Health Care Nutrition

Selenium SELECT trial - Selenium cancer trial - Selenium fails to prevent cancer

2010-10-22T10:18:00.013+05:30

Selenium and SELECT trial → Selenium for prostate cancer → Selenium health benefits → Deficiency and symptoms

SELECT trial was conducted to investigate the benefits of Selenium and vitamin E in cancer.

Research studies conducted in late 1990s and early 2000 pointed towards benefit of selenium and vitamin E in the prevention of prostate cancer.

In the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial conducted from 1996 it was found that men taking selenium had 52% less chances of acquiring prostate cancer than participants taking placebo.

In another study conducted on 29,000 plus smokers in Finland

men taking vitamin E had 32% less chances of acquiring prostate cancer than persons taking placebo.

These studies formed the basis for taking up this massive SELECT trial.

SELECT trial: Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial

A large comprehensive trial with supplements selenium and vitamin E was needed to substantiate the earlier research findings which were not primarily on prostate cancer.

The primary goal of SELECT was to assess the effect of vitamin E and Selenium on the number fresh cases of prostate cancer diagnosed during the trial.

The objective of the trial was to determine whether vitamin E, selenium or both could prevent cancer of prostate gland and other diseases with no toxicity in healthy men.

SELECT trial was also to assess the impact of vitamin E and selenium on colon and lung cancers as well as to collect the details of total incidence of cancer and survival rate.

The trial was also to study the associations between diet, food habits and cancer and provide basis for study of the molecular genetics of cancer.

A biorepository was created and the blood samples collected from participants at their entry into the trial and again after five years are to be used in studies of prostate and other cancers, and other age related diseases.

Additionally, SELECT has been examining the effect of both vitamin E and selenium supplements on quality of life of participant, and findings from these follow ups will be presented in a future announcement or publication of trial.

SELECT trial salient features: selenium and vitamin E utility

The SELECT trial is primarily funded by NCI (National Cancer Institute) and the trial is coordinated by a network of international research organisations, SWOG (Southwest Oncology Group) which receive funding from National Cancer Institute.

SELECT trial was a well designed, well monitored and well controlled randomized double-blind study.

Between August 22, 2001, and June 24, 2004, 35,533 men were enrolled.

Later due to various reasons 630 were excluded from the analysis of trial.

African Americans aged 50 years and above and other men aged 55 years and above were enrolled for SELECT trial as most of prostate cancer occurs in persons above 55 years.

Men having benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH - enlargement of prostate) were also enrolled for selenium SELECT trial, but this information and medication taken were recorded.

Only men with negative results for the prostate cancer tests, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and digital rectal examination (DRE) were enrolled for SELECT trial.

Persons with uncontrolled high blood pressure were not enrolled as a dose of 400 mg or above of vitamin E may precipitate stroke in them.

At the entry stage of SELECT toenail clippings were collected to know the selenium status of the trial participants.

Blood samples were also taken on enrollment and again after five years of joining the trial to assess the vitamin E status.

The diet details were recorded but the SELECT participants were not required to change their diets.

Multivitamin tablets (without selenium and vitamin E) were offered during the trial period.

The SELECT participants were assigned randomly at 427 participating sites in Canada, Puerto Rico and United States.

The SELECT trial participants were assigned to four groups receiving vitamin E and selenium, two placebos, a placebo and selenium or a placebo and vitamin E.

Two types of capsules were given one looking like selenium capsule and the other looking like vitamin E capsule, which contained either the supplement or a placebo.

It was a double blind study and neither the participant nor the researchers know who received selenium, vitamin E or placebo.

However the participants will be informed of the type of supplement given to them during their study site visit in 2010.

200 micrograms (μg) of selenium as L-selenomethionine and 400 milligrams (mg) of vitamin E as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate were given per day.

Apart from prostate cancer, SELECT evaluated the effect of the supplements on Alzheimer's Disease, dementia, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract and loss of lung function related to aging.

This trial was initially planned for a period of 7 - 12 years, but the selenium and vitamin E supplements were stopped in October 2008 due to inefficiency of the supplements in cancer prevention.

The participants are being followed up and the follow-up is to continue for 5 more years.

The results of SELECT trial: selenium and vitamin E lack cancer prevention benefit

Most of the prostate cancer detected during the trial period were of early stage as well as of low grade and the stage and grade were similar between all groups.

At 5 years there were 3.8% death of SELECT participants and the number of death for each cause were similar for all groups.

There was a non significant rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the selenium only group.

There was a non significant rise of prostate cancer among the vitamin E only group.

The Data and Safety Monitoring Committee of SELECT programme reviewed the case study on October 29, 2008 and instructed its 35,000 plus trial participants to stop taking the selenium and vitamin E supplements.

SELECT trial showed apparent lack of health benefit over five years.

The advice of the committee was to stop selenium and vitamin E supplements and not the trial.

It was found in SELECT that antioxidants vitamin E and trace mineral selenium did not prevent prostate cancer when either taken alone or together for five years.

Conclusions and follow up of SELECT trial on selenium for prevention

It was decided to monitor the health of participants for three more years to determine whether there is any cancer prevention benefit or harm.

The Data and Safety Monitoring Committee of SELECT trial observed that there may be a small chance of effects of the selenium and vitamin E supplements later in participants lives.

Related topics on selenium health benefits:
Health benefits
Selenomethionine uses
Se antioxidant function - selenoproteins
Se for prevention of HIV and AIDS
Selenium for heart disease
Se in treatment of Keshan disease
Selenium and thyroid gland and hormones
Se for prostate cancer
Selenium and SELECT trial (current topic)

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Selenium and prostate - Selenium for prostate cancer prevention

2010-10-21T14:44:00.009+05:30

Selenium for prostate cancer → SELECT trial → Selenium overdose and side effects → Selenium deficiency and symptoms

Selenium was believed to prevent prostate cancer.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral required for the normal function of human body.

Selenium containing enzymes (selenoproteins) have been found to catalyze many antioxidant activities.

It is believed that one of the main reason for the occurrence of malignancy, especially of prostate glands, is the damage of the genetic components of the cells by free radicals.

Many a successful experiment and trial had been done and recorded in the late 1990s and early 2000 about the usefulness of selenium in the prevention of these malignancies with the supplementation of Se.

Selenium and prostate cancer in NPC study 1996

The NPC (Nutritional Prevention of Cancer) study on prevention of new non-melanoma skin cancers and it was found that there was no benefit of Se in preventing this disease.

However among the participating men who took selenium for 6½ years, there was about 60% less incidence of development of prostate malignancy than the men taking only placebo.

When the participants were followed up in 2002 it was found that men who took Se for more than 7½ years, there was about 52% less incidence of development of this disease than the men taking only placebo.

This encouraging result was the corner stone for conduction of SELECT.

In another study conducted by Ulrike Peters, Charles B Foster, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Arthur Schatzkin, Douglas Reding, Gerald L Andriole, E David Crawford, Stefan Sturup, Stephen J Chanock and Richard B Hayes of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA and other research facilities, it was concluded that,

serum level of Se was not associated with overall prostate malignancy risk;

in men taking high levels of vitamin E, higher serum selenium concentration was associated with low risk;

in multivitamin users, higher serum Se concentration was associated with reduced risk.

Among smokers, it was found that the risk was much reduced when high Se serum levels are maintained.

Selenium may worsen existing prostate cancer in certain cases

In a study conducted by Dr Philip Kantoff from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, USA and others, DNA and blood from men with localised or advanced prostate malignancy were analysed.

This analysis revealed that, on the whole, a slight increase in risk of aggressive type of malignancy was associated with higher levels of selenium.

However the results were affected by the forms of SOD2 gene present.

In patients with 'AA' gene, those with low levels of Se were found to be 40% more likely to have aggressive prostate malignancy than persons with high serum selenium levels.

It was found that the reverse was true for the persons with 'V' form of gene.

In patients with 'V' gene, those with low levels of Se were found to be 33% less likely to have aggressive disease than persons with high serum selenium levels.

Hence it is advisable to think twice before taking Se supplements in case of existence of malignancy.

Selenium in prostate cancer prevention: SELECT trial

In order to have a comprehensively study to evaluate usefulness of vitamin E and Se in the prevention of malignancy, SELECT (Se and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial) was taken up (35533 participants).

However SELECT trial showed that there was no benefit from trace mineral and vitamin E supplements in terms of risk reduction and prevention of prostate cancer.

Related topics on selenium health benefits:

Health benefits

Selenomethionine

Se antioxidant functions

Se and HIV/AIDS

Se and SELECT

Se for heart

Se in treatment of Keshan disease

Se and thyroid

Se and SELECT

Selenium for prostate cancer (current topic)

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Selenium and thyroid hormone - Selenium for thyroid function

2010-10-20T11:09:00.008+05:30

Selenium and thyroid hormone function → Selenium overdose and side effects → Supplements and dosage

Selenium is essential for proper functioning of our immune system and thyroid gland.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral required for the human body in small amounts for boosting immunity against diseases as well as protecting it from oxidative free radicals.

Se deficiency has direct effect on the thyroid gland which are regulators of body's metabolism, growth and function.

The proper utilization of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T₄ or C₁₅H₁₁I₄NO₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃ or C₁₅H₁₂I₃NO₄) and the conversion of T₄ to active T₃ is mediated and influenced by the quantities of selenium available in the body.

Selenium and thyroid function

For the proper hormone synthesis in the thyroid gland and its activation and metabolism, essential trace minerals iodine and selenium are required.

In the human body selenium concentration is highest in the thyroid gland among all organs.

Thyrocytes ((thyroid epithelial cells, follicular cells and acinar cells) secrete the hormones thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃).

In their biochemical activities thyrocytes produce H₂O₂ continuously for oxidative thyroid hormone synthesis.

Many selenium containing selenoenzymes are functionally expressed in thyrocytes as glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, type I 5-deiodinase, type II 5-deiodinase and selenoprotein P.

Selenoenzymes form an effective cell defence mechanism against hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species, protecting the gland and maintaining its normal function.

Selenium for thyroid problems and autoimmune thyroiditis

Autoimmune diseases are disorders of the gland wherein the body's own immune system attacks the thyroid cells.

The incidence of thyroiditis is higher in regions with selenium deficiency.

It is found that deficiency of selenium, even at mild levels, can contribute to initiation of thyroid disorders including autoimmune diseases.

It is also found that continued use of Se supplements has a positive effect on the these autoimmune diseases, alleviating many of the symptoms.

In a study by Roland Gärtner, Barbara C. H. Gasnier, Johannes W. Dietrich, Bjarne Krebs and Matthias W. A. Angstwurm of University of Munich, Germany, it was found that Selenoenzymes have diverse effects on the immune system and also within the thyroid gland.

GPx antioxidant activity is markedly diminished during severe selenium deficiency.

This reduced antioxidant activity may initiate and contribute to oxidative damage of cells of this gland and fibrosis.

In such conditions thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) may be formed leading to autoimmune thyroiditis.

Leonidas H. Duntas, University of Athens, Greece, in a recent paper 'Selenium and the Thyroid: A Close-Knit Connection' which is published by Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism concluded that ' Maintenance of "selenostasis" via optimal intake not only aids preservation of general health but also contributes substantially to the prevention of thyroid disease'.

It is believed that viral and genetic components and gender could be co-factors triggering diseases like Grave’s Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis in the absence of selenium antioxidant protection.

Effect of selenium on the thyroid hormones T₄and T₃

Our understanding of the function of Se in metabolism has undergone major advancement with early 2000 discoveries.

Selenoenzymes control or modulate many functional aspects of the metabolism of T₄ and T₃ hormones. Selenium-enzymes bring about the process of iodination of thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland.

In humans type I iodothyronine deiodinase is the enzyme responsible for most of the peripheral conversion of thyroxine or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T₄) to the active form 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T₃).

Type I iodothyronine deiodinase has been found to be a selenoenzyme.

Type II deiodinase is responsible for T₄ conversion to T₃ in the brain.

Type III deiodinase is the inner ring deiodinase responsible for deactivating T₄ and T₃.

It was recently found that both type I and type II are also selenocysteine enzymes containing selenium.

In a study conducted by Wayne Chris Hawkes and Nancy L. Keim of University of California, it was found that the serum level of T₃ increased with low Se diet at 14 mcg/day leading to weight loss and sub clinical hyperthyroid responses.

However it also found that high Se diet of 297 mcg/day led to weight gain and sub clinical hypothyroid responses with decrease in serum T₃.

Thus it is clearly evident that Se has direct effect on the thyroid hormone leading to hyperthyroid response or hypothyroid response depending on the deficiency or excess of its presence.

It is imperative to maintain optimum selenium status through foods and if necessary by supplementation for general health of the body and thyroid gland in particular.

Related topics on role of the essential trace mineral selenium in human body:

Se food sources

Selenomethionine

Se antioxidant functions

Se for prostate cancer

Se in treatment of Keshan disease

Se and SELECT for cancer prevention

Se for heart disease

Se and HIV/AIDS treatment

Selenium and thyroid function and hormone balance (current topic)

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Selenium antioxidant - Selenoproteins - Function of selenium

2010-10-18T16:13:00.010+05:30

Selenium antioxidant function - Selenoproteins → Supplements and dosage → Overdose and side effects

Selenium antioxidant function is brought about by the Glutathione peroxidase selenoproteins.

In the biochemical processes in the body certain oxidative free radicals are produced. Though these are required in smaller quantities for the biological function, excess of them can be self-hurting, damaging our cells and membranes and also triggering oxidation of LDL and plaque deposit on the arterial walls.

Antioxidant (catalyzed by selenium compounds) neutralizes these free radicals turning them into harmless products.

We get some of the antioxidant forms from our food, whereas many of them are endogenously synthesised by our body.

Many of the antioxidant function are catalyzed by enzymes and among them selenoproteins (obviously containing selenium) like glutathione peroxidases (GPX) and thioredoxin reductases are very important.

Function of selenium as antioxidant

The mineral selenium in its rare elemental form is not absorbed as such by our body and does not have any biological function except being toxic in excess exposure and inhalation.

However the water soluble selenite and selenate salts of selenium, the Se bound amino acid selenomethionine and food forms are absorbed by the body.

In protein building, selenomethionine can be used by the body instead of the amino acid methionine, resulting in some of the selenium incorporated in tissues and unavailable in plasma.

Though selenium compound as such is not antioxidant, it has the vital function in catalyzing the antioxidant activity as an enzyme.

The cellular and sub cellular membrane integrity depends totally on glutathione peroxidases.

Further the protective catalyst function of glutathione peroxidase itself depends on the presence of selenium.

Selenoproteins function as selenium antioxidant enzymes

Selenium is a constituent of the selenoproteins enzymes glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs).

GPXs main function is in catalysing the oxidation of glutathione (GSH), the most important endogenous antioxidant produce by the body cells.

Glutathione (GSH) in the presence of selenium enzymes, participates directly to neutralize the harmful free radicals and other reactive oxygen compounds.

It also keeps the exogenous antioxidant like polyphenols, vitamin C and vitamin E in their active reduced forms.

Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) catalyse the reduction of the redox protein thioredoxin (Trx); the reaction is NADPH-dependent.

Types of selenium antioxidant enzymes and their functions

There are several isozymes of the selenium containing selenoprotein enzymes glutathione peroxidases.

They vary in their substrate specificity and their cellular location.

In humans, so far eight isoforms of glutathione peroxidases have been identified.

The most abundant form Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) is found in the cytoplsm of nearly all cells with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as preferred substrate.

Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) is an intestinal and extracellular enzyme.

Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) is extracullular enzyme and abounds plasma.

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is present in every cell and its preferred substrates are lipid hydroperoxides.

The antioxidant catalyst process is as follows.

2GSH +H₂O₂ → GS-SG + 2H₂O

(GSH represents reduced monomeric glutathione, and GS–SG represents glutathione disulfide.)

The function and process is at the selenium-cysteine site, wherein it is in a Se(-) form as resting state.

This is oxidised by peroxide to SeOH which then reacts with GSH to form GS-Se and water.

