts,” an update commemorating the sixti eth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, https://www.ada.org/sections/professionalresources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf
24. D. H. Retief, E. L. Bradley, F. H. Barbakow, et al., “Relationships Among Fluoride Concentration in Enamel, Degree of Fluorosis and Caries Incidence in a Community Residing in a High Fluoride Area,” Journal of Oral Pathology 8, no. 4 (1979): 224–36.
25. J. Mann, M. Tibi, and H. D. Sgan-Cohen, “Fluorosis and Caries Prevalence in a Community Drinking Above-Optimal Fluoridated Water,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 15, no. 5 (1987): 293–95.
26. J. Mann, W. Mahmoud, M. Ernest, et al., “Fluorosis and Dental Caries in 6-8-Year-Old Children in a 5 ppm Fluoride Area,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 18, no. 2 (1990): 77–79.
27. C. Steelink, “Fluoridation Controversy” (letter), Chemical & Engineering News, July 27, 1992, 2–3; C. Steelink et al., “Findings and Recommendations on Fluoridation,” Citizen’s Water Advisory Committee Report, Phoenix, Arizona, June 1992; Bob Carton, ed., Fluoride Report 2, no. 1 (1994): 7.
28. S. P. S. Teotia and M. Teotia, “Dental Caries: A Disorder of High Fluoride and Low Dietary Calcium Interactions (30 Years of Personal Research),” Fluoride 27, no. 2 (1994): 59–66, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/teotia-1994.pdf
29. S. R. Grobleri, A. J. Louw, and T. J. van Kotze, “Dental Fluorosis and Caries Experience in Relation to Three Different Drinking Water Fluoride Levels in South Africa,” International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 11, no. 5 (2001): 372–79.
30. A. K. Awadia, J. M. Birkeland, O. Haugejorden, and K. Bjorvatn, “Caries Experience and Caries Predictors—A Study of Tanzanian Children Consuming Drinking Water with Different Fluoride Concentrations,” Clinical Oral Investigations 6, no. 2 (2002): 98–103.
31. L. Ekanayake and W. van der Hoek, “Dental Caries and Developmental Defects of Enamel in Relation to Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water in an Arid Area of Sri Lanka,” Caries Research 36, no. 6 (2002): 398–404.
32. M. Diesendorf, “The Mystery of Declining Tooth Decay,” Nature 322, no. 6075 (1986): 125–29.
33. R. Feltman and G. Kosel, “Prenatal and Postnatal Ingestion of Fluorides—Fourteen Years of Investigation. Final Report,” The Journal of Dental Medicine 16 (1961): 190–99.
34. R. Leroy, K. Bogaerts, E. Lesaffre, and D. Declerck, “The Effect of Fluorides and Caries in Primary Teeth on Permanent Tooth Emergence,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 31, no. 6 (2003): 463–70.
35. A. Komárek, E. Lesaffre, T. Härkänen, et al., “A Bayesian Analysis of Multivariate Doubly-Interval-Censored Dental Data,” Biostatistics 6, no. 1 (2005): 145–55.
36. Video of the debate on water fluoridation that took place between Professor Michael Lennon, chairman of the British Fluoridation Society, and Dr. Paul Connett, director of the Fluoride Action Network, Isle of Man, November 20, 2007, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=82194292805035136&hl=en
37. M. Kelly and B. Bruerd, “The Prevalence of Baby Bottle Tooth Decay Among Two Native American Populations,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 47, no. 2 (1987): 94–97.
38. G. P. Barnes, W. A. Parker, T. C. Lyon Jr., et al., “Ethnicity, Location, Age, and Fluoridation Factors in Baby Bottle Tooth Decay and Caries Prevalence of Head Start Children,” Public Health Reports 107, no. 2 (1992): 167–73, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403626/pdf/pubhealthrep00074-0041.pdf
39. P. Weinstein, P. Domoto, K. Wohlers, and M. Koday, “Mexican-American Parents with Children at Risk for Baby Bottle Tooth Decay: Pilot Study at Migrant Farmworkers Clinic,” ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 59, no. 5 (1992): 376–83.
40. M. M. Von Burg, B. J. Sanders, and J. A. Weddell, “Baby Bottle Tooth Decay: A Concern for All Mothers,” Pediatric Nursing 21, no. 6 (1995): 515–19.
41. C. Febres, E. A. Echeverri, and H. J. Keene, “Parental Awareness, Habits, and Social Factors and Their Relationship to Baby Bottle Tooth Decay,” Pediatric Dentistry 19, no. 1 (1997): 22–27.
42. J. M. Tang, D. S. Altman, D. C. Robertson, et al., “Dental Caries Prevalence and Treatment Levels in Arizona Preschool Children,” Public Health Reports 112, no. 4 (1997): 319–29, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1381972
43. M. Blen, S. Narendran, and K. Jones, “Dental Caries in Children Under Age Three Attending a University Clinic,” Pediatric Dentistry 21, no. 4 (1999): 261–64.
44. D. Kong, “City to Launch Battle Against Dental ‘Crisis,’” Boston Globe (Massachusetts), November 11, 1999.
45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999” (n. 8 above).
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the United States,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50, no. RR14 (August 17, 2001): 1–42, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm
47. V. C. Marinho, “Evidence-Based Effectiveness of Topical Fluorides,” Advances in Dental Research 20, no. 1 (2008): 3–7.
48. M. S. McDonagh et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation” (n. 1 above).
49. K. A. Eaton and M. J. Carlile, “Toothbrushing Behavior in Europe: Opportunities for Dental Public Health,” International Dental Journal 58, no. 5, suppl. 1 (2008): 287–93,http://www.unilever.com/images/sd_Tooth_brush_behaviour_in_Europe_opportunities_for_dental_public_health(International_Dental_Journal_2008)_tcm13-160710.pdf
50. B. de Liefde, “The Decline of Caries in New Zealand over the Past 40 Years,” New Zealand Dental Journal 94, no. 417 (1998): 109–13.

Chapter 7: The Early Evidence Reexamined
1. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr., and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. II. A Study of 2,832 White Children, Aged 12 to 14 Years, of 8 Suburban Chicago Communities, Including Lactobacillus Acidophilus Studies of 1,761 Children,” Public Health Reports 56 (1941): 761–92.
2. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr., and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. V. Additional Studies of the Relation of Fluoride Domestic Waters to Dental Caries Experience in 4425 White Children, Age 12-14 Years, of 13 Cities in 4 States,” Public Health Reports 57, no. 32 (1942): 1155–79,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1968063/pdf/pubhealthreporig01481-0001.pdf
3. B. C. Nesin, “A Water Supply Perspective of the Fluoridation Discussion,” Journal of the Maine Water Utilities Association 32 (1956): 33–47.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries,” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm . Note: The authors of this report were Scott Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculum vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf
5. H. T. Dean et al., “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. V” (n. 2 above).
6. F. B. Exner, “Analytical Commentary on the 1960 Testimony of Dr. H. Trendley Dean in the Suit to Enjoin Fluoridation of Chicago’s Water, Part II,” in Fluoridation: Its Moral and Political Aspect; A New and Comprehensive Study (New York), The Greater New York Committee Opposed to Fluoridation (undated).
7. R. Ziegelbecker, “Fluoridated Water and Teeth,” Fluoride 14, no. 3 (1981): 123–28, http://fluoridealert.org/re/ziegelbecker-1981.pdf
8. Ibid.
9. R. Ziegelbecker and R. C. Ziegelbecker, “WHO Data on Dental Caries and Natural Fluoride Levels,” Fluoride 26, no. 4 (1993): 263–66, http://fluoridealert.org/re/ziegelbecker-1993.pdf
10. R. Ziegelbecker, “Comments and Scientific Critique on the Report of the Working Group to Consider Section 3.1 Essential Composition in the Proposed Draft Revised Standard for Infant Formula at (Step 3),” submitted to Codex Alimentarius Commission FAO/WHO, Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU), March 30, 2003, http://fluoridealert.org/re/ziegelbecker.2003.codex.pdf
11. R. Ziegelbecker, “Fluoridated Water and Teeth” (n. 7 above).
12. T. M. De Stefano, “The Fluoridation Research Studies and the General Practitioner,” Bulletin of Hudson County Dental Society, February 1954.
13. P. R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 1st ed. (Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1959).
14. P. R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 2nd ed. (Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1960).
15. P. R. N. Sutton, The Greatest Fraud: Fluoridation (Lorne, Australia: A Factual Book, Kurunda Pty. Ltd., 1996).
16. R. Ziegelbecker, “A Critical Review on the Fluorine Caries Problem,” Fluoride 3, no. 2 (1970): 71–79, http://fluoridealert.org/re/ziegelbecker-1970.pdf
17. Letter from Hubert A. Arnold, PhD, University of California (Davis) to Dr. Ernest Newbrun, Medical Sciences Bldg. 653, San Francisco, California, May 28, 1980, http://www.fluoridealert.org/uc-davis.htm
18. P. R. N. Sutton, The Greatest Fraud: Fluoridation (n. 15 above).
19. D. F. Radusch, “Variability of Diagnosis of Incidence of Dental Caries, Journal of the American Dental Association 28 (1941): 1959–61.
20. J. D. Boyd and N. E. Wessels, “Epidemiological Studies in Dental Caries. III. The Interpretation of Clinical Data Relating to Caries Advance,” American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health 41, no. 8, pt. 1 (1951): 976–85, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/41/8_Pt_1/976
21. P. R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 1st ed. (n. 13 above).
22. P. R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 2nd ed. (n. 14 above).
23. P. R. N. Sutton, The Greatest Fraud: Fluoridation (n. 15 above).
24. Letter from John Forst, MD, New York State Education Department, to Dr. James Kerwin of the New Jersey Department of Health, October 26, 1954.
25. J. V. Kumar and E. L. Green, “Recommendations for Fluoride Use in Children. A Review,” The New York State Dental Journal 64, no. 2 (1998): 40–47.
26. J. V. Kumar, P. H. Swango, L. L. Lininger, et al., “Changes in Dental Fluorosis and Dental Caries in Newburgh and Kingston, New York,” American Journal of Public Health 88, no. 12 (1998): 1866–70, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/88/12/1866
27. J. V. Kumar and E. L. Green, “Recommendations for Fluoride Use in Children. A Review” (n. 25 above.)
28. Ibid.
29. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 83–87.
30. J. Colquhoun and R. Mann, “The Hastings Fluoridation Experiment: Science or Swindle?” The Ecologist 16, no. 6 (1986): 243–48.
31. J. Colquhoun, “Education and Fluoridation in New Zealand: An Historical Study,” Ph.D. diss., University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1987.
32. J. Colquhoun and B. Wilson, “The Lost Control and Other Mysteries: Further Revelations on New Zealand’s Fluoridation Trial,” Accountability in Research 6, no. 4 (1999): 373–94.
33. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project I. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1957,” The New Zealand Dental Journal 54 (1958): 165–72.
34. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project II. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1959,” The New Zealand Dental Journal 55 (1959): 176–79.
35. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project III. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1961,” The New Zealand Dental Journal 58 (1962): 22–24.
36. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project IV. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1963,” The New Zealand Dental Journal 59 (1963): 298–301.
37. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project V. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1964,” The New Zealand Dental Journal 61 (1965): 175–79.
38. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project VI. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1970,” The New Zealand Dental Journal 67 (1971): 155–60.

Chapter 8: Key Modern Studies
1. Paul Connett’s videotape interview with John Colquhoun in Auckland, New Zealand, 1997. Available from Paul Connett, 82 Judson Street, Canton, New York 13617.
2. J. Colquhoun, “New Evidence on Fluoridation,” Social Science & Medicine 19, no. 11 (1984): 1239–46.
3. J. Colquhoun, “Influence of Social Class and Fluoridation on Child Dental Health,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 13, no. 1 (1985): 37–41.
4. J. Colquhoun, “Child Dental Health Differences in New Zealand,” Community Health Studies 11, no. 2 (1987): 85–90.
5. J. Colquhoun, “Flawed Foundation: A Re-examination of the Scientific Basis for a Dental Benefit from Fluoridation,” Community Health Studies 14, no. 3 (1990): 288–96.
6. J. Colquhoun, “Possible Explanations for Decline in Tooth Decay in New Zealand,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 20, no. 3 (1992): 161–66.
7. J. Colquhoun, “Dental Caries Among Children in New Zealand,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 23, no. 6 (1995): 381.
8. J. Colquhoun, “Education and Fluoridation in New Zealand: An Historical Study,” Ph.D. diss., University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1987.
9. T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
10. J. Colquhoun, “Why I Changed My Mind About Fluoridation,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 41 (1997): 29–44. Reprinted, with permission, in Fluoride 31, no. 2 (1998): 103–18, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/312103.htm
11. E. Newbrun and H. Horowitz, “Why We Have Not Changed Our Minds about the Safety and Efficacy of Water Fluoridation,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 42, no. 4 (1999): 526–43.
12. D. H. Leverett, “Fluorides and the Changing Prevalence of Dental Caries,” Science 217, no. 4554 (1982): 26–30.
13. Ibid., 27.
14. M. Diesendorf, “The Mystery of Declining Tooth Decay,” Nature 322, no. 6075 (1986): 125–29.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. M. Diesendorf, Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2007).
19. A. S. Gray, “Fluoridation: Time for a New Base Line?” Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 53, no. 10 (1987): 763–65.
20. Ibid.
21. J. A. Yiamouyiannis, “Water Fluoridation and Tooth Decay: Results from the 1986–87 National Survey of U.S. Schoolchildren,” Fluoride 23, no. 2 (1990): 55–67, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/teeth/caries/nidr-dmft.html
22. J. A. Brunelle and J. P. Carlos, “Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U.S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation,” Journal of Dental Research 69 (1990): 723–27.
23. J. A. Yiamouyiannis, Fluoride: The Aging Factor, 3rd ed. (Delaware, Ohio: Health Action Press, 1993). Note: First edition published in 1983, and second edition in 1986.
24. J. A. Brunelle and J. P. Carlos, “Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U.S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation” (n. 22 above).
25. J. A. Yiamouyiannis, “Water Fluoridation and Tooth Decay” (n. 21 above).
26. J. A. Brunelle and J. P. Carlos, “Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U.S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation” (n. 22 above).
27. A. J. Spencer, G. D. Slade and M. Davies, “Water Fluoridation in Australia,” Community Dental Health 13, suppl. 2 (1996): 27–37.
28. Ibid.
29. J. A. Brunelle and J. P. Carlos, “Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U.S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation” (n. 22 above).
30. B. de Liefde, “The Decline of Caries in New Zealand over the Past 40 Years,” New Zealand Dental Journal 94, no. 417 (1998): 109–13.
31. D. Locker, Benefits and Risks of Water Fluoridation: An Update of the 1996 Federal-Provincial Sub-committee Report, prepared under contract for Public Health Branch, Ontario Ministry of Health First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada (Ottawa: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 1999), http://fluoridealert.org/re/locker.1999.pdf
32. H. Cohen and D. Locker, “The Science and Ethics of Water Fluoridation,” Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 67, no. 10 (2001): 578–80.
33. Ibid.
34. J. M. Armfield and A. J. Spencer, “Consumption of Nonpublic Water: Implications for Children’s Caries Experience,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 32, no. 4 (2004): 283–96.
35. J. Spencer, “Dental Research on Fluoridation Misused,” Fluoride 39, no. 4 (2006): 326–27, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/394/files/FJ2006_v39_n4_p326-330.pdf
36. M. Diesendorf, “Response to John Spencer’s Obfuscation of the Results of His Own Paper,” Fluoride 39, no. 4 (2006): 327–30. Letter follows Spencer’s at http://www.fluorideresearch.org/394/files/FJ2006_v39_n4_p326-330.pdf
37. A. Komárek, E. Lesaffre, T. Härkänen, et al., “A Bayesian Analysis of Multivariate Doubly-Interval-Censored Dental Data,” Biostatistics 6, no. 1 (2005): 145–55.
38. E. Lesaffre, “On the Spatial Distribution of Caries in Primary Teeth” (undated), http://www.stat.ucl.ac.be/ISpersonnel/lambert/biostat2000/lesaffre.html
39. A. Komárek et al., “A Bayesian Analysis of Multivariate Doubly-Interval-Censored Dental Data” (n. 37 above).
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. J. Vanobbergen, L. Martens, E. Lesaffre, et al. 2001, “Assessing Risk Indicators for Dental Caries in the Primary Dentition,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 29, no. 6 (2001): 424–34.
43. A. Komárek et al., “A Bayesian Analysis of Multivariate Doubly-Interval-Censored Dental Data” (n. 37 above).
44. G. Pizzo, M. R. Piscopo, I. Pizzo, and G. Giuliana, “Community Water Fluoridation and Caries Prevention: A Critical Review,” Clinical Oral Investigations 11, no. 3 (2007): 189–93.
45. J. J. Warren, S. M. Levy, B. Broffitt, et al., “Considerations on Optimal Fluoride Intake Using Dental Fluorosis and Dental Caries Outcomes—A Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 69, no. 2 (2009): 111–15.
46. E. Solvig, “Special Report: Cincinnati’s Dental Crisis,” The Enquirer (Cincinnati, Ohio), October 6, 2002, http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2002/10/06/loc_special_report.html
47. D. Kong, “City to Launch Battle Against Dental ‘Crisis,’” Boston Globe (Massachusetts), November 11, 1999.
48. R. Slate, “State Must Fund Plan to Provide Oral Health Care for the Poor,” New Haven Register (Connecticut), May 5, 2005.
49. V. Law, “Sink Your Teeth into Health Care,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (Pennsylvania), February 13, 2005, http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_303168.html
50. S. Morse, “Bottled Water: Just Add Fluoride,” Washington Post, March 5, 2002.
51. S. Voss, “Kentucky’s Dental Disaster Begins Before Kindergarten,” Lexington Herald-Leader (Kentucky), November 9, 2008, http://www.kentucky.com/181/story/585931.html
52. U. Gerth, “Nothing to Smile About,” Fosters Daily Democrat (Connecticut), May 22, 2005.
53. B. A. Burt, J. L. Kolker, A. M. Sandretto, et al., “Dietary Patterns Related to Caries in a Low-income Adult Population,” Caries Research 40, no. 6 (2006): 473–80.
54. J. Kozol, Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1991).
55. E. Connett, “The Failure of the Fluoridation Experiment—Part 2. Oral Health Reports from the 50 States & District of Columbia,” Fluoride Action Network, 2010, http://fluoridealert.org/teeth.state.reports.html

