Heart disease is not always about blocked arteries. It can also turn up as a condition called pericarditis which is an inflammation or swelling of the pericardium. The pericardium is the protective layer that surrounds the heart muscle. Pericarditis can be caused by a number of problems, not all of them heart related.

Causes of pericarditis

Yes, a heart attack could cause a condition like pericarditis; however it is more likely that an infection, drug use, cancer or even chest injury is the likely culprit. Autoimmune diseases such as scleroderma, AIDS, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis also can cause pericarditis. The most common infections that cause the disease include tuberculosis, bacteria and viral infections and even fungal infections.

Just under 20% of people with pericarditis got the disease as a result of heart attacks. There are even some people who develop the disease months later after a heart attack. Some drugs can also cause pericarditis such as phenytoin, a drug for epilepsy and hydralazine, a muscle relaxant for those with hypertension.

Cancer spreading throughout the body can reach the sac of the pericardium and cause pericarditis. Of course, there is still a small population that gets the disease and there is no traceable cause. When this occurs, doctors call it idiopathic pericarditis.

Symptoms and definitive diagnosis

Chest pain is the most common of all pericarditis symptoms. The pain can be quite sharp, especially with deep breathing or sudden movements. Fever is not uncommon as is shortness of breath or light wheezing. There are complications to pericarditis that can produce lung congestion, excessive pumping of the heart and even failure of some body organs.

Medical history is one of the ways that doctors get to a diagnosis of pericarditis. Performing an ECG or an echocardiogram is also an important part of pinpointing the disease. The good news is that in some cases, pericarditis can resolve itself within a few days to weeks. But complications can trigger life threatening symptoms that without proper and immediate treatment could result in death.

Some of the complications include the pericardial sac filling with fluid which prevents the heart from properly filling with blood to pump to the rest of the body. In addition, the pericardial sac could stay inflamed and even swell, sticking to the heart muscle and hinder its proper function. An MRI or CT scan may be required in cases like these to make a definitive diagnosis before treatment can begin.

Treatment of pericarditis

First of all, doctors must try and find the cause of the inflammation of the pericardial sac. If a cause can be pinpointed, the treatment can be tailored to fight that specific cause. Inflammation can be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs while pain is covered with analgesics. Sometimes, if the pericardial sac is filled with fluid, a tiny catheter is inserted to drain it and reduce the pressure on the heart. For more serious cases of pericarditis, surgery is the only option.

The bottom line is that pericarditis can be quite resolvable and treatable. As long as the cause can be easily identified, a treatment can easily be assessed.

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The history of radiography has its beginning in the 1985 when Professor Roentgen discovered the X-rays. On 8 November 1985, while working with the cathode rays in an evacuated gas bulb, professor roentgen accidentally discovered the X-rays. During his work, a barium platocynide screen was present in the evacuated gas bulb. When he passed current through the glass bulb, it displayed properties of fluoresce. He analyzed the reason for this and found out that some rays were making it glow. He started to work on these rays and gave them the name ‘X-rays’.

Then the second important event in the history of radiography is that, after some days i.e. on 28 December 1895, he presented his findings, before the W

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If you are like a majority of women, you have had premenstrual syndrome (PMS) at least once (but more than likely more) before or even during your menstrual cycle. Sometimes, the symptoms may be severe enough that you wonder if you should go to the doctor for them. However, some women will not go because they figure that all women have PMS and the symptoms are just something they have to suffer through. The fact is you do not have to suffer needlessly. You should contact a medical professional during these circumstances:

* When you feel your emotions are out of control such as having irrational thoughts, depression, panic attacks, anxiety and more.

* When those emotional problems linger into your menstrual bleeding period.

* When your efforts at home treatment such over the counter medications, heating pads and relaxation methods do not work well.

* When your life is disrupted due to PMS symptoms enough so that you miss work and social engagements.

If you are most women, you probably have varying degrees of PMS symptoms. One month may be aggravating, yet manageable, and the next you may not have any symptoms. Sometimes, your symptoms may be consistent for months. When PMS symptoms occur consistently, but are tolerable, over an extended period of time, home treatment options such as over the counter pain relievers, exercise and diet changes may be enough. A large percentage of women discover that the smallest changes in their lifestyle (diet, exercise, etc.) can make a huge impact on decreasing the severity of symptoms.

However, if you are one of the unlucky and your symptoms do not improve with self-treatment and your life is impacted, make an appointment with your personal physician. Try to make it at least three months out as they will want you to keep a diary of your menstrual cycle outlining symptoms and more. This diary will help them treat you and even diagnose PMDD which is a more severe form of PMS.