Then Gs-Se reacts with another GSH molecule to form Se(-) again, releasing GS-SG as the by-product.

Glutathione reductase then reduces the oxidized glutathione to form the GSH again.

GS–SG + NADPH + H⁺ → 2 GSH + NADP⁺

Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenium-containing pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductases.

The main function of TrxRs is catalysis of the NADPH-dependent reduction of the redox protein thioredoxin (Trx), as well as of other exogenous and endogenous compounds.

Presently two confirmed forms have been identified.

Again The availability of Se is a key factor for TrxR activity and antioxidant function.

Related topics on selenium health benefits:

Se in treatment of Keshan disease

Se for prostate cancer

Se and thyroid - effect on hormones

Se and SELECT for cancer prevention

Selenium antioxidant - selenoproteins - function (current topic)

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Selenium for HIV - Selenium and AIDS - Selenium immune system

2010-10-17T19:05:00.014+05:30

Selenium and HIV/AIDS - immune system → Selenium overdose and side effects → Deficiency and symptoms

Selenium is found to boost the immune system and decrease progression of HIV/AIDS.

As per the World Health Organization (WHO) global summary of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic, December 2008, number of people living with Human immunodeficiency virus in 2008 was 33.4 million, people newly infected with HIV in 2008 was 2.7 million and AIDS death in 2008 was 2.0 million.

In the treatment of this pandemic affecting immune system the focus is now shifting towards nutrient supplements like selenium in addition to antiretroviral therapy so as to improve the quality of life of the affected.

It is found that dietary selenium supplement can reduce the

Human immunodeficiency viral load and help in increasing the CD4+ T Cell Count and boost immune system.

Selenium as antioxidant boosts immune system of HIV/AIDS infected

Selenium as an essential trace mineral is required for the formation of selenoprotein enzymes, which are vital for the immune system.

These selenoenzymes by neutralizing the free radicals (by-products of metabolism) save the body cells from oxidative damages.

Glutathione (GSH) is the unique tripeptide essential for the functional physiology of immune system.

The raised glutathione levels make the immune system to go into anti-viral (including HIV/AIDS) mode and the T cell function is enhanced.

Antioxidants (includes selenium) are known to inhibit viral replication, boost immune system and also help in inhibiting apoptosis.

HIV/AIDS prevalence is low in regions with selenium rich soil

HIV infection and full-blown AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa has reached pandemic proportions with nearly 25% of the population being affected (Botswana 25%, Zimbabwe 25% and Zambia 19%) with HIV-1 infection as high as 36% in some parts.

All these regions have one thing in common; the soil is poor in selenium.

However in West Africa, Senegal has the lowest prevalence of only 1.77% in the population.

Senegal is fortunately situated on the sedimentary bed rocks of desiccated sea of Cretaceous and early Eocene period with soil rich in selenium, magnesium, phosphorus and calcium.

Similarly Bolivia, which is rich in selenium (a major exporter of the mineral), has very low prevalence (0.2%) of HIV when compared to the surrounding countries.

Finland, whose soil is deficient in selenium, has made it mandatory to add selenium to fertilizers in 1984 and has 0.3% prevalence of Aids while the surrounding countries have double the prevalence.

Even after considering the life style, unprotected promiscuous activity and AIDS awareness and education in these regions, the selenium availability in soil stands out as the main factor directly affecting the relative incidence of HIV/AIDS.

Selenium status in those infected with HIV and those with AIDS is a significant predictor of survival.

Selenium boosting immune system makes HIV/AIDS less virulent and slows its replication

It is well established that the AIDS affected slowly become selenium deficient and their immune system collapses.

This is due to encoding the entire glutathione peroxidase (a selenoenzyme) by the HIV as it replicates.

It sources the selenoenzyme component amino acids and selenium from the cells and plasma of the AIDS patient affecting his immune system.

In a 18 month study jointly undertaken by the Duke University and Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society (TNSACS) in the South Indian State of Tamil Nadu, 10,500 people with HIV/AIDS were given antiretroviral therapy (ART) along with micro and macro nutrients.

The study found that the micro nutrient interfered with protein required for HIV replication and reviving the immune system, improved the condition of the affected patients.

In another experiment conducted by K. Sandeep Prabhu and others it was found that HIV replication was inhibited at least ten fold when Selenium (sodium selenite) was added to the cell culture.

When the virus depletes all the Se of the host cell, it replicates and attacks other healthy cells for more selenium.

The greater the uptake of Se by HIV, greater is the Se deficiency and compromise of the AIDS affected person's immune system.

Selenium supplementation keeps the virus within the affected cell and cater to its need of Se.

This helps the immune system to be well prepared and highly functional warding off any opportunistic infections.

Treatment of HIV/AIDS with Selenium, tryptophan, glutamine and cysteine

Dr. Harold Foster (died august 15, 2009), formerly faculty member in the Department of Geography, University of Victoria, treated HIV/AIDS patients in Africa with amino acids tryptophan, glutamine, cysteine and trace mineral selenium; which are the basic components of the selenoprotein enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

AIDS patients are found to be extremely deficient in all the four nutrients required for the synthesis of glutathione peroxidase.

When treated with these nutrients it was observed that patients were able to return to work within a month and their immune system revived.

The HIV competes for the glutathione peroxidase nutrients for its replication and depletes these nutrients in the infected individual.

With the current antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS targeting the replication of the virus, the intake of these amino acids along with selenium further boosts the immune system of the affected person helping him to lead a near normal life.

Related topics on selenium health benefits:

Selenomethionine

Health benefits

Se antioxidant functions

Se and thyroid hormones

Se for prostate cancer

Se in treatment of Keshan disease

Se and SELECT for cancer prevention

Se for heart disease

Selenium and HIV/AIDS (current topic)

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Selenium for heart disease - Can selenium prevent heart ailments?

2010-10-16T15:06:00.013+05:30

Selenium for heart → Selenium overdose and side effects → Supplements and dosage

Selenium being an antioxidant, its action in preventing heart disease is being investigated.

Most of the incidences of cardiovascular ailments are associated with lower intake of antioxidants.

Selenium is an essential component of the selenoproteins forming antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase (GPX).

During the process of metabolism in our body, free radicals are formed as by-products which have devastating effects on the body tissues, oxidizing the LDL (low density lipoproteins) and leading to plaque formation on the walls of the blood vessels.

The antioxidants reduce the free radicals and protect the tissues from their damage.

Well documented evidence is available on the preventive effects of vitamin E and vitamin C on the heart disease.

In the case of selenium conflicting results have been obtained towards its use for prevention of cardiovascular ailments.

Selenium deficiency causes heart diseases like Keshan disease

It is well known that chronic deficiency of Se in diet can lead to Keshan disease, a potentially fatal form of congestive cardiomyopathy.

This condition is characterized by cardiac enlargement leading to pulmonary edema and heart failure.

There is a great possibility of the sub clinical form of this existing in larger population whose diet is insufficient in Se.

This section of the population which may have minor cardiac ailments is bound to benefit a lot if their low blood selenium levels are checked and proper Se supplementation is given.

Usefulness of selenium in heart diseases

In a meta-analysis performed on studies conducted from 1966 to 2005 it was found that the risk of cardiovascular ailments was inversely linked to Se concentration in the blood.

One of the risk factor for coronary disease is high plasma levels of homo-cysteine.

In a study conducted by University of Oveido Selenium has been found to reduce the homocysteine levels in blood.

Ongoing research has to prove conclusively that low blood levels of selenium increase the risk of cardiovascular ailments.

Some investigations found that selenium does not give protection against heart disease

State University of New York Analyzed the results of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial (NPC Trial) conducted in 90s.

It was found that in participants taking Se supplement at 200 mcg/per day for 7½ years the incidence rate of death, stroke and heart attack had not changed and that Se did not prevent cardiac ailments.

Selenium supplements may increase the risk of heart disease?

In a study conducted by researchers from University of Warwick, the link between the levels of Se and lipids in the blood was investigated.

The study was conducted on more than 1000 participants in the age group 19-64 years.

It was found that total cholesterol levels increased by 8% with a increase of 10% in LDL cholesterol in participants having more than 1.20 mol/L of Se in their blood.

The study concluded that taking Se supplements without requirement may boost the cholesterol levels leading to increase in risk of cardiovascular ailments.

Further research is required for conclusively arriving at the benefit, if any, of selenium supplements for preventing heart disease.

Related topics on selenium health benefits:

Health benefits

Selenomethionine

Se antioxidant functions

Se and HIV/AIDS

Se for prostate cancer

Se and thyroid hormones

Se and SELECT for cancer prevention

Se in treatment of Keshan disease

Selenium for heart disease (current topic)

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Keshan disease - Selenium for treatment of Keshan disease

2010-10-15T12:12:00.017+05:30

Selenium and Keshan disease → Supplements and dosage → Overdose and side effects

Keshan disease is a deficiency condition caused by the dietary deficiency of selenium.

Keshan disease is a disease of heart muscle (congestive cardiomyopathy) which is potentially fatal.

Keshan disease was first noted in the Keshan province in Heilongjiang, China.

It was later found to be prevalent in a wide belt extending from Southwest to Northeast China.

In 1960s this ailment had claimed thousands of lives.

The soils of these regions are found to be deficient in selenium.

Apart from China selenium soil deficiency is found to be prevalent in parts of Finland, Russia and New Zealand.

This ailment often found to afflict children and young women.

Causes of Keshan disease

This ailment is primarily caused by the dietary deficiency of the essential trace mineral Se.

Some medical experts believe that coxsackievirus B3 may be partly responsible for the development of this condition.

It is believed that benign Coxsackie B3 viruses may mutate to cardiotoxic strains in condition of selenium deficiency.

Symptoms of Keshan disease

Initially there may be symptoms like diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and body pains.

The initial symptoms include heart inflammation, Arrhythmia, Cardiac insufficiency and enlargement accompanied by loss of heart muscle tissues.

Advanced stage is characterized by pulmonary edema and heart failure.

Diagnosis of Keshan disease

If an individual is having persisting symptoms a visit to medical professional is necessary to rule out the possibility of having Keshan disease.

Echo cardiogram is used to check for structural and functional problems of heart.

Resting ECG and stress ECG are taken to further determine the condition of heart.

Myocardium of the affected person shows mycolysis and multifocal necrosis with fibrous replacement.

Blood sample is taken and investigated for the selenium levels.

Treatment for Keshan disease

Treatment for this condition is by supplementation of Se in diet.

Many initial intervention studies showed the prophylactic effect of the inorganic sodium selenite.

If treated early the effects of this ailment can be reversed.

However damage to heart muscle cannot be reversed and the supplements can only stop further progress of the condition.

Smoking and alcohol must be totally avoided as they can worsen the condition of the heart.

Healthy balanced food rich in selenium must be consumed for early repair of the damaged tissues.

The patient must rest well and refrain from stressful activities so as to give the heart a chance to recover.

If necessary and if possible, surgery is performed to correct the heart condition.

Prevention of Keshan disease

Consuming food rich in selenium can ward off the occurrence of Keshan disease.

People living in regions deficient in soil Se must take Se supplements to protect themselves from occurance of this condition.

The recommended dietary allowance for selenium is 55-60 mcg per day for an adult.

Pregnant women require 60 mcg of Se and lactating mothers require 70 mcg of Se per day.

Inclusion of sea food, garlic, musroom and Brazil nut (which is the richest source of selenium) in diet can help in preventing the onset of Keshan disease.

Related topics on selenium health benefits:

Health benefits

Selenomethionine

Se antioxidant - selenoproteins - functions

Se and HIV/AIDS

Se for prostate cancer

Se and thyroid - effect on hormones

Se and SELECT for cancer prevention

Se for heart

Selenium in treatment of Keshan disease (current topic)

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Selenium (Se) liquid - Selenium drops - Advantages - Disadvantages

2010-10-14T11:15:00.011+05:30

Selenium (Se) liquid and drops → Selenium deficiency → Health benefits

Selenium liquid is the Se supplement administrable as drops.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral required for the healthy function of the human body.

Se is very important for the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes containing selenoproteins.

For the proper function of thyroid hormones as well as many organs like heart, prostrate glands and thyroid glands this mineral is required in trace quantities.

What is selenium (Se) liquid/drops?

The supplements of this essential trace mineral are formulated in the forms of fluid, drops, tablets, capsules and injectables.

The fluid form is usually made as a suspension of L-selenomethionine, sodium selenite or sodium selenate in purified water or syrup.

Many additives like other essential minerals and syrup may be added to keep the isotonic nature as well as to increase the palatability.

Selenium (se) liquid/drops - advantages and disadvantages

The main advantage is that the supplement is in a pleasant palatable form.

It has been found that essential trace minerals when taken in a fluid ionic form are readily absorbed and are bioavailable.

Compared to tablet and capsule form of supplements drops are relatively expensive.

When taking this supplement form there is the possibility of squirting more quantity than required.

On the long run this extra dose can precipitate selenosis symptoms.

Some popular brands of Selenium (Se) liquid drops

'SharpWebLabs.com by Florida Herb House' supplies this mineral in 16 oz bottles containing approximately 40 mg per litre and 200 mcg per teaspoon.
'Angstrom liquid selenium' is available with the strength of 40 ppm in 16 oz bottles
'Liquid Ionic Selenium' 300mcg (product of 'Trace Minerals Research®') is marketed in 2 fl. oz bottle. This product is yeast-free containing purified water, L - Selenomethionine, Sodium selenate and maltodextrin.
The product of 'Dr Sandra Cabot' comes in 100 ml bottle. It also contains zinc. It contains sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. This formulation does not contain yeast, gluten, sugar or dairy products.
'M mineralife' 'SELENIUM 8oz *120 Day Supply*' contains 400 mcg of Se per 2ml serving per day and also 200 mcg of ionic catalyst. Se is in the form of ionized selenite.
'BODYBIO Selenium #8 Liquid Mineral' comes in 4oz container to give 530 servings. The supplement gives 200 mcg of Se in the form of sodium selenate.
'T. J. Clark Liquid Selenium' contains the mineral as L-selenomethionine giving 70 mcg of Se per 5 ml serving (1 teaspoon). It also contains 100 mcg of Phytogenic Mineral Catalyst.
'New Beginnings Selenium Liquid' supplies approximately 250 mcg of this trace mineral per serving of five drops. It comes in a 2 fl. oz container. Se in this supplement is in the form of sodium selenite. The product does not contain gluten, soy, yeast, dairy products, sugars and corn.

Precautions while taking selenium (Se) liquid drops

Take care to squirt only the required number of drops.

When used for children it is advisable to consult your health care provider about the dosage.

If you are taking other multivitamin supplements study their contents and if this mineral is added in them then reduce the drops so as not to exceed a total of 200 mcg of Se per day.

Related topics on selenium food and Se supplements:

Se sulphide lotion - shampoo

Sodium selenite and selenate

Organic forms

Selenium (Se) liquid and drops (current topic)

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Selenomethionine uses - Selenomethionine toxicity - selenium amino acid

2010-10-03T16:32:00.006+05:30

Selenomethionine - Selenium amino acid → Health benefits → Selenium deficiency

Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing the essential trace mineral selenium.

Selenomethionine is an organic form of selenium, with IUPAC name (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature) 2-amino-4-methylselanyl-butanoic acid.

Se is present in natural food sources as L-enantiomer of selenomethionine, which is commonly known as Sem and SE-met (selenium-methionine).

Molecular formula of selenomethionine is C₅H₁₁NO₂Se.

During the synthesis of the amino acid methionine, when available, Se is incorporated randomly instead of sulfur and SeMet is formed.

Seleno-amino acid, selenomethionine, is the best among the selenium supplements

Selenium in the form L-selenomethionine is present as a natural component of foods like cereals, nuts, meat and seafood.

Most of the L-selenomethione is absorbed in the small intestine region of gastrointestinal tract.

This process, as in the case of methionine is carrier-mediated by Na⁺ ions.

The intestinal absorption process recognises SeMet as amino acid take it up in greater quantities.