Chapter 9: The Great Fluoridation Gamble, 1931-1950
1. D. R. McNeil, The Fight for Fluoridation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1957).
2. R. R. Harris, Dental Science in a New Age: A History of the National Institute of Dental Research (Maryland: Montrose Press, 1989).
3. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment (New York: Devin-Adair, 1957).
4. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004).
5. H. Velu, “Dystrophie Dentaire des Mammifères des Zones Phosphatées (Darmous) et Fluorose Chronique,” Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales 108 (1931): 750–52.
6. H. V. Churchill, “The Occurrence of Fluorides in Some Waters of the United States,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 23, no. 9 (1931): 996–98. Reprinted in The Journal of Dental Research 12 (1932): 141–48, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/12/1/141
7. M. O. Smith, E. M. Lantz, and H. V. Smith, “The Cause of Mottled Enamel, a Defect of Human Teeth,” Technical Bulletin No. 32, Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, June 10, 1931.
8. G. J. Cox, “New Knowledge of Fluorine in Relation to Dental Caries,” Journal of the American Waterworks Association 31 (1939): 1926–30.
9. H. Cristiani, “Une Nouvelle Maladie. La Fluorose ou Cachexie Fluorique,” La Presse Médicale 34, no. 30 (1926): 469–70. Reviewed in “Fluorine Poisoning,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 16, no. 8 (1926): 970.
10. G. V. Black and F. S. McKay, “An Investigation of Mottled Teeth: An Endemic Develop mental Imperfection of the Enamel of the Teeth, Heretofore Unknown in the Literature of Dentistry,” Dental Cosmos 58 (1916): 129–56, 477–84, 627–44, 781–92, 894–904.
11. F. S. McKay, “The Relation of Mottled Enamel to Caries,” Journal of the American Dental Association 15, no. 8 (1928): 1429–37.
12. H. Cristiani, “Alteration de la Glande Thyroide dans L’intoxication Fluorée,” Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales 103 (1930): 554–56.
13. H. Cristiani, “Le Fluor des Os dans l’Intoxication Fluorique,” Annales d’Hygiène Publique 8 (1930): 309–16.
14. H. Velu, “Dystrophie Dentaire des Mammifères des Zones Phosphatées (Darmous) et Fluorose Chronique” (n. 5 above).
15. H. V. Churchill, “The Occurrence of Fluorides in Some Waters of the United States” (n. 6 above).
16. M. O. Smith et al., “The Cause of Mottled Enamel, a Defect of Human Teeth” (n. 7 above).
17. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 39 (n. 4 above).
18. H. T. Dean, “Distribution of Mottled Enamel in the United States,” Public Health Reports 48, no. 25 (1933): 703–34, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2016232/pdf/pubhealthreporig02047-0004.pdf
19. P. F. Moeller and S. V. Gudjonsson, “Massive Fluorosis of Bones and Ligaments,” Acta Radiologica 13 (1932): 269–94.
20. F. DeEds, “Chronic Fluorine Intoxication. A Review,” Medicine (Baltimore) 12, no. 1 (1933): 1–60.
21. F. J. McClure, “A Review of Fluorine and Its Physiological Effects,” Physiological Reviews 13, no. 3 (1933): 277–300.
22. K. Roholm, Fluorine Intoxication: A Clinical-Hygienic Study, with a Review of the Literature and Some Experimental Investigations (Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag; London: H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd., 1937), http://www.scribd.com/doc/11757791/Fluorine-Intoxication-Kaj-Roholm-1937-Copenhagen
23. H. E. Shortt, G. R. McRobert, T. W. Barnard, and A. S. M. Nayar, “Endemic Fluorosis in the Madras Presidency,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 25, no. 2 (1937): 553–68.
24. H. T. Dean, “A Review of Fluorine Intoxication by Kaj Roholm (1937),” American Journal of Public Health 28 (1938): 1008–9, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1527875/pdf/amjphnation01010-0110b.pdf
25. D. G. Steyn, “Water Poisoning in Man and Animal, Together with a Discussion on Urinary Calculi,” Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry 12 (1939): 167–230.
26. G. J. Cox, “New Knowledge of Fluorine in Relation to Dental Caries” (n. 8 above).
27. D. A. Greenwood, “Fluoride Intoxication,” Physiological Reviews 20 (1940): 582–616.
28. C. G. Pandit, T. N. S. Raghavachari, D. S. Rao, and V. Krishnamurti, “Endemic Fluorosis in South India,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 28, no. 2 (1940): 533–58.
29. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr., and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. II. A Study of 2,832 White Children, Aged 12 to 14 Years, of 8 Suburban Chicago Communities, Including Lactobacillus Acidophilus Studies of 1,761 Children,” Public Health Reports 56 (1941): 761–92.
30. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr., and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. V. Additional Studies of the Relation of Fluoride Domestic Waters to Dental Caries Experience in 4,425 White Children, Aged 12 to 14 Years, of 13 Cities in 4 States,” Public Health Reports 57, no. 32 (1942): 1155–79,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1968063/pdf/pubhealthreporig01481-0001.pdf
31. F. J. McClure, “Fluoride Domestic Waters and Systemic Effects. I. Relation to Bone-Fracture Experience, Height, and Weight of High School Boys and Young Selectees of the Armed Forces of the United States,” Public Health Reports 59, no. 48 (1944): 1543–58,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2017089/pdf/pubhealthreporig01549-0001.pdf
32. F. J. McClure and C. A. Kinser, “Fluoride Domestic Waters and Systemic Effects. II. Fluorine Content of Urine in Relation to Fluorine in Drinking Water,” Public Health Reports 59, no. 49 (1944): 1575–91, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2017101/pdf/pubhealthreporig01550-0001.pdf
33. F. J. McClure, H. H. Mitchell, T. S. Hamilton, and C. A. Kinser, “Balances of Fluorine Ingested from Various Sources in Food and Water by Five Young Men. Excretion of Fluorine through the Skin,” The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 27 (1945): 159.
34. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, chapter 9 (n. 4 above).
35. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment, 8 (n. 3 above).
36. G. J. Cox and H. C. Hodge, “The Toxicity of Fluorides in Relation to Their Use in Dentistry,” Journal of the American Dental Association 40 (1950): 440–51.
37. H. T. Dean and F. A. Arnold, “Dental Research and the National Institute of Health: I. Intramural Research,” Journal of the American Dental Association 38, no. 1 (1949): 15–19.
38. H. Velu, “Dystrophie Dentaire des Mammifères des Zones Phosphatées (Darmous) et Fluorose Chronique” (n. 5 above).
39. H. V. Churchill, “The Occurrence of Fluorides in Some Waters of the United States” (n. 6 above).
40. M. O. Smith et al., “The Cause of Mottled Enamel, a Defect of Human Teeth” (n. 7 above).
41. H. T. Dean to Surgeon General, March 4, 1932. In the Ruth Roy Harris Papers, National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, Bethesda, Maryland.
42. H. T. Dean, “Chronic Endemic Dental Fluorosis (Mottled Enamel),” Journal of the American Medical Association 107, no. 16 (1936): 1269–73.
43. C. H. Boissevain and W. F. Drea, “Spectroscopic Determination of Fluorine in Bones, Teeth, and Other Organs in Relation to Fluorine in Drinking Water,” Journal of Dental Research 13, no. 6 (1933): 495–500, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/13/6/495
44. H. T. Dean and E. Elvove, “Some Epidemiological Aspects of Chronic Endemic Dental Fluorosis,” American Journal of Public Health 26 (1936): 567–75, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1562676/pdf/amjphnation01063-0033.pdf
45. H. Cristiani, “Le Fluor des Os dans l’Intoxication Fluorique” (n. 13 above).
46. H. T. Dean, “Chronic Endemic Dental Fluorosis (Mottled Enamel)” (n. 42 above).
47. Memorandum from H. T. Dean to Assistant Surgeon General L. R. Thompson, May 26, 1936. In the H. T. Dean Papers, National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, Bethesda, Maryland.
48. F. DeEds, “Chronic Fluorine Intoxication. A Review” (n. 20 above).
49. F. DeEds, “Fluorine in Relation to Bone and Tooth Development,” Journal of the American Dental Association 23 (1936): 568–74.
50. F. J. McClure, “A Review of Fluorine and Its Physiological Effects” (n. 21 above).
51. D. A. Greenwood, “Fluoride Intoxication” (n. 27 above).
52. P. F. Moeller and S. V. Gudjonsson, “Massive Fluorosis of Bones and Ligaments” (n. 19 above).
53. K. Roholm, Fluorine Intoxication” (n. 22 above).
54. H. E. Shortt et al., “Endemic Fluorosis in the Madras Presidency” (n. 23 above).
55. D. G. Steyn, “Water Poisoning in Man and Animal, Together with a Discussion on Urinary Calculi” (n. 25 above).
56. C. G. Pandit et al., “Endemic Fluorosis in South India” (n. 28 above).
57. G. Abbott, “Dangerous Water,” Journal of the American Dental Association 27 (1939): 162. Reviewed in Hygeia 17 (1940): 899.
58. H. Cristiani, “Alteration de la Glande Thyroide dans L’intoxication Fluorée” (n. 12 above).
59. H. Cristiani, “Le Fluor des Os Dans l’Intoxication Fluorique” (n. 13 above).
60. G. von Mundy, “Ein neuer Weg zur Behandlung der Thyreotoxikose mit Fluorwasserstoffsäure,” Medizinische Klinik 21 (1932): 717–19.
61. E. Spéder and A. Charnot, “Syndromes Osseux du Type Hyperparathyroidien et du Type Hypoparathyroidien, Provoqués par l´Intoxication par les Sivers Sels de Fluor et des Intoxications Minérales Associées,” La Presse Médicale 90 (1936): 1754.
62. K. Kraft, “Beiträge zur Biochemie des Fluors I. Über den Antagonismus Zwischen Fluor und Thyroxin,” Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie 245 (1937): 58–65.
63. J. D. Hatfield, C. L. Shrewsbury, F. N. Andrews, and L. P. Doyle, “Iodine-Fluorine Relationship in Sheep Nutrition,” Journal of Animal Science 3 (1944): 71–77.
64. P. H. Phillips and A. R. Lamb, “Histology of Certain Organs and Teeth in Chronic Toxicosis Due to Fluorine,” Archives of Pathology 17 (1934): 169.
65. P. H. Phillips, H. E. English, and E. B. Hart, “The Influence of Sodium Fluoride upon the Basal Metabolism of the Rat under Several Experimental Conditions,” The American Journal of Physiology 113 (1935): 441–49.
66. P. H. Phillips, H. English, and E. B. Hart, “The Augmentation of Fluorosis in the Chick by Feeding Desiccated Thyroid,” Journal of Nutrition 10 (1935): 399–407, http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/10/4/399
67. P. H. Phillips, “Further Studies on the Effects of NaF Administration upon the Basal Metabolic Rate of Experimental Animals,” The American Journal of Physiology 117 (1936): 155–59, http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/pdf_extract/117/1/155
68. L. Goldemberg, “Action Physiologique des Fluorures,” Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales 95 (1926): 1169.
69. L. Goldemberg, “Traitement de la Maladie de Basedow et de l’Hyperthyroidisme par le Fluor,” La Presse Médicale 102 (1930): 1751.
70. L. Goldemberg, “Comment Agiraient-ils Therapeutiquement les Fluorures dans le Goitre Exopthalmique et dans L’hyperthyroidisme,” La Semana Médica 39 (1932): 1659.
71. W. May, “Antagonismus Zwischen Jod und Fluor im Organismus,” Klinische Wochenschrift 14 (1935): 790–92.
72. W. May, “Behandlung der Hyperthyreosen Einschliesslich des Schweren Genuinen Morbus Basedow mit Fluor,” Klinische Wochenschrift 16 (1937): 562–64.
73. W. Orlowski, “Sur la Valeur Therapeutique du Sang Animal du Bore et du Fluor dans la Maladie de Basedow,” La Presse Medicale 42 (1932): 836–37.
74. D. G. Steyn, “Water Poisoning in Man and Animal, Together with a Discussion on Urinary Calculi” (n. 25 above).
75. D. G. Steyn, “Fluorine and Endemic Goiter,” South African Medical Journal 22, no. 16 (1948): 525–26.
76. D. G. Steyn, J. Kieser, W. A. Odendaal, et al., “Endemic Goitre in the Union of South Africa and Some Neighbouring Territories” (Pretoria: Union of South Africa, Department of Nutrition, March 1955). Excerpts at http://www.slweb.org/south-africa.goitre.html
77. R. H. Wilson and F. DeEds, “The Synergistic Action of Thyroid on Fluoride Toxicity,” Endocrinology 26, no. 5 (1940): 851–56.
78. H. T. Dean, “A Review of Fluorine Intoxication by Kaj Roholm (1937)” (n. 24 above).
79. P. C. Hodges, O. J. Fareed, G. Ruggy, et al., “Skeletal Sclerosis in Chronic Sodium Fluoride Poisoning,” Journal of the American Medical Association 117, no. 23 (1941): 1938.
80. Abstract of the proceedings of the meetings of the Technical Advisory Committee on the fluoridation of water supplies with the departmental working committee for the Newburgh–Kingston (NY) demonstration, April 24, 1944; in the H. T. Dean Papers, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.
81. C. G. Pandit et al, “Endemic Fluorosis in South India” (n. 28 above).
82. American Medical Association, “Chronic Fluorine Intoxication” (editorial), Journal of the American Medical Association 123 (1943): 150.
83. Abstract of the proceedings of the meetings of the Technical Advisory Committee on the fluoridation of water supplies with the departmental working committee for the Newburgh–Kingston (NY) demonstration (n. 80 above).
84. N. C. Leone, M. B. Shimkin, F. A. Arnold, et al., “Medical Aspects of Excessive Fluoride in a Water Supply,” Public Health Reports 69, no. 10 (1954): 925–36, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2024409/pdf/pubhealthreporig00178-0039.pdf
85. N. C. Leone, F. A. Arnold Jr., E. R. Zimmermann, et al., “Review of the Bartlett-Cameron Survey: A Ten Year Fluoride Study,” Journal of the American Dental Association 50, no. 3 (1955): 277–81.
86. N. C. Leone, C. A. Stevenson, T. F. Hilbish, and M. C. Sosman, “A Roentgenologic Study of a Human Population Exposed to High-Fluoride Domestic Water; a Ten-Year Study,” The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine 74, no. 5 (1955): 874–85.
87. C. A. Stevenson and R. Watson, “Fluoride Osteosclerosis,” The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine 78, no. 1 (1957): 13–18.
88. Abstract of the proceedings of the meetings of the Technical Advisory Committee on the fluoridation of water supplies with the departmental working committee for the Newburgh–Kingston (NY) demonstration (n. 80 above).
89. D. B. Ast, “Response on Receiving the John W. Knutson Distinguished Service Award in Dental Public Health,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 43, no. 2 (1983): 101–5.
90. Abstract of the proceedings of the meetings of the Technical Advisory Committee on the fluoridation of water supplies with the departmental working committee for the Newburgh–Kingston (NY) demonstration (n. 80 above).
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
93. American Dental Association, “The Effect of Fluorine on Dental Caries” (editorial), Journal of the American Dental Association 31 (1944): 1360–63.
94. D. B. Ast, “A Plan to Determine the Practicability, Efficacy, and Safety of Fluorinating a Communal Water-Supply, Deficient in Fluorine, to Control Dental Caries,” in Fluorine in Dental Public Health. A Symposium, ed. W. J. Gies (New York City, 1945).
95. Letter from R. E. Dyer to E. S. Godfrey, November 20, 1944. In the H. T. Dean Papers, National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, Bethesda, Maryland.
96. F. J. McClure, “Fluoride Domestic Waters and Systemic Effects. I” (n. 31 above).
97. F. B. Exner, “Fluoridation,” Northwest Medicine 54 (1955). Note: The quotes we cite are in the section titled “McClure’s Study of Bone Fragility.”
98. F. J. McClure et al., “Balances of Fluorine Ingested from Various Sources in Food and Water by Five Young Men” (n. 33 above).
99. P. Wallace-Durbin, “The Metabolism of Fluorine in Rat using F18 as a Tracer,” Journal of Dental Research 33, no. 6 (1954): 789–800, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/33/6/789
100. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 22 (1963): 111–17.
101. F. B. Exner, “Fluoridation” (n. 97 above).
102. F. R Moulton, Dental Caries and Fluorine, publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Lancaster, Pennsylvania: The Science Press Printing Company, 1946).
103. Ibid., 74–92.
104. Ibid., foreword.
105. Ibid., 30.
106. Ibid., 33.
107. D. C. Wilson, “Fluorine in Aetiology of Endemic Goitre,” The Lancet 240 (1941): 211–13.
108. C. D. M. Day, “Chronic Endemic Fluorosis in Northern India,” British Dental Journal 68 (1940): 409.
109. F. R Moulton, Dental Caries and Fluorine, 34 (n. 102 above).
110. Ibid., 35.
111. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 81–87 (n. 4 above).
112. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, and H. C. Chase, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study. II. Pediatric Aspects. Preliminary Report,” American Journal of Public Health 40, no. 6 (1950): 725–27, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1528773/pdf/amjphnation01021-0070.pdf
113. D. R. McNeil, The Fight for Fluoridation, chapters 3 and 4 (n. 1 above).
114. G. J. Cox and H. C. Hodge, “The Toxicity of Fluorides in Relation to Their Use in Dentistry” (n. 36 above).
115. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 40 (n. 4 above).
116. G. J. Cox, “New Knowledge of Fluorine in Relation to Dental Caries” (n. 8 above).
117. E. Welsome, The Plutonium Files: America’s Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War (New York: Delta, 1999).
118. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 66 (n. 4 above).
119. G. J. Cox and H. C. Hodge, “The Toxicity of Fluorides in Relation to Their Use in Dentistry” (n. 36 above).
120. F. J. McClure, “Fluoride Domestic Waters and Systemic Effects. I” (n. 31 above).
121. R. J. Evans, P. H. Phillips, and E. B. Hart, “Fluoride Storage in Cattle Bones,” Journal of Dairy Science 21, no. 2 (1938): 81–84.
122. G. J. Cox and H. C. Hodge, “The Toxicity of Fluorides in Relation to Their Use in Dentistry” (n. 36 above).
123. R. J. Evans and P. H. Phillips, “The Fluorine Content of the Thyroid Gland in Cases of Hyperthyroidism,” Journal of the American Medical Association 111, no. 4 (1938): 300–302.
124. P. H. Phillips and A. R. Lamb, “Histology of Certain Organs and Teeth in Chronic Toxicosis Due to Fluorine” (n. 64 above).
125. P. H. Phillips et al., “The Influence of Sodium Fluoride upon the Basal Metabolism of the Rat under Several Experimental Conditions” (n. 65 above).
126. P. H. Phillips et al., “The Augmentation of Fluorosis in the Chick by Feeding Desiccated Thyroid” (n. 66 above).
127. P. H. Phillips, “Further Studies on the Effects of NaF Administration upon the Basal Metabolic Rate of Experimental Animals” (n. 67 above).
128. H. Cristiani, “Alteration de la Glande Thyroide dans L’intoxication Fluorée” (n. 12 above).
129. H. Cristiani, “Le Fluor des Os Dans l’Intoxication Fluorique” (n. 13 above).
130. G. von Mundy, “Ein neuer Weg zur Behandlung der Thyreotoxikose mit Fluorwasserstoffsäure” (n. 60 above).
131. E. Spéder and A. Charnot, “Syndromes Osseux du Type Hyperparathyroidien et du Type Hypoparathyroidien, Provoqués par l´Intoxication par les Sivers Sels de Fluor et des Intoxications Minérales Associées” (n. 61 above).
132. K. Kraft, “Beiträge zur Biochemie des Fluors I. Über den Antagonismus Zwischen Fluor und Thyroxin” (n. 62 above).
133. J. D. Hatfield et al., “Iodine-Fluorine Relationship in Sheep Nutrition” (n. 63 above).
134. L. Goldemberg, “Action Physiologique des Fluorures” (n. 68 above).
135. L. Goldemberg, “Traitement de la Maladie de Basedow et de l’Hyperthyroidisme par le Fluor” (n. 69 above).
136. L. Goldemberg, “Comment Agiraient-ils Therapeutiquement les Fluorures dans le Goitre Exopthalmique et dans L’hyperthyroidisme” (n. 70 above).
137. W. May, “Antagonismus Zwischen Jod und Fluor im Organismus” (n. 71 above).
138. W. May, “Behandlung der Hyperthyreosen Einschliesslich des Schweren Genuinen Morbus Basedow mit Fluor” (n. 72 above).
139. W. Orlowski, “Sur la Valeur Therapeutique du Sang Animal du Bore et du Fluor dans la Maladie de Basedow” (n. 73 above).
140. D. G. Steyn, “Water Poisoning in Man and Animal, Together with a Discussion on Urinary Calculi” (n. 25 above).
141. D. G. Steyn, “Fluorine and Endemic Goiter” (n. 75 above).
142. R. H. Wilson and F. DeEds, “The Synergistic Action of Thyroid on Fluoride Toxicity” (n. 77 above).
143. American Medical Association, “Chronic Fluorine Intoxication” (n. 82 above).
144. American Dental Association, “The Effect of Fluorine on Dental Caries” (n. 93 above).
145. F. J. McClure, “Fluoride Domestic Waters and Systemic Effects. I” (n. 31 above).
146. F. J. McClure et al., “Balances of Fluorine Ingested from Various Sources in Food and Water by Five Young Men. Excretion of Fluorine through the Skin” (n. 33 above).
147. Cox and Hodge, “The Toxicity of Fluorides in Relation to their Use in Dentistry” (n. 36 above).
148. Abstract of the proceedings of the meetings of the Technical Advisory Committee on the fluoridation of water supplies with the departmental working committee for the Newburgh-Kingston (NY) demonstration (n. 80 above).
149. E. R. Schlesinger et al., “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study. II” (n. 112 above).
150. American Dental Association, “U.S. Public Health Service Recommends Fluoridation of Communal Water Supplies as Caries Control Measure,” ADA Newsletter 3, no. 11 (June 1, 1950).
151. D. R. McNeil, The Fight for Fluoridation, 73 and 74 (n. 1 above).
152. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, chapter 9 (n. 4 above).
153. Ibid., 39.
154. Ibid., 40–41.
155. Ibid., 185–86.
156. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment, 8 (n. 3 above).
157. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 81–87 (n. 4 above).
158. Ibid, 92–93.
159. E. Welsome, The Plutonium Files (n. 117 above).
160. American Dental Association, “This First Half Century,” Journal of the American Dental Association 40, no. 6 (1950): 643.
161. American Dental Association, “U.S. Public Health Service Recommends Fluoridation of Communal Water Supplies as Caries Control Measure” (n. 150 above).
162. American Dental Association, “USPHS Recommends Public Water Fluoridation,” Journal of the American Dental Association 41, no. 1 (1950): 93–94.
163. American Dental Association, “Dental Health of the Nation’s Children Furthered by Actions of House of Delegates,” Journal of the American Dental Association 41, no. 6 (1950): 722–23.