If you are just concerned about your PMS and menstrual cycle, keeping a diary is smart. This will give you a written visual of your symptoms and experiences and help you evaluate yourself as well. Here are some things you should keep track of in the diary:

* Log the dates of when the symptoms start and finish.

* List the symptoms, pain level or severity and the date in which they occur.

* Jot down the first day of your menstrual bleeding as well as the last.

* Write down the day that you believe you have ovulated (some well can tell when the mature egg is released because they experience a centralized pain right where the ovary is)

For many women, their primary doctor is their gynecologist. However, if you are seeing a family or general practitioner, most are versed enough in PMS to get you started with a treatment. However, if you have the more serious form of PMS called PMDD, they will likely refer you to a specialist like a gynecologist. When emotional or psychological symptoms occur with PMS, a dual visit with a psychiatrist or psychologist can help. When hormones run wild causing PMS or PMDD, it is not your fault.

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There are quite a few dementia diseases but when it comes to the elderly, the one that stands out as the most common of those categorized as dementia in nature is, Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Dementia is defined as being any medical condition that interrupts the way the brain normally works. The part of the brain that Alzheimer’s interrupts is that of thought control, language and memory. Scientists are constantly learning new things about how this interruption affects the elderly and other Alzheimer patients but for now, scientists and other researchers have not isolated the cause for Alzheimer’s Disease. This devastating disease affects approximately 4 million individuals who are suffering in just the United States. Typically the disease manifests itself at around age 65, which is why it is referred to as a disease of the elderly.

The population of elderly becomes more impacted as the population ages. By the time individuals are 85 or more, half of these individuals have AD. Unfortunately this statistics leads some to believe that AD is a normal part of aging, it is not. Alzheimer’s is a disease and is not a normal part of the human condition. AD is a disease like other diseases, in that there are ways to identify it, and new studies that are being conducted to find prevention and treatments for AD.

Scientists have been able to identify “hallmarks of AD” within the brain that are senile or neuritic plagues and neurofibrillary tangles. There have also been identified other changes within the brain in individuals with AD that are not present in those of the same age who do not have AD. Those with AD have a loss of nerve cells in certain areas of the brain that are essential to good memory and mental abilities. There are also lower levels of brain chemicals that are necessary to carry messages back and forth from nerve cells to the brain receptacles that process thoughts and memories. These characteristics of AD block messages in the brain, which results in the manifestation of memory loss, and abnormal thinking processes as well as language loss.

Elderly individuals may experience the following symptoms if they are suffering from AD:

A slow progression of any of the following - difficulty remembering names, activities they have participated in, events that have occurred that they were previously aware of, familiar people and cognitive skills like the ability to work familiar math problems. When these symptoms first appear they may irritate the individual but usually do not cause too much of an alarm. As the disease progresses, as it is known to do, the symptoms will become more obvious not only to the individual but also to those around him or her. They soon start to forget how to do daily care tasks like, “how to brush teeth”, or how to “take a bath, or shower”. They start to have difficulty speaking, reading, writing or understanding what is being said to them. This may create such confusion that they can even become anxious or aggressive, or become so confused or forgetful that they wander away from home and other familiar surroundings. This progression of symptoms leads to a request for a diagnosis by the individual or those who care about the individual.

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Once you have the diagnosis of premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) there will be a discussion between you and your doctor concerning how to best relieve your symptoms. There are several options of care including self-care at home; medical treatments including medications and alternative care methods. All of these options have had success with relieving PMS symptoms. You may decide to experiment around until you find what works for you, or you may settle on a combination from each of the options.

Self-Care at Home:

There are many home remedies to try that have been successful at relieving symptoms of PMS including making dietary changes to lessen the affects of bloating and water retention such as avoiding foods that contain salt, limiting the salt that you use as seasoning, avoiding candy and other sweets, avoiding sodas especially the sugary ones. Vitamin and mineral supplements have been shown to be helpful in reducing several symptoms of PMS including taking Vitamin E (300 - 400 IU) per day, taking calcium (1,200 mg) per day, and magnesium (200 mg per day) taken along with Vitamin B6 (50 mg) to reduce anxiety. You can also eat sources of Vitamin B6 in foods such as dark green leafy vegetables, seafood such as oysters, meats, legumes, nuts, and whole grains.

Exercise has also proven to be beneficial to relax taut muscles and also to improve mood.

Muscle relaxation techniques and massage therapy can also be beneficial.

Chamomile tea, a soak in a warm tub and a heating pad can also do wonders. Just be careful not to use high heat and do not fall asleep with the heating pad on. It is also important not to use Ben Gay muscle rub along with a heating pad.