Unlike the inorganic forms of selenium like, sodium hydrogen selenite, sodium selenate and sodium selenite, L-selenomethionine amino acid shows high bioavailability and absorption rate of selenium to the order of more than 90%.

Sodium selenate is well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, but most of it is excreted in urine without utilization.

As for sodium selenite up to 50% is absorbed; however it is retained better than selenate.

Organic acid forms like L-selenomethionine are well absorbed and well utilized by the body.

In adult human body pool 5-15 mg of selenium is present of which nearly 50% is present in skeletal muscle.

Once absorbed Se from L-SeMet is incorporated for a long term in the body pool.

In the body SeMet half-life is 250 days where as inorganic sodium selenite half-life is only 100 days.

L-selenomethionine is found to be stable with a shelf life of more than three years.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved L-SeMet for use in dietary supplements with various formulations.

Synthesis of selenium amino acid L-selenomethionine

For large scale synthetic production of SeMet, L-methionine is initially transformed to methyl-methionine derivative.

By hydrolysis methyl-methionine compound is converted to homoserine and then into α-amino-γ-butyrolactone.

This compound on reacting with HBr converts into 2-amino-4-bromobutanoic acid. Then it is reacted with LiSeCH₃ to obtain L-selenomethionine.

SeMet produced in such manner with high purity is marketed as yeast-free selenium and is preferred by some patients.

Biosynthesis of selenomethionine

Most of the plants, when inorganic water soluble salts of Se are available in soil, synthesize the selenium amino acid SeMet.

When spirulina is cultured in a medium high in inorganic Se salts, synthesises and accumulates SeMet in the cells. However this spirulina source is less effective in boosting Se levels in humans.

Enriched yeast is produced by growing yeast in medium rich in inorganic Se salts.

Selenium yeast is the best source of this organic biosynthesized selenomethionine, as it can produced in great quantities and is less expensive.

Selenomethionine toxicity

The synthetic product being very pure is listed as a very toxic substance in material Safety Data Sheets.

It should be handled with all the necessary care and its inhalation should be avoided.

However nutritional supplements of inorganic salts and organic forms like selenium yeast are only toxic when the upper tolerance levels are exceeded for a long period.

For more information on 'Upper tolerance level' of the amino acid selenomethionine read topic on 'Selenium overdose and side effects'.

Related topics on selenium food and supplements:

Dietary supplements - dosage

Tablets - Liquids - capsules

Enriched yeast

Brazil nuts

Sulphide lotion - shampoo

Organic forms

Sodium selenite and selenate

Selenomethionine - Selenium amino acid (current topic)

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Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate - Inorganic selenium chemicals

2010-10-01T14:47:00.007+05:30

Sodium selenite and selenate - Inorganic selenium → Deficiency → Health benefits

Sodium selenite and selanate are the most common inorganic salts of selenium used as mineral supplements.

Selenium rarely occurs in nature in its elemental form and its inorganic sodium salts occur in nature in soils.

It is an essential trace mineral and its inorganic salts like sodium selenite and selenate are used as dietary supplements in animal feeds as well as human nutrient supplement formulations.

As an chemical it has many industrial uses and in glass industry it is used to manufacture colorless glass.

Properties of sodium selenite and selenate

Sodium selenite is a colorless solid and is a salt.

It is highly water-soluble and is found in its anhydrous salt (Na₂SeO₃) form and its pentahydrate form (Na₂SeO₃(H₂O)₅).

Its selenate salt is also a white/grey powder, slowly soluble in water with the chemical formula Na₂SeO₄.

Production and synthesis of sodium selenite and selenate

Its salts are by products of copper refining and accumulate as slime on the bottom of electrorefining tank.

By sulfuric acid roasting or soda ash roasting of the copper slime the inorganic salts of selenium are produced.

Its other inorganic salt can also be prepared by the reaction of sodium hydroxide with selenium dioxide.

SeO₂ + 2 NaOH → Na₂SeO₃ + H₂O

Uses of inorganic selenium salt: sodium selenite and selenate

Sodium selenite and selanate are being used in animal feed formulations, agricultural applications and human nutrition.

The superior forms of selenium like Selenomethionine and enriched yeast are slowly replacing these inorganic salts in human and animal nutrition supplements.

Selenate form of selenium is almost compleltly absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract, but greater amount of it is excreted in urine without utilization.

As for its other form of the inorganic salt only about 50% of it is absorbed; however it is better retained in the body for utilization.

Organic forms of selenium are well absorbed and well utilized by the body.

Precautions while taking sodium selenite and selenate supplements

Selenium is required in very small doses. Uninformed persons can exceed the upper limits and suffer selenosis.

In a multivitamin preparation, this salt may get reduced to element form by the presence of vitamin C.

Hence it is advised not to consume this trace mineral along with vitamin C.

Selenium absorption is also found to be decreased when this supplement is taken along with supplemental iron, zinc, and copper.

However sodium selenate form does not combine with these metals or vitamin C.

Very high does of both the salts have been found to be mutogenic and carcinogenic in animal experiments.

Ecological impact of indiscriminate use of sodium selenite and selenate.

Human activities like irrigation of normally dry lands, mining activity and using selenium in many industries have created many ecological problems.

Sodium selenite and selenate in the soil is getting get dissolved in the agricultural and rain run off and the wetlands are becoming loaded with inorganic selenium salts affecting the water birds and fish.

Selenium sulfide shampoo - Selenium sulfide lotion - tinea versicolor

2010-09-29T17:10:00.013+05:30

Selenium health benefits → Deficiency and symptoms → Selenium sulfide shampoo - Selenium sulfide lotion

Selenium sulfide (SeS₂) is used in shampoo and lotion for the treatment of dandruff and tinea versicolor.

What is selenium sulfide shampoo or lotion?

Selenium sulfide is the commercial name for Selenium disulfide, an inorganic compound with antibiotic, fungicidal and anti infective properties, widely used in topical preparations for treating fungal infection like dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis and tinea versicolor.

At 1% strength it is available over the counter and is used in the form of shampoo or lotion for treating dandruff.

However 2.5% strength is available only under prescription and used for tinea versicolor skin infections caused by Malassezia furfur species of skin fungus.

Method of using selenium sulfide lotion and shampoo

Shake the container well before using these preparation as the ingredients may settle to the bottom.

Selenium sulfide preparation usually comes as a lotion.

For use as shampoo on the scalp, follow label directions.

Usually it is advised to apply on wet scalp and and rub well to get lather.

Rinse off selenium shampoo and repeat the application again.

Leave it for a few minutes and rinse hair and scalp thoroughly for several times to get rid off any residue.

Initially apply twice a week and later apply once a week for 4-5 weeks.

For treatment of fungal skin infections like tinea versicolor, use 2.5% strength lotion and follow the advice of the medical care provider.

It will be usually advised to apply daily for a week on the affected skin.

Apply as advised by the doctor and rinse well with plenty of water to remove all of the medication.

Precaution while using selenium sulfide shampoo and lotion

As the ingredients may react and damage metals, remove jewelery before the use.

If you have sensitive skin, consult doctor and take advice.

Do not apply the lotion on scratched, damaged or cut skin.

Do not shampoo the medication on to cut or scratched scalp skin.

Take care to avoid getting the shampoo in to the eyes.

If the shampoo gets into eyes accidentally, rinse well with water.

If eye irritation continues or the eye gets inflamed consult your doctor immediately.

Selenium sulfide lotion should not be used on children below two years without doctor's advice.

For use by children, pregnant women, lactating mothers, and people with skin infections and dermatitis, doctor's advice must be sought.

Do not use more than the prescribed quantity, frequency and duration of application to avoid skin irritation and allergy.

Side effects of selenium lotion and shampoo

Minor side effects like dryness or oiliness of scalp, dryness of skin and hair discoloration and hair loss may occur.

If it does not resolve after some time seek doctor's advice.

If there is any skin irritation, scalp irritation, eye irritation, breathing trouble, dizziness, itching and swelling of face, tongue or mouth consult doctor immediately.

Serious allergic reactions to these skin preparations are rare.

Selenium sulfide is found to be carcinogenic to animals when given orally.

If you find any serious side effect from the medication you can report to U.S. Food and Drug Administration online (at http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/default.htm).

Storage and safety of selenium sulfide shampoo and lotion

Like any other medicine, the selenium sulfide lotion must be kept out of reach of children.

The container must be tightly closed kept in a place away from moisture, heat or sunlight. Do not use any expired medication.

These sulfide lotion preparations for tinea vesicolor or dandruff are topical and for external use only.

They should never be taken into mouth, swallowed or used on open wounds.

Exsel, Dandrex, Selsun, Selsun Blue and Head and Shoulders Intensive Treatment Dandruff Shampoo are some of the popular brands of selenium sulfide lotion and shampoo preparations.

Related topics on selenium food and supplements:

Dietary supplements - dosage

Tablets - Liquids - capsules

Enriched yeast

Selenomethionine

Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate

Organic selenium

Brazil nuts

Selenium sulfide lotion - shampoo - tinea versicolor (current topic)

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Organic selenium - Selenium absorption - Selenium metabolism

2010-09-28T18:38:00.010+05:30

Selenium health benefits → Food sources → Organic selenium - absorption and metabolism

Organic selenium is the best form of this trace mineral with better absorption and metabolism.

This essential trace mineral exists in its organic and inorganic forms.

Its organic form shows higher degree of absorption and metabolism than the inorganic form.

It is the integral part of the selenoprotein and antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and is vital for reducing the destruction of cells in free radical peroxidative reactions.

What is organic selenium?

Though it rarely exists in its elemental form, its inorganic salts are present in soil.

Its selenite and selenate salts are obtained as by-product of copper mining.

Plants takeup these salts by absorption and transform them into amino acids like selenomethione and selenocysteine.

Selenium metabolism in plants is similar to sulphur metabolism and the trace minerals are found together.

From the sulphate salts in the soil, plants make the amino acid methionine and from selenite and selenate salts they make L-selenomethionine.

Till the advent of organic enriched yeast production, the sources of this trace mineral were from plant foods and inorganic supplements like sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) and sodium selenate (Na₂SeO₄).

Types of organic selenium forms

L-selenomethionine: Great proportion of seleno amino acids from food sources exist in this form.

This organic selenium has good rate of absorption and metabolism in the body.

D-selenomethionine: This is an isomer of L-selenomethionine and found in small quantities in food.

L-selenocysteine: Formed due to substitution Se instead of sulfur in the amino acid cysteine.

This form is found in small quantities in food.

D-selenocysteine: Very small quantity of this isomer is found in food.

Selenium yeast: Properly fed-batch fermented yeast contains high concentration of L-selenomethionine and small quantities of L-selenocysteine.

L-Se-methylselenocysteine: This compound is found in Brassica (broccoli, cauliflower) and Allium (onion, garlic) plant families.

This is now synthesised from chemicals and found to be non-toxic.

It is found to be effective in the treatment of cancers.

Comparison of organic selenium and inorganic salts for their absorption and metabolism

The absorption of inorganic selenate salts is fast but they are excreted with same speed without much utility to the body.

The metabolism of selenite salts poor and only up to 50% is utilised.

However it is retained in the body for some time.

The absorption and metabolism rates of selenomethionine in the intestinal tract are high (19% better than selenite) as it is recognised as an amino acid by the body.

This form is well retained and utilized in the body.

Superiority of selenomethionine from organic selenium sources over synthetic products

Christine D Thomson, Alexandra Chisholm, Sarah K McLachlan and Jennifer M Campbell from the Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand conducted a study on comparative absorption, metabolism and bioavailability of organic selenium from natural sources and synthetic sources.

It was proven beyond doubt in this experiment that the food form of selenomethionine absorption and metabolism is much better than the synthetic chemical form.

In order to have sufficient regulated supply of this trace mineral in our body, it is best advised to obtain organic selenium from food sources, wherein the absorption and metabolism are better.

Related topics on selenium foods and supplements:

Sulfide lotion and shampoo

Dietary supplements - dosage

Brazil nuts

Tablets - Liquids - capsules

Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate

Selenium yeast

Selenomethionine

Organic selenium - absorption and metabolism (current topic)

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Selenium yeast - Selenium enriched yeast - High selenium yeast

2010-09-27T16:59:00.010+05:30

Selenium in foods → Health benefits → Selenium yeast

Selenium yeast is the enriched organic form mostly containing selenomethionine.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral required for the production of selenoprotein antioxidant enzymes.

For the healthy function of human body selenoproteins like Glutathione peroxidases (GPx) have a vital role in reducing cell-destroying free radicals.

These selenoproteins are also important for proper function of thyroid gland hormones.

Se supplements are available in both organic and inorganic forms.

Compared to inorganic forms organic forms have higher absorption and utilisation rate.

What is selenium yeast?

The capacity of yeast cells in accumulating minerals in cultures and storing into bioavailable organic forms is well known.

Attempts were made to enrich selenium in yeast by fermenting a cane molasses medium with higher levels of inorganic salts of this trace mineral.

Yeast in their growth process transform the inorganic form into organic form by replacing the sulphur molecule with Se molecule in their amino acids.

It is to be noted that simply adding inorganic selenite or selenate salts to the product after fermentation, does not produce selenium yeast.

By such addition the trace mineral will neither be transformed into organic form nor get incorporated into the cells.

In 1970 commercial production of enriched selenium yeast was started.

Commercial product contains 1000 mcg to 2000 mcg of this trace mineral per gram.

Presently reputed manufacturers supply this product containing more than 90% of organic form L-selenomethionine.

Present selenium yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a dried, non-viable yeast cultured by fermentation in fed-batch process.

FDA has permitted enriching complete feed for dairy cattle, beef cattle, chicken and turkey with selenium yeast at levels not exceeding 0.3 ppm (part per million).

Selenium yeast production process

Fed-batch fermentation is the popular process for production of dried non-viable selenium enriched yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

The salient features of this process is providing incremental amounts of molasses (cane) and sodium selenite into the fermenter.

This minimises the possibility of detrimental effects on the growth of these cells by one time high quantities of inorganic salts.

Further this facilitates their transformation into organic mineral forms and incorporation into cell material.

Sufficient aeration is given during the fermentation to help its growth.

Low levels of inorganic sulphur are maintained in the medium to enhance Se uptake.

For adjustment of pH during fermentation non sulphur acids like dilute hydrochloric acid are used.

Temperature during fermentation is maintained below 45^o C (120^oF) to avoid degradation of sodium selenite.

The entire fermentation process may take between 14-16 hours.

By centrifuging, enriched product is now separated from the medium to get a cream.

The extracellular materials are removed by rigorous washing (up to seven times) to achieve less than 2% residual inorganic Se salts in the total content of this mineral in the end product.

This cream is now pasteurized for 45 minutes at 85^oC and then drum dried to get a non-viable product with 4%-5% moisture

Advantages of selenium yeast

The organic forms are better absorbed and utilised than the inorganic forms.

Inorganic forms can reach toxic levels easily in certain situations.

Among the inorganic forms selenate salts (sodium selenate) are readily absorbed into the body and excreted by kidneys without proper utilization for building selenoprotein.

Selenite salts (sodium selenite) are poorly absorbed (only 50%) though retained for longer time.

The organic forms, basically selenomethionine, are better absorbed and utilised by the body.

In most of the food sources, Se is found mostly as selenomethionine in the intracellular content of the tissues.

In selenium yeast, inorganic salt is transformed mostly into selenomethionine and incorporated into intracellular amino acids.

Experimentally it has been proved that compared to synthetic selenomethionine supplement, the mineral in Brazil nut (intracellular selenomethionine) is better absorbed and utilised.

Akin to food sources selenium yeast is also better absorbed and better utilised.

Selenium yeast uses

Earlier FDA had permitted addition of this product in complete broiler and layer feed. Now addition in cattle feed has been permitted.

Many of the experiments conducted on the nutritional importance of this mineral have used enriched form as supplement.

Selenium yeast is the best form for human supplements with easy absorption and utilization .