Chapter 10: The Great Fluoridation Gamble, 1950-
1. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment (New York: Devin-Adair Publishing Company, 1957).
2. U.S. Public Health Service, “Proceeding. Fourth Annual Conference of State Dental Directors with the Public Health Service and the Children’s Bureau,” Washington, DC, June 6–8, 1951, page 20, http://fluoridealert.org/re/StateDentalDirectors-1.pdf
3. Ibid., 22.
4. Ibid., 23.
5. Ibid., 19.
6. J. W. Knutson, “The Case for Water Fluoridation,” New England Journal of Medicine 246, no. 19 (1952): 737–43.
7. Ibid., 737.
8. Ibid., 738.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 739.
11. Ibid., 741.
12. National Research Council, Report of Ad Hoc Committee on Fluoridation of Water Supplies (Washington, DC: Division of Medical Sciences, November 1951).
13. J. W. Knutson, “The Case for Water Fluoridation,” 742 (n. 6 above).
14. R. F. Sognnaes, F. A. Arnold, H. C. Hodge, and O. L. Kline, “The Problem of Providing Optimum Fluoride Intake for Prevention of Dental Caries.” A report of the Committee on Dental Health of the Food and Nutrition Board prepared by the Subcommittee on Optimum Fluoride Levels, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council, Publication 294, November 1953.
15. N. C. Leone, M. B. Shimkin, F. A. Arnold, et al., “Medical Aspects of Excessive Fluoride in a Water Supply. A Ten Year Study,” 110–29. In Fluoridation as a Public Health Measure, ed. J. H. Shaw, (Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1954).
16. N. C. Leone, M. B. Shimkin, F. A. Arnold, et al., “Medical Aspects of Excessive Fluoride in a Water Supply,” Public Health Reports 69, no. 10 (1954): 925–36, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2024409/pdf/pubhealthreporig00178-0039.pdf
17. Short biography of Nicholas Charles Leone in: “Fluoridation of Water,” Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Second Session of H.R.2341, “A Bill to Protect the Public Health from the Dangers of Fluorination of Water,” May 25, 26, and 27, 1954, page 392.
18. N. C. Leone et al., “Medical Aspects of Excessive Fluoride in a Water Supply” (n. 16 above).
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. R. F. Sognnaes et al., “The Problem of Providing Optimum Fluoride Intake for Prevention of Dental Caries” (n. 14 above).
22. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment, 73–75 (n. 1 above).
23. Ibid., 73–75.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. N. C. Leone et al., “Medical Aspects of Excessive Fluoride in a Water Supply” (n. 16 above).
28. K. Roholm, Fluorine Intoxication: A Clinical-Hygienic Study, with a Review of the Literature and Some Experimental Investigations (Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag; London: H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd., 1937), http://www.scribd.com/doc/11757791/Fluorine-Intoxication-Kaj-Roholm-1937-Copenhagen
29. H. E. Shortt, G. R. McRobert, T. W. Barnard, and A. S. M. Nayar, “Endemic Fluorosis in the Madras Presidency,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 25, no. 2 (1937): 553–68.
30. C. G. Pandit, T. N. S. Raghavachari, D. S. Rao, and V. Krishnamurti, “Endemic Fluorosis in South India,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 28, no. 2 (1940): 533–58.
31. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), 170–71, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=170 and http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=171
32. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment, 66 (n. 1 above).
33. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 178–79.
34. Ibid., 180.
35. Ibid., 40–42.
36. H. L. Needleman, “Clair Patterson and Robert Kehoe: Two Views of Lead Toxicity,” Environmental Research 78, no. 2 (1998): 79–85.
37. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 106–7 (n. 33 above).
38. I. R. Campbell, The Role of Fluoride in Public Health: The Soundness of Fluoridation of Communal Water Supplies. A Selected Bibliography, supported by Research Grant DE-01493 (Formerly D-1493) from the National Institute of Dental Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1963.
39. D. B. Ast, D. J. Smith, B. Wachs, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study. XIV. Combined Clinical and Roentgenographic Dental Findings After Ten Years of Fluoride Experience,” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 314–25.
40. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and B. A. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study. XIII. Pediatric Findings After Ten Years,” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
41. Ibid., 304.
42. N. C. Leone et al., “Medical Aspects of Excessive Fluoride in a Water Supply” (n. 16 above).
43. E. R. Schlesinger, “The Medical Aspects of Water Fluoridation,” Pediatrics 19, no. 1 (1957): 156–61.
44. Ibid., 158 and 160.
45. Ibid., 158.
46. Ibid., 157.
47. C. G. Pandit et al., “Endemic Fluorosis in South India” (n. 30 above).
48. E. R. Schlesinger, “The Medical Aspects of Water Fluoridation,” 160 (n. 43 above).
49. Ibid., 157.
50. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 83–87 (n. 33 above).
51. Committee to Protect Our Children’s Teeth, Inc., Our Children’s Teeth. A digest of expert opinion based on studies of the use of fluorides in public water supplies, submit ted to the Mayor and the Board of Estimate of the City of New York, March 6, 1957.
52. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 162 (n. 33 above).
53. Committee to Protect Our Children’s Teeth, Inc., Our Children’s Teeth, 2 (n. 51 above).
54. Ibid.
55. American Dental Association, Dental Caries, Findings and Conclusions on Its Causes and Control, Advisory Committee on Research in Dental Caries (New York: Lancaster Press Inc., 1939). Cited by P. C. Baehni and B. Guggenheim, “Potential of Diagnostic Microbiology for Treatment and Prognosis of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease,” Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 7, no. 3 (1996): 259–77.
56. Committee to Protect Our Children’s Teeth, Inc., Our Children’s Teeth, 5 (n. 51 above).
57. A P. Black, “Facts in Refutation of Claims by Opponents of Fluoridation,” Journal of the American Dental Association 50, no. 6 (1955): 655–64.
58. G. L. Waldbott, A. W. Burgstahler, and H. L. McKinney, Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma (Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1978), 311.
59. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 163–65 (n. 33 above).
60. Ibid., 161.
61. Ibid.
62. G. J. Cox and H. C. Hodge, “The Toxicity of Fluorides in Relation to Their Use in Dentistry,” Journal of the American Dental Association 40 (1950): 440–51.
63. “Professional Perspectives on Water Fluoridation,” a DVD produced by Michael Connett for Fluoride Action Network, 2009, http://www.fluoridealert.org/prof.dvd.html
64. E. Welsome, The Plutonium Files: America’s Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War (New York: Delta, 1999).
65. H. C. Hodge and F. A. Smith, “Some Public Health Aspects of Water Fluoridation,” Fluoridation as a Public Health Measure, ed. J. H. Shaw (Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1954).
66. F. A. Smith, D. E. Gardner, and H. C. Hodge, “Investigations on the Metabolism of Fluoride. III. Effect of Acute Renal Tubular Injury in Urinary Excretion of Fluoride by the Rabbit,” A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health 11, no. 1 (1955): 2–10.
67. H. C. Hodge, “Fluoride Metabolism: Its Significance in Water Fluoridation,” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 307–14.
68. H. C. Hodge, “Notes on the Effects of Fluoride Deposition on Body Tissues,” A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health 21 (1960): 350–52.
69. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 22 (1963): 111–17, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=784060&jid=PNS&volumeId=22&issueId=01&aid=784052
70. H. C. Hodge and F. A. Smith, “Biological Effects of Inorganic Fluorides,” in: Fluorine Chemistry, ed. J. H. Simons (New York: Academic Press, 1963).
71. H. C. Hodge and F. A. Smith, Fluorine Chemistry, vol. 4 (New York and London: Academic Press, 1965).
72. H. C. Hodge and F. A. Smith, “Air Quality Criteria for the Effects of Fluorides on Man,” Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 20 (1970): 226–32.
73. H. C. Hodge and F. A. Smith, “Occupational Fluoride Exposure,” Journal of Occupational Medicine 19, no. 1 (1977): 12–39.
74. H. C. Hodge, “The Safety of Fluoride Tablets or Drops,” 253–74, in: Continuing Evaluation of the Use of Fluorides, ed. E. Johansen, D. R. Taves, and T. O. Olsen, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Selected Symposium (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979).
75. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” 113 (n. 69 above).
76. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 9, 30, 292 (n. 31 above).
77. H. C. Hodge, “Fluoride Metabolism: Its Significance in Water Fluoridation” (n. 67 above).
78. “Examples of Acute Poisoning from Water Fluoridation.” A list of fluoridation accidents, Fluoride Action Network, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/accidents/fluoridation.html
79. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” 112–13 (n. 69 above).
80. C. M. McCay, W. F. Ramseyer, and C. A. Smith, “Effect of Sodium Fluoride Administration on Body Changes in Old Rats,” Journal of Gerontology 12, no. 1 (1957): 14–19.
81. A. H. Siddiqui, “Fluorosis in Nalgonda District, Hyderabad-Deccan,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 4953 (1955): 1408–13.
82. J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity,” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98. Extended excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/31291-95.htm
83. J. L. Borke and G. M. Whitford, “Chronic Fluoride Ingestion Decreases 45Ca Uptake by Rat Kidney Membranes,” Journal of Nutrition 129 (1999): 1209–13, http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/129/6/1209
84. J. A. Varner et al., “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water” (n. 82 above).
85. J. L. Borke and G. M. Whitford, “Chronic Fluoride Ingestion Decreases 45Ca Uptake by Rat Kidney Membranes” (n. 83 above).
86. Ibid.
87. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” 113 (n. 69 above).
88. P. Galletti and G. Joyet, “Effect of Fluorine on Thyroidal Iodine Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 18, no. 10 (1958): 1102–10.
89. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk et al., “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders,” Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 31, no. 6 (1985): 25–9. Article in Russian; English translation athttp://www.fluoridealert.org/bachinskii.1985.pdf
90. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf -also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm
91. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” 114 (n. 69 above).
92. H. C. Hodge and F. A. Smith, “Some Public Health Aspects of Water Fluoridation,” (n. 65 above).
93. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 125 (n. 33 above).
94. A. H. Siddiqui, “Fluorosis in Nalgonda District, Hyderabad-Deccan” (n. 81 above).
95. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” 115 (n. 69 above).
96. H. C. Hodge, “Notes on the Effects of Fluoride Deposition on Body Tissues,” A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health 21 (1960): 350–52.
97. National Research Council, Fluorides (Washington, DC: Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, National Academy of Science, 1971).
98. H. C. Hodge, “The Safety of Fluoride Tablets or Drops” (n. 74 above).
99. National Research Council, Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, 89 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904975X
100. Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (Washington, DC: Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, 1997), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776
101. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Fluoride. Final Rule,” Federal Register, 40 CM Part 104 [WH-FRL-2913-8(b)], November 14, 1985. Note: The MCL established on April 2, 1986 [51 FR 11396), finalizes regulations proposed in the Federal Register of May 14, 1985 (50 FR 20164)]; http://fluoridealert.org/scher/epa-1985.pdf
102. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 31 above).
103. E. R. Schlesinger et al., “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years” (n. 40 above).
104. E. R. Schlesinger, “The Medical Aspects of Water Fluoridation” (n. 43 above).
105. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” 105 (n. 69 above).
106. Ibid., 116.
107. G. L. Waldbott, A Struggle with Titans: Forces Behind Fluoridation, chapter 12 (New York: Carlton Press, 1965).
108. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, chapter 2 (n. 33 above).

Chapter 11: Dental Fluorosis
1. M.O. Smith, E. M. Lantz, and H.V. Smith, “The Cause of Mottled Enamel, a Defect of Human Teeth,” Technical Bulletin No. 32, Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, June 10, 1931.
2. H. V. Churchill, “The Occurrence of Fluorides in Some Waters of the United States,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 23 no. 9: 996–8. Reprinted in The Journal of Dental Research 12 (1932): 141–48, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/12/1/141
3. H. Velu, “Dystrophie Dentaire des Mammifères des Zones Phosphatées (Darmous) et Fluorose Chronique,” Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales 108 (1931): 750–52.
4. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 39.
5. H. T. Dean, “Classification of Mottled Enamel Diagnosis,” Journal of the American Dental Association 49, no. 1 (1934): 1421–26.
6. H. T. Dean, F. S. McKay, and E. Elvove, “Mottled Enamel Survey of Bauxite, Ark., 10 Years After a Change in the Common Water Supply,” Public Health Reports 53 (1938): 1736–48; article begins on page 1736 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2110835/pdf/pubhealthreporig00982-0004.pdf
7. H. T. Dean and E. Elvove, “Some Epidemiological Aspects of Chronic Endemic Dental Fluorosis,” American Journal of Public 26 (1936): 567–75, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1562676/pdf/amjphnation01063-0033.pdf
8. H. T. Dean, “Endemic Fluorosis and Its Relation to Dental Caries,” Public Health Reports 53, no. 33 (1938): 1443–52, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2110810/pdf/pubhealthreporig00976-0004.pdf
9. H T. Dean, P. Jay, F. A. Arnold Jr., and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. II. A Study of 2,832 White Children, Ages 12-14 years, of 8 Suburban Chicago Communities, Including Lactobacillus Acidophilus Studies of 1, 761 Children,” Public Health Reports 56 (1941): 761–92.
10. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr., and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries, V. Additional Studies of the Relation of Fluoride Domestic Waters to Dental Caries Experience in 4425 White Children, Age 12–14 Years, of 13 Cities in 4 States,” Public Health Reports 57 (1942): 1155–79,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1968063/pdf/pubhealthreporig01481–0001.pdf
11. H. T. Dean in: Testimony of Isadore Zipkin, Ph.D., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., in Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics: Hearings Before the House Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics, House of Representatives, 82nd Congress (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), 1652.
12. Ibid.
13. K. E. Heller, S. A. Eklund, and B. A. Burt, “Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 57, no. 3 (1997): 136–43.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
17. E. Helleret al., “Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations” (n. 13 above.)
18. Ibid.
19. E. D. Beltrán-Aguilar, B. F. Gooch, A. Kingman, et al., “Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis—United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2002,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54, no. 3 (August 26, 2005): 1–44,http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm
20. Ibid.
21. E. Dincer, “Why Do I Have White Spots on My Front Teeth,” New York State Dental Journal 74, no. 1 (2008): 58–60, http://www.nysdental.org/img/current-pdf/JrnlJan2008.pdf
22. T. Aoba and O. Fejerskov, “Dental Fluorosis: Chemistry and Biology,” Critical Reviews in Oral Biology 13, no. 2 (2002): 155–70.
23. P. K. DenBesten, “Effects of Fluoride on Protein Secretion and Removal During Enamel Development in the Rat,” Journal of Dental Research 65, no. 10 (1986): 1272–7, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/65/10/1272
24. P. K. DenBesten and H. Thariani, “Biological Mechanisms of Fluorosis and Level and Timing of Systemic Exposure to Fluoride with Respect to Fluorosis,” Journal of Dental Research 71, no. 5 (1992): 1238–43, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/71/5/1238
25. P. K. DenBesten, “Biological Mechanism of Dental Fluorosis Relevant to the Use of Fluoride Supplements,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 27, no. 1 (1999): 41–47.
26. S. Matsuo, K. Kiyomiya, and M. Kurebe, “Mechanism of Toxic Action of Fluoride in Dental Fluorosis: Whether Trimeric G Proteins Participate in the Disturbance of Intracellular Transport of Secretory Ameloblast Exposed to Fluoride,” Archives of Toxicology 72, no. 12 (1998): 798–806.
27. A. Schuld, “Is Dental Fluorosis Caused by Thyroid Hormonal Disturbances?” Fluoride 38, no. 2 (2005): 91–94, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/382/files/38291-94.pdf
28. U.S. Public Health Service, “Proceeding. Fourth Annual Conference of State Dental Directors with the Public Health Service and the Children’s Bureau,” page 15, Washington, DC, June 6–8, 1951, http://fluoridealert.org/re/StateDentalDirectors-1.pdf
29. Video of the presentation by Dr. Peter Cooney, Chief Dental Officer of Canada, on the case for fluoridation of drinking water in Dryden, Ontario, Canada, April 1, 2008, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4888471756915953833&hl=en

Chapter 12: Fluoride's Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physiology
1. The quote from Nobel laureate Dr. James Sumner, who was the director of enzyme chemistry in the department of biochemistry and nutrition at Cornell University, was circulated in the booklet “When Doctors Disagree,” ninth printing, March 1965. No citation is given for Sumner’s quote. As Sumner’s reservations about water fluorida tion were well known at the time, we do not doubt its authenticity. Publishers of the
booklet: Greater New York Committee Opposed to Fluoridation, Inc., New Jersey Council Opposing Fluoridation, Massachusetts Citizens Rights Association, Inc., and Fluoridation Evaluation Committee (Connecticut).
2. J. Emsley, D. J. Jones, J. M. Miller, et al., “An Unexpectedly Strong Hydrogen Bond: AB Initio Calculations and Spectroscopic Studies of Amide-Fluoride Systems,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 103, no. 1 (1981): 24–28.
3. K. R. Mahaffey and C. L. Stone, “Effect of High Fluorine (F) Intake on Tissue Lead (Pb) Concentrations,” Federation Proceedings 35 (1976): 256.
4. P. Allain, F. Gauchard, and N. Krari, “Enhancement of Aluminum Digestive Absorption by Fluoride in Rats,” Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology 91, no. 2 (1996): 225–31.
5. J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity,” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98. Extended excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/31291-95.htm
6. R. M. M. Sawan, G. A. S. Leite, M. C. P. Saraiva, et al., “Fluoride Increases Lead Concentrations in Whole Blood and in Calcified Tissues from Lead-Exposed Rats,” Toxicology 271, no. 1–2 (2010): 21–26.
7. J. Bigay, P. Deterre, C. Pfister, and M. Chabre, “Fluoroaluminates Activate Transducin-GDP by Mimicking the Gamma-Phosphate of GTP in Its Binding Site,” FEBS Letters 191, no. 2 (1985): 181–85.
8. J. Bigay, P. Deterre, C. Pfister, and M. Chabre, “Fluoride Complexes of Aluminium or Beryllium Act on G-Proteins as Reversibly Bound Analogues of the Gamma Phosphate of GTP,” EMBO Journal 6, no. 10 (1987)): 2907–13.
9. A. Strunecka and J. Patocka, “Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Aluminofluoride Complexes,” Fluoride 32, no. 4 (1999): 230–42.
10. L. Li, “The Biochemistry and Physiology of Metallic Fluoride: Action, Mechanism, and Implications,” Critical Reviews of Oral Biology and Medicine 14, no. 2 (2003): 100–114.
11. K. L. Kirk, Biochemistry of the Elemental Halogens and Inorganic Halides (New York: Plenum Press, 1991).
12. J. Zhang, W. J. Zhu, X. H. Xu, and Z. G. Zhang, “Effect of Fluoride on Calcium Ion Concentration and Expression of Nuclear Transcription Factor Kappa-B Rho65 in Rat Hippocampus,” Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, March 2010 (in press).
13. E. Gazzano, L. Bergandi, C. Riganti, et al., “Fluoride Effects: The Two Faces of Janus,” Current Medicinal Chemistry, May 24, 2010 (in press).
14. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards, page 36 (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=36
15. Ibid. TABLE 2-6 “Summary of Typical Fluoride Concentrations of Selected Food and Beverages in the United States,” page 40. Note: levels of fluoride in breast milk from a fluoridated area (1 mg/L) measured at 0.007-0.01 mg/L and levels of fluoride in breast milk from a nonfluoridated area measured at 0.004 mg/L, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030910128X&page=40
16. O. B. Dirks, J. M. Jongeling-Eijndhoven, T. D. Flissebaalje, and I. Gedalia, “Total and Free Ionic Fluoride in Human and Cow’s Milk as Determined by Gas-Liquid Chromatography and the Fluoride Electrode,” Caries Research 8, no. 2 (1974): 181–86.
17. R. W. Dabeka, K. F. Karpinski, A. D. McKenzie, and C. D. Bajdik, “Survey of Lead, Cadmium and Fluoride in Human Milk and Correlation of Levels with Environmental and Food Factors,” Food & Chemical Toxicology 24, no. 9 (1986): 913–21.
18. E. Koparal, F. Ertugrul, and K. Oztekin, “Fluoride Levels in Breast Milk and Infant Foods,” Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 24, no. 4 (2000): 299–302.
19. S. Chuckpaiwong, S. Nakornchai, R. Surarit, and S. Soo-ampon, “Fluoride Analysis of Human Milk in Remote Areas of Thailand,” Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health 31, no. 3 (2000): 583–86.
20. C. J. Spak, L. I. Hardell, and P. De Chateau, “Fluoride in Human Milk,” Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 72, no. 5 (1983): 699–701.
21. R. W. Dabeka et al., “Survey of Lead, Cadmium and Fluoride in Human Milk and Correlation of Levels with Environmental and Food Factors” (n. 17 above).
22. R. Latifah and R. Duguid, “Measurements of Ionic Fluoride in Milk,” Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 15, no. 3 (1986): 299–304.
23. C. J. Spak et al., “Fluoride in Human Milk” (n. 20 above).
24. G. N. Opinya, N. Bwibo, J. Valderhaug, et al., “Intake of Fluoride and Excretion in Mothers’ Milk in a High Fluoride (9 ppm) Area in Kenya,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, no. 1 (1991): 37–41.
25. Ibid.
26. J. Ekstrand, L.O. Boreus, and P. de Chateau, “No Evidence of Transfer of Fluoride from Plasma to Breast Milk,” British Medical Journal 283, no. 6294 (1981): 761–62.
27. J. Ekstrand, C. J. Spak, J. Falch, et al., “Distribution of Fluoride to Human Breast Milk Following Intake of High Doses of Fluoride,” Caries Research 18, no. 1 (1984): 93–95.
28. A. Carlsson, “Current Problems Relating to the Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fluorides,” Lakartidningen 25 (1978): 1388–92.
29. I. Inkielewicz and J. Krechniak, “Fluoride Content in Soft Tissues and Urine of Rats Exposed to Sodium Fluoride in Drinking Water,” Fluoride 36, no. 4 (2003): 263–66, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/03-36-4/364-263.pdf
30. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland,” PhD thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 1997. Thesis online, with permission of author, at http://fluoridealert.org/luke-1997.pdf
31. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland,” Caries Research 35, no. 2 (2001): 125–28.
32. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 92 (n. 14 above).
33. Ibid.
34. C. Justus and L. P. Krook, “Allergy in Horses from Artificially Fluoridated Water,” Fluoride 39, no. 2 (2006): 89–94, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/392/files/39289-94.pdf
35. David Kennedy, DDS, produced the DVD Poisoned Horses for the International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, 2008. Excerpts are available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9RXfOuylWo
36. C. Justus and L. P. Krook, “Allergy in Horses from Artificially Fluoridated Water” (n. 34 above).
37. O. Naidenko, “Dog Food Comparison Shows High Fluoride Levels,” Environmental Working Group, June 2009, http://www.ewg.org/pets/fluorideindogfood