Medical Treatments:

Your doctor may prescribe medications to bring relief such as anti-inflammatory can be used to reduce the amount of prostaglandins in the woman’s body which will reduce the symptoms that have to do with inflammatory reactions such as the PMS symptoms cramping, breast pain and tenderness, headache, and swelling. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be recommended and the new type of NSAID the Cox-2 inhibitors that need a prescription in order to use them. These Cox-2 inhibitors are known to not be as risky for stomach discomfort or for stomach ulcers like the NSAIDs have. The Cox-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib (Vioxx) was voluntarily withdrawn from the market because of its association with an increased rate of cardiovascular events including heart attacks and strokes. There is always a risk of potentially dangerous side effects when using any drug.

Other medications that may be prescribed are hormones such as Synarel and Lupron, or Danazol, anti-anxiety drugs such as Benzodiazepines and Xanax. Benzodiazepines can be addictive so discuss the use of this drug carefully with your doctor before beginning to use this treatment. Anti-anxiety and antidepressants are also used in the treatment of PMS as well as diuretics.

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In some parts of the United States the use of Calcium to reduce belly fat is being called a magic formula. New studies from the University of Tennessee indicates that calcium filled diets, with no change in other food intakes, can reduce belly fat by up to two point eight times. The focus of the Tennessee diet was on a 1200 mg a day Calcium with no other changes. There was no change in eating, no change in exercise, and no change in daily eating habits. Without any modification at all except for an increase of Calcium, people in the study saw a reduction in jean sizes and the shrinkage of belly fat.

It used to be a fun topic of conversation to take a piece of raw meat, place it in a glass, pour Coke into it and watch the acid of the Coke eat away at the meat. Science teachers across America used the example of Coke eating raw meat to show young people the effects that too much soda would have on stomachs. In much the same manner, Calcium attacks fat cells. While you won’t see the dramatic fizzle given by Coke, the University of Tennessee reports that fat in a test tube has no chance against Calcium. The Calcium starts to break down the fat cells almost immediately, but more importantly it targets the type of fat known to reside in the belly area.

Fortunately, fat found in the belly area is different then fat found in the hips, arms, legs, and other areas. Belly fat is usually the first fat attacked once Calcium is introduced into the body system in large quantities. The results are astonishing. Calcium focuses on the belly fat, breaks it down, sends it through the body and out as waste. The amazing part of the University of Tennessee’s study is that nothing else was changed. Most physicians are recommending a Calcium rich diet of between 1200 mg a day to 1300 mg a day. This doesn’t mean you’ll be at the table all day drinking milk; fortunately there are dozens of manufactures making Calcium pills. The average consumer will not take in 1200 mg of Calcium a day without the substitute of Calcium pills. The challenge is simple, start on Friday with 1200 to 1300 mg of calcium and continue through Monday and at the end of the weekend see if the jean size has shrunk. Pay close attention to the amount of Calcium in each pill as most have around 650 mg per pill, so two pills should bring the body up to the recommended 1300 mg. It likely wouldn’t hurt to avoid the cheeseburgers over the weekend also, but the University of Tennessee indicates there was no change in diet, so maybe one cheeseburger won’t hurt after all.

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“Body fat”- In today’s times the body fat problem is on the rise with each passing day. Look around you, you’ll find couch potatoes, workaholics, housewives and children trying new methods to shed off the fat, which has accumulated in their body. Why has this problem cropped up? Well for starters it’s the easy way of life that the electronic appliances have provided us with, which makes physical exercise almost null. And yet, people have not stopped consuming fatty foodstuffs, which in turn aggravates the issue more. Since, what you eat does not get used up, it stores in your body in form of fat. So now you are in need of a way to help you trim down. Here are some pointers, which will go a long way if you practice them sincerely.

Burning off body fat simply connotes using up more calories than you take in. And the best way to do that is either reduce calorie intake or start escalating your every day activity intensity. To achieve both these it would be obligatory to go in for exercise and a balanced diet. Mind you by balanced diet I do not suggest starving yourself. If you do that, you’ll surely reduce but when you go back to your regular food the calories will pop up again instantly. That happens because your body gets used to low level of food and goes into a survival mode slowing itself down for a possible famine and your body will refuse to burn any calories incase you will not feed it for sometime. Then a sudden increase in the diet will cause fat levels to soar sky-high. This, will only double your load.