Selenium rich food - Selenium in Brazil nuts highly bioavailable

2010-09-26T12:20:00.016+05:30

Selenium health benefits → Deficiency and symptoms → Selenium rich food - Selenium in Brazil nuts

Brazil nuts are rich food sources of selenium (Se) and one ounce contains ten times the recommended dietary allowances.

Brazil nuts tree (Bertholletia excelsa) is a native of South America found in the rain forests of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Guiana, Peru and Venezuela.

Though these trees are being raised as plantations their economic viability is questionable.

Apart from the rich food value, the fruits of this tree are good sources of vitamins like thiamine and vitamin E and minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and manganese.

Brazil nuts are selenium rich food sources

One ounce of these fruits are found to contain as much as 550 mcg of Se which is ten times the U.S.Recommended Dietary Allowances (USRDA).

Among the nuts, these contain the rich amount of Se in them (2500 times more).

However the amount may vary among the regions and batches of produce.

In human body selenoproteins are required for making antioxidant enzymes and this makes selenium an essential mineral.

The high content of this mineral and vitamin E in these fruits contributes to their excellent antioxidant activity.

Food bioavailability of selenium is high in Brazil nuts

A study on comparative bioavailability was conducted by Christine D Thomson, Alexandra Chisholm, Sarah K McLachlan and Jennifer M Campbell from the Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

59 adults were divided into 3 groups and fed in food 2 Brazil nuts, 100 µg Se as selenomethionine or placebo daily for 12 weeks.

After 12 weeks the blood levels of selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured and the levels were found to be significantly higher in 'Brazil nuts eating group' than in placebo and selenomethionine groups.

It was conclusively proved that intake of Se and its bioavailability were far higher from these fruits (or selenium rich foods) than taking selenomethionine supplements.

Tips for getting most out the selenium in Brazil nuts

Rich in fats and polyunsaturated fatty acids, they tend to get rancid quickly.

Unshelled and fresh fruits are preferred as their kernel tastes better and contain up to 100 mcg of Se per fruit.

It is advised to keep them under refrigeration, so as to avoid rancidity and loss of their rich food value.

Freezing the fruits helps in cracking them open and the kernel comes out easily.

In some rare cases some people develop allergy to these fruits.

Excess consumption must be avoided as this may lead to overdose and selenosis.

Why selenium is rich in Brazil nuts among foods?

There are many assumptions and the probable reasons may be these.

Proteins food contained in these fruits are rich in amino acids containing sulfur, like mthionine and cysteine.

These trees have extensive root system and taking up more minerals.

These are found to absorb rich amounts of many minerals including radium.

As the availability of selenium is more with this type of root system, it is used in the tissues of Brazil nuts to replace the sulfur in sulfur containing amino acids.

Selenium dietary supplements - Dosage of selenium supplements

2010-09-25T12:40:00.009+05:30

Vanadium in diabetes → Essential trace minerals → Chromium in diabetes

→ Selenium dietary supplements - Dosage

Selenium has to be taken in dietary supplements in proper dosage in cases of nutritional deficiency.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral required in dosage of small quantities for the normal and healthy functioning of human body.

In a typical diet in United States on an average 70 - 140 micrograms of this essential trace mineral is present.

Though this dosage is more than the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), which is 55-60 mcg, its use in protection/treatment from conditions like cancers and heart diseases require higher concentrations.

People living in selenium deficient soils and sourcing locally grown food become chronically deficient and develop the deficiency diseases (see topic on selenium deficiency).

In such specific conditions (found in China and Russia) they require to take the essential trace mineral in sufficient dosage to remain healthy.

Forms of selenium dietary supplements

Most of the present day multivitamin pills contain this essential trace mineral ranging in dosage between 30 - 200 mcg of of this mineral.

Apart from the dietary sources its dosage in multivitamin is more than sufficient.

This essential trace mineral in its elemental form it is not bio-available and it can become toxic on ingestion.

Selenium is available both in organic, chelated and inorganic forms.

Its inorganic dietary supplements forms like selenate and selenite have poor absorption rate and poor bioavailability.

selenium chelates and aspartates also have poor bioavailability.

Its organic form is selenomethionine which has greater absorption rate and bioavailability.

Selenomethionine exists in D- and L- isomer forms and the it naturally occurs as L-selenomethionine in foods.

'High selenium yeasts' contain a high dosage of 1000 -2000 mcg of this trace mineral per gram in the form of selenomethionine.

Synthetic selenomethionine was made in 1984 and is also available in dietary supplements.

Intravenous selenium forms are also available for treatment of patients in critical stage and on TPN (total parenteral nutrition) and the dosage has to be monitored by qualified health care professional.

In its sulphide form it is being successfully used in the treatment of fungal infections like dandruff and tinea versicolor.

Selenium dietary supplements: quantity and quality concerns

Many dietary supplements are marketed with miraculous treatments for a number of ailments.

They usually contain high dosage amounts of its inorganic salts and the quantity is not properly disclosed.

Some supplements are marketed as selenium yeast, but are made with yeast containing inferior inorganic selenate and selenite salts instead of selenomethionine.

Many of its chealate forms do not disclose the exact form of this trace mineral used in formulation.

Many infant formulations, protein foods and health products contain inorganic salts of this mineral whereas selenomethionine is the efficacious and preferred one over other forms.

Excess dosage of its salts in some formulations had caused selenosis (overdose of this essential trace mineral).

Safety factors in use of selenium dietary supplements

When dietary supplements of 200 mcg are taken, considering the food inputs, the total input increases in an adult to 250 to 400 mcg of selenium which is under safe levels.

The upper tolerance level is 400mcg for adults including sensitive groups.

In healthy individuals prolonged use of these dietary supplements with dosage up to 800 mcg do not produce adverse effects.

Overt toxicity symptoms appear when the lowest adverse effect level of 1500+mcg/day is exceeded.

Selenium dietary supplements: risk factors

Though the supplements of this essential trace mineral are safer in present days, decades ago accidental very high dosage had caused death of ponies and also selenosis in humans.

Related topics on selenium nutrition:

What is selenium?

Role in human nutrition

Health benefits

Good natural food sources

Deficiency and symptoms

Overdose and side effects

Selenium dietary supplements and dosage (current topic)

Considering the possibility of higher selenium dosage and resultant selenosis, it is advisable to take dietary supplements under the supervision of qualified medical professional.

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Selenium Side effects - Selenium overdose - Too much selenium

2010-09-23T16:48:00.008+05:30

Essential trace minerals → Vanadium in diabetes → Chromium in diabetes

Too much Selenium - side effects - overdose

Exceeding the upper tolerable levels of selenium is fraught with many overdose side effects.

While it is being advised to take adequate levels of the essential trace mineral selenium either through food or through supplements, there is a lurking danger of overdose and side effects by taking too much of it.

In fact the adult requirement is only 50-60 mcg.

However the tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is also low and there is a possibility of overdose and side effects.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of selenium and its overdose

When blood levels of this essential trace mineral exceed 100 μg (mcg or micrograms) per one deciliter (dL) of blood, selenosis, an overdose condition with many side effects is caused.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) has been set by The Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, for preventing the risks of selenosis, at 400 micrograms per day for adults.

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Infants, Children, and Adults.

Age	Males and Females (μg/day)
0 - 6 months	45
7 - 12 months	60
1-3 years	90
4-8 years	150
9-13 years	280
14-18 years	400
19 years +	400

Selenium intake at levels above the UL carry very high risk of overdose and the resultant side effects.

Causes of selenium overdose

Normally we get sufficient of this mineral from our diet. The situation of overdose can occur in the following circumstances.

Excess presence in soil and food.

Soils in different regions of the world contain varying levels of selenium.

Foods grown in very high selenium bearing soils have too much of it and cause selenosis.

A typical example is the case in China where people suffered selenosis when they consumed corn grown on carbonaceous shale which was extremely rich in selenium (as much much as 9%).

Self medication and excess and unregulated use of supplements

Use of selenium supplements without proper analysis of the requirement can lead to excess consumption and overdose.

Frequent use of brazil nuts and other foods very rich in the mineral can lead too much accumulation of it in the body causing the side effects.

Selenium side effects on consuming too much of it

Side effects of consumption of too much of this mineral include garlic odor in breath, lung problems, breathlessness gastrointestinal irritation, stomach upsets, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pain, fatigue, muscle cramps, restlessness, listlessness, dementia, behavioural problems, metallic taste in the mouth, hair loss, skin inflammation, tooth decay, and fingernail discoloration.

Other problems on too much of this mineral are damage to nervous system, impairment of liver, impairment of kidney, thyroid malfunction, jaundice, dermatitis, birth defects, and stunting of growth.

In extreme cases fever and damage to lung and heart occur and may result in mortality.

Relief, treatment and cure from selenium side effects

Treating selenosis starts with removing the causative factor.

The patient is made to drink sufficient water to flush out the excess reducing side effects.

There is no antidote for this mineral. In severe overdose cases hospitalisation is necessary for the convalescence of the patient and for the treatment.

Related topics on selenium nutrition:

What is selenium?

Role in human nutrition

Health benefits

Types of supplements- dosage

Good natural food sources

Deficiency and symptoms

Selenium overdose and side effects(current topic)

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Health nutrition - Selenium foods - Natural rich selenium sources

2010-09-22T12:32:00.018+05:30

Essential trace minerals → Vanadium in diabetes → Chromium in diabetes

Natural plant foods are generally rich sources of selenium.

Throughout the world, rich sources of selenium in diet are plant foods.

Animals raised on natural plants and fodder containing rich levels of selenium also yield meat and dairy products containing high levels of this trace mineral.

However the amount of selenium in land sources of foods cannot be accurately given as the analysis results vary from place to place due variance in local soil availability.

The availability of selenium in marine sources of foods is rich and it appears to be more consistent as local variables are almost absent.

Among the sources of foods containing rich quantity of selenium Brazil nuts top.

As foods containing too much selenium can be toxic, it is adviced to take brazil nuts moderately.

Rich sources of selenium in foods

Selenium rich diets	mcg of selenium in 100 gms
Rich nuts
Brazil nuts, dried, unblanched	1917.0
mixed nuts, with peanuts, oil roasted, with salt	140.9
sunflower seed kernels, dry roasted	79.3
cashew nuts, dry roasted	11.7
Fish foods sources rich in selenium
Fish, roughy, orange, cooked, dry heat	88.3
Fish, roughy, orange, raw	66.7
Fish, herring, pickled	58.5
Flatfish, cooked, dry heat	58.2
Sardine, canned in oil, drained solids with bone	52.7
Fish sandwich, with tartar sauce and cheese	48.4
Halibut fish cooked, dry heat	46.8
Rockfish, cooked, dry heat	46.8
Tuna fish salad	41.2
Salmon, sockeye, cooked, dry heat	37.8
Halibut fish, raw	36.5
Rockfish, raw	36.5
Fish, salmon, sockeye, raw	33.7
Flatfish raw	32.7
Shellfish diets
Oyster, cooked, breaded and fried	66.5
clam, canned, drained	48.6
Lobster, cooked	42.7
Shrimp, breaded and fried	41.7
Lobster raw	41.4
Crab, blue, canned	31.8
Meat sources
Chicken giblets, cooked, simmered	59.6
Turkey, giblets, cooked	57.9
Beef, cured, corned beef, canned	42.9
Egg, whole, raw, fresh	31.7
Duck, meat, cooked, roasted	22.4
Lamb, shoulder raw	19.8
Duck, meat, raw	13.9
Cereal foods
Whole-grain wheat flour	70.7
Oat bran, raw	45.2
Noodles, Chinese, chow mein	43.0
Barley, pearled, raw	37.7
Wheat flour, white, all-purpose	33.9
Rye bread	30.9
Macaroni, cooked,	26.4
Bread, oatmeal	24.6
Rice, parboiled, dry	23.9
Cornmeal, whole-grain, yellow	15.5
Rice, white, cooked	7.5
Dairy sources of foods
Milk, canned, condensed, sweetened	14.8
Cheese, ricotta, whole milk	14.5
Cheese, cottage, low fat	9.0
Yogurt, plain, skim milk	3.6
Vegetable sources of foods
Spaghetti, cooked	26.4
Spaghetti, spinach, cooked	22.1
Mushrooms, white, raw	9.3
Chickpeas raw	8.2
Apple pie	7.8
Soybeans, mature cooked, boiled	7.3
Asparagus, frozen, cooked, boiled	3.9
Beans, baked	5.7
Tomato products, canned, paste	5.3

The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) of selenium

Children and Adolescents

1-3 years	20 mcg
4-8 years	30 mcg
9-13 years	40 mcg
14-18 years	55mcg

Adults (19 years +)

males and females	55 mcg
pregnant women	60 mcg
Lactating women	70 mcg

Adequate intake (AI) levels for infants

0-6 months	15 mcg
6-12 months	20 mcg

Related topics on selenium nutrition:

What is selenium?

Role in human nutrition

Health benefits

Types of supplements- dosage

Toxicity, overdose and side effects

Selenium deficiency and symptoms

Rich natural food sources (current topic)

Most of people take diets adequate in selenium and in specific instances of deficiency supplements or rich sources of foods are to be sought to ward off the deficiency diseases.

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Nutrition for health - selenium deficiency - Causes and symptoms

2010-09-21T12:31:00.014+05:30

Selenium deficiency, though uncommon, can occur under specific situations.

People dependant on food products grown on soils with selenium deficiency, old people with impaired food absorption, those who have undergone gastrointestinal bypass surgery, patients under total parenteral nutrition and patients with severely impaired intestinal absorption are prone to develop selenium deficiency.

Causes of selenium deficiency

Dependence on food grown on poor selenium soils:

The availability of selenium in nutrition depends upon its presence in the soil.

Plants take it up from soil and animals feeding on the plants get their requirements fulfilled.

However soils in different regions of the world have different amount of its presence with many regions having adequate or higher concentrations.

However certain regions (especially in China and Russia) have very low availability in soil.

Plants and animals in these regions suffer inadequacy of this trace mineral.

People living in these regions who source their food requirements from local produce tend to develop deficiency of selenium and related health complications.

Deficiency of selenium due to old age malabsorption:

As people grow old their food absorption capacity diminishes.

Further they tend to neglect timely meals and the food may not be balanced for their special requirements.

In such situations they can develop nutritional inadequacy of selenium.

Selenium deficiency in patients with severely impaired intestinal function and under TPN:

Patients suffering from severe diseases of intestines like

Crohn's disease, celiac disease, intestinal TB and ulcerative colitis have their intestinal absorption highly compromised.

With impaired absorption they tend to get undernourished with selenium.

In such situation they are put on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and if the parenteral fluids are not properly supplemented, they develop its deficiency and further health problems.

Selenium inadequacy in patients who have undergoing gastrointestinal bypass surgeries:

As gastrointestinal bypass surgeries result in reduction in absorption area in the intestinal canal, unless the patients are sufficiently and properly supplemented with vitamin and essential minerals, they can develop deficiencies.

Signs and symptoms of deficiency of selenium

Fatigue
Symptoms of muscle weakness
Muscular pain
Muscular inflammation
Hypothyroidism
Keshan disease
Symptoms of enlargement of heart
Cardiac arrhythmia
Symptoms of Kashin-Beck's disease
Joint pain
Symptoms of swollen joints
Cretinism
Mental retardation
Symptoms of growth retardation
Red blood cell fragility
Symptoms of cataract formation
Macular degeneration
Pancreas degeneration
Symptoms of reproductive disorders
Miscarriage
Hair and skin discoloration

Diseases related to selenium deficiency

Keshan Disease

Dietary deficiency causes Keshan Disease with symptoms of enlarged heart.

Keshan disease is congestive cardiomyopathy and if untreated this disease can be fatal.

Keshan disease shows symptoms like pulmonary edema and can cause heart failure.

Kashin-Beck disease

Kashin-Beck disease or Kashin-Bek disease (KBD) believed to be caused by selenium inadequacy.

Kashin-Beck's disease

Kashin-Beck disease is an osteoarticular disease and involves growth of joint cartilage.