Chapter 13: Fluoride's Poisoning of Humans: Early Reversible Effects
1. B. Spittle, Fluoride Fatigue: Is Fluoride in Your Drinking Water—and from Other Sources—Making You Sick? (Dunedin, New Zealand: Paua Press, 2008), http://www.pauapress.com/fluoride/files/1418.pdf
2. G. L. Waldbott, Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants, 2nd ed. (St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company, 1978).
3. G. L. Waldbott, “Chronic Fluorine Intoxication from Drinking Water,” International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 7, no. 2 (1955): 70–74.
4. H. T. Petraborg, “Chronic Fluoride Intoxication from Drinking Water (Preliminary Report),” Fluoride 7, no. 1 (1974): 47–52.
5. J. J. Shea, S. M. Gillespie, and G. L. Waldbott, “Allergy to Fluoride,” Annals of Allergy 25 (1967): 388–91.
6. H. T. Petraborg, “Hydrofluorosis in the Fluoridated Milwaukee Area,” Fluoride 10, no. 4 (1977): 165–69.
7. B. Spittle, Fluoride Fatigue (n. 1 above).
8. D. M. Green, “Pre-Existing Conditions. Placebo Reactions and ‘Side Effects,’” Annals of Internal Medicine 60 (1964): 255–65 (as cited by D. R. Taves, 1979 [see n. 9 below]).
9. D. R. Taves, “Claims of Harm from Fluoridation,” in: Continuing Evaluation of the Use of Fluorides, ed. E. Johansen, D. R. Taves, and T. O. Olsen, AAAS Selected Symposium, (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979), 295–321.
10. G. W. Grimbergen, “A Double Blind Test for Determination of Intolerance to Fluoridated Water (Preliminary Report),” Fluoride 7, no. 3 (1974): 146–52, http://fluoridealert.org/re/grimbergen-1974.pdf
11. G. L. Waldbott, “Facts About Fluoridation,” Seminar, Rice University, Houston, Texas, October 16, 1974. Cited by Phillip Sutton in Fluoridation, 1979: Scientific Criticisms and Fluoride Dangers, submission to the Commission of Inquiry into the Fluoridation of Victorian Water Supplies, published with an appendix in January 1980.
12. J. D. Shulman and L. M. Wells, “Acute Fluoride Toxicity from Ingesting Home-Use Dental Products in Children, Birth to 6 Years of Age,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 57, no. 3 (1997): 150–58.
13. R. Feltman, “Prenatal and Postnatal Ingestion of Fluoride Salts: A Progress Report,” Dental Digest 62 (1956): 353–57.
14. J. Rorty: see appendix 1 in: The American Fluoridation Experiment by F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott (New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1957), 229–41.
15. R. Feltman and G. Kosel, “Prenatal and Postnatal Ingestion of Fluorides—Fourteen Years of Investigation—Final Report,” The Journal of Dental Medicine 16 (1961): 190–99.
16. G. L. Waldbott, A. W. Burgstahler, and H. L. McKinney, Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma (Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1978).
17. G. L. Waldbott, A Struggle with Titans: Forces Behind Fluoridation (New York: Carlton Press, 1965).
18. J. J. Shea et al., “Allergy to Fluoride” (n. 5 above).
19. T. E. Douglas, “Fluoride Dentifrice and Stomatitis,” Northwest Medicine 56, no. 9 (1957): 1037–39.
20. M. A. Saunders, “Fluoride Toothpaste: A Cause of Acne-Like Eruptions” (letter), Archives of Dermatology 111 (1975): 793.
21. M. A. Saunders, “Fluoride Toothpaste as a Cause of Acne-Like Eruptions” (letter in reply to Ervin Epstein’s letter), Archives of Dermatology 112 (1976): 1033–34.
22. J. R. Mellette, J. L. Aeling, and D. D. Nuss, “Fluoride Tooth Paste: A Cause of Perioral Dermatitis” (letter), Archives of Dermatology 112, no. 5 (1976): 730–31.
23. J. R. Mellette, J. L. Aeling, and D. D. Nuss, “Perioral Dermatitis,” Journal of the Association of Military Dermatologists 9 (1983): 3–8.
24. T. E. Douglas, “Fluoride Dentifrice and Stomatitis” (n. 19 above).
25. B. L. Riggs, E. Seeman, S. F. Hodgson, et al., “Effect of the Fluoride/Calcium Regimen on Vertebral Fracture Occurrence in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Comparison with Conventional Therapy,” New England Journal of Medicine 306, no. 8 (1982): 446–50.
26. A. Singh, S. S. Jolly, and B. C. Bansal, “Skeletal Fluorosis and Its Neurological Complications,” The Lancet 1 (1961): 197–200.
27. J. L. Shupe, “Fluorine Toxicosis and Industry,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 31, no. 2 (1970): 240–47.
28. J. J. Franke, F. Rath, H. Runge, et al., “Industrial Fluorosis,” Fluoride 8, no. 2 (1975): 61–83, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/franke-1975.pdf
29. Y. Wang, Y. Yin, L. A. Gilula, and A. J. Wilson, “Endemic Fluorosis of the Skeleton: Radiographic Features in 127 Patients,” American Journal of Roentgenology 162, no. 1 (1994): 93–98.
30. L. I. Popov, R. I. Filatova, and A. S. Shershever, “Aspects of Nervous System Affections in Occupational Fluorosis” (article in Russian), Gigiena Truda I Professional’nye Zabolevaniia 5 (1974): 25–27.
31. K. Czechowicz, A. Osada, and B. Slesak, “Histochemical Studies on the Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Metabolism in Purkinje’s Cells,” Folia Histochemica et Cytochemica 12, no. 1 (1974): 37–44.
32. G. L. Waldbott et al., Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma, 161 (n. 16 above).
33. J. Routt Reigart and J. R. Roberts, Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, 5th ed., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 735-R-98-003, 1999.
34. J. D. Shulman and L. M. Wells, “Acute Fluoride Toxicity from Ingesting Home-Use Dental Products in Children, Birth to 6 Years of Age” (n. 12 above).
35. C. J. Spak, S. Sjöstedt, L. Eleborg, et al., “Studies of Human Gastric Mucosa after Application of 0.42% Fluoride Gel,” Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 2 (1990): 426–29, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/69/2/426
36. B. L. Riggs, “Treatment of Osteoporosis with Sodium Fluoride: an Appraisal,” Bone and Mineral Research 2 (1983): 366–93.
37. A. B. Hodsman and D. J. Drost, “The Response of Vertebral Bone Mineral Density during the Treatment of Osteoporosis with Sodium Fluoride,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 69, no. 5 (1989): 932–38.
38. A. K. Susheela, A. Kumar, M. Bhatnagar, et al., “Prevalence of Endemic Fluorosis with Gastrointestinal Manifestations in People Living in Some North-Indian Villages,” Fluoride 26, no. 2 (1993): 97–104, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/susheela-1993.pdf
39. S. Dasarathy, T. K. Das, I. P. Gupta, et al., “Gastroduodenal Manifestations in Patients with Skeletal Fluorosis,” Journal of Gastroenterology 31, no. 3 (1996): 333–37.
40. K. F. Austen, M. Dworetzky, R. S. Farr, et al., “Editorial: American Academy of Allergy Statement on the Question of Allergy to Fluoride as Used in the Fluoridation of Community Water Supplies,” The Journal of Allergy 47, no. 6 (1971): 347–48.
41. G. L. Waldbott, A Struggle with Titans: Forces Behind Fluoridation (n. 17 above).
42. G. L. Waldbott et al., Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma, 287–88 (n. 16 above).
43. Royal College of Physicians of London, Fluoride, Teeth and Health, (Kent, UK: Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd., 1976), 64.
44. D. M. Myers, V. D. Plueckhahn, and A. L. G. Rees, Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Fluoridation of Victorian Water Supplies for 1979–80, no. 14, (Melbourne: F.D. Atkinson, Government Printer, 1980), 114.
45. National Health and Medical Research Council, Report of the Working Party on Fluorides in the Control of Dental Caries, as Adopted at 100th Session (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1985), 109.
46. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1991), 109.
47. World Health Organization, Appropriate Use of Fluoride for Human Health, page 87, Geneva, 1986, ISBN 92 4 154203 9. Note: This report is online in two parts. Page 87 is in the second part at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1986/9241542039_(part2).pdf The first part is athttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1986/9241542039_(part1).pdf
48. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, page 69, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/
49. Public Health Commission, Water Fluoridation in New Zealand. An Analysis and Monitoring Report, Wellington, New Zealand, July 1994, ISBN 0-478-08524-9.
50. National Research Council, Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993), 89, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904975X
51. M. Prival, “Fluoride and Human Health,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1972. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/allergy/prival-1972.html
52. D. R. Taves, “Claims of Harm from Fluoridation,” 299–300 (n. 9 above).
53. M. Prival, “Fluoride and Human Health” (n. 51 above).
54. D. R. Taves, “Claims of Harm from Fluoridation,” 299–300 (n. 9 above).
55. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation, 142 (n. 46 above).
56. P. Robertson, personal communication to Paul Connett, 2008.
57. Ibid.
58. M. Kuza and W. Kazimierczak, “On the Mechanism of Histamine Release from Sodium Fluoride-Activated Mouse Mast Cells,” Agents Actions 12, no. 3 (1982): 289–94.
59. P. E. Alm, “Sodium Fluoride Evoked Histamine Release from Mast Cells. A Study of Cyclic AMP Levels and Effects of Catecholamines,” Agents Actions 13, no. 2–3 (1983): 132–37.

Chapter 14: The 2006 National Research Council Report
1. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
2. Presentation by Joyce Donahue, PhD, toxicologist, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. EPA Office of Drinking Water, to National Academies’ National Research Council Committee: Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water [BEST-K-02-05-A], August 12, 2003,http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/nrc.aug.2003.epa.html
3. National Research Council, Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993), 89, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904975X
4. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 2 (n. 1 above).
5. American Dental Association, “Statement on Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards [the NRC 2006 report],” news release, March 22, 2006.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Statement on the 2006 National Research Council Report, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards,”
Division of Oral Health. Posted originally on March 28, 2006. Date last updated: August 24, 2009, http://www.cdc.gov/FLUORIDATION/safety/nrc_report.htm
7. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, reference no. EH41, Australian Government, December 27, 2007, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/eh41syn.htm
8. Bazian Ltd., “Critical Appraisal of ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s standards.’” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/sha.basian.nrc.feb09.pdf
9. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm
10. Y. Li, C. Liang, C. W. Slemenda, et al., “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16, no. 5 (2001): 932–39.
11. M. T. Alarcón-Herrera, I. R. Martín-Domínguez, R. Trejo-Vázquez, et al., “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico,” Fluoride 34, no. 2 (2001): 139–49, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-139.pdf
12. Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, L. Chen, et al., “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence,” Fluoride 36, no. 2 (2003): 84–94, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/362/files/FJ2003_v36_n2_p84-94.pdf
13. Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, M. Zhou, and H. Zang, “Blood Lead of Children in Wamiao-Xinhuai Intelligence Study” (letter), Fluoride 36, no. 3 (2003): 198–99, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/363/files/FJ2003_v36_n3_p198-199.pdf
14. J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity,” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98. Extended excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98–31–2/31291–95.htm
15. P. Connett and M. Connett. Invited presentation to the National Research Council of the National Academies committee reviewing the safety of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant level (MCL) for fluoride in drinking water, 2003. This PowerPoint presentation is athttp://www.fluoridealert.org/nrc-final.ppt and the paper supporting this presentation at http://www.fluoridealert.org/nrc-paper.pdf See table 2, page 9.
16. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
17. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation (n. 7 above).
18. Integrated Risk Information System on Fluorine (soluble fluoride) (CASRN 7782-41-4), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0053.htm
19. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 170–71 (n. 1 above), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030910128X&page=170 and http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030910128X&page=171
20. Ibid., 3, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030910128X&page=3
21. Ibid., 2, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=2
22. R. J. Carton, “Review of the 2006 National Research Council Report: Fluoride in Drinking Water,” Fluoride 39, no. 3 (2006): 163–72, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/393/files/FJ2006_v39_n3_p163-172.pdf
23. American Dental Association, “Statement on Fluoride in Drinking Water” (n. 5 above).
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Statement on the 2006 National Research Council Report, Fluoride in Drinking Water” (n. 6 above).
25. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation” (n. 7 above).
26. Bazian Ltd., “Critical Appraisal of ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water’” (n. 8 above).
27. Presentations by Barry Cockcroft, chief dental officer for England, at “Question Time on Fluoridation” held on October 20, November 18, and December 3, 2008. Organized by the South Central Strategic Health Authority Southampton, UK.
28. Bazian Ltd., “Critical Appraisal of ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water’” (n. 8 above).
29. J. Newton, “Water Fluoridation—The Scientific Evidence.” Report by Professor John Newton, Regional Director of Public Health, South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, February 20, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/sha.sc.evidence.feb09.pdf
30. Bazian Ltd., “Critical Appraisal of ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water’” (n. 8 above).
31. Integrated Risk Information System on Fluorine (soluble fluoride) (n. 18 above).
32. Y. Li et al., “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures” (n. 10 above).
33. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk, et al., “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 31, no. 6 (1985): 25–29. English translation athttp://www.fluoridealert.org/bachinskii.1985.pdf
34. K. M. Thiessen, “Water Fluoridation: Suggested Issues for Consideration,” December 13, 2006, http://www.fluoridealert.org/thiessen-statement.pdf
35. K. M. Thiessen, “Comments on: Prioritization of Chemicals for Carcinogen Identification Committee Review. Proposed Chemicals for Committee Consideration and Consultation. Proposition 65 Implementation, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency,” May 5, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/ca/thiessen-2009.pdf
36. K. M. Thiessen, “Water Fluoridation: Suggested Issues for Consideration” (n. 34 above).
37. K. M. Thiessen, “Comments on: Prioritization of Chemicals for Carcinogen Identification Committee Review” (n. 35 above).
38. K. M. Thiessen, “Water Fluoridation: Suggested Issues for Consideration” (n. 34 above).
39. E. B. Bassin, D. Wypij, R. B. Davis, and M. A. Mittleman, “Age-specific Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water and Osteosarcoma (United States),” Cancer Causes and Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 421–28.