Once your body has been conditioned for the role of an efficient fat burner, you can very well go ahead and cut the cake and have it too! By exercising habitually, the muscle density amplifies. This makes burning calories easier and much more resourceful for a quick weight loss. Even if you cannot gather the time to visit a gym, no hassles! There are home practice methods, which will be of assistance in accomplishing your aim. The first on the list is Walking-long and fast walks are the first step towards burning the excess fat in the body. But to rely only on walking is not advisable. You will have to club walking with running, cardio exercises or even dancing. Try it out and you’ll see the difference in you.

2. Gain Muscle.

Awed with the shape and body of your favorite action heroes and heroines, with the curves of their body? Wouldn’t you like to gain some muscle yourself? While there are scores of people who are troubled on the issue of losing weight, there are others who want to gain it!! The feeling you get when you take a glimpse of yourself in the mirror, or when you happen to spot a very lean and skinny person walking by; the eternal question that pops up in your mind - “Am I that skinny?” Maybe some might feel jealous of you for the fact that you are so thin, but you get frustrated for the inability to gain weight. The perpetrator here is your metabolism, which is definitely on the higher side as compared to a normal person’s. And this metabolism is a genetic composure. But that does not mean you cannot alter it. Try a hand at these tips and you’ll have a fair routine to follow to gain a few pounds to get those right curves at the right places.

Advice

To gain you need to eat more calories than you burn. Here’s a list, which you can keep adding to your daily foods to increase your calorie intake on a daily basis:

* Prefer calorie-rich foods like bagels, granola, avocados, olives, biscuits, corn, nuts, peanut butter, milk, meat, yogurt and cheese.

* Append superfluous calories to your banquet by using milk as a substitute for water for soups, sauces and hot cereals.

* Snack on yogurt, crackers, shakes, and dip.

Once you have the calories just where you want them, you need to advance to the next level. And that is lifting weights. This increases muscle and reduces the fat you had consumed to increase the calorie in your body. So this will guarantee you will not go to the other extreme of skinny state i.e. obesity. When you start weight lifting make sure you do so under a trainer only. This is because if you venture on this alone, you might end up fracturing body parts or tearing your ligaments. The exercise schedule should have longer recovery periods in between them. Once you commence on weight lifting make sure that your diet does not come down. So all those who want to gain muscle just stop cribbing and start eating.

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Spider veins aren’t pretty. Although this is not life threatening, it is hard to walk around when people see this on your legs. To help you fight it, here are a few special vein treatments you can practice on your own.

First, exercise regularly. Although this activity may not prevent spider veins from appearing, working out lessens the risk of problems in blood circulation. This is because working muscles in the lower limbs contract thus pushing blood through the veins and back to the heart.

Just about any exercise will do. You can walk, ride a bike, run, jog, lift some weights or use the stairs instead of riding the elevator while at work.

If you exercise regularly, naturally you will lose weight. You have to remember that people who are overweight can’t pump blood from their lower limbs to their heart. Also, their blood vessels carry more blood than those who are thinner so there is a strain on the veins.

Sweating is not enough to reduce the risk of spider veins because all the hard work is for nothing if you don’t also maintain a balanced diet. Since collagen is part of the tissue in the veins and valves, it is only right that you eat food rich in protein and vitamin C. To have a balanced diet, mix this up with fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

You should not sit or stand too long in one place because this disrupts the flow of blood down your veins. Whenever possible, get up to stretch your legs or sit down to let them relax. You can also shift the weight of one leg to the other if you are standing.

When you get home, prop your legs because this helps the blood move from your feet and ankles back to your heart. Doctors have been telling people to do this for centuries but we rarely do it. Now that you know, find time to do so.

Instead of sitting down, you can also prop your legs by putting three or four pillows under them when you are lying down on your bed. Stay in this position for about ten minutes to an hour and you will feel better after.

Women should wear compression stockings regularly. This come in various strengths so first check with your doctor which one you should buy from the store. If a stronger one is needed, this will have to be prescribed by your doctor.

You can also try wearing spandex pants that are made from elastic material. Be sure that it is not too tight especially in the groin or waist as this can cut into your skin and limit circulation.

There is a product around that can cover up the spider veins whenever you have to go to a party or head down to the beach. The cream is available in a variety of shades and applied by hand so it can blend with your skin.

Spider vein treatment on your own won’t make them disappear and following what was mentioned here won’t prevent it from happening if it runs in your family or as you age. What they can do is help you hide it so you don’t feel embarrassed showing your legs in public until you consider taking either sclerotherapy or therapy to get rid of it.

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The field of speech and language therapy is somewhat a vague body of knowledge that only a few people understand. What most people don’t know is that there is a difference between speech therapy as a whole and language therapy. Although the term ’speech and language’ therapy is widely used, since speech and language problems coexist most of the time.