Affected persons suffer and show symptoms of joint destruction and enlargement, restricting their movement.

Myxedematous Endemic Cretinism

Myxedematous Endemic Cretinism is a type of hypothyroidism.

The affected persons develop and show symptoms of edema on the face and also growth and mental retardation.

Effects of deficiency of selenium

Breakdown of antioxidant activities
Lowered immunity
Increase in autoimmunity
Onset of rheumatism and arthritis
Body's increased susceptibility to viral diseases
Increase in affliction by coxsackievirus, flue and herpes
Increase in the progress of HIV/AIDS
Higher incidence of cancers
Increase in progress of cancers
Hypothyroidism related diseases
Increased risk of birth defects
Onset of mental retardation and dementia

All these problems of selenium deficiency can be overcome with early diagnosis of the deficiency and administration of supplements under medical advice.

Related topics on selenium nutrition:

What is selenium?

Role in human nutrition

Health benefits

Supplements- dosage

Toxicity, overdose and side effects

Good natural food sources

Selenium deficiency and symptoms (current topic)

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Nutrition for health - Selenium benefits - Selenium health

2010-09-20T18:57:00.010+05:30

Antioxidant activity is one of the primary health benefits of selenium.

Numerous health benefits are being found and attributed to selenium, an essential trace mineral, including protection from cardiovascular diseases, protection from cancers (especially prostate cancer), enhancement of immunity, slowing down of progress of HIV/AIDS, promotion of thyroid activity and protection from goiter and neutralization of toxic substances.

Selenium health benefits: antioxidant activity

In human body selenium forms selenoproteins like Glutathione peroxidases (GPx).

Although each GPx is a separate distinct selenoprotein, all of them are antioxidant enzymes seeking out and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Reactive oxygen species like lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and hydrogen peroxide derivatives (hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals and oxyl radicals) potentially have damaging effect on the cell membranes, DNA and other cell structures containing lipids.

GPx antioxidant enzymes react with these free radicals and reduce them into harmless alcohols and water.

Selenium benefits: protection from heart diseases

Low serum level of trace mineral selenium is associated with cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease) and selenium supplements are found to cure this disorder.

One of its health benefits is in making the blood 'thin' with decrease in clotting of blood in the blood vessels; thus lowering the possibility of stroke and heart attacks.

This trace mineral contributes to cardiovascular health benefits by increasing the HDL cholesterol and decreasing the LDL cholesterol and also by inhibiting LDL cholesterol oxidation.

Selenium health : protection from cancer

There are well documented initial results of health benefits of selenium in the prevention and treatment of prostrate cancer.

There is clear evidence associating low serum levels of this mineral with increased risk of occurrence of prostate cancer.

Some positive results and benefits are seen in preventing cancer of cervix, colorectal region, ovaries, liver and lungs.

Studies also have shown the health benefits like reduced cancer mortality in regions where more selenium is found in food.

Benefits of selenium: immunity boosting effects

Its health benefits in boosting the immunity are immense and it protects the body from attacks by viruses and bacteria.

The incidences of occurrence of herpes (shingles) and cold sores in persons with low serum levels are greatly reduced when its supplements are administrated.

By increasing the immunity, this mineral helps in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and arthritis.

Selenium health: use in HIV treatment

In person affected by HIV, deficiency of this trace mineral is observed due to malabsorption. The serum selenium levels go down as HIV progresses.

When the supplements of this essential trace mineral are given to the HIV infected the progress of this disease slows down.

Low levels in serum are associated with risks of progress of AIDS and mortality.

This may be due to suppression of replication in HIV by reduction of oxidative stress in the infected host cells by this essential trace mineral.

Benefits of selenium: role in thyroid gland function

Human thyroid glands release large quantities of inactive form of hormone (also known as T4 or thyroxine) and very small quantities of biologically active hormone (known as T3 or triiodothyronine) into the blood stream.

Iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes, which are selenium dependant, deactivate or activate both T3 and T4 hormones for the normal health and growth.

Many health benefits in conditions like dandruff, asthma, diabetes, burns, intracranial pressure symptoms, macular degeneration, Cataracts, cystic fibrosis and Chemotherapy are observed and are attributed to this essential trace mineral.

Related topics on selenium nutrition:

What is selenium?

Role in human nutrition

Deficiency and symptoms

Types of supplements- dosage

Toxicity, poisoning, overdose and side effects

Good natural food sources

Selenium health benefits (current topic)

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Nutrition for health - What is selenium?

2010-09-19T19:56:00.006+05:30

Selenium is a trace dietary mineral and non-metallic chemical element.

What is selenium?

Selenium is an element with atomic mass 78.96 and its atomic number is 34.

It is related to tellurium and sulphur and its chemical symbol is Se.

This mineral is found in soil and rocks in many allotropic forms and rarely occurs in nature in its elemental state. The most frequently encountered form is selenium dioxide (Se₂).

In sulphide ores it occurs as pyrite and is also a primary byproduct in electrolytic copper refining.

This non-metal mineral is frequently used in electronic, glass, metal alloys and petrochemical industries.

Natural sources of dietary selenium

Most of the plant products contain this trace mineral and its dietary availability depends upon its concentration in the soil of the region.

It gets leached from soils in agricultural activities and becomes agricultural runoff.

Over some time such soils become deficient of this mineral and the plant produce also becomes deficient.

Selenium as an essential trace mineral

This trace mineral is essential in nutrition and the excess of it can be toxic.

Found in small amounts in all organs of human body, it is more concentrated in kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen and testes.

This trace element, being a component of antioxidant enzymes, is essential for the formation of selenoproteins and enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.

Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for adults is 55-60 μg/day.

A balanced diet may fulfill the RDA of this essential trace mineral.

Brazil nuts, whole grains, fish, shellfish and many fruits and vegetables are good sources of selenium.

People living in regions deficient in soil concentration of selenium and people with impaired gaotrointestinal system are likely to develop its deficiency.

As dietary supplements are available, its deficiency can be corrected.

Being toxic in high doses its supplementation should be monitored closely.

Selenium sulfide is a popular compound used in the treatment of dandruff and tinea versicolor.

It is believed that selenium may have a role in alleviating conditions in heart disease, thyroid gland disease and goiter, arthritis, HIV/AIDS and prostrate cancers. However further research studies are required for recommending dosage for treatments.

Related topics on selenium nutrition:

What is its role in human nutrition?

What are Health benefits?

What are deficiency symptoms?

What are its supplements? What is the dosage?

What is its toxicity, overdose and side effects?

What are good food sources?

What is selenium? (current topic)

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Health care nutrition: selenium nutrition

2010-09-19T19:00:00.017+05:30

Selenium is an essential trace mineral in human nutrition.

Being a potent antioxidant, it helps in the neutralization of free radicals created in oxidative reactions in the course of energy production in biological processes.

The free radicals can destroy cells and kill them.

Selenium is found to help maintain the reproductive system of men.

It is an important factor in the production of enzymes.

This trace mineral enhances the immunological process protecting us from diseases.

It slows and stops aging process and enhances the action of vitamin E.

It may help in prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

In the normal balanced diet it is sufficiently available.

This mineral is available in sea foods, fish, shell- fish, meat, whole grains and vegetables and fruits grown on selenium rich soils.

Body pains and weakness are its deficiency symptoms.

Keshan disease is an abnormality of the heart, caused by its deficiency.

Diseases of joints, bones and also mental retardation may be caused by its deficiency in the diet.

Deficiency of this trace mineral can be corrected by the intake of food rich in this mineral and by use of supplements.

In excess it can cause selenosis leading to loss of hair, nausea, fatigue and irritability.

Related topics on selenium nutrition:

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Nutrition for health - Chromium - Diabetes - Chromium picolinate

2010-08-13T23:47:00.012+05:30

Trace minerals for nutrition and health → Chromium - Diabetes

Chromium, in its nutrition supplement form as chromium picolinate, helps to treat diabetes by enhancing the metabolic effect of insulin by increasing insulin sensitivity.

Chromium, one of the essential trace minerals is present in our body in small amounts.

The nutrition sources of chromium include broccoli and leafy vegetables, whole grains, lean meat and brewer's yeast.

Of the nutrition supplements available, chromium picolinate is the best with comparatively higher absorption rates (preferred in diabetes treatment).

An adequate intake is arrived at 35 mcg/day for men and 25 mcg/day for women ( in the age groups of 20 to 50 years).

Chromium deficiency can cause diabetes-like condition

Chromium potentates insulin and causes its effective function in the human body.

In the classical case study of 1970s, a woman, who was on intravenous (parenteral) feeding for a long period developed severe diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance.

Even after administration of 50 units/day of insulin exogenously, she was still losing weight and developing neuropathy.

When chromium nutrition supplements were added to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) the condition resolved in three weeks and she no longer required exogenous insulin.

With many repeats of such situations, presently, parenteral formulations are routinely supplemented with this trace mineral.

Many research studies have shown that chromium picolinate, shows positive effects on impaired glucose tolerance and the resultant diabetes by improving the metabolism of blood sugar and decreasing the insulin levels in the blood.

Benefits of chromium picolinate in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus

The efficacy of chromium in overcoming insulin resistance type 2 diabetes is well documented in a double-blind study (a study in which neither the persons conducting the experiment nor the subjects of the experiment know the critical aspects of the study) for four months conducted in China.

180 type II diabetes patients were given doses of either 500 mcg chromium picolinate, 100 mcg chromium picolinate or placebo,twice daily.

In the evaluations at the end of two months and also at the end of four months, the group of patients, who were given 1000 mcg of chromium picolinate daily, showed significant and consistent improvements in their health and nutrition status.

Two hours subsequent to glucose intake, the insulin and blood glucose concentrations (fasting insulin, fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin) had decreased significantly.

With doses of 200 mcg per day, there was no reduction in the fasting glucose; however the fasting insulin decreased as much as with the high dose, with considerable reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin.

This and other subsequent studies have shown that chromium picolinate at higher doses positively affect the diabetes conditions.

Another surprising and welcome effect of high doses of chromium picolinate is that there is significant drop in triglycerides; elevated levels of triglycerides further complicate the condition of disease.

Type I diabetes patients, who basically suffer from insulin insufficiency, may not gain much with the trace mineral therapy.

However there are instances wherein type I patients also develop insulin tolerance (type II condition) due to chromium deficiency.

There is marked improvement in their condition when chromium picolinate supplements are given as the insulin intake is better utilized with the decrease in type II condition.

Benefits of chromium picolinate in treating gestational diabetes

About 2% of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes in the second/third trimester.

Unless the blood glucose levels are controlled, the developing fetus may suffer adverse effects.

Studies on a group of pregnant women with gestational diabetes (showing symptoms of diabetes during pregnancy) have clearly demonstrated that use of less than one mg. of chromium picolinate supplement caused significant reduction in the blood glucose levels.

This trace mineral supplement also reduced hyperinsulinemia (abnormal high levels of insulin hormone in blood) and also showed improvement in insulin sensitivity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes.

However in severe high blood glucose conditions insulin therapy will be required.

Chromium picolinate supplements and risks in people taking diabetes medication

Individuals taking medication or insulin, must take the advice of their health care provider before starting on picolinate nutrition supplements of this mineral.

These individuals might already have a programmed medication regime for the treatment of insulin resistance.

Introduction of the nutrition supplement will require change in the frequency and type of diabetes medication and the schedule of blood glucose monitoring.

Chromium picolinate nutrition supplement intake in individuals with diabetes, without proper regulation and monitoring of medications, can lead to hypoglycaemia and other complications.

Hypoglycaemia can cause weakness, unconsciousness, seizures, permanent brain damage and death.

Diabetes treatment with chromium picolinate and possible side effects

As there are no adverse reactions convincingly attributed to excess consumption of this trace mineral no tolerable upper level is set.

In some rare cases this picolinate nutrition supplement has been found to give severe skin allergy reactions.

In some cell culture studies excess of chromium picolinate has been associated with DNA damage. However in living organisms there is no evidence of DNA damage.

There are isolated reports of kidney failure on taking high doses of chromium picolinate nutrition supplements.

For persons with liver or kidney disease, mental ailments and bipolar disorder, cautious evaluation is necessary before administrating this nutrition supplement for diabetes.

The use of antacids containing calcium has been found to negatively affect the absorption of chromium picolinate in the gastrointestinal tract.

Though chromium picolinate is useful in treatment of diabetes along with other medications, it is advised that a medical professional be consulted before starting the therapy.

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Nutrition for health - Vanadium - Diabetes

2010-07-12T14:44:00.013+05:30

Trace minerals for nutrition and health → Vanadium - Diabetes

Vanadium compounds have been found to lower the blood glucose levels in a limited number of human trials in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Vanadium is present in human body in traces and hence considered as an essential trace mineral.

Clear deficiency effects on humans are not researched to conclusion and RDA is not fixed.

More than its curative effect on diabetes, vanadium has been associated with reduced heart diseases in places where it is present in higher levels in soil.

However, the essentiality of vanadium has been proved and deficiency effects have been recorded for lesser mammals like rats (popular candidates of diabetes experiments) and birds like chicken; anemia, infertility, affected bone and cartilage formation are some of the deficiency effects.

Vanadium is available in whole grains, beans, seeds, olives, leafy vegetables, carrot, pepper, garlic, mushrooms, shellfish, fish and seafood.

In a balanced diet, we consume between 10-60 mcg of this trace minerals daily.

Vanadium, diabetes and insulin-mimicking

Animal research studies in 1980s have shown that vanadium can control blood glucose levels in animals in whom it was induced artificially.

Its compounds used in animal experiments have been found to significantly improve the fasting glucose by mimicking insulin function.

Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) is stimulated by insulin for glucose translocation into the cell.

The same function is done by vanadium, mimicking insulin.

Vanadium and type 1 and type 2 diabetes

In a study by Allison B. Goldfine, MD et al. at Joslin Diabetes Center, it was concluded that vanadyl sulfate reduce blood glucose by discernible levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The patients groups were given between 75mg/day to 300mg/day for six weeks.

In another study it was found that treatment with sodium metavanadate (an organic salt) significantly improved the insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes patients.

Patients with type 1 disease had reduced requirement of insulin during the study period.

As high doses are required for achieving results, a larger and longer research study is required before taking a leap into the use of this mineral.

Diabetes treatment with vanadium and possible side effects

The effects of vanadium in high doses are not all good and positive.

Very high doses have been found to destroy beta cells (insulin producing cells) in pancreas.

High doses are also associated with nerve damage and bipolar disorder.

There is the lingering possibility blockage of several enzyme reactions in the cells by vanadium compounds.

Higher doses usually given in experiments on diabetes, hold the potential for damage to liver and kidney in the long run.

This mineral can potentially affect many functions of the body positively or negatively.

Vanadium supplements and risks in people taking diabetes medication

This mineral through diet for sure will not cause any problems as only 10-60 mcg of the metal is consumed.

Most of supplements and multivitamin forms do not have more than 50 mcg of vanadium in them.

However at these levels vanadium will not have effect on blood glucose levels and diabetes.

However, when its salts are to be used for treatment of diabetes, with doses of 100 mcg and above, considered advice and close follow up by a professional doctor is required as the effect of lowering the blood glucose may cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

Patients who are taking medication or insulin must consult a doctor before taking vanadium supplement, as both the medication and the trace mineral work towards the common goal of blood sugar control. When considering the lack of complete information on uses of vanadium in control of blood glucose level and its possible side effects, it is prudent to be cautious in taking up vanadium treatment for diabetes.

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Nutrition for health - Healthy balanced diet

2010-07-09T09:11:00.004+05:30

Balanced healthy diet → Balanced nutrition → What is malnutrition → Nutrition disorders → malnutrition causes

For a healthy life, balanced nutrition diet rich in all the nutrient rquirements are necessary.