Chapter 15: Fluoride and the Brain
1. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 27.
2. B. Spittle, “Psychopharmacology of Fluoride: A Review,” International Clinical Psychopharmacology 9, no. 2 (1994): 79–82.
3. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception, 23–24 (n. 1 above).
4. P. J. Mullenix, P. K. Denbesten, A. Schunior, and W. J. Kernan, “Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats,” Neurotoxicology and Teratology 17, no. 2 (1995): 169–77.
5. P. J. Mullenix, personal communication with Paul Connett, October 24, 1996.
6. H. C. Hodge and F. A. Smith, Fluorine Chemistry, vol. 4 (New York and London: Academic Press, 1965).
7. B. Spittle, “Psychopharmacology of Fluoride: A Review” (n. 2 above).
8. G. L. Waldbott, A. W. Burgstahler, and H. L. McKinney, Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma (Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1978).
9. X. S. Li, J. L. Zhi, and R.O. Gao, “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children,” Fluoride 28, no. 4 (1995): 189–92, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/li-1995.pdf
10. L. B. Zhao, G. H. Liang, D. N. Zhang, and X. R. Wu, “Effect of High-Fluoride Water Supply on Children’s Intelligence,” Fluoride 29, no. 4 (1996): 190–92, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/zhao-1996.pdf
11. P. J. Mullenix et al., “Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats” (n. 4 above).
12. G. M. Whitford, “The Metabolism and Toxicity of Fluoride,” in: Monographs in Oral Science, vol. 16, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Karger, 1996).
13. J. X. Zhai, Z. Y. Guo, C. L. Hu, et al., “Studies on Fluoride Concentration and Cholinesterase Activity in Rat Hippocampus” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 21, no. 2 (2003): 102–4.
14. I. Inkielewicz and J. Krechniak, “Fluoride Content in Soft Tissues and Urine of Rats Exposed to Sodium Fluoride in Drinking Water,” Fluoride 36, no. 4 (2003): 263–66, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/03-36-4/364-263.pdf
15. M. L. Vani and K. P. Reddy, “Effects of Fluoride Accumulation on Some Enzymes of Brain and Gastrocnemius Muscle of Mice,” Fluoride 33, no. 1 (2000): 17–26, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/331/files/FJ2000_v33_n1_p17-26.pdf
16. K. Chirumari and P. K. Reddy, “Dose-Dependent Effects of Fluoride on Neurochemical Milieu in the Hippocampus and Neocortex of Rat Brain,” Fluoride 40, no. 2 (2007): 101–10, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/402/files/FJ2007_v40_n2_p101-110.pdf
17. J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride or Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity,” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98. Excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/31291-95.htm
18. A. Lubkowska, D. Chlubek, A. Machoy-Mokrzyska, et al., “Concentrations of Fluorine, Aluminum and Magnesium in some Structures of the Central Nervous System of Rats Exposed to Aluminum and Fluorine in Drinking Water” (article in Polish), Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis 50, suppl. 1 (2004): 73–76.
19. Y. M. Shivarajashankara, A. R. Shivashankara, and P. G. Bhat, et al., “Histological Changes in the Brain of Young Fluoride-Intoxicated Rats,” Fluoride 35, no. 1 (2002): 12–21, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/351/files/FJ2002_v35_n1_p12-21.pdf
20. Letter from Gary M. Whitford, PhD, DMD, Medical College of Georgia, to David M. Apanian, PE, Centers for Disease Control, Division of Oral Health, Chamblee, GA, March 28, 1997. Letter begins, “As requested, I have reviewed the paper by Mullenix et al. (Neurotoxicology and Teratology 17: 169–177) and offer the following critique . . .”
21. P. J. Mullenix, “Central Nervous System Damage from Fluorides,” September 14, 1998, http://www.fluoridation.com/brain2.htm
22. R. M. M. Sawan, G. A. S. Leite, M. C. P. Saraiva, et al., “Fluoride Increases Lead Concentrations in Whole Blood and in Calcified Tissues from Lead-Exposed Rats,” Toxicology 271, no. 1–2 (2010): 21–26.
23. Z. Z. Guan, Y. N. Wang, K. Q. Xiao, et al., “Influence of Chronic Fluorosis on Membrane Lipids in Rat Brain,” Neurotoxicology and Teratology 20, no. 5 (1998): 537–42.
24. Q. Gao, Y. J. Liu, and Z. Z. Guan, “Decreased Learning and Memory Ability in Rats with Fluorosis: Increased Oxidative Stress and Reduced Cholinesterase Activity,” Fluoride 42, no. 4 (2009): 277–85, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/424/files/FJ2009_v42_n4_p277-285.pdf
25. Y. J. Liu, Q. Gao, C. X. Wu, and Z. Z. Guan, “Alterations of nAChRs and ERK1/2 in the Brains of Rats with Chronic Fluorosis and Their Connections with the Decreased Capacity of Learning and Memory,” Toxicology Letters 192, no. 3 (2010): 324–29.
26. J. X. Zhai et al., “Studies on Fluoride Concentration and Cholinesterase Activity in Rat Hippocampus” (n. 13 above).
27. I. Inkielewicz and J. Krechniak, “Fluoride Content in Soft Tissues and Urine of Rats Exposed to Sodium Fluoride in Drinking Water” (n. 14 above).
28. J. A. Varner et al., “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride or Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water” (n. 17 above).
29. M. Bhatnagar, P. Rao, J. Sushma, and R. Bhatnagar, “Neurotoxicity of Fluoride: Neurodegeneration in Hippocampus of Female Mice,” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 40, no. 5 (2002): 546–54.
30. Z. Zhang, X. Shen, and X. Xu, “Effects of Selenium on the Damage of Learning-Memory Ability of Mice Induced by Fluoride” (article in Chinese), Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 30, no. 3 (2001): 144-46.
31. G. B. van der Voet, O. Schijns, and F. A. de Wolff, “Fluoride Enhances the Effect of Aluminium Chloride on Interconnections Between Aggregates of Hippocampal Neurons,” Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 107, no. 1 (1999): 15–21.
32. A. R. Kay, R. Miles, and R. K. Wong, “Intracellular Fluoride Alters the Kinetic Properties of Calcium Currents Facilitating the Investigation of Synaptic Events in Hippocampal Neurons,” The Journal of Neuroscience 6, no. 10 (1986): 2915–20, http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/6/10/2915
33. Z. Zhang, X. Xu, X. Shen, and X. Xu, “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Synaptic Structure of Brain Areas Related to Learning-memory in Mice,” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 139–43 (originally published in 1999 in Journal of Hygiene Research [China]),http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p139-143.pdf
34. W. Zhu, J. Zhang, and Z. Zhang, “Effects of Fluoride on Synaptic Membrane Fluidity and PSD-95 Expression Level in Rat Hippocampus,” Biological Trace Element Research, March 2010 (in press).
35. M. Pereira, P. A. Dombrowski, E. M. Losso, et al., “Memory Impairment Induced by Sodium Fluoride Is Associated with Changes in Brain Monoamine Levels,” Neurotoxicity Research, December 2009 (in press).
36. M. Zhang, A. Wang, T. Xia, and P. He, “Effects of Fluoride on DNA Damage, S-phase Cell-cycle Arrest and the Expression of NF-KappaB in Primary Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons,” Toxicology Letters 179, no. 1 (2008): 1–5.
37. T. Xia, M. Zhang, W. H. He, et al., “Effects of Fluoride on Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules mRNA and Protein Expression Levels in Primary Rat Hippocampal Neurons” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 41, no. 6 (2007): 475–78.
38. M. Zhang, A. Wang, W. He, et al., “Effects of Fluoride on the Expression of NCAM, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis in Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons,” Toxicology 236, no. 3 (2007): 208–16.
39. R. L. Isaacson, J. A. Varner, and K. F. Jensen, “Toxin-Induced Blood Vessel Inclusions Caused by the Chronic Administration of Aluminum and Sodium Fluoride and Their Implications for Dementia,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 825 (1997): 152–66.
40. J. A. Varner et al., “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride or Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water” (n. 17 above).
41. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards, chapter 7 (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
42. Ibid., 222, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=222#
43. Ibid., 223, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=223
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 8, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=8
46. Ibid.
47. Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, L. Chen, et al., “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence,” Fluoride 36, no. 2 (2003): 84–94, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/362/files/FJ2003_v36_n2_p84-94.pdf
48. Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, M. Zhou, and H. Zang, “Blood Lead of Children in Wamiao-Xinhuai Intelligence Study” (letter), Fluoride 36, no. 3 (2003): 198–9, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/363/files/FJ2003_v36_n3_p198-199.pdf
49. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf -also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm
50. Q. Xiang et al., “Blood Lead of Children in Wamiao-Xinhuai Intelligence Study” (n. 48 above).
51. Q. Xiang et al., “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence” (n. 47 above).
52. H. F. Pollick, “Water Fluoridation and the Environment: Current Perspective in the United States,” International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health 10 (2004): 343–50.
53. P. Connett, “Scientific Evidence Fails to Support Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies” (letter), International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health 11 (2005): 215–16.
54. H. F. Pollick, “Scientific Evidence Continues to Support Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies” (letter), International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health 11 (2005): 322–26.
55. P. Connett, “Water Fluoridation—A Public Health Hazard” (letter), International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health 12 (2006): 88–90.
56. H. F. Pollick, “Concerns about Water Fluoridation, IQ, and Osteosarcoma Lack Credible Evidence” (letter), International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health 12 (2006): 91–94.
57. F. T. Shannon, D. M. Fergusson, and L. J. Horwood, “Exposure to Fluoridated Water Supplies and Child Behaviour,” New Zealand Medical Journal 99, no. 803 (1986): 416–18.
58. Y. Yu, W. Yang, Z. Dong, et al., “Neurotransmitter and Receptor Changes in the Brains of Fetuses from Areas of Endemic Fluorosis,” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 134–38 (originally
published in 1996 in Chinese Journal of Endemiology), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p134-138.pdf
59. L. Du, C. Wan, X. Cao, and J. Liu, “The Effect of Fluorine on the Developing Human Brain,” Fluoride 41, no. 4 (2008): 327–30 (originally published in 1992 in Chinese Journal of Pathology), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/414/files/FJ2008_v41_n4_p327-330.pdf
60. H. He, Z. Cheng, and W. Q. Liu, “Effects of Fluorine on the Human Fetus,” Fluoride 41, no. 4 (2008): 321–26 (originally published in 1989 in Chinese Journal of Control of Endemic Diseases), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/414/files/FJ2008_v41_n4_p321-326.pdf
61. L. Du et al., “The Effect of Fluorine on the Developing Human Brain” (n. 59 above).
62. Z. Guo, Y. He, and Q. Zhu, “Research on the Neurobehavioural Function of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Fluoride,” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 152–55 (originally published in 2001 in Industrial Health and Occupational Disease [China]),http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p152-155.pdf
63. J. Li , L. Yao, Q. L. Shao, and C. Y. Wu, “Effects of High Fluoride on Neonatal Neurobehavioral Development,” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 165–70 (originally published in 2004 in Chinese Journal of Endemiology), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p165-170.pdf
64. B. Spittle, “Psychopharmacology of Fluoride: A Review” (n. 2 above).
65. P. J. Mullenix et al., “Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats” (n. 4 above).
66. Z. Z. Guan et al., “Influence of Chronic Fluorosis on Membrane Lipids in Rat Brain” (n. 23 above).
67. X. S. Li et al., “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children” (n. 9 above).
68. L. B. Zhao et al., “Effect of High-Fluoride Water Supply on Children’s Intelligence” (n. 10 above).
69. Medical Research Council, Water Fluoridation and Health, Working Group Report, UK, September 2002, http://fluoridealert.org/re/mrc-2002.pdf
70. L. Morgan, E. Allred, M. Tavares, et al., “Investigation of the Possible Associations Between Fluorosis, Fluoride Exposure, and Childhood Behavior Problems,” Pediatric Dentistry 20, no. 4 (1998): 244–52.
71. F. T. Shannon et al., “Exposure to Fluoridated Water Supplies and Child Behaviour” (n. 57 above).
72. T. Schettler, J. Stein, F. Reich, et al., In Harm’s Way: Toxic Threats to Child Development. A report by the Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility, prepared for a joint project with Clean Water Fund, May 2000. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/brain/psr.html
73. P. J. Mullenix et al., “Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats” (n. 4 above).
74. X. L. Zhao and J. H. Wu, “Actions of Sodium Fluoride on Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Rats,” Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 11, no. 1 (1998): 1–6.
75. X. S. Li et al., “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children” (n. 9 above).
76. L. B. Zhao et al., “Effect of High-Fluoride Water Supply on Children’s Intelligence” (n. 10 above).
77. T. Schettler et al., In Harm’s Way, 92 (n. 72 above).
78. P. Grandjean and P. J. Landrigan, “Developmental Neurotoxicity of Industrial Chemicals,” The Lancet 368, no. 9553 (2006): 2167–78.
79. R. D. Masters and M. J. Coplan, “Water Treatment with Silicofluorides and Lead Toxicity,” International Journal of Environmental Studies 56, no. 4 (1999): 435–49.
80. R. D. Masters, M. J. Coplan, B. T. Hone, and J. E. Dykes, “Association of Silicofluoride Treated Water with Elevated Blood Lead,” Neurotoxicology 21, no. 6 (2000): 1091–99.
81. R. M. M. Sawan et al., “Fluoride Increases Lead Concentrations in Whole Blood and in Calcified Tissues from Lead-exposed Rats” (n. 22 above).
82. Bazian Ltd., “Independent Critical Appraisal of Selected Studies Reporting an Association between Fluoride in Drinking Water and IQ.” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/iq.bazian.feb09.pdf
83. Q. Xiang et al., “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence” (n. 47 above).
84. J. Newton, “Water Fluoridation—The Scientific Evidence.” Report by Professor John Newton, Regional Director of Public Health, South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, February 20, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/sha.sc.evidence.feb09.pdf

Chapter 16: Fluoride and the Endocrine System
1. Forum on Fluoridation (Dublin, Ireland: Stationery Office, 2002), http://fluoridealert.org/re/fluoridation.forum.2002.pdf
2. Medical Research Council, Water Fluoridation and Health, Working Group Report, UK, September 2002, http://fluoridealert.org/re/mrc-2002.pdf
3. J. Fawell, K. Bailey, J. Chilton, et al., Fluoride in Drinking-Water, World Health Organization (London and Seattle: IWA Publishing, 2006).
4. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, reference no. EH41, Australian Government, December 27, 2007, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/eh41syn.htm
5. Health Canada, “Findings and Recommendations of the Fluoride Expert Panel (January 2007),” April 2008, http://fluoridealert.org/re/canada.fluoride.expert.panel.2007.pdf
6. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), 266, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030910128X&page=266
7. E. Maumené, “Expérience pour Déterminer L’action des Florures sur L’économie Animale,” Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 39 (1854): 538.
8. Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children, “Thyroid History. History of the Fluoride/Iodine Antagonism,” http://www.bruha.com/pfpc/html/thyroid_history.html
9. D. G. Steyn, “Fluorine and Endemic Goitre,” South African Medical Journal 22, no. 16 (1948): 525–26.
10. D. G. Steyn et al., “Endemic Goitre in the Union of South Africa and Some Neighbouring Territories,” Union of South Africa, Department of Nutrition, 1955.
11. D. C. Wilson, “Fluorine in Aetiology of Endemic Goiter,” The Lancet 237, no. 6129 (1941): 211–12.
12. T. K. Day and P. R. Powell-Jackson, “Fluoride, Water Hardness, and Endemic Goiter,” The Lancet 1, no. 7761 (1972): 1135–38.
13. A. O. Obel, “Goitre and Fluorosis in Kenya,” East African Medical Journal 59, no. 6 (1982): 363–65.
14. V. K. Desai, D. M. Solanki, and R. K. Bansal, “Epidemiological Study of Goitre in Endemic Fluorosis District of Gujarat,” Fluoride 26, no. 3 (1993): 187–90.
15. P. L. Jooste, M. J. Weight, J. A. Kriek, and A. J. Louw, “Endemic Goitre in the Absence
of Iodine Deficiency in Schoolchildren of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, no. 1 (1999): 8–12.
16. H. Bürgi, L. Siebenhüner, and E. Miloni, “Fluorine and Thyroid Gland Function: A Review of the Literature,” Klinische Wochenschrift 62, no. 12 (1984): 564–69.
17. L. Goldemberg, “Action Physiologique des Fluorures,” Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales (Paris) 95 (1926): 1169.
18. L. Goldemberg, “Traitement de la Maladie de Basedow et de l’Hyperthyroidisme par le Fluor,” La Presse Médicale 102 (1930): 1751.
19. L. Goldemberg, “Comment Agiraient-ils Therapeutiquement les Fluoers dans le Goitre Exopthalmique et dans L’Hyperthyroidisme,” La Semana Médica 39 (1932): 1659.
20. W. May, “Antagonismus Zwischen Jod und Fluor im Organismus,” Klinische Wochenschrift 14 (1935): 790–92.
21. W. May, “Behandlung the Hyperthyreosen Einschliesslich des Schweren Genuinen Morbus Basedow mit Fluor,” Klinische Wochenschrift 16 (1937): 562–64.
22. W. Orlowski, “Sur la Valeur Therapeutique du Sang Animal du Bore et du Fluor dans la Maladie de Basedow,” La Presse Medicale 42 (1932): 836–37.
23. P. Galletti and G. Joyet, “Effect of Fluorine on Thyroidal Iodine Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 18, no. 10 (1958): 1102–10.
24. Ibid.
25. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, table 11, page 17, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/
26. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk, et al., “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 31, no. 6 (1985): 25–29. English translation athttp://www.fluoridealert.org/bachinskii.1985.pdf
27. N. D. Mikhailets, M. I. Balabolkin, V. A. Rakitin, and I. P. Danilov, “Thyroid Function During Prolonged Exposure to Fluorides” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 42, no. 1 (1996): 6–9.
28. Ibid.
29. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 263 (n. 6 above).
30. M. Li, G. Ma, S. C. Boyages, and C. J. Eastman, “Re-emergence of Iodine Deficiency in Australia,” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 10, no. 3 (2001): 200–203.
31. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf -also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm
32. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, chapter 8 (n. 6 above).
33. Ibid., 234, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=234
34. Ibid., 262, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=262
35. Ibid., 263, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=263
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Iodine Level, United States, 2000,” National Center for Health Statistics, 2002, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/iodine.htm
37. P. R. Larsen and T. F. Davies, in: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th ed., ed. Larsen et al., (Philadelphia: Saunders, 2002).
38. D. Fagin, “Second Thoughts on Fluoride,” Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/sc.am.jan.2008.html
39. M. J. Schneider, S. N. Fiering, S. E. Pallud, et al., “Targeted Disruption of the Type 2 Selenodeiodinase Gene (DIO2) Results in a Phenotype of Pituitary Resistance to T4,” Molecular Endocrinology 15, no. 12 (2001): 2137–48.
40. F. F. Lin et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang” (n. 31 above).
41. A. K. Susheela, M. Bhatnagar, K. Vig, and N. K. Mondal, “Excess Fluoride Ingestion and Thyroid Hormone Derangements in Children Living in Delhi, India,” Fluoride 38, no. 2 (2005): 98–108, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/382/files/38298-108.pdf
42. D. L. St. Germain, V. A. Galton, and A. Hernandez, “Minireview: Defining the Roles of the Iodothyronine Deiodinases: Current Concepts and Challenges,” Endocrinology 150, no. 3 (2009): 1097–107.
43. C. Clinch, “Fluoride Interactions with Iodine and Iodide: Implications for Breast Health,” Fluoride 42, no. 2 (2009): 75–87, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/422/files/FJ2009_v42_n2_p075-087.pdf
44. N. D. Mikhailets et al., “Thyroid Function During Prolonged Exposure to Fluorides” (n. 27 above).
45. S. Tezelman, A. E. Siperstein, Q. Y. Duh, et al., “Desensitization of Adenylate Cyclase in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Transfected with Human Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor,” Endocrinology 134, no. 3 (1994): 1561–69.
46. “British Fluoridation Society Statement (January 2006) on the Absence of an Association between Water Fluoridation and Thyroid Disorders,” available online as of May 2, 2010, http://www.bfsweb.org/facts/sof_effects/statementofflo.htm
47. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf )
48. World Health Organization, Fluorides, Environmental Health Criteria 227, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002, http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm
49. Royal College of Physicians of London, Fluoride, Teeth and Health (Kent, UK: Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd., 1976).
50. American Dental Association, “Fluoridation Facts,” page 34, an update commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, https://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf
51. N. C. Leone, E. C. Leatherwood, I. M. Petrie, and L. Lieberman, “Effect of Fluoride on Thyroid Gland: Clinical Study,” Journal of the American Dental Association 69 (1964): 179–80.
52. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 236 (n. 6 above).
53. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland,” PhD thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 1997. Thesis online, with permission of author, at http://fluoridealert.org/luke-1997.pdf
54. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland,” Caries Research 35, no. 2 (2001): 125–28.
55. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland” (n. 53 above).
56. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 264 (n. 6 above).
57. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years,” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
58. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 260 (n. 6 above).

Chapter 17: Fluoride and Bone
1. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 22 (1963): 111–17, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=784060&jid=PNS&volumeId=22&issueId=01&aid=784052
2. J. Caffey, “On Fibrous Defects in Cortical Walls: Their Radiological Appearance, Structure, Prevalence, Natural Course, and Diagnostic Significance,” in Advances in Pediatrics, ed. S. Z. Levin, (New York: Interscience, 1955).
3. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years,” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
4. M. T. Alarcón-Herrera, I. R. Martín-Domínguez, R. Trejo-Vázquez, et al., “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico,” Fluoride 34, no. 2 (2001): 139–49, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-139.pdf
5. K. E. Heller, S. A. Eklund, and B. A. Burt, “Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 57, no. 3 (1997): 136–43.
6. E. D. Beltrán-Aguilar, B. F. Gooch, A. Kingman, et al., “Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis—United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2002,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54, no. 3 (August 26, 2005): 1–44,http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm
7. A. Singh, S. S. Jolly, B. C. Bansal, and C. C. Mathur, “Endemic Fluorosis: Epidemiological, Clinical and Biochemical Study of Chronic Fluoride Intoxication in Punjab (India),” Medicine 42 (1963): 229–46.
8. J. Franke, F. Rath, H. Runge, et al., “Industrial Fluorosis,” Fluoride 8, no. 2 (1975): 61–83, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/franke-1975.pdf
9. S. P. S. Teotia, M. Teotia, and N. P. S. Teotia, “Symposium on the Non-Skeletal Phase of Chronic Fluorosis: The Joints,” Fluoride 9, no. 1 (1976): 19–24, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/teotia-1976.pdf
10. B. W. Carnow and S. A. Conibear, “Industrial Fluorosis,” Fluoride 14, no. 4 (1981): 172–81, http://fluoridealert.org/re/carnow.1981.pdf
11. E. Czerwinski, J. Nowak, D. Dabrowska, et al., “Bone and Joint Pathology in Fluoride-Exposed Workers,” Archives of Environmental Health 43, no. 5 (1988): 340–43.
12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/
13. B. Hileman, “Fluoridation of Water. Questions about Health Risks and Benefits Remain After More than 40 Years,” Chemical & Engineering News (August 1, 1988): 26–42.
14. American Medical News, “Arthritis Rates Increase,” January 21, 2008, http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2008/01/21/hlbf0121.htm
15. Ibid.
16. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006),
170–71, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=170 and http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=171
17. Ibid.,180.
18. P. Connett and M. Connett. Invited presentation to the National Research Council of the National Academies committee reviewing the safety of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant level (MCL) for fluoride in drinking water, 2003. This PowerPoint presentation is athttp://www.fluoridealert.org/nrc-final.ppt and the paper supporting this presentation at http://www.fluoridealert.org/nrc-paper.pdf -See table 2, page 9.
19. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides” (n. 1 above).
20. R. Gupta, A. N. Kumar, S. Bandhu, and S. Gupta, “Skeletal Fluorosis Mimicking Seronegative Arthritis,” Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 36, no. 2 (2007): 154–55.
21. J. E. Hallanger Johnson, A. E. Kearns, P. M. Doran, et al., “Fluoride-Related Bone Disease Associated with Habitual Tea Consumption,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 6 (2007): 719–24. Note: Erratum on dosage error in article text in: Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 8 (2007): 1017,http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/82/6/719.full
22. M. P. Whyte, W. G. Totty, V. T. Lim, and G. M. Whitford, “Skeletal Fluorosis from Instant Tea,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23, no. 5 (2008): 759–69.
23. M. J. Goldacre, S. E. Roberts, and D. Yeates, “Mortality after Admission to Hospital with Fractured Neck of Femur: Database Study,” British Medical Journal 325, no. 7369 (2002): 868–69.
24. R. A. Marotolli, L. F. Berkman, and L. M. Cooney, “Decline in Physical Function Following Hip Fracture,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 40 (1992): 861–66.
25. R. A. Marotolli, L. F. Berkman, L. Leo-Summers, and L. M. Cooney, “Predictors of Mortality and Institutionalisation after Hip Fracture: The New Haven EPESE Cohort,” American Journal of Public Health 84 (1994): 1807–12, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/84/11/1807
26. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 7, 179–180 (n. 16 above).
27. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
28. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, reference no. EH41, Australian Government, December 27, 2007, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/eh41syn.htm
29. Connett and Connett, invited presentation to the National Research Council, table 4, page 17 (n. 18 above).
30. Ibid.
31. Y. Li, C. Liang, C. W. Slemenda, et al., “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16, no. 5 (2001): 932–39.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. World Health Organization, Fluorides, Environmental Health Criteria 227, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002, http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm
35. J. Fawell, K. Bailey, J. Chilton, et al., Fluoride in Drinking-Water, World Health Organization (London and Seattle: IWA Publishing, 2006).
36. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, table 11, page 17, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/
37. Y. Li et al., “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures” (n. 31 above).
38. Ibid.
39. P. Kurttio, N. Gustavsson, T. Vartiainen, and J. Pekkanen, “Exposure to Natural Fluoride in Well Water and Hip Fracture: A Cohort Analysis in Finland,” American Journal of Epidemiology 150, no. 8 (1999): 817–24.
40. M. T. Alarcón-Herrera et al., “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico” (n. 4 above).
41. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 164 (n. 16 above), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=164
42. National Resource Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 10 (n. 16 above), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=10