Differentiating Speech And Language Therapy

The truth of the matter is, that speech therapy and language therapy differ in some key areas. First off, they differ on the problems that they are targeting. The techniques and activities used during therapy are also different. Although there are times that these activities are done simultaneously, to target two problems at a time.

Speech Therapy

Speech therapy is done to treat speech problems. Such speech problems deal with how or the manner a person speaks. These speech problems are categorized into three general kinds. First, is voice or resonation disorders. Second, is articulation disorders. And, lastly, fluency disorders.

Voice disorders mainly deals on problems with the voice box or the larynx itself. These may be due to physiological malfunction, anatomical differences, fatigue, or neurological problems. Some voice disorders present problems in pitch, volume, and tone. The presence of breathy, raspy, nasal and weak voice is viable too.

Articulation disorders, on the other hand, deal with the manner a person speaks. The problem is rooted from the articulators themselves. Articulators are composed of the tongue, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, jaw, and cheeks. Articulation disorders may be due to weakness or physiological malfunction in any of the articulators, which results to distorted or incomprehensible speech.

Fluency disorders would deal on problems regarding the fluency of the person. It may be the case that he talks too fast or too slow. Stuttering and Cluttering are two of the major fluency problems that speech therapists deal with.

Speech therapy activities would likely include different exercises to practice speaking. Since most of the time, weak muscles are present; the therapy proper would usually include activities that can help strengthen these muscles. Different compensatory strategies are also taught, so that the patient can compensate for lost speaking skills.

Language Therapy

Language therapy mainly deals with problems regarding your inner language, receptive language and expressive language. Cognition skills can be the main cause of language problems. Unlike speech disorders, that manifest physical differences, most language disorders are due to problems the brain’s language processing.

Receptive language problems mainly deals on difficulties understanding received language, like what other people are telling you and comprehending written data. Expressive language problems on the other hand are difficulties on expressing oneself. You may have a hard time knowing which words to use verbally or even through writing.

Language based problems are usually treated through mental exercises. Workbooks are often used to practice and develop language skills. For very young children, play therapy is used to develop inner language, so that the therapist could later on target improving receptive and expressive language, respectively.

In some cases, speech and language problems are both present. This is especially true for individuals that had traumatic brain injuries or accidents that had an effect on the brain. They may manifest physiological problems due to damaged nerves that result to articulation or voice problems.

The can also have language problems like aphasia, especially if their brain was hit on its language areas.

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Many women long to take home pregnancy tests and see the undeniably pregnant signs that signal success. As much as they look forward to it they also are wracked with nervousness. They are also filled with questions about taking home pregnancy tests. Can they trust the results? When should they take the test? How should they take the test for best results?

Let us answer these home pregnancy test questions one at a time.

When do I take a home pregnancy test?

There are many claims on the various home pregnancy tests about how accurate they are or how early they can be taken. No matter what the claims for best results it is better to wait until your period is late by one week. Waiting will ensure that there are adequate amounts of the pregnancy hormone so as to avoid any false negatives.

What are the different types of pregnancy tests?

Even though there are different types of pregnancy tests they all basically operate on the same basic principal.

The dip the stick in the urine tests

The dip the end of the test strip in the middle of your stream test

Tests with two pink lines for a positive or tests with a plus sign for a positive and tests with the word “pregnant” on it.

Certain of these tests are more user friendly and others are easier to read.

Some tests require sticking the end of a stick into your urine stream, mid stream, others ask that you dip the end into a small cup filled part way with urine. Some tests are sticks incased in plastic and others are thin strips. Some tests require that you use urine that is concentrated such as the first time you urinate in the morning after waking other say that as long as you follow instructions it shouldn’t matter what time of day you take it or how many times you urinate before you take the test.

How is it that these tests are able to detect that you are pregnant?

When pregnant, your body begins to produce a hormone called “chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). This hormone increases in quantity during the early weeks of pregnancy. Blood tests done in doctor offices and laboratories are usually more sensitive than these home pregnancy tests.

All women taking home pregnancy tests want to know how accurate they are so that they can know if the results can be trusted. Most hpts claim to be 99% accurate. According to research results hpts do not always accurately detect an early pregnancy (false negatives). Typically these tests are viewed to be accurate if taken one week after a missed period.

If you get a positive result on your hpt can the result be wrong? It is very rare for a positive hpt to be wrong, although a false positive can rarely occur if you have traces of blood or protein in your urine also various prescription drugs including diuretics and promethazine can give a false positive test result. It is also possible for a woman to get a false positive result from using an expired or damaged test.

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