Food groups in balanced healthy diets

The naturally occurring food can be grouped into main five food categories namely,

Pulses and cereals (wheat, rice, corn, oats, peas, soya seeds etc)
Vegetables (carrot, beans, cabbage, leafy vegetables etc)
Fruits (apple, strawberry, mango, watermelon)
Dairy products (milk, cheese yogurt etc)
Fish, poultry and meat products

Balanced diets containing all the food groups ensure the availability of all the macro and micronutrients for our body's function.

Food items for complete diet The required size of the servings of the balanced healthy diet containing the above groups depend upon the age, occupation, height, gender and activities.

It is also important to include in balanced healthy diets, a variety of foods within the groups as the nutrition values may differ greatly within each group.

Here discretion has to be used on the frequency and quantity for inclusion of individual food of the food-groups depending upon its nutrition value.

How to get balanced healthy diet?

We have to go in for diets which are dense in nutrition and relatively low in calories.

Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low fat milk products, fish, poultry and lean meat are rich in macronutrients, minerals and vitamins and are preferred sources of balanced healthy diet.

Foods, higher in fats and added sugar, can be taken occasionally and sparingly.

Diets very rich in fats, animal fats and trans fats and food with high content of added sugar are best avoided.

Fast foods, junk food and fad diets are against balanced healthy nutrition

Fast food joints, with the mushrooming of new ventures, to keep themselves alive and keep kicking in the competition, ignoring the balanced healthy nutrition part of the food, concentrate only on taste and price.

The food served usually contains trans fats and it ruins all our efforts for balanced healthy diet.

These junk foods typically contain high levels of saturated fats, salt or sugar with little of fiber.

The effect of taste get children and adults in to craving for such food ignorant of the nutrition hazards involved in eating such diet regularly.

In a nutrition research study by Paul Kenny and Paul Johnson at Scripps Research Institute, it was found that junk food in diet can alter the brain activity in a manner very similar to addictive chemicals.

Pleasure centers of brain get desensitized, causing craving for more of such diets for pleasure.

Fad diets claim weight loss and healthy diet by methods other than calorie restriction.

The adherents have irrational belief in fad diets and ignore the basic scientific facts about healthy food as well as the advices of dietitians and nutritionists for balanced nutrition.

Healthy balanced diet when you eat-out

Our carefully crafted nutrition programme goes haywire when we eat-out.

If we prescribe certain rules on ourselves for eating out, we can still get healthy balanced diet.

Go in for sugar-free salads and desserts while eating out.

It may be hard on us initially to diet but we can get used to sugar -free preparations.

Totally avoid preparations made of red meat (lamb, beaf etc) and prefer poultry meat with skin removed.

Do not order fried or deep-fried preparations; instead prefer grilled, boiled or gravy products and insist on use of less cooking oil.

Order smaller courses and reduce the quantity of food.

Reduce starchy food and order more of protein rich healthy nutrition food.

Avoid alcoholic beverages and prefer fruit juices without added sugar.

Risk of chronic diseases from diets which are not healthy

Foods, which are not healthy, increase the risks for chronic diseases like high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

Nutrition deficiency diseases of vitamins and minerals like, pellagra, scurvy, beriberi, rickets, osteomalacia and anemia can cause debilitating afflictions.

Complete meal

RDA/Adequate Intake for achieving balanced healthy nutrition is shown below for men and women aged 40–50 years

Nutrients for diet	Men	Women	sources of food
Carbohydrates nutrition	130 gm	130 gm	rice, bread, potato, cereals
Protein	56 gm	46 gm	milk, fish, chicken, soya bean
Linoleic acid	17 gm	12 gm	fish
alpha-Linolenic acid	1.6 gm	1.1 gm	fish
Fiber	38 gm	25 gm	peas, whole bread
Water in nutrition	3.7 lt	2.7 lt	safe sources

We can achieve balanced diet provided we take efforts to analyse and understand nutrition requirements with open mind and shed our eating habits and bias which neither contribute to our balanced food nor to our healthy life.

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Nutrition for health - Trace minerals in nutrition for health

2010-07-01T19:55:00.006+05:30

Trace minerals in nutrition, by acting synergically, help in the maintenance of dynamic equilibrium of our health by altering the physiological variables.

What are trace minerals?

We are aware of essential elements like calcium and sodium required in nutrition in greater quantities for our body's health and maintenance.

But there are a number of essential elements required by our body in very minute doses (traces) for its health function, and these elements are categorised as trace minerals.

Like macro-elements, these minerals are also equally important in nutrition for the proper functioning of our body and have various functions in osmoregulation, mineralization of bones and excretion.

Nutrition benefits of trace minerals for health

The presence of these elements in our nutrition is very important for the cellular function.

They are required in minute quantities and excess of them can create health problems and toxicity.

These elements boost our immune system and make it strong.

Magnesium is important for the proper absorption of calcium by our body.

Minerals like selenium are potent antioxidants getting rid off the free radicals.

Along with calcium, boron, nickel, selenium, vanadium, manganese and zinc are required for the bone mineralization and growth.

Many micro-elements stimulate the endocrine system and help in the proper function of our glands.

Iodine is very important as it is required for functioning of the thyroid gland.

Trace minerals in nutrition

Our food, especially food from plant origin, provides us, trace minerals requirement for our health.

However our present farming practises are depleting the soil of these elements and there is a great drop in their availability from soil.

Essential element nutrition deficiencies have become widespread, especially in cereal producing soils.

This situation in turn has lead to reduction in the trace minerals content of the produce.

Use of micronutrient fertilizers, organic manure, change of crops and cropping patterns only can invigorate the soil; then only we can get back to optimum levels of trace minerals from our food for our health.

Plant food sources of marine environment are relatively unaffected by human activity and are rich nutrition sources of these elements.

In trace minerals deficiency related health disorders, specific supplements are given to correct the deficiency.

Trace minerals nutrition requirements for our health

Minerals	RDA/AI	Deficiency	Excess
Cobalt	-	B12 deficiency	cobalt poisoning
Copper	900 µg	copper deficiency	copper toxicity
Chromium	-	chromium deficiency	chromium poisoning
Fluoride	-	dental cavities	fluoride poisoning
Iodine	150 µg	iodine deficiency	-
Iron	8 mg	anaemia	iron overload disorder
Molybdenum	45 µg	molybdenum deficiency	-
Manganese	2.3 mg	manganese deficiency	manganism
Nickel	-	enzyme disorder	nickel poisoning
Selenium	55 µg	selenium deficiency	selenosis
Zinc	11 mg	zinc deficiency	-
Vanadium	-	vanadium deficiency	vanadium toxicity
Boron	2.1 mg	boron deficiency	boron toxicity

A balanced nutrition comprising lots of vegetables and fruits gives required trace minerals for our health.

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Nutrition for health - Balanced nutrition

2010-07-01T19:06:00.014+05:30

Balanced nutrition → Balanced healthy diet → What is malnutrition → malnutrition causes → Nutrition disorders

Balanced nutrition fulfils all of body's nutrient requirements without excess or deficit of any of the nutrients. Balanced nutrition with good eating habits leads to healthy life.

Balanced Nutrition

Balanced diet regime must contain all the requirements of macronutrients and micronutrients in the required proportions on a daily basis.

For balanced nutrition, macronutrients required in greater quantities are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fiber and water.

Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients which are required in smaller quantities.

The shortage or excess of macro and micronutrients in our nutrition, affects normal body functions.

Carbohydrates in balanced nutrition

Though carbohydrates are required for energy, they can cause nutrition disorders when in excess.

All types of foods sourced from plant origin have carbohydrates.

These carbohydrates can be categorised into three types based on the speed of their conversion into glucose in our system.

High density carbohydrates, are available in food like sugar, cookies, soft drinks and also in refined flours. When consumed, these are digested into glucose and absorbed into our body very rapidly, increasing the blood glucose levels.

With continued levels of high blood sugar for long periods, the insulin secretion mechanism of pancreas may go haywire and result in nutrition disorder, diabetes.

When this caloric intake in diet is not spent it is further converted into fat deposits in the body, leading to another nutrition disorder, obesity.

For achieving balanced nutrition, whole flour, potatoes, beetroot, carrot having slower conversion rate must be consumed in smaller quantities so as not to cause spike in blood glucose, leading to conversion in to fat.

Vegetables and fruits with high water content can be consumed in greater quantities in our food a they are low in carbohydrates by weight but high in healthy fiber, vitamins and minerals.

Fats in balanced nutrition

Fats are one of the important nutrients in a balanced diet and it is advised that up to 30% of our calorie intake can be from fat nutrition.

As fats are available in different forms, it is important to know which types are useful and which are harmful.

Monounsaturated fats in nutrition:

Mono saturated fats are good fats in nutrition, useful in reducing the levels of Low density lipoproteins (LDL - bad cholesterol) and enhancing the levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL - good cholesterol).

They are found in healthy balanced diet having olive oil, avocados, almonds, nuts and tea seed oil.

Polyunsaturated fats in balanced nutrition:

For the function of human body two fatty acids are essential and they cannot be manufactured by our body cells.

They are omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats found in fish, fish oil and sea food, with attributes like lowering the risk of cardiac arrest.

Omega-6 fatty acids are present in sunflower and safflower oils and are known for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Saturated fats to be avoided for achieving balanced nutrition:

Saturated fats are harmful to the body as their consumption can lead to risk of cardiovascular diseases, heart diseases and stroke.

These fats are found in animal fats, butter, and tropical oils.

Trans fats are enemies for balanced and healthy nutrition:

Trans fats have the bad effect of lowering HDL and increasing the LDL and are open enemies for healthy heart.

These bad fats are found in hydrogenated oils, margarine, vegetable shortening and many fast foods like french fry and chips.

To sum up, it is to be remembered that the fat composition for balanced nutrition should not exceed 30% of the energy intake ( not the food intake) with main sources being nuts, almonds, fish, olive oil and sunflower oil.

Proteins for balanced nutriton

In nutrition, proteins are essential macronutrients for the growth and metabolism.

Proteins are found in all sources of diet of animal and plant origins in varying concentrations.

Good nutrition sources of proteins include oil seeds, groundnuts, soya and all animal sources.

As most of the protein is also accompanied by high loads of fatty oils, good diet sources which are low in fat get restricted.

Inclusion of poultry meat in our healthy balanced diet is advised as it is found to be low in fat when the skin is removed.

Defatted dairy products like low-fat milk, and cottage cheese are healthy balanced nutrition sources of proteins.

Fish though contains fatty oils, the fats being mostly polyunsaturated, is good for health.

Lentils, peas and beans contain higher amounts of protein nutrition among the vegetables.

Defatted soya meal and Tofu are very good nutrition sources of proteins.

You can find the nutrient split up for most of the food sources in the page on 'protein food sources'.

Essential amino acids:

In the balanced protein nutrition, the amino acid composition is the most important factor. Humans adults require eight essential amino acids in their diet as their body cannot synthesize them.

Infants and children in addition to the eight, require four more amino acids in their food as they cannot synthesize them in their body.

The protein diet containing all the essential amino acids is called complete protein.

All the protein from animal origin is complete balanced protein for nutrition.

Proteins from plant origin are found to be deficient in one or more amino acids.

Wheat and rice are deficient in amino acid lysine, soy is deficient in methionine and legumes are deficient in cysteine or tryptophan or methionine.

The protein requirement for all age groups is given the post 'daily protein requirements'.

To sum up, for protein nutrition, our balanced healthy diet must include proteins from low fat sources and to keep the diet balanced we should include proteins from animal origin like defatted milk, fish or chicken.

Vitamins and minerals in balanced nutrition

When our diet is rich with vegetables and fruits we will get all the nutrition requirements of vitamins and minerals.

Vitamin and mineral supplements:

People with specific nutrition ailments concerning vitamins or minerals must take the required supplements.

Pregnant women require higher levels of folic acid and iron in their diet for proper neural tube formation as well as oxygen transport to the growing fetus.

Nursing mothers require higher amounts of micronutrients for the growing nutrition demands of the infant.

People recovering from chronic diseases, deficiency diseases require supplements in their balanced diet.

In nutrition of elderly persons due to malabsorption and utilisation problems supplements will be required in their diet.

Women past menopause will require more calcium in diet to compensate calcium loss.

People living in higher latitudes require vitamin D supplements in their diet, especially in winter.

Fiber in balanced nutrition

Fiber is available in soluble and insoluble forms.

Fiber as a macronutrient is required for many nutrition functions in the intestinal tract. It has healthy effect on the absorption of other nutrients.

By binding to bile acids, the soluble fiber reduces their possibility of entering the body, which in turn lowers the level of cholesterol.

Soluble fiber in the balanced diet attenuates the absorption of sugar, thus helping in lowering blood glucose level spikes.

Legumes, whole grains, bran, seeds contain fair amounts of fiber required for balanced nutrition.

Water for balanced nutrition

Water is very essential for all life processes, making up nearly 70% of the human body mass.

In nutrition it serves as component of metabolic processes and functions as a solvent for many biological components.

The reference daily intake for water is 2.7 litres for women and 3.7 litres for men (inclusive of water in the diet and drinks).

However the balanced nutrition requirement may vary greatly due climate as well as physical activities.

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2 7

Nutrition for health - Severe acute malnutrition

2010-06-30T07:16:00.040+05:30

Severe acute malnutrition → What is malnutrition → Causes → Nutrition disorders → Balanced nutrition → Balanced healthy diet

Causes of severe acute malnutrition

Severe acute malnutrition is a life threatening situation and requires immediate treatment. Undernourishment occurs primarily in situations of extreme poverty, famine, drought, floods, wars and other natural calamities. The loss and disappearance of wherewithal of livelihood devastates individuals, communities, populations and nations. In such conditions primarily children and also adolescents and adults have the grave risk of acute malnutrition. Acute malnutrition is also seen in situations of total dependency as seen in elderly people, prisoners and people with mental illness. All their nutritional needs are to be cared for by others. Acute malnutrition is also found among people suffering chronic infections and illness, severe malabsorption in intestines, acute liver and renal diseases, severe autoimmune and endocrine diseases, drug abuse, alcohol dependence and HIV/AIDS. In children severe acute malnutrition occurs, not only due one or more of the above causes,but also due to long standing emotional and nutritional deprivation by carers due to poverty, family problems and poor understanding. Successful management of acute malnutrition requires seeking total cooperation from the carers and also educating them so that the malnutrition does not relapse.

The definition of severe acute malnutrition and aid criteria of WHO/UNICEF for children

WHO reference criteria for severe malnutriton is, "Severe malnutrition is defined as a weight for length or height of less than 70% of the WHO reference, equivalent to a SD Score of less than -3, and/or nutritional oedema." These WHO criteria are established upon level of stunting or wasting and the presence or absence of edema. The weight of the child for her or his height, and the for her or his age are refered as Z-scores, reckoned as the observed value minus the average (median) value of the population under reference divided by the standard deviation of the population under reference.

Where x stands for the raw score under standardization, μ stands for the mean value of the population and σ stands for the standard deviation of the population. The values are of significance when they are from the actual population parameters and not from samples. WHO MUAC (mid-upper arm circumference) is also considered for identifying severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children, the recommended value being 115 mm.

Defining severe acute malnutrition in adolescents and adults

The Body mass index (BMI) is the main factor for indicating level of undernourishment in adults. Body mass index is calculated by dividing the body weight by the square of height as shown in the table below for International System of Units (SI units) and Imperial units.

International system of unit BMI =	mass(kg)
	_________
	(height(m)²

Imperial units
Imperial units

Nutritional status with respect to BMI

BMI	Nutritional status
below 16.0	Severe malnutrition
16.0-16.99	Moderate undernourishment
17.0-18.49	Mild undernourishment
18.5-24.99	Normal
25.0-29.99	Overweight
30.0 and above	Obesity

In adults, who cannot stand due to weakness or deformity, half arm span of the both the arms is measured and greater value is taken. "Half arm span is the distance from the middle of the sternal notch to the tip of the middle finger; the arm should be held out horizontally to the side." By good management programme, severe acute malnutrition can be managed successfully with minimum life loss, by immediate resuscitation, treatment of infection and reversal of abnormalities in metabolism.