Chapter 18: Fluoride and Osteosarcoma
1. National Research Council, Drinking Water and Health, National Academy of Sciences (Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1977), 388–89.
2. J. Caffey, “On Fibrous Defects in Cortical Walls: Their Radiological Appearance, Structure, Prevalence, Natural Course, and Diagnostic Significance,” in: Advances in Pediatrics, ed. S. Z. Levin (New York: Interscience, 1955).
3. T. Tsutsui, N. Suzuki, M. Ohmori, and H. Maizumi, “Cytotoxicity, Chromosome Aberrations and Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Cultured Human Diploid Fibroblasts Induced by Sodium Fluoride,” Mutation Research 139, no. 4 (1984): 193–98.
4. W. J. Caspary, B. Myhr, L. Bowers, et al., “Mutagenic Activity of Fluorides in Mouse Lymphoma Cells,” Mutation Research 187, no. 3 (1987): 165–80.
5. K. Kishi and T. Ishida, “Clastogenic Activity of Sodium Fluoride in Great Ape Cells,” Mutation Research 301, no. 3 (1993): 183–88.
6. M. Mihashi and T. Tsutsui, “Clastogenic Activity of Sodium Fluoride to Rat Vertebral Body-Derived Cells in Culture,” Mutation Research 368, no. 1 (1996): 7–13.
7. D. Q. Wu and Y. Wu, “Micronucleus and Sister Chromatid Exchange Frequency in Endemic Fluorosis,” Fluoride 28, no. 3 (1995): 125–27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/wu.1995.pdf
8. Z. Meng and B. Zhang, “Chromosomal Aberrations and Micronuclei in Lymphocytes of Workers at a Phosphate Fertilizer Factory,” Mutation Research 393, no. 3 (1997): 283–38.
9. S. Joseph and P. K. Gadhia, “Sister Chromatid Exchange Frequency and Chromosome Aberrations in Residents of Fluoride Endemic Regions of South Gujarat,” Fluoride 33, no. 4 (2000): 154–58, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/334/files/FJ2000_v33_n4_p154-158.pdf
10. K. H. Lau, J. R. Farley, T. K. Freeman, and D. J. Baylink, “A Proposed Mechanism of the Mitogenic Action of Fluoride on Bone Cells: Inhibition of the Activity of an Osteoblastic Acid Phosphatase,” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 38, no. 9 (1989): 858–68.
11. J. Caverzasio, G. Palmer, and J. P. Bonjour, “Fluoride: Mode of Action,” Bone 22, no. 6 (1998): 585–89.
12. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), 322, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=322
13. J. Yiamouyiannis and D. Burk, “Cancer from Our Drinking Water?” Congressional Record, proceedings and debates of the 94th Congress, First Session 121, no. 186 (December 16, 1975): H12731-34.
14. J. Yiamouyiannis and D. Burk, “Fluoridation and Cancer-Age-Dependence of Cancer Mortality Related to Artificial Fluoridation,” Fluoride 10, no. 3 (1977): 102–23.
15. R. N. Hoover, F. W. McKay, et al., “Fluoridated Drinking Water and Subsequent Cancer Incidence and Mortality,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 57 (1976): 757–68.
16. J. R. Graham, D. Burk, and P. Morin, “A Current Restatement and Continuing Reappraisal Concerning Demographic Variables in American Time-Trend Studies on Water Fluoridation and Human Cancer,” Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 61 (1987): 138–46.
17. J. R. Graham and P. J. Morin, “Highlights in North American Litigation During the Twentieth Century on Artificial Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies,” Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law 14, no. 2 (1999): 195–248.
18. P. J. Morin, J. R. Graham, and G. Parent, La Fluoration: Autopsie d’une Erreur Scientifique (Québec, Canada: Editions Berger, Eastman, 2005), chapters 6 and 7. Republished in English as Fluoridation: Autopsy of a Scientific Error, by the same publisher, in 2010.
19. S. Begley, “Don’t Drink the Water?” Newsweek, February 5, 1990.
20. National Toxicology Program, “NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Fluoride (CAS no. 7682-49-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 (Drinking Water Studies),” Technical Report 393, NIH publ. no. 91-2848, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1990.
21. J. Bucher, “Peer Review of Draft Technical Report of Long-Term Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies and Toxicity Study, Sodium Fluoride,” pages 30–31, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 26, 1990.
22. J. R. Bucher, M. R. Heitmancik, J. Toft, et al., “Results and Conclusions of the National Toxicology Program’s Rodent Carcinogenicity Studies with Sodium Fluoride,” International Journal of Cancer 48, no. 5 (1991): 733–37.
23. J. K. Maurer, M. C. Cheng, B. G. Boysen, and R. L. Anderson, “Two-Year Carcinogenicity Study of Sodium Fluoride in Rats,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 82, no. 13 (1990): 1118–26.
24. Food & Drug Administration, “Dose Determination and Carcinogenicity Studies of Sodium Fluoride in Crl:CD-1 Mice and Crl:CD (Sprague Dawley)BR Rats, June 28, 1990,” in: Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, pages D1–D7, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Memorandum from William L. Marcus, PhD, Senior Science Advisor, Criteria & Standards Division, ODW (WH-550D) to Alan B. Hais, Acting Director, Criteria & Standards Division, ODW (WH-550D), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1, 1990,http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/cancer/ntp/marcus-memo.html
28. H. Ettel, “Reich Orders EPA to Reinstate Scientist,” National Whistleblower Center, February 10, 1994, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/cancer/ntp/marcus3.html
29. Memorandum from William L. Marcus, Senior Science Advisor, Criteria & Standards Division, U.S. EPA Office of Drinking Water to Alan B. Hais (n. 27 above).
30. J. W. Hirzy testimony on behalf of the National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 280, before the Subcommittee on Wildlife, Fisheries and Drinking Water, U.S. Senate, Washington DC, June 29, 2000. Video of testimony, “EPA Union Calls for Moratorium on Water Fluoridation,” athttp://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8903910725020792574# , transcript of testimony at http://www.fluoridealert.org/testimony.htm
31. Amicus curiae brief of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters Union (Local 2050, National Federation of Federal Employees), in: Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency and Lee M. Thomas, Administrator. In the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 1986, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/epa/nrdc/union-brief1986.pdf -see also http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/epa/nrdc/index.html Note: The US EPA’s Union for Professionals in Washington, DC, is now called National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 280.
32. G. Lee, “Whistle-Blower Clears the Air,” Washington Post, March 1, 1994.
33. J. W. Hirzy, “Why EPA’s Headquarters Professionals’ Union Opposes Fluoridation,” National Treasury Employees Union, Chapter 280, May 1, 1999, http://www.fluoridealert.org/hp-epa.htm
34. National Research Council, Drinking Water and Health (n. 1 above).
35. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/
36. Ibid., appendix E.
37. Ibid., appendix F.
38. Ibid., appendix E.
39. Ibid., appendix F.
40. Ibid.
41. P. Connett, C. Neurath, and M. Connett, “Revisiting the Fluoride-Osteorsarcoma Connection in the Context of Elise Bassin’s Findings: Part I,” submission to the National Research Council, National Academies Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water, March 2, 2005,http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/cancer/fan-nrc.part1.pdf
42. P. Connett, C. Neurath, and M. Connett, “Revisiting the Fluoride-Osteosarcoma Connection in the Context of Elise Bassin’s Findings: Part II.” Submission to the National Research Council of the National Academies review panel on the Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water, March 21, 2005 (revised April 8, 2005), http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/cancer/fan-nrc.part2.pdf
43. P. Connett, M. Connett, and C. Neurath, “The Fluoride-Osteosarcoma Connection Revisited,” paper presented at the XXVIth conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, Wiesbaden, Germany, Fluoride 38, no. 3 (2005): 227, abstract 10 at http://fluoridealert.org/scher/connett-2005c.pdf
44. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, abstract, page i (n. 35 above).
45. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, appendix A and A-2 (n. 35 above).
46. S. M. McGuire, E. D. Vanable, M. H. McGuire, J. A. Buckwalter, and C. W. Douglass, “Is There a Link between Fluoridated Water and Osteosarcoma?” Journal of the American Dental Association 122, no. 4 (1991): 38–45.
47. Ibid., 39.
48. Ibid., 40.
49. Ibid., 44.
50. Ibid., 45.
51. P. D. Cohn, An Epidemiologic Report on Drinking Water and Fluoridation, New Jersey Department of Health, Environmental Health Service, November 8, 1992. Note: The original title of this report was A Brief Report on the Association of Drinking Water Fluoridation and the Incidence of Osteosarcoma Among Young Males. The word “osteosar coma” was deleted from the title soon after the report was released; http://fluoridealert.org/cohn-1992.pdf
52. Ibid., 11.
53. A. G. Glass and J. F. Fraumeni, “Epidemiology of Bone Cancer in Children,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 44, no. 1 (1970): 187–99, as cited by P. D. Cohn (n. 51 above).
54. L. S. Kaminsky, M. C. Mahoney, J. Leach, et al., “Fluoride Benefits and Risks of Exposure,” Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 1, no. 4 (1990): 261–81, as cited by P. D. Cohn (n. 51 above), http://cro.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/1/4/261
55. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks (n. 35 above), as cited by P. D. Cohn (n. 51 above).
56. S. E. Hrudey, C. L. Soskolne, J. Berkel, and S. Fincham, “Drinking Water Fluoridation and Osteosarcoma,” Canadian Journal of Public Health 81, no. 6 (1990): 415–16.
57. M. C. Mahoney, P. C. Nasca, W. S. Burnett, and J. M. Meius, “Bone Cancer Incidence Rates in New York State: Time Trends and Fluoridated Drinking Water,” American Journal of Public Health 81, no. 4 (1991): 475–79, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/81/4/475.pdf
58. S. C. Freni and D. W. Gaylor, “International Trends in the Incidence of Bone Cancer Are Not Related to Drinking Water Fluoridation,” Cancer 70, no. 3 (1992): 611–18.
59. K. H. Gelberg, E. F. Fitzgerald, S. Hwang, and R. Dubrow, “Fluoride Exposure and Childhood Osteosarcoma: A Case-Control Study,” American Journal of Public Health 85, no. 12 (1995): 1678–83, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/85/12/1678.pdf
60. M. E. Moss, M. S. Kanarek, H. A. Anderson, et al., “Osteosarcoma, Seasonality, and Environmental Factors in Wisconsin, 1979–1989,” Archives of Environmental Health 50, no. 3 (1995): 235–41.
61. P. Connett et al., “Revisiting the Fluoride-Osteorsarcoma Connection in the Context of Elise Bassin’s Findings: Part I” (n. 41 above).
62. P. Connett et al., “Revisiting the Fluoride-Osteosarcoma Connection in the Context of Elise Bassin’s Findings: Part II” (n. 42 above).
63. E. B. Bassin, “Association Between Fluoride in Drinking Water During Growth and Development and the Incidence of Osteosarcoma for Children and Adolescents,” DMSc thesis, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 2001.
64. P. D. Cohn, An Epidemiologic Report on Drinking Water and Fluoridation (n. 51 above).
65. E. B. Bassin, “Association Between Fluoride in Drinking Water During Growth and Devel opment and the Incidence of Osteosarcoma for Children and Adolescents” (n. 63 above).
66. S. M. McGuire et al., “Is There a Link Between Fluoridated Water and Osteosarcoma?” (n. 46 above).
67. S. Jones and K. Lennon, One in a Million. The Facts About Fluoridation, 2nd ed., published by the British Fluoridation Society, UK Public Health Association, British Dental Association, and the Faculty of Public Health, 2004, http://fluoridealert.org/re/uk.bfs.one-in-a-million.2004.pdf
68. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 12 above).
69. Report submitted in 2004 by Chester W. Douglass to the National Research Council of the National Academies Committee: Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water [BEST-K-02-05-A], http://www.fluoridealert.org/harvard/docs/final-report.pdf
70. S. Begley, “Fluoridation, Cancer: Did Researchers Ask the Right Question?” Wall Street Journal, July 22, 2005, page B1.
71. Harvard Medical School Office of Public Affairs, “Statement Concerning the Outcome of the Review into Allegations of Research Misconduct Involving Fluoride Research,” News Release, August 15, 2006, http://web.med.harvard.edu/sites/RELEASES/html/8_15Douglass.html
72. E. B. Bassin, D. Wypij, R. B. Davis, and M. A. Mittleman, “Age-specific Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water and Osteosarcoma (United States),” Cancer Causes and Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 421–28.
73. C. W. Douglass and K. Joshipura, “Caution Needed in Fluoride and Osteosarcoma Study” (letter), Cancer Causes & Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 481–82.
74. Ibid.
75. E. B. Bassin, “Association Between Fluoride in Drinking Water During Growth and Development and the Incidence of Ostosarcoma for Children and Adolescents” (n. 63 above).
76. E. B. Bassin et al., “Age-specific Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water and Osteosarcoma (United States)” (n. 72 above).
77. C. Neurath and P. Connett, “Current Epidemiological Research on Link between Fluoride and Osteosarcoma,” Fluoride 41, no. 3 (2008): 241–42 (abstracts from the XXVIIIth Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/413/files/FJ2008_v41_n3_p233-258.pdf
78. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, reference no. EH41, Australian Government, December 27, 2007, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/eh41syn.htm
79. South Central Strategic Health Authority, “Public Consultation on the Proposal for Water Fluoridation in Southampton and Parts of Southwest Hampshire,” September 2008, pages 18–19, http://fluoridealert.org/re/uk.sha.brochure.2008.pdf
80. Video of the presentation by Dr. Peter Cooney, Chief Dental Officer of Canada, on the case for fluoridation of drinking water in Dryden, Ontario, Canada, April 1, 2008, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4888471756915953833&hl=en
81. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, “Announcement of Chemicals Selected by OEHHA for Consideration for Listing by the Carcinogen Identification Committee and Request for Relevant Information on the Carcinogenic Hazards of These Chemicals,” California Environmental Protection Agency, October 15, 2009, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/CRNR_notices/state_listing/data_callin/sqe101509.html
82. C. Neurath and P. Connett, “Evidence Supporting Prioritizing Fluoride for Carcinogenicity Hazard Identification,” submission to the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment and Carcinogenicity Identification Committee, Prioritization of Chemicals for Carcinogen Identification Committee Review, California Environmental Protection Agency, May 5, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/neurath-2009.may5.pdf
83. Environmental Working Group, “Research on PFOA and Fluoride Carcinogenicity Supports Their High Priority Review for Proposition 65 Listing,” submission to the
California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Prioritization of Chemicals for Carcinogen Identification Committee Review, California Environmental Protection Agency, May 5, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/ca/ewg-may2009.pdf
84. K. M. Thiessen, “Comments on Prioritization of Chemicals for Carcinogen Identification Committee Review. Proposed Chemicals for Committee Consideration and Consultation. March 2009,” submission to: Proposition 65 Implementation, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, from Kathleen M. Thiessen, PhD, SENES Oak Ridge, Inc., Center for Risk Analysis, Oak Ridge, TN, May 5, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/ca/thiessen-2009.pdf
85. California Dental Association, “CDA Receives ADA State Public Affairs Program Grants,” executive bulletin from the desk of Executive Director Peter DuBois, January 12, 2010.
86. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, “Announcement of Chemicals Selected by OEHHA” (n. 81 above).

Chapter 19: Fluoride and the Kidneys and Other Health Issues
1. C. F. Hongslo, J. K. Hongslo, and R. I. Holland, “Fluoride Sensitivity of Cells from Different Organs,” Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 46, no. 1 (1980): 73–77.
2. J. Ekstrand, “Fluoride Intake,” in: Fluoride in Dentistry, 2nd ed., ed. O. Fejerskov, J. Ekstrand, and B. Burt (Denmark: Munksgaard, 1996), 40–52.
3. G. M. Whitford, “The Metabolism and Toxicity of Fluoride,” in: Monographs in Oral Science, vol. 16, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Karger, 1996).
4. R. I. Mazze, “Methoxyflurane Nephropathy,” Environmental Health Perspectives 15 (1976): 111–19, http://fluoridealert.org/re/mazze-1976.pdf
5. J. Marier and D. Rose, Environmental Fluoride, Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, NRCC no. 16081, National Research Council of Canada, 1977. A large part of this report can be found at http://www.fluoridealert.org/NRC-Fluoride.htm
6. M. Nuscheler, P. Conzen, D. Schwender, and K. Peter, “Fluoride-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Fact or Fiction?” (article in German), Der Anaesthesist 45, suppl. 1 (1996): S32–40.
7. S. Partanen, “Inhibition of Human Renal Acid Phosphatases by Nephrotoxic Micromolar Concentrations of Fluoride,” Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 54, no. 3 (2002): 231–37.
8. R. I. Mazze, “Fluorinated Anesthetic Nephrotoxicity: An Update,” Canadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal 31 (1984): S16–22.
9. J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride or Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity,” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98. Extended excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/31291-95.htm
10. C. M. McCay, W. F. Ramseyer, and C. A. Smith, “Effect of Sodium Fluoride Adminis tration on Body Changes in Old Rats,” Journal of Gerontology 12, no. 1 (1957): 14–19.
11. S. L. Manocha, H. Warner, and Z. L. Olkowski, “Cytochemical Response of Kidney, Liver and Nervous System to Fluoride Ions in Drinking Water,” Histochemical Journal 7, no. 4 (1975): 343–55.
12. J. L. Borke and G. M. Whitford, “Chronic Fluoride Ingestion Decreases 45Ca Uptake by Rat Kidney Membranes,” Journal of Nutrition 129 (1999): 1209–13, http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/129/6/1209
13. M. Ando, M. Tadano, S. Yamamoto, et al., “Health Effects of Fluoride Pollution Caused by Coal Burning,” Science of the Total Environment 271, no. 1–3 (2001): 107–16.
14. O. M. Derryberry, M. D. Bartholomew, and R. B. Fleming, “Fluoride Exposure and Worker Health. The Health Status of Workers in a Fertilizer Manufacturing Plant in Relation to Fluoride Exposure,” Archives of Environmental Health 6 (1963): 503–14.
15. S. P. Kumar and R. A. Harper, “Fluorosis in Aden,” British Journal of Radiology 36 (1963): 497–502.
16. O. Lantz, M. H. Jouvin, M. C. De Vernejoul, and P. Druet, “Fluoride-Induced Chronic Renal Failure,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases 10, no. 2 (1987): 136–39.
17. M. Reggabi, K. Khelfat, M. T. Aoul, et al., “Renal Function in Residents of an Endemic Fluorosis Area in Southern Algeria,” Fluoride 17, no. 1 (1984): 35–41, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/reggabi-1984.pdf
18. H. E. Shortt, G. R. McRobert, T. W. Barnard, and A. S. M. Nayar, “Endemic Fluorosis in the Madras Presidency,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 25, no. 2 (1937): 553–68.
19. A. H. Siddiqui, “Fluorosis in Nalgonda District, Hyderabad-Deccan,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 4953 (1955): 1408–13.
20. A. Singh, S. S. Jolly, B. C. Bansal, and C. C. Mathur, “Endemic Fluorosis: Epidemiological, Clinical and Biochemical Study of Chronic Fluoride Intoxication in Punjab (India),” Medicine 42 (1963): 229–46.
21. V. P. Singla, G. L. Garg, and S. S. Jolly, “The Kidneys,” Fluoride 9, no. 1 (1976): 33–35.
22. S. S. Jolly, O. P. Sharma, G. Garg, and R. Sharma, “Kidney Changes and Kidney Stones in Endemic Fluorosis,” Fluoride 13, no. 1 (1980): 10–16, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/jolly-1980.pdf
23. J. L. Liu, T. Xia, Y. Y. Yu, et al., “The Dose-Effect Relationship of Water Fluoride Levels and Renal Damage in Children” (article in Chinese), Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 34, no. 3 (2005): 287–88.
24. W. Johnson et al., “Fluoridation and Bone Disease in Renal Patients,” pages 275–93, in: Continuing Evaluation of the Use of Fluorides, ed. E. Johansen, D. R. Taves, and T. O. Olsen, AAAS Selected Symposium (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979).
25. L. I. Juncos and J. V. Donadio, “Renal Failure and Fluorosis,” Journal of the American Medical Association 222, no. 7 (1972): 783–85.
26. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), 280, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=280
27. Ibid., 281, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=281
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., 303, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=303
30. Ibid, chapters 6 and 9.
31. S. C. Freni, “Exposure to High Fluoride Concentrations in Drinking Water Is Associated with Decreased Birth Rates,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 42, no. 1 (1994): 109–21.
32. H. Long, Y. Jin, M. Lin, et al., “Fluoride Toxicity in the Male Reproductive System,” Fluoride 42, no. 4 (2009): 260–76, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/424/files/FJ2009_v42_n4_p260-276.pdf
33. E. Varol, S. Akcay, I. H. Ersoy, et al., “Impact of Chronic Fluorosis on Left Ventricular Diastolic and Global Functions,” The Science of the Total Environment 408, no. 11 (2010): 2295–98.
34. E. Varol, S. Akcay, I. H. Ersoy, et al., “Aortic Elasticity Is Impaired in Patients with Endemic Fluorosis,” Biological Trace Element Research 133, no. 2 (2010): 121–27.

Chapter 20: Margin of Safety
1. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, reference no. EH41, Australian Government, December 27, 2007, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/eh41syn.htm
2. Video of the presentation by Dr. Peter Cooney, Chief Dental Officer of Canada, on the case for fluoridation of drinking water in Dryden, Ontario, Canada, April 1, 2008, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4888471756915953833&hl=en
3. Presentations by Barry Cockcroft, Chief Dental Officer for England, at “Question Time on Fluoridation” held on October 20, November 18, and December 3, 2008. Organized by the South Central Strategic Health Authority Southampton, UK.
4. Bazian Ltd., “Critical Appraisal of ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s standards.’” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/sha.basian.nrc.feb09.pdf
5. American Dental Association, “Statement on Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards [the NRC 2006 report],” news release, March 22, 2006.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Statement on the 2006 National Research Council Report, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards,” Division of Oral Health. Posted originally on March 28, 2006. Date last updated: August 24, 2009,http://www.cdc.gov/FLUORIDATION/safety/nrc_report.htm
7. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
8. Ibid.
9. R. J. Carton, “Review of the 2006 National Research Council Report: Fluoride in Drinking Water,” Fluoride 39, no. 3 (2006): 163–72, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/393/files/FJ2006_v39_n3_p163-172.pdf
10. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 7 above).
11. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk, et al., “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 31, no. 6 (1985): 25–29, English translation athttp://www.fluoridealert.org/bachinskii.1985.pdf
12. Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, L. Chen, et al., “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence,” Fluoride 36, no. 2 (2003): 84–94, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/362/files/FJ2003_v36_n2_p84-94.pdf
13. Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, M. Zhou, and H. Zang, “Blood Lead of Children in Wamiao-Xinhuai Intelligence Study” (letter), Fluoride 36, no. 3 (2003): 198–99, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/363/files/FJ2003_v36_n3_p198-199.pdf
14. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf -also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm
15. P. Kurttio, N. Gustavsson, T. Vartiainen, and J. Pekkanen, “Exposure to Natural Fluoride in Well Water and Hip Fracture: A Cohort Analysis in Finland,” American Journal of Epidemiology 150, no. 8 (1999): 817–24.
16. Y. Li, C. Liang, C. W. Slemenda, et al., “Effect of Long-term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16, no. 5 (2001): 932–39.
17. B. C. Nesin, “A Water Supply Perspective of the Fluoridation Discussion,” Journal of the Maine Water Utilities Association 32 (1956): 33–47.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Fluoride. Final Rule,” Federal Register, 40 CM Part 104 [WH-FRL-2913-8(b)], November 14, 1985. Note: The MCL established on April 2, 1986 [51 FR 11396), finalizes regulations proposed in the Federal Register of May 14, 1985 (50 FR 20164)]; http://fluoridealert.org/scher/epa-1985.pdf
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004: First Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion: “Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion Addressing the Section 3 Registration of Sulfuryl Fluoride Post-Harvest Fumigation of Stored Cereal Grains, Dried Fruits and Tree Nuts and Pest Control in Grain Processing Facilities. PP# 1F6312.” This assessment is preceded by a memorandum from Michael Doherty, chemist, and Edwin Budd, toxicologist, Registration Action Branch 2, Health Effects Division (7509C), and Becky Daiss, envi ronmental health scientist, Reregistration Branch 4, Health Effects Division (7509C), Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC, January 20, 2004, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sf.jan.20.2004.epa.docket.pdf
20. Comments on reevaluating the fluoride in drinking water standard by Robert J. Carton, PhD, vice president, Local 2050 of the National Federation of Federal Employees, before the Drinking Water Committee of the Science Advisory Board of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA, November 1, 1991.
21. P. Galletti and G. Joyet, “Effect of Fluorine on Thyroidal Iodine Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 18, no. 10 (1958): 1102–10. Full study at http://www.slweb.org/galletti.html
22. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk, et al., “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (n. 11 above).
23. S. Bang, G. Boivin, J. C. Gerster, and C. A. Baud, “Distribution of Fluoride in Calcified Cartilage of a Fluoride-treated Osteoporotic Patient,” Bone 6, no. 4 (1985): 207–10.
24. B. S. Bhavsar, V. K. Desai, N. R. Mehta, R. T. Vashi, K. A. V. R. Krishnamachari, “Neighborhood Fluorosis in Western India Part II: Population Study,” Fluoride 18, no 2 (1985): 86–92.
25. B. W. Carnow and S. A. Conibear, “Industrial Fluorosis,” Fluoride 14, no. 4 (1981): 172–81, http://fluoridealert.org/re/carnow.1981.pdf
26. M. A. Boillat, J. Garcia and L. Velebit, “Radiological Criteria of Industrial Fluorosis,” Skeletal Radiology 5, no. 3 (1980): 161–65.
27. H. C. Hodge and F. A. Smith, “Occupational Fluoride Exposure,” Journal of Occupational Medicine 19, no. 1 (1977): 12–39.
28. E. Czerwinski and W. Lankosz, “Fluoride-induced Changes in 60 Retired Aluminum Workers,” Fluoride 10, no. 3 (1977): 125–36.
29. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 179 (n. 7 above).
30. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years,” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
31. Ibid.
32. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk, et al., “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (n. 11 above).
33. Ibid.
34. K. Baetcke, J. Blondell, W. Burnam, et al., “A Preliminary Evaluation of Articles Related to Fluoride Cited by the Fluoride Action Network (FAN) as Objections to the Sulfuryl Fluoride Pesticide Tolerance Rule,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Health Effects Division, November 18, 2003, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sf.nov.18.2003.epa.docket.pdf
35. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years,” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
36. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/
37. Ibid.
38. J. Franke, F. Rath, H. Runge, et al., “Industrial Fluorosis,” Fluoride 8, no. 2 (1975): 61–83, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/franke-1975.pdf
39. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 179 (n. 7 above).
40. C. G. Pandit, T. N. S. Raghavachari, D. S. Rao, and V. Krishnamurti, “Endemic Fluorosis in South India,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 28, no. 2 (1940): 533–58.
41. K. Roholm, Fluorine Intoxication: A Clinical-Hygienic Study, with a Review of the Literature and Some Experimental Investigations (Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag; London: H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd., 1937), http://www.scribd.com/doc/11757791/Fluorine-Intoxication-Kaj-Roholm-1937-Copenhagen
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004: First Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion (n. 19 above).
43. Presentation by Joyce Donahue, PhD, toxicologist, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. EPA Office of Drinking Water, to the National Research Council Committee: Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water [BEST-K-02-05-A], August 12, 2003,http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/nrc.aug.2003.epa..html
44. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 7 above).
45. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Dietary Reference Intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate, Food and Nutrition Board (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, February 2004), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925
46. Ibid., appendix E.
47. M. C. Kiritsy, S. M. Levy, J. J. Warren, et al., “Assessing Fluoride Concentrations of Juices and Juice-Flavored Drinks,” Journal of the American Dental Association 127, no. 7 (1996): 895–902.
48. J. R. Heilman, M. C. Kiritsy, S. M. Levy, and J. S. Wefel, “Assessing Fluoride Levels of Carbonated Soft Drinks,” Journal of the American Dental Association 130, no. 11 (1999): 1593–99.
49. J. G. Stannard, Y. S. Shim, M. Kritsineli, et al., “Fluoride Levels and Fluoride Contamination of Fruit Juices,” Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 16, no. 1 (1991): 38–40.
50. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “USDA National Fluoride Database of Selected Bever ages and Foods,” prepared by Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA; in collaboration with University of Minnesota, Nutrition Coordinating Center; University of Iowa, College of Dentistry; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Food Analysis Laboratory Control Center; National Agricultural Statistics Service, CSREES, USDA; and Food Composi tion Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 2004, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluoride.food.levels.2004.pdf
51. E. M. Bentley, R. P. Ellwood, and R. M. Davies, “Fluoride Ingestion from Toothpaste by Young Children,” British Dental Journal 186, no. 9 (1999): 460–62.
52. S. M. Levy and N. Guha-Chowdhury, “Total Fluoride Intake and Implications for Dietary Fluoride Supplementation,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 59, no. 4 (1999): 211–23.
53. N. J. Fein and F. L. Cerklewski, “Fluoride Content of Foods Made with Mechanically Separated Chicken,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, no. 9 (2001): 4284–86.
54. P. Pehrsson, R. Cutrufelli, K. Patterson, et al., “The Fluoride Content of Brewed and Microwave Brewed Black Teas,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2005, http://fluoridealert.org/re/pehrsson-2005.usda.pdf
55. M. P. Whyte, “Fluoride Levels in Bottled Teas,” The American Journal of Medicine 119, no. 2 (2006): 189–90.
56. M. P. Whyte, W. G. Totty, V. T. Lim, and G. M. Whitford, “Skeletal Fluorosis from Instant Tea,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23, no. 5 (2008): 759–69.
57. J. E. Hallanger Johnson, A. E. Kearns, P. M. Doran, et al., “Fluoride-Related Bone Disease Associated with Habitual Tea Consumption,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 6 (2007): 719–24. Note: Erratum on dosage error in article text in: Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 8 (2007): 1017,http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/82/6/719.full
58. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “USDA National Fluoride Database of Selected Beverages and Foods” (n. 39 above).
59. A. W. Burgstahler and M. A. Robinson, “Fluoride in California Wines and Raisins,” Fluoride 30, no. 3 (1997): 142–46, http://fluoridealert.org/re/burgstahler-1997.pdf
60. G. S. Ostrom, “Cryolite on Grapes/Fluoride in Wines—A Guide for Growers and Vintners to Determine Optimum Cryolite Applications on Grapevines,” CATI Viticulture and Enology Research Center, California State University, Fresno, published by the California Agricultural Technology Institute, CATI Publication #960601, June, 1996.
61. Amicus curiae brief of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters Union (Local 2050, National Federation of Federal Employees), in: Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency and Lee M. Thomas, Administrator. In the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 1986, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/epa/nrdc/union-brief1986.pdf -see also http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/epa/nrdc/index.html
62. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 7 above).
63. Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (Washington, DC: Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, 1997), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776
64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries,” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm -Note: The authors of this report were Scott
Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculum vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf
65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the United States,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50, no. RR14 (August 17, 2001): 1–42, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm
66. Letter coauthored by Bruce Alberts, president of the National Academy of Sciences, and Kenneth Shine, president of the Institute of Medicine, to Albert W. Burgstahler and others, November 20, 1998, http://www.fluoridation.com/fraud.htm
67. Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, 309 (n. 52 above).
68. Forum on Fluoridation (Dublin, Ireland: Stationery Office, 2002), page 110, http://fluoridealert.org/re/fluoridation.forum.2002.pdf
69. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004: First Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion (n. 19 above).
70. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005: Second Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion: “Draft. Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion Addressing the Section 3 Registration of Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation of Food Processing Facilities. PP# 3F6573,” Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, June 2, 2005, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sf.hra-june2.2005.pdf
71. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006: Third Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion: “Final. Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion Addressing the Section 3 Registration of Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation of Food Processing Facilities. PP# 3F6573,” Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, January 18, 2006, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sf.hra-jan18.2006.pdf
72. Ibid.
73. Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project, “Fluoride Residue Tolerances Approved for Food by US EPA as of July 15, 2005,” http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluoride.tols.july.2005.html

Chapter 21: The Precautionary Principle
1. J. Tickner and M. Coffin, “What Does the Precautionary Principle Mean for Evidence-Based Dentistry?” Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice 6, no. 1 (2006): 6–15.
2. C. Raffensperger and J. Tickner, Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999).
3. R. Bailey, “Precautionary Tale: The Latest Environmentalist Concept—The Precautionary Principle—Seeks to Stop Innovation Before It Happens. Very Bad Idea,” Reason Magazine, April 1999, http://reason.com/archives/1999/04/01/precautionary-tale
4. R. Bailey, “Are Chemicals Killing Us? Hit & Run,” Reason Magazine, May 21, 2009, http://reason.com/blog/2009/05/21/are-chemicals-killing-us
5. J. D. Graham, “The Perils of the Precautionary Principle: Lessons from the American and European Experience,” The Heritage Foundation, Policy and Research Analysis, January 15, 2004, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Regulation/hl818.cfm
6. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
7. J. Tickner and M. Coffin, “What Does the Precautionary Principle Mean for Evidence-Based Dentistry?” (n. 1 above).
8. Ibid.

Chapter 22: Weak and Inadequate Science
1. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1991), 142.
2. P. Mansfield, “The Distribution of Urinary Fluoride Concentration in the UK,” Fluoride 32, no. 1 (1999): 27–32.
3. Open Letter by Professor Trevor Sheldon, DSc, FMedSci, of the University of York, Department of Health Sciences, Heslington, York, UK, January 3, 2001, http://www.appgaf.org.uk/archive/archive_letter_shel/
4. D. Fagin, “Second Thoughts on Fluoride,” Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/sc.am.jan.2008.html
5. J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity,” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98. Extended excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/31291-95.htm
6. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings After Ten Years,” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
7. M. T. Alarcón-Herrera, I. R. Martín-Domínguez, R. Trejo-Vázquez, et al., “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico,” Fluoride 34, no. 2 (2001): 139–49, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-139.pdf
8. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland,” Caries Research 35, no. 2 (2001): 125–28.
9. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland,” PhD thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 1997. Thesis online, with permission of author, at http://fluoridealert.org/luke-1997.pdf
10. M. T. Alarcón-Herrera et al., “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico” (n. 7 above).
11. L. Morgan, E. Allred, M. Tavares, D. Bellinger, and H. Needleman, “Investigation of the Possible Associations between Fluorosis, Fluoride Exposure, and Childhood Behavior Problems,” Pediatric Dentistry 20, no. 4 (1998): 244–52.
12. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
13. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 -Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
14. Medical Research Council, Water Fluoridation and Health, Working Group Report, UK, September 2002, http://fluoridealert.org/re/mrc-2002.pdf
15. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease
Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf -also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm
16. X. S. Li , J. L. Zhi, and R. O. Gao, “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children,” Fluoride 28, no. 4 (1995): 189–92, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/li-1995.pdf
17. L. B. Zhao, G. H. Liang, D. N. Zhang, and X. R. Wu, “Effect of High-Fluoride Water Supply on Children’s Intelligence,” Fluoride 29, no. 4 (1996): 190–92, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/zhao-1996.pdf
18. Y. Lu, Z. R. Sun, L. N. Wu, et al., “Effect of High-Fluoride Water on Intelligence in Children,” Fluoride 33, no. 2 (2000): 74–78, http://fluoridealert.org/re/lu-2000.pdf
19. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland” (n. 8 above).
20. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland” (n. 9 above).
21. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 12 above).
22. Bazian Ltd., “Critical Appraisal of ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s standards.’” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/sha.basian.nrc.feb09.pdf
23. Bazian Ltd., “Independent Critical Appraisal of Selected Studies Reporting an Association between Fluoride in Drinking Water and IQ.” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/iq.bazian.feb09.pdf
24. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation (n. 1 above).
25. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland” (n. 8 above).
26. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland” (n. 9 above).
27. Y. Li, C. Liang, C. W. Slemenda, et al., “Effect of Long-term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16, no. 5 (2001): 932–39.
28. E. B. Bassin, D. Wypij, R. B. Davis, and M. A. Mittleman, “Age-specific Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water and Osteosarcoma (United States),” Cancer Causes and Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 421–28.
29. G. L. Waldbott, A. W. Burgstahler, and H. L. McKinney, Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma (Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1978).
30. W. Wagner and R. Steinzer (eds.), Rescuing Science from Politics: Regulation and the Distortion of Scientific Research (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
31. American Dental Association, “Fluoridation Facts,” an update commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, https://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf
32. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/
33. S. C. Freni, “Exposure to High Fluoride Concentrations in Drinking Water Is Associated with Decreased Birth Rates,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 42, no. 1 (1994): 109–21.
34. American Dental Association, Fluoridation Facts (n. 31 above). Reference 271 refers to Freni’s paper (n. 33 above).
35. P. Connett, personal communication with Stan Freni, 2004.
36. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 12 above).
37. American Dental Association, “Statement on Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards [the NRC 2006 report],” news release, March 22, 2006.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Statement on the 2006 National Research Council Report, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards,” Division of Oral Health. Posted originally on March 28, 2006. Date last updated: August 24, 2009,http://www.cdc.gov/FLUORIDATION/safety/nrc_report.htm
39. J. W. Knutson, “The Case for Water Fluoridation,” New England Journal of Medicine 246, no. 19 (1952): 737–43.
40. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides,” The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 22 (1963): 111–17, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=784060&jid=PNS&volumeId=22&issueId=01&aid=784052
41. Video of the presentation by Dr. Peter Cooney, Chief Dental Officer of Canada, on the case for fluoridation of drinking water in Dryden, Ontario, Canada, April 1, 2008, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4888471756915953833&hl=en

Chapter 23: Promoters' Strategies and Tactics
1. P. Connett, “50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation” (updated April 12, 2004). Reprinted in Medical Veritas 1:70–80, http://www.fluoridealert.org/50reasons.htm
2. American Dental Association, “Fluoridation Facts,” an update commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, https://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Ten Great Public Health Achievements: United States, 1900–1999,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 12 (April 2, 1999): 241–43, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries,” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm -Note: The authors of this report were Scott Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculum vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf
5. P. Connett and M. Connett, “The Emperor Has No Clothes: A Critique of the CDC’s Promotion of Fluoridation,” Waste Not, no. 468, September 2000 (revised October 3). Published by Work on Waste, USA, 82 Judson Street, Canton, NY 13617, http://www.fluoridealert.org/cdc.htm
6. National Research Council, Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904975X
7. American Dental Association, “White Paper on Fluoridation,” Council on Dental Health and Health Planning, 1979, http://fluoridealert.org/ada.white.paper.1979.html
8. Ibid., 13–14.
9. S. Barrett, “Fluoridation: Poison-mongers Delaying Health for Millions?” Journal of the American Dental Association 93, no. 5 (1976): 880, as cited in Scientific Knowledge in Controversy: The Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate, by Brian Martin (State University of New York, 1991).
10. M. W. Easley, “Community Fluoridation in America: The Unprincipled Opposition,” 1999, posted on Dental Watch as of March 21, 2010, http://www.dentalwatch.org/fl/opposition.pdf
11. Ibid.
12. P. Connett and E. Connett, “The Fluoridation of Drinking Water: A House of Cards Waiting to Fall. Part 1: The Science,” Waste Not, no. 373, November 1996. Published by Work on Waste USA, 82 Judson Street, Canton, NY 13617.
13. E-mail from Colleen Wulf of the Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Oral Health Services, to Councilor Elahu Goselin, Athens, Ohio, October 9, 2009.
14. Department of Human Services, “Water Fluoridation: Questions and Answers,” pamphlet distributed by the Department of Human Services, Melbourne, Australia, February, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/re/australia.2009.victoria.pamphlet.pdf
15. A. W. Burgstahler et al., “Citizens Are Being Misled. Opinion,” Sunraysia Daily (Australia), September 18, 2009.
16. American Dental Association, “White Paper on Fluoridation,” pages 10–11, Council on Dental Health and Health Planning, 1979, http://fluoridealert.org/ada.white.paper.1979.html
17. Video statement of Dr. Poul Erik Petersen, Chief, Oral Health Director for the World Health Organization’s Department of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion, to the attendees of a meeting celebrating the sixtieth anniversary of fluori dation, hosted by the American Dental Association and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control in Chicago, Illinois, July 2005, http://terrance.who.int/mediacentre/videos/Dr_Petersen.mpg
18. M. Diesendorf, “The Mystery of Declining Tooth Decay,” Nature 322, no. 6075 (1986): 125–29.
19. B. Hileman, “Fluoridation of Water. Questions About Health Risks and Benefits Remain after More Than 40 years,” Chemical & Engineering News, August 1, 1988.
20. D. Fagin, “Second Thoughts on Fluoride,” Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81; excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/sc.am.jan.2008.html
21. The journal Fluoride is published by the International Society for Fluoride Research. Back issues available at http://www.fluorideresearch.org/backissues.pdf
22. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2003), http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf
23. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
24. TOXNET is an online search site hosted by the U.S. Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
25. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 23 above).
26. Back copies of Dentistry Today can be viewed at http://www.dentistrytoday.com/ME2/Default.asp
27. J. Monahan, “Dental Health Remains Prime Goal,” The Telegram & Gazette (Worcester, Massachusetts), November 7, 2001.
28. M. Roosevelt, “Not in My Water Supply,” Time Magazine, October 17, 2005, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1118379-3,00.html
29. P. Forgey, “Pro-Fluoride Campaign Nets $151,623,” Juneau Empire (Alaska), September 30, 2007, http://juneauempire.com/stories/093007/loc_20070930051.shtml
30. W. Blackwell, “LDA Urges Louisiana to ‘Tap into a Healthier Smile!’” Louisiana Dental Association (LDA), undated (2007–2008). Note: Ward Blackwell is executive director of the LDA, http://www.ladental.org/cms/content/view/113/35/
31. See news items on fluoridation from Australia at Fluoride Action Network, http://www2.fluoridealert.org/Alert/Australia
32. W. Varney, Fluoride in Australia: A Case to Answer (Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, 1986).
33. W. Varney, “Troubled Waters, Little Transparency: Fluoridation in Australia,” April 2010, http://fluoridealert.org/varney.html
34. J. Meikle, “Fluoridation Scheme Could Go England-Wide,” The Guardian (London), February 27, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/feb/27/fluoridation-southampton-health
35. J. Reeve, “Daily Echo Backs Calls for a Referendum on Fluoride Issue,” Daily Echo (UK), June 27, 2009, http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/4462636.Daily_Echo_backs_calls_for_a_referendum_on_fluoride_issue/
36. Bazian Ltd., “Critical Appraisal of ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards.’” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/sha.basian.nrc.feb09.pdf
37. Bazian Ltd., “Independent Critical Appraisal of Selected Studies Reporting an Association between Fluoride in Drinking Water and IQ.” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/iq.bazian.feb09.pdf
38. J. Reeve, “Southampton Civic Bosses Call for Fluoride Referendum,” Daily Echo (UK), March 17, 2010, http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/5067065.Call_for_fluoride_referendum/
39. See news items on the fluoridation issue from England at Fluoride Action Network, http://www2.fluoridealert.org/Alert/United-Kingdom/England
40. R. Nadler-Olenick, “One for the Hall of Shame; Del Rio, Texas. Pt 1. Fluoride Follies,” 2006, http://blog.fluoridefreeaustin.com/2009/03/22/del-rio-texas-pt-i---one-for-the-hall-of-shame.aspx