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1 7

Nutrition for health - Nutrition disorders - Malnutrition diseases

2010-06-24T10:51:00.032+05:30

What is malnutrition - nutrition - health → malnutrition causes → malnutrition diseases - Nutrition disorders → Balanced diet

Malnutrition diseases, which are nutrition disorders, occur as a result of our body not getting enough of or excess of nutrients.

Carbohydrate malnutrition diseases and nutrition disorders

Deficient malnutrition: Carbohydrates are easy and faster sources for energy production in the human body.

The shortage of carbohydrates in food causes nutrition disorders like energy starvation, weakness and lethargy.

Excess nutrition: Consumption of excess carbohydrates above the body requirement for a long period of time causes obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Obesity in a young man (enlarge)

protein nutrition disorders and malnutrition diseases

Deficient malnutrition diseases: Protein deficiency in children causes malnutrition diseases like kwashiorkor.

kwashiorkor is marked by pedal edema, pot belly and wasted body muscles.

Kwashiorkor in infant (enlarge) Excess nutrition disorders: Prolonged consumption of excess of protein especially in the absence of fats causes nutrition problem called rabbit starvation in which there is discomfort and hunger that can be satiated only by the intake of fat and carbohydrates.

Other symptoms of this protein excess nutrition include low blood pressure, low pulse rate, fatigue, diarrhea and headache.

Protein-energy malnutrition diseases and nutrition disorders

When there is both protein and energy deficiency arising due to malnutrition diseases, a condition called marasmus arises in which there is emaciation and extensive muscle and tissue wasting.

Marasmus in a boy (enlarge) Catabolytis is an extreme biological process wherein the fat and muscle tissue are broken down to stay alive in the event of starvation.

Fat malnutrition diseases and nutrition disorders

Deficient malnutrition diseases: deficiency of fats in nutrition causes low sex hormone levels and malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Fat deficiency coupled with high intake of proteins causes 'rabbit starvation' condition.

Excess nutrition disorders: Fats when consumed in excess of requirement can result in cardiovascular diseases and obesity.

Minerals nutrition disorders and malnutrition diseases

Many malnutrition diseases are caused by the deficiency of minerals.

Iodine

Deficient malnutrition diseases: Goiter, cretinism and hypothyroidism are the results of dietary Iodine deficiency.

Iron

Deficient malnutrition diseases: Iron deficiency in nutrition causes anemia with symptoms of decreased hemoglobin in blood.

Excess nutrition disorders: Iron in excess causes iron overload and iron intoxication damaging intestinal lining and liver.

Sodium

Deficient malnutrition: Hyponatremia and electrolyte disturbance occurs in deficiency with fluid retention.

Excess nutrition: Hypernatremia and electrolyte disturbance occurs affecting oxygen transport.

Calcium

Deficient malnutrition: Hypocalcaemia occurs with electrolyte disturbance.

Excess nutrition: Hypocalcaemia occurs in excess consumption.

Potassium

Deficient malnutrition diseases: Hypokalemia with symptoms like elevated blood pressure is caused when there is malnutrition of this mineral.

Excess nutrition disorders: Hyperkalemia with symptoms like palpitation and muscle weakness is encountered in excess nutrition of potassium.

Magnesium

Deficient malnutrition diseases: Muscle weakness and hyperexcitability are symptoms of its deficiency. In severe deficiency death may occur from heart failure.

Excess nutrition disorders: Hypermagnesemia occurs in persons with renal impairment with symptoms like nausea, vomiting and weakness.

Phosphorus

Deficiency malnutrition: Hypophosphatemia occurs.

Excess nutrition: Hyperphosphatemia occurs.

Zinc

Deficiency malnutrition diseases: Hair loss, diarrhea, wasting of body tissues and skin lesions occur due to Zinc deficiency.

Excess nutrition disorders: Zinc in excess causes zinc toxicity which suppresses copper and iron absorption.

Copper

Deficiency malnutrition diseases: Pancytopenia is caused with reduction in the number of white and red blood cells and platelets.

Excess nutrition disorders: Copper toxicity shows symptoms like palsy and convulsions and in some cases result in death.

Vitamins malnutrition diseases and nutrition disorders

There is much negative impact in health with the deficiency of vitamins in the nutrition.

Vitamin A

Deficiency malnutrition: Deficiency of vitamin A causes low testosterone levels, night blindness and Xerophthalmia. In Xerophthalmia the eye fails to produce tears leading to dryness of cornea and conjunctiva.

Excess nutrition disorders: Hypervitaminosis A is the condition caused by excess of vitamin A. The malnutrition effects include angular cheilitis, hair loss, excessively dry skin, birth defects, nausea and vomiting, headache, blurred vision and reduced muscle coordination.

Vitamin B₁

Deficiency malnutrition: The deficiency of vitamin B1 in nutrition causes Beriberi leading to neurodegeneration, wasting and death.

Excess nutrition disorders: Adverse effects are not recorded for higher doses.

Vitamin B₂

Deficiency malnutrition: Deficiency of riboflavin (vitamin B2) gives rise to a medical condition called Ariboflavinos. This characterised by sore throat, cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth, glossitis and seborrheic dermatitis.

Excess: No averse effects are reported for excess consumption of riboflavin.

Vitamin B₃

Deficiency malnutrition: Deficiency of niacin leads to Pellagra.

The affected person suffers from hypersensitivity to light, diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis.

Excess nutrition disorders: excess of niacin can cause birth defects, cardiac arrhythmias and dyspepsia.

Vitamin B₆

Deficiency malnutrition: Lack of vitamin B6 causes seizures, nerve damage, anemia, skin problems and mouth sores.

Excess nutrition disorders: Overdose causes neurological problems like numbness, staggering and poor coordination.

Vitamin B₇

Deficiency malnutrition: Hair loss, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, depression and hallucination are some of the symptoms of deficiency.

Excess: No adverse effects are reported for excess consumption.

Vitamin B₉

Deficiency malnutrition: Neural tube defects in developing embryos and impaired DNA synthesis and repair are some of the effects of deficiency.

Excess disorders: No adverse reactions are found for overdose.

Vitamin B₁₂

Deficiency diseases: Pernicious anemia occurs when there is nutrition deficiency of this vitamin. Symptoms like sore tongue, weakness, paraesthesias, diarrhea and memory changes are seen. Excess disorders: No adverse effects have been reported in case of heavy doses of vitamin B12.

Vitamin C

Deficiency: Scurvy is the result of deficiency of vitamin C.

Symptoms include bleeding gums and mucous membranes and suppurating wounds.

Excess nutrition disorders: Excess of vitamin C may lead to diarrhea and upset stomach.

Vitamin D

Deficiency malnutrition diseases: Deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Excess nutrition disorders: Excess of vitamin D leads to hypervitaminosis D with vomiting, dehydration and constipation.

Vitamin E

Deficiency malnutrition: Vitamin E deficiency causes poor nerve conduction and neurological problems.

Excess nutrition disorders: Hypervitaminosis E is the result excess of vitamin E, leading to excessive bleeding.

Vitamin K

Deficiency malnutrition: Vitamin K is required for blood coagulation and the deficiency leads to hemorrhage.

Excess disorders: There are no adverse effects of excess consumption of vitamin K.

Diseases and conditions causing malnutrition and nutrition disorders

AIDS
Achalasia (esophageal motility disorders)
Alzheimer diseases ( Senile Dementia)
Autoimmune enteropathy (intestinal wall is attacked by one's own immune system)
Blind loop syndrome disorders(medical condition of obstructed intestine)
Boyd-Stearns syndrome (metabolic disorders)
Brinton diseases (thickening and hardening of stomach wall)
Cystic Fibrosis (common hereditary diseases)
Chronic heart diseases
Celiac diseases
Chronic renal diseases
Chronic lung diseases
Chronic diarrhea
Congenital microvillous atrophy (chronic, intractable diarrhea in new-born infants)
Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption (congental deficiency or absence of the enzymes sucrase and isomaltase)
Chylomicron Retention Diseases (disorders of fat absorption)
Dementia (a serious loss of cognitive ability)
Eating disorders (psychiatric diseases of eating)
Galactosemia (rare genetic metabolic disorders)
pernicious anemia
Pancreatic insufficiency
Patau syndrome disorders(a chromosomal abnormality)
Short bowel syndrome (complete dysfunction of a large segment of bowel)
Third degree burns
Tuberculosis
Renal failure diseases
Sepsis
Ulcerative colitis
Whooping Cough
Surgery
Trauma
Pregnancy
Dyspepsia

Consumption of nutrients in balanced manner is the only way to avoid nutrition disorders and malnutrition diseases.

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26 6

Nutrition for health - Causes of malnutrition - Poverty - Hunger

2010-06-22T14:49:00.017+05:30

What is malnutrition - nutrition - health → Malnutrition - Causes - Poverty - Hunger → Malnutrition diseases → Balanced diet

Poverty and hunger causes malnutrition

Proper balanced nutrition is required for the function of life process.

Poverty and the resultant hunger causes malnutrition in populations, as food become beyond their reach due to high prices.

Even in United States, a Symbol of Affluence, after the economic meltdown there are many households with low-income who do not always have sufficient healthy food to eat and suffer poverty and hunger.

Most of the hunger and malnourishment occurs not due to lack of availability of food, but due to poverty making people ill afford it.

As protein rich food is usually priced high, it causes people in poverty, to knowingly opt for malnutrition by going in for cheaper calorie rich food to satisfy their hunger.

Poverty and hunger have devastating effect on children.

Worldwide, poverty, hunger and malnutrition are the causes for more than 50% of the childhood deaths.

Malnutrition for a prolonged period of time affects physical and mental development of poverty and hunger affected children for the rest of their lives.

This causes reduction in capabilities and starts a poverty and hunger cycle as they become less suitable in the competitive job market; their children again become victims of poverty and hunger.

Lack of balance in food habits causes malnutrition

Poverty or no poverty, malnutrition can also be due to unbalanced consumption of nutrients.

The deficiency of proteins and/or micro nutrients creeps into the health of many people due to malnutrition.

Initially this goes unnoticed and manifests and causes devastating effects after a long period of time.

Deficiency of vitamins and minerals due to their undernourishment or malnutrition causes people to get affected by deficiency diseases like anemia, loss of vision, rickets and osteomalacia, scurvy and beriberi without suffering either poverty or pangs of hunger.

This malnutrition arises due to their food habits and lack of knowledge about nutritional requirements.

Excess and over consumption of food causes malnutrition

Malnutrition arises not only due to poverty and hunger but also due to excess consumption of nutrients.

The excess consumption of calories is usually accompanied by protein and micro nutrient deficiency and causes malnutrition.

Occupying the upper and middle class of the society in many developing countries (which are afflicted by poverty and hunger), these segments of population following the human inclination for sweet and fatty food, load themselves with red meat products and nutritionally empty and calorie rich fast foods; Ironically they also suffer malnutrition of micro nutrients and are afflicted with obesity and related health problems though are free poverty and hunger.

This coupled with reduced physical activity causes a large section of them to suffer from heart diseases.

Health disorder causes malnutrition

The risk of malnutrition increases in chronic illness. Especially diseases of gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney have an immediate impact on the nutritional status of the affected person.

Diseases of chronic nature like, coeliac disease, cancer and AIDS interfere with the absorption and utilisation of certain nutrients leading to a state of chronic deficiency and malnutrition.

Some of the predisposing factors which are causes of malnutrition are, lactose intolerance, burns, fractures, trauma, pancreatitis, chronic nausea and vomiting, impaired intake, dysphagia, anorexia, cystic fibrosis and malabsorption.

Addiction to drugs or alcohol causes malnutrition

People who have developed dependency to alcohol or drugs may neglect their diet requirements due to reduced sense of hunger.

These habits affect their work and financial status pushing them in to poverty and hunger.

Further dependency for a long period can affect their body organs like liver leading to inefficient absorption and utilisation of nutrients leading to malnutrition.

Wars and conflicts are causes of malnutrition

Wars, conflicts and civil-wars ruin nations of their productivity and drag the inhabitants into poverty and hunger.

Conflict causes the supply mechanism gets derailed and the surplus food production regions of the nation get stagnation of the produce and suffering its loss due to lack of storage facilities slip into poverty and hunger.

The deficit regions suffer non-availability of food, hunger and poverty.

Another aspect of the war is that it causes people to flee from their homes in the war zone; as refugees they become totally helpless, steeped in poverty and fully dependant on doles from relief agencies to stave off hunger.

Natural disaster causes malnutrition

When natural disasters like, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tsunamis strike, many a breadwinner is lost in the calamity, pushing the survivors of his family into poverty and hunger.

The survivors lose their land, property and wherewithal of their livelihood and get thrown into a life of poverty and hunger.

Poor sanitation and unsafe water causes malnutrition

Poor sanitation and hygiene causes communicable diseases like hepatitis and gastroenteritis to prevail in groups of population.

These affliction can affect the liver and gastrointestinal tract due to which absorption and utilisation of nutrients is affected and causes malnutrition.

Unsafe water causes many waterborne diseases in the children in poverty ridden countries.

Gender bias and neglect of child nutrition causes malnutrition

In the third world countries, especially in South Asia, there is lack of care of women and children.

Pregnant women are not properly cared for their increased nutrition needs and causes malnutrition in them; this may happen both in poverty and hunger or in affluence. This in turn causes children born to them suffer malnutrition.

The newborn gets milk poor in quality from a week mother and the infant's growth is affected.

The switch towards formula feed and cow milk starves the infant of vital antibodies from the mother, making the infant susceptible to infections and diseases.

Old age related causes of malnutrition

Every forth elderly American is affected by malnutrition.

Elderly people in all developed and underdeveloped countries suffer from protein and micro nutrient malnutrition, for which the causes are many.

Energy needs of the elderly decreases without change in the requirements of other nutrients.

The food balance has to change with slight reduction in carbohydrates without change in the balance of other nutrients.

The shift from the traditional natural food sources of their younger days to modern processed food of present days decreases their nutritional balance and causes malnutrition.

The nutritional status of elderly people is negatively impacted by the mental and physiological changes due to aging and hunger.

With decreased sense of smell and taste, food appears bland to them and causes reduction in their appetite and hunger.

Problem of dental and oral health causes difficulty in chewing food and then difficulty in digestion causes reduced intake of food and malnutrition.

The progressive loss of hearing and vision in elderly makes them less mobile and reduces their physical activity.

Their immunity decreases with malnutrition, causes them to suffer many old age diseases.

This depletes their finances and causes them to suffer from poverty and hunger.

Another aspect of causes of malnutrition is food distribution.

It is estimated by FAO (food and agriculture Organization) that 80% of the children suffering malnourishment and hunger are from developing countries which have food surplus. It is due to poverty or supplies not reaching them.

The shift towards primary and commodity market for safer investments causes the food prices to sky-rocket sinking vulnerable populations into poverty, hunger and malnutrition.

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Nutrition for health - Nutrition - What is malnutrition - Health

2010-06-21T10:46:00.017+05:30

What is malnutrition - nutrition - health → malnutrition causes → malnutrition diseases → Balanced diet The provision of nutrients for the health and growth of a living organism is called nourishment or nutrition.

Imbalanced, excessive or insufficient intake of nutrients is malnutrition.

What is malnutrition, nutrition and health?

All living beings, including humans rely on external inputs as nutrition for their life process, health, growth and survival.

Major nutrition requirements for metabolism and life processes are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.

These nutrition requirements, depending upon the quantity required for human health, are also categorized as macro nutrients and micronutrients.

Macronutients: Macronutrients are required in greater quantities for health and life process. They include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fiber and water.

Micronutrients: Micronutrients are required in smaller quantities for health and function of life processes.

Minerals and vitamins are the micronutrient nutrition requirements for health, the lack of which leads to malnutrition.

Though oxygen in the air is the very basis of health and life process in humans, it is not listed as nutrient due its abundant availability in nature.

The nutrition requirements of the higher animals are mostly similar regarding macronutrients and micronutrients.

However there are differences in the requirements of some of the essential nutrients.

The nutrition requirements can again be categorised as essential nutrients and nonessential nutrients.

Many organisms synthesize certain nutrient requirements in biological processes in their body in sufficient quantities.

Hence outsourcing these nutrients from diet is not essential for that particular organism for that specific nutrient (eg.vitamin C in the case of goat).

Essential nutrients: Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins and dietary minerals are some of the nutrients which are essential for the human nutrition, health and life process. The lack of these in food causes malnutrition.

These essential nutrients are to obtained from diet as either they are not synthesized by the human body or cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities (eg. vitamin C).

MyPyramid (enlarge)

Malnutrition and health

The imbalanced, excessive or insufficient consumption of nutrients is referred as malnutrition.

Malnutrition due to insufficient availability: Malnutrition due to insufficiency in nutrition can be due to many reasons. Most important being poverty, high food prices, famine due to drought or blight of major food crop, chronic illness, antinutrients in the food, regional non availability, lack of breastfeeding in early infancy etc..

Starvation (enlarge) Malnutrition due to unbalanced consumption of nutrients: Though food as such is available in sufficient quantities, it may be having excess of one or more nutrients when compared to others, affecting health.

Inversely the food may be lacking sufficient quantities of certain nutrients. This is termed as unbalanced nutrition.

Dependence of single source of food is a classic example of this.

Malnutrition due to excessive consumption of nutrients: With affluence or plenty of cheap food supply, food may be consumed in excess of body's nutrition requirement. Life styles encouraging consumption of non-nutritious food, sugar and fat loaded foods affect health and leads to malnutrition.

Overeating is also a type of malnutrition. This can lead to health problems like obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases etc.

What are the dangers of malnutrition?

It is estimated that nearly 60% mortality in the world is due to hunger or hunger induced malnutrition related deficiencies and diseases.

Malnutrition decreases the immunity and increases risk of diseases like tuberculosis.

Deficiency in the availability of certain critical nutrients like vitamins and minerals lead to poor health and deficiency diseases like, pellagra, scurvy, beriberi, rickets, goiters, cretinism, anemia and mental impairments.

Food habits encouraging the use of 'junk food' have increased the risks of cancer, type 2 diabetes, poor immunity and heart diseases.

What is to be done to fight malnutrition?

The whole world is producing more food than the nutrition requirement of the world population. Malnutrition can be overcome by food aid to under-developed countries, supply of fortified food to populations in risk nutrition and publicity and campaign efforts at all levels for promoting balanced nutrition for good health.

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26 6

Nutrition for health - Scurvy - Disease of vitamin C deficiency

2010-06-14T20:42:00.004+05:30

Scurvy is a historically documented disease and was encountered in earlier days by sailors on long voyages foregoing fresh fruits and vegetables.

Vitamin C molecule pictures - ball and stick model (enlarge) Scurvy is a disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

Though many animals can synthesize it in their body and are free from scurvy, unfortunately man has to depend on his food sources for vitamin C.

Health care and nutrition guidelines recommend a daily intake of 75 to 100mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

Inadequate or irregular intake of ascorbic acid can lead to clinical manifestations of this disease in two to three months.

Scurvy disease pictures: Hemorrhage of gums caused by vitamin C deficiency (enlarge) Initial symptoms of scurvy disease include lethargy, tiredness and malaise.

With chronic deficiency scurvy progresses and is characterised by spongy gums, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, bleeding beneath the skin, bleeding from the mucous membranes, extreme weakness, myalgia, anemia, pain in the bones, easy bruising and retarded wound healing, oedema, perifolicular hemorrhage and cork screw hairs and depression.

Scurvy pictures - corkscrew hair condition caused by ascorbic acid deficiency (enlarge) In its severity and in extreme stages scurvy disease is life threatening causing extreme edema, acute bleeding, neuropathy, jaundice, haemolysis, convulsions, fever and death.

Scurvy pictures - bleeding behind the fingernails (enlarge) As ascorbic acid is lost over storage and heating present day food habits are to be monitored to check the possibility of deficiency of vitamin C.

A relationship appears to be present between alcoholism and vitamin C.

When blood levels of alcohol are high, vitamin C appears to be excreted in urine in greater quantities causing deficiency.

This disease has be treated by supplementation of ascorbic acid in high doses till recovery.

Pictures of Citrus fruits - rich in ascorbic acid (enlarge)

For more information on vitamin C deficiency please visit my web site the dynamic nature.

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Nutrition for health - Rickets disease (rachitis)- children

2010-06-14T03:40:00.004+05:30

Rickets disease (rachitis) in children → Causes of rickets disease → Symptom of rickets → Diagnosis → Treatment of rachitis → Prevention of rickets → Osteomalacia (in adults)

Rickets disease (rachitis) is the disorder of the bones in children leading to their weakening and softening due to deficiency of vitamin D and then calcium.

Children are affected by rickets (enlarge)(courtesy: Dr. Tom and Rosie Thacher) Rickets disease (rachitis) is believed to be the distortion of the word 'wrickken'(meaning 'twist') used in the old English dialect. The scientific name 'rachitis' is derived from Greek meaning 'inflammation of the spine'.

Rickets is caused primarily due to deficiency of vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) and also calcium and phosphate.

Although the deficiency of vitamin D may occur in adults it is called osteomalacia. Mostly, the incidence of this rickets disease is found in malnourished children with deficiency in sun exposure.

Calcium is an essential mineral for the formation of bones and its absorption in intestine is dependent upon the availability of vitamin D in the system.

With sufficient sun exposure all the required vitamin D can be synthesized by the skin.

In children with poor exposure to sunlight, the synthesis of this nutrient is affected causing rickets.

This in turn affects the absorption of calcium in the intestines and rachitis disease is caused.

Moreover Cholecalciferol controls the levels of essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus in the blood.

Deformities in the skeleton like pigeon chest, bowed legs and spinal and pelvic deformities are some of the signs of rachitis.

Breast-fed infants who are not exposed to sufficient sun light may develop rickets.

Infants of mothers who are not exposed to sunlight can also develop rachitis disease.

Children who are lactose intolerant and are with darker skin are also predisposed to develop rachitis.

Children in the age group of six months to two years are among the high risk groups for rickets disease as their bone growth is at a faster rate.

Vitamin D supplements are advised for breastfed infants above 2 months.

Any deficiency at this age and negligence can cause bowed legs and bent backs leading to permanent disability and affliction of rachitis.

Some of the symptoms of rickets in children are pain and tenderness in the bones, muscular pains and predisposition for bone fractures; dental deformities like delay in the formation of teeth and defects in their structure is also seen in rachitis affected.

Distorted skull formation and retarded growth are the other effects of rachitis disease.

Blood tests of the affected children show low levels of serum calcium and serum phosphorus rachitis affected.

This deficiency of vitamin D caused rachitis can be corrected completely, if diagnosed early and treated.

Exposure to sun light, intake of food rich in all essential nutrients and minerals and intake of supplements when required can cure rachitis.

Sufficient intake of milk, milk products, vegetables, fish,egg and fish liver oils in addition to sunlight can prevent rickets disease in children.

Renal disorders and hereditary factors can also become the causative factors of rickets disease (rachitis) in children.

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Nutrition for health - Vitamin C vegetables - richest sources

2010-06-13T15:27:00.003+05:30

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) → Foods - Sources → Fruits → Vitamin C Vegetables sources

Presence of vitamin C in vegetables is quite significant. However vitamin C decomposes in many of the cooking processes.

The vitamin C availability in vegetables decreases inversely in proportion with the length of storage and the temperature at which stored.

Longer cooking duration and boiling for longer time causes reduction in the availability of vitamin C.

Another loss of vitamin C from vegetables is by leeching into the water used in cooking.

To safe guard nutritional value of vegetables, immediate refrigeration, cooking in smaller quantities of water and avoiding prolonged cooking may be resorted to.

Discussed hereunder are some of the high vitamin c sources of vegetables.

Red pepper (Capsicum sp.)

Red pepper is one of the high vitamin C sources among vegetables (190 mg per 100 grams). Red pepper is also known as capsicum or just pepper.

Red pepper belongs to the family Solanaceae to which tomato also belongs. Red pepper is a native plant of Americas.

Red pepper vegetables are used raw in salads and are also cooked and used in the preparation of various dishes. Red pepper is also preserved by drying, freezing or pickling.

Capsicum - good sources of vitamin C (enlarge)

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea)

Broccoli is one of the high vitamin C sources among vegetables. Broccoli contains 90 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams of these vegetables. Broccoli belongs the cabbage family Brassicaceae. Broccoli resembles cauliflower and has green coloured flower head.

It is believed that broccoli has evolved from wild cabbage plants in Europe.

Broccoli is rich in minerals and antioxidants. Broccoli has diindolylmethane and selenium which have anti-cancer properties.

Broccoli - good sources (enlarge)

Brussels sprouts (Brassica sp.)

Brussels sprouts are rich sources of Vitamin C among vegetables (80 mg per 100 grams).

Brussels sprouts belong to the cabbage family Brassicaceae prevalent in Europe. Brussels sprouts resemble cabbages and are miniature in size, 2.5-4 Cm in diameter appearing as green leafy buds. Brussels sprouts particularly prefer cooler temperatures of the range between 7-24 C. giving high yields at 15-18 C.

Brussels sprouts - good sources (enlarge)

Cauliflower (Brassica sp.)

Cauliflower contains 40 mg of vitamin C per 100 gms.of these vegetables. Cauliflowers belong to the cabbage family Brassicaceae.

These vegetables are grown in Europe and its tropical varieties are grown in Asian countries.

Cauliflower is an annual plant and is propagated by seeds. Cauliflowers are cooked or pickled and have good nutritional density.

Cauliflower - good vegetables sources for vitamin C (enlarge)

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic are sources containing 31 mg of vitamin C per 100 gms of these vegetables.

Garlic belongs to the onion family Alliaceae. There is widespread use of garlic, through out the world for medicinal and culinary purposes.

Garlic is very easy to grow and usually is not attacked by pests. Garlic has been found to have antioxidant, anti fungal, antiviral and antibacterial properties.

Garlic - good sources (enlarge)

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

Spinach are sources containing 30mg of vitamin C for every 100 gms. These leafy vegetables belong to the family of Amaranthaceae. Spinach is native to Asia (India and Nepal) and grows to a height of about 30 cms.

Spinach is rich in minerals especially iron. Spinach leaf vegetables are rich in vitamins C, A, E, K, iron, calcium, copper, phosphorus, zinc and fatty acids.

Spinach - good sources (enlarge)

Cabbage

Cabbages are sources containing 30 mg of vitamin C per 100 gms of these vegetables.

Cabbage belong to the family of Brassicaceae and is a herbacious, biennial flowering plant with short stem and crowned mass of leaves.

Cabbage originated from Mediterranean region and is all over the world presently. China and India are the foremost countries in the production of cabbage.

Cabbage is rich in amino acid glutamine which has anti-inflammatory properties.

Cabbage - good sources (enlarge)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Potatoes are sources containing 20 mg of vitamin C per 100gms of these tuberous vegetables.

Potato belong to the family Solanaceae and is perennial. Potato is native to the Americas and was introduced to Europe in 15th century.

Potato plants are herbaceous and perennial growing to a height of about two feet. There are many varieties of potatoes with different colors, sizes and shapes.

Potato is rich in starch and also contains polyphenols and carotenoids.

Potato contains iron, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, niacin, riboflavin and thiamine.

Potato - good sources (enlarge)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Tomato are sources containing 10 mg of vitamin C per 100 gms of these vegetables.

Tomato vegetables belong to the family Solanaceae and is seasonal, herbaceous and sprawling plant.

Tomato plants usually grow up to 2 metres in height and the stem is woody and weak.

Tomato plant is native to South America and has been introduced to all regions of the world.

Tomato - good vegetables sources of vitamin C (enlarge)

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Nutrition for health - High protein food sources

2010-06-01T07:46:00.016+05:30

What is protein made of? → Types → synthesis → Functions → Daily protein requirements → High Protein food sources → Deficiency in food sources

Proteins in cereal food sources

Corn and rice, the staple food sources of the third world are poor in proteins and are leading to obesity of the populations due to high carbohydrate content of these cereals.

Protein food sources	Value per 100g
Protein food sources	Unit	Protein	fats	Carbohydrate	Energy
Wheat flour, whole grain	gram	13.70	1.87	72.57	339 kcal
Rice, white,medium, raw	gram	6.61	0.58	79.34	360 kcal
Corn flour whole grain	gram	6.93	3.86	76.85	361 kcal
Barley flour	gram	10.50	1.60	74.52	345 kcal
oats	gram	16.89	6.90	66.27	389 kcal
Finger millet (ragi)	gram	7.3	1.3	72.00	328 kcal
Millet, raw	gram	11.02	4.22	72.85	378 kcal
Sorghum	grams	11.30	3.30	74.63	339 kcal
Rye flour, medium	gram	10.88	1.52	75.43	349 kcal
Triticale flour, whole-grain	gram	13.18	1.81	73.14	338 kcal
Teff, uncooked	gram	13.30	2.38	73.13	367 kcal
Buckwheat	grams	13.25	3.40	71.50	343 kcal
Quinoa, uncooked	gram	14.12	6.07	64.16	368 kcal

High protein vegetarian food sources

High Protein food sources	Value per 100g
High Protein food sources	Unit	Protein	fats	Carbohydrate	Energy
Soy flour, defatted sources	gram	47.01	1.22	38.37	330 kcal
Soy meal, defatted, raw	gram	49.20	2.39	35.89	337 kcal
Soybeans, mature seeds boiled	gram	16.64	8.97	9.93	173 kcal
Soybeans, green, boiled	gram	12.35	6.40	11.05	141 kcal
Soy milk, original	gram	3.27	1.75	6.28	54.5 kcal
Tofu, raw	gram	8.08	4.78	1.88	76.5 kcal
Soy protein isolate	gram	80.69	3.39	7.36	338 kcal
Cashew dry roasted	gram	15.31	46.35	32.69	574 kcal
almonds	gram	21.22	49.42	21.67	575 kcal
Peanuts, all types, raw	gram	25.80	49.24	16.13	567 kcal
Peanut flour, defatted	gram	52.20	0.55	34.70	327 kcal
Peanut butter, chunk	gram	24.06	49.94	21.57	589 kcal
pumpkin seed kernels,dried	gram	30.23	49.05	10.71	559 kcal
Lima beans, mature seeds, raw	gram	21.46	0.69	63.38	338 kcal
Kidney beans mature raw seeds	gram	23.58	0.83	60.01	333 kcal
Peas, green, raw	gram	5.42	0.40	14.45	81.5 kcal
Peas, split, mature seeds, raw	gram	24.55	1.16	60.37	341 kcal
Chickpeas (garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), mature seeds	gram	19.30	6.04	60.64	364 kcal
Yeast extract spread	gram	27.80	0.00	11.80	158 kcal
Spirulina, dried	gram	57.47	7.72	23.90	290 kcal

High protein food sources of animal origin

High Protein food sources	Value per 100g of food
High Protein food sources	Unit	Protein	fats	Carbohydrate	Energy
Milk, whole, 3.25% milk fat	gram	3.15	3.27	4.78	61.5 kcal
Yogurt, plain, low fat	gram	5.25	1.55	7.04	63.5 kcal
Cheese, cheddar	gram	24.90	33.14	1.28	403 kcal
Cheese, cottage, low fat	gram	12.39	1.02	2.72	72.5 kcal
Egg, whole, raw, fresh	gram	12.57	9.94	0.78	143 kcal
Chicken, breast, meat	gram	21.23	2.59	0.00	114 kcal
Turkey breast meat	gram	17.07	1.66	4.21	104 kcal
Fish, cod, raw	gram	17.81	0.67	0.00	82.5 kcal
Fish, tuna, fresh, skipjack, raw	gram	22.00	1.01	0.00	103 kcal
Fish, tuna, white, canned, solid	gram	23.62	2.97	0.00	128 kcal
Lamb meat raw	gram	