Chapter 24: Self-Serving Governmental Reviews
1. R. A. Freeze and J. A. Lehr, The Fluoride Wars: How a Modest Public Health Measure Became America’s Longest-Running Political Melodrama (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2009).
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/
3. Forum on Fluoridation (Dublin, Ireland: Stationery Office, 2002), http://fluoridealert.org/re/fluoridation.forum.2002.pdf
4. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, reference no. EH41, Australian Government, December 27, 2007, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/eh41syn.htm
5. Health Canada, “Findings and Recommendations of the Fluoride Expert Panel (January 2007),” April 2008, http://fluoridealert.org/re/canada.fluoride.expert.panel.2007.pdf
6. Health Canada, Fluoride in Drinking Water. Document for public comment. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document. Prepared by the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water, September 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/canada.2009.report.pdf
7. Forum on Fluoridation (n. 3 above).
8. P. Connett, “50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation” (updated April 12, 2004). Reprinted in Medical Veritas 1:70–80, http://www.fluoridealert.org/50reasons.htm
9. Y. Li, C. Liang, C. W. Slemenda, et al., “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in
Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16, no. 5 (2001): 932–39.
10. A. Burgstahler, R. J. Carton, P. Connett, et al., “A Scientific Critique of the Fluoridation Forum Report, Ireland,” 2002, http://www.fluoridealert.org/irish.forum-critique.htm
11. Anonymous, “A critical appraisal of, and commentary on,‘50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation,’” posted May 5, 2005, on Ireland’s Department of Health Web site, http://www.dohc.ie/other_health_issues/dental_research/critical_fifty.pdf?direct=.
12. Letter from Paul Connett to John Moloney, TD, chairman, Oireachtas Joint Committee on Health & Children, Dublin, Ireland, in response to the critique of his “50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation” posted on Ireland’s Department of Health’s Web site, January 20, 2006,http://www.fluoridealert.org/50reasons.ireland.pdf
13. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation (n. 4 above).
14. M. McDonagh, P. Whiting, M. Bradley, et al., “A Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, The University of York, Report 18 (this report is commonly known as the York Review), http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
15. Open letter by Professor Trevor Sheldon, DSc, FMedSci, of the University of York, Department of Health Sciences, Heslington, York, UK, January 3, 2001, http://www.appgaf.org.uk/archive/archive_letter_shel
16. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
17. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, 15 (n. 4 above).
18. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 16 above).
19. C. W. Douglass and K. Joshipura, “Caution Needed in Fluoride and Osteosarcoma Study” (letter), Cancer Causes & Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 481–82.
20. B. Bassin, D. Wypij, R. B. Davis, and M. A. Mittleman, “Age-Specific Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water and Osteosarcoma (United States),” Cancer Causes and Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 421–28.
21. Letter from Anna Bligh, MP, Premier of Queensland (Australia), to constituent J Lewis, May 15, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/au.bligh.may15.2009.letter.html
22. Health Canada, “Findings and Recommendations of the Fluoride Expert Panel (January 2007)” (n. 5 above).
23. Health Canada, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 6 above).
24. M. Levy and F. Corbeil, Water Fluoridation: An Analysis of the Health Benefits and Risks, Scientific Advisory, Dévelopment des Individues et des Communautés, Institut National de Santé Publique, Québec, Canada, June 2007, http://fluoridealert.org/re/levy-2007.canada.pdf
25. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 16 above).
26. Health Canada, “Findings and Recommendations of the Fluoride Expert Panel (January 2007)” (n. 5 above).
27. C. W. Douglass and K. Joshipura, “Caution Needed in Fluoride and Osteosarcoma Study” (n. 19 above).
28. Health Canada, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 6 above).
29. World Health Organization, Fluorides, Environmental Health Criteria 227, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002, http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm
30. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2003), http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf
31. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 16 above).
32. “Dental Experts Defend Fluoride in Water; Activists Claim Link to Brain Damage,” Canadian Press, August 8, 2008.
33. “Experts Disagree on Fluoride in Drinking Water,” CTV-News (Canadian Television), August 7, 2008, http://www2.fluoridealert.org/Alert/Canada/Ontario/Experts-disagree-on-fluoride-in-drinking-water

Chapter 25: A Response to Pro-Fluoridation Claims
1. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), 33, 36, 40, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571
2. G. M. Whitford, “Fluoride in Dental Products: Safety Considerations,” Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 5 (1987): 1056–60.
3. Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, L. Chen, et al., “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence,” Fluoride 36, no. 2 (2003): 84–94, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/362/files/FJ2003_v36_n2_p84-94.pdf
4. Y. Li, C. Liang, C. W. Slemenda, et al., “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16, no. 5 (2001): 932–39.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Ten Great Public Health Achievements: United States, 1900–1999,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 12 (April 2, 1999): 241–43, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries,” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm -Note: The authors of this report were Scott Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculum vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf
7. S. O. Griffin, K. Jones, and S. L. Tomar, “An Economic Evaluation of Community Water Fluoridation,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 61, no. 2 (2001): 78–86.
8. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al., “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation,” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855 -Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf
9. Fluoride Action Network, “Professionals’ Statement Calling for an End to Fluoridation,” http://fluoridealert.org/professionals.statement.html
10. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk et al., “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 31, no. 6 (1985): 25–29. English translation athttp://www.fluoridealert.org/bachinskii.1985.pdf
11. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease
Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf -also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm
12. Y. Li et al., “Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures” (n. 4 above).
13. E. B. Bassin, D. Wypij, R. B. Davis, and M. A. Mittleman, “Age-specific Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water and Osteosarcoma (United States),” Cancer Causes and Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 421–28.
14. C. W. Douglass and K. Joshipura, “Caution Needed in Fluoride and Osteosarcoma Study” (letter), Cancer Causes & Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 481–82.
15. F. T. Shannon, D. M. Fergusson, and L. J. Horwood, “Exposure to Fluoridated Water Supplies and Child Behaviour,” New Zealand Medical Journal 99, no. 803 (1986): 416–18.
16. K. E. Heller, S. A. Eklund, and B. A. Burt, “Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 57, no. 3 (1997): 136–43.
17. E. Dincer, “Why Do I Have White Spots on My Front Teeth,” New York State Dental Journal 74, no. 1 (2008): 58–60, http://www.nysdental.org/img/current-pdf/JrnlJan2008.pdf
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Fluoridation Census 1992,” page iv, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Prevention Services, Division of Oral Health, Atlanta, Georgia, 1993, http://fluoridealert.org/cdc.f.census.1992.html
19. E. D. Beltrán-Aguilar, B. F. Gooch, A. Kingman, et al., “Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis—United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2002,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54, no. 3 (August 26, 2005): 1–44,http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm
20. K. E. Heller et al., “Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations” (n. 16 above).
21. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 177 (n. 1 above).
22. S. Barrett, “Fluoridation: Poison-mongers Delaying Health for Millions?” Journal of the American Dental Association 93, no. 55 (1976): 880, as cited by Brian Martin in Scientific Knowledge in Controversy: The Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate (State University of New York Press, 1991).
23. B. Sprague, M. Bernhardt, and S. Barrett, “Fluoridation: Don’t Let the Poisonmongers Scare You” (undated), online at QuackWatch, http://www.quackwatch.com/03HealthPromotion/fluoride.html
24. M. Crichton, “‘Aliens Cause Global Warming’. From a lecture delivered by the late Michael Crichton at the California Institute of Technology on Jan. 17, 2003,” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122603134258207975.html

Chapter 26: The Promoters' Motivations
1. B. Martin, Scientific Knowledge in Controversy: The Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate (State University of New York Press, 1991).
2. E. Groth, “The Fluoridation Controversy; Which Side is Science On?” A commentary in Scientific Knowledge in Controversy: The Social Dynamics of the Fluoridation Debate by Brian Martin (State University of New York Press, 1991), 169–92.
3. Ibid., 174–75.
4. B. Osmunson, personal communication with Paul Connett, 2008.
5. J. Colquhoun, “Education and Fluoridation in New Zealand: An Historical Study,” PhD diss., University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1987.
6. J. Colquhoun, “Why I Changed My Mind about Fluoridation,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 41 (1997): 29–44. Reprinted in Fluoride 31, no. 2 (1998): 103–18, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/312103.htm
7. T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (The University of Chicago Press, 1962).
8. B. C. Nesin, “A Water Supply Perspective of the Fluoridation Discussion,” Journal of the Maine Water Utilities Association 32 (1956): 33–47.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries,” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Ten Great Public Health Achievements: United States, 1900–1999,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 12 (April 2, 1999): 241–43, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
11. “Rethinking Fluoridation: EPA Headquarters Union Calls for Moratorium,” a video interview with Bill Hirzy, Ph.D., a risk assessment scientist for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Produced by Michael Connett for Grass Roots & Global Video, a project of the American Environmental Health Studies Project in association with Fluoride Action Network, May 2001.
12. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004).
13. M. Connett and P. Connett, “The Fluoride Deception: An Interview with Christopher Bryson” (video, 28:30 min.), 2004, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3949434744498031545&hl=en#
14. SourceWatch, “American Council on Science and Health,” The Center for Media and Democracy, http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Council_on_Science_and_Health
15. Ibid.
16. B. Moyers, “PR Strategies. Trade Secrets: A Moyers Report,” PBS-TV (Public Broadcasting Service), produced by Public Affairs Television, Inc., 2001, http://www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/evidence/secrecy_pop03.html and http://www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/transcript.html
17. “ACSH Considers Legal Action Against Attempts to Reclassify Fluoride,” Food Chemical News, April 30, 1990.
18. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment (New York: Devin-Adair, 1957).
19. G. Caldwell and P. E. Zanfagna, Fluoridation and Truth Decay (Massachusetts: Top-Ecol Press, 1974).
20. W. Varney, Fluoride in Australia: A Case to Answer (Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, 1986).
21. F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott, The American Fluoridation Experiment, 8 (n. 18 above).
22. W. Varney, Fluoride in Australia, 69 (n. 20 above).
23. T. Cambanis, “Dr. Frederick J. Stare, 91, Pioneer in Nutrition Studies,” Boston Globe (Massachusetts), April 6, 2002, page B7.
24. G. Caldwell and P. E. Zanfagna, Fluoridation and Truth Decay, 11 (n. 19 above).
25. W. Varney, Fluoride in Australia, 70 (n. 20 above).
26. Ibid.
27. G. Caldwell and P. E. Zanfagna, Fluoridation and Truth Decay, 10 (n. 19 above).
28. Ibid., 244.
29. D. S. Bernstein, D. M. Hegsted, C. D. Guri, and F. J. Stare, “Prevalence of Osteoporosis in High- and Low-fluoride Areas in North Dakota,” Journal of the American Medical Association 198, no. 5 (1966): 85–90.
30. H. E. Meema, “Fluorides and Osteoporosis” (letter), The Lancet, February 25, 1967.
31. E. Hedderberg, “Fluoride Is Called Helpful to the Elderly,” St. Petersburg Times (Florida), September 9, 1969.
32. “ACSH Considers Legal Action Against Attempts to Reclassify Fluoride” (n. 17 above).
33. Ibid.
34. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (n. 12 above).
35. Ibid., 209.
36. J. Barzun, Science: The Glorious Entertainment (New York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row, 1964), 71–72.

Review and Conclusion
1. J. A. Brunelle and J. P. Carlos, “Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U.S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation,” Journal of Dental Research 69 (1990): 723–27.
2. D. Fagin, “Second Thoughts on Fluoride,” Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/sc.am.jan.2008.html
3. “The Professionals’ Statement Calling for an End to Water Fluoridation,” Fluoride Action Network, http://fluoridealert.org/prof-statement.pdf
4. M. Tavares and V. Chomitz, “A Healthy Weight Intervention for Children in a Dental Setting,” Journal of the American Dental Association 140, no. 3 (2009): 313–16.

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Raised on a wildlife reserve in Alaska, 15-year-old Garrett was interested in the dietary habits of the farm animals. After the tragic death of his mother, Garrett's father decided to home-school his son and assigned a book written by Dr. Max Gerson that proposed a direct link between diet and a cure for cancer.

Fascinated, Garrett embarks in this documentary on a cross-country road trip to investigate The Gerson Therapy. He meets with scientists, doctors and cancer survivors who reveal how it is in the best interest of the multi-billion dollar medical industry to dismiss the notion of alternative and natural cures.

February 9th at 6:30 p.m.

Wautoma Public Library

We will be discusing this issue while

answering questions and concerns about

the city adding fluoride to our water.

Sponsored by The Health Advocates Society

The Health Advocates Society (www.TheHASnow.com)

Health Advocates Society to Discuss Fluoridation

The United States, Canada, the Europeans, Japan, most of Asia, and South America have already signed agreements pledging total harmonization of their laws including food and drug laws to these international standards in the future.

WHAT CODEX WILL BRING
What can we expect under Codex? To give you an idea, here are some important points:

Dietary supplements could not be sold for preventive (prophylactic) or therapeutic use.
Potencies would be limited to extremely low dosages. Only the drug companies and the big phytopharmaceutical companies would have the right to produce and sell the higher potency products (at inflated prices).
Prescriptions would be required for anything above the extremely low doses allowed (such as 35 mg. on niacin).
Common foods such as garlic and peppermint would be classified as drugs or a third category (neither food nor drugs) that only big pharmaceutical companies could regulate and sell. Any food with any therapeutic effect can be considered a drug, even benign everyday substances like water.
Codex regulations for dietary supplements would become binding (escape clauses would be eliminated).
All new dietary supplements would be banned unless they go through Codex testing and approval.
Genetically altered food would be sold worldwide without labeling.
According to John Hammell, a legislative advocate and the founder of International Advocates for Health Freedom (IAHF), here is what we have to look forward to:

"If Codex Alimentarius has its way, then herbs, vitamins, minerals, homeopathic remedies, amino acids and other natural remedies you have taken for granted most of your life will be gone. The name of the game for Codex Alimentarius is to shift all remedies into the prescription category so they can be controlled exclusively by the medical monopoly and its bosses, the major pharmaceutical firms. Predictably, this scenario has been denied by both the Canadian Health Food Association and the Health Protection Branch of Canada (HPB).

The Codex Alimentarius proposals already exist as law in Norway and Germany where the entire health food industry has literally been taken over by the drug companies. In these countries, vitamin C above 200 mg is illegal as is vitamin E above 45 IU, vitamin B1 over 2.4 mg and so on. Shering-Plough, the Norway pharmaceutical giant, now controls an Echinacea tincture, which is being sold there as an over the counter drug at grossly inflated prices. The same is true of ginkgo and many other herbs, and only one government controlled pharmacy has the right to import supplements as medicines which they can sell to health food stores,
convenience stores or pharmacies."

Source: http://www.natural-health-information-centre.com/codex-alimentarius.html

Born in Wongwritz, Germany in 1881, Max Gerson studied medicine at the University of Freiburg from 1899-1906. While a student, Max Gerson suffered from severe, debilitating migraine headaches that left him unable to function for days. With his professors of medicine unable to help him, Max Gerson set out to cure himself of his condition by making dramatic changes to his diet and adding specific natural supplements. He eliminated the heavily salted, processed, fatty foods and meat that were a major component of the standard German diet and replaced them with raw and cooked, unsalted, organic fruits and vegetables. Within a matter of weeks the migraines disappeared.

Now graduated, and practicing in Bielefeld, Germany, Dr. Gerson was successfully applying his "migraine" diet to his patients when one returned to him completely cured of his skin tuberculosis. This success caught the attention of world renowned thoracic surgeon, Ferdinand Sauerbruch and, together Gerson and Sauerbruch commenced a study of the diet on 460 terminal tuberculosis patients. Of the 460 patients treated on the Gerson therapy, 456 were completely cured making Gerson a household name throughout all of Europe.

With Hitler’s rise to power, Dr. Gerson (a German Jew) fled Germany while narrowly escaping his own death in the Holocaust. After briefly fleeing to France, Dr, Gerson eventually made his way to the United States where he set up practice on Park Avenue in Manhattan. Dr. Gerson lost all of his seven siblings in the Holocaust.

While practicing in Manhattan, Dr. Gerson was approached by a woman dying of stomach and gall bladder cancer. Having heard of his famous tuberculosis treatment, she implored him to apply it in her case but Dr. Gerson refused due to the enormous political pressure he knew he would eventually face from his colleagues....after continual pleas from the woman Dr. Gerson finally agreed to treat her in secret....and she, too, was cured. From that moment on Dr. Gerson admitted that he could no longer turn his face away from this deadly scourge of cancer and began to treat people given up to die by their medical doctors... many of which he also cured.

Rapidly, Gerson’s name began to spread and as a consequence, on July1-3 1946, he was called to testify before the United States Senate at a hearing for the Pepper- Neely Anticancer Bill which was designed to appropriate 100 million dollars in funding for anyone who could show promise in the realm of cancer treatment. Gerson presented five of his formerly "terminal" patients before the committee and the complete records of five more. So shocked were those in the room that renowned ABC news broadcaster, Raymond Gram Swing, present at the testimony, went on his national radio broadcast that night and announced to the entire nation that a cure for cancer had been discovered. Unfortunately the dark forces of medicine were also listening and from that point on Dr. Gerson became a marked and censured man and the Pepper-Neely Anticancer Bill (document # 8947 of the United States archives) was defeated by four senators who were medical doctors.

Over the next 13 years, Dr. Gerson would lose his membership privileges to the New York State Medical Society, be prohibited from publishing his work in peer-reviewed medical journals and, ultimately, murdered by a likely medical and pharmaceutical industry more interested in preserving vast pharmaceutical profits then curing a dying and suffering humanity.

Source: http://www.gersontreatment.com/history.html

1) Acne 2) Addictions 3) AIDS 4) Allergies 5) Anemias

6) Ankylosing Spondylitis 7) Arthritis 8 ) Asthma 9) Cancer

10) Candidiasis 11) Chemical sensitivities 12) Chronic Fatigue

13) Constipation 14) Crohns disease 15) Cushings Syndrome

16) Depression/Panic attacks 17) Diabetes 18) Emphysema

19) Endometriosis 20) Epilepsy 21) Fibromyalgia 22) Fibroids

23) Genital Herpes 24) Gout 25) Heart and Artery diseases

26) Hemorrhoids 27) Hepatitis 28) High Blood Pressure

29) Hyperactivity 30) Hypoglycemia/Hyperglycemia 31) Infertility

32) Intestinal Parasites 33) Kidney Disease 34) Liver Cirrhosis

35) Lyme Disease 36) Lupus Erythematosus 37) Migraines

38) Macular Degeneration 39) Mononucleosis 40) Multiple Sclerosis

41) Obesity 42) Ocular Histoplasmosis 43) Osteomyelitis

44) Osteoporosis 45) Phlebitis(Varicose Veins) 46) Psoriasis

47) Premenstrual Syndrome 48) Shingles 49) Stroke 50) Tuberculosis

51) Ulcerative Colitis

The two principle, underlying causes of disease are deficiency and toxicity. The modern world’s diet of overly-cooked, processed, boxed and canned foods (along with all the sugar, salt and fat in the standard diet) has left our bodies craving fresh organic nutrients found in raw fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, the abuse of artificial fertilizers and the irradiation of store-bought conventional produce have left raw fruits and vegetables devoid of their natural vitamin, mineral and enzymatic systems necessary to heal a sick body and maintain a healthy one.

In conjunction with deficiency, environmental pollutants ranging from pesticides on our foods, heavy metals, chlorine and fluoride in our water, to the constant burning of fossil fuels has overburdened our bodies with an abnormal amount of toxicity. Considering these two causative factors of disease, deficiency and toxicity, it is no mistake that the rates of cancer and other degenerative diseases have skyrocketed over the last century. In 1900, the incidence of cancer was 1:50. Today it is 1:2 in industrialized nations.

To combat these harsh realities, Dr. Gerson’s therapy bombards the body with a completely sodium-free diet consisting of twenty pounds of organic fruits and vegetables daily---mostly in the form of freshly-squeezed juices that flood the body with a mass array of vitamins, minerals and vital enzymes necessary for complete healing and restoration. Patients receive a cornucopia of fruits and vegetables throughout the day consisting of three freshly prepared meals and 13 juices daily.

In conjunction with the hyper-alimentation of organic fruits and vegetables, patients receive a wide variety of very specific natural supplements to enhance individual organ systems such as the thyroid, liver, pancreas, stomach and intestinal systems. These supplements, in conjunction with the specific, strict, vegetarian dietary regimen work to completely restore the body’s failing internal metabolism.....the basis of a properly functioning immune system able to fend off and destroy cancer and other degenerative diseases.

To address the issue of toxicity, Gerson came up with an ingenious solution; the coffee enema. Coffee, when taken rectally, stimulates the liver and bile ducts to open up and dump stored toxins into the intestines for elimination. More importantly, the palmitic acid in coffee stimulates the production of the glutathione-s-transferase enzyme system which is primarily responsible for the binding and elimination of free radical toxins out of your system.

When strictly adhered to, the Gerson therapy is a very thorough system of hyper- alimentation and detoxification that has nearly 100 years of proven success in treating and curing a vast majority of advanced(and non-advanced) degenerative diseases.

Excerpt: http://www.gersontreatment.com/diseases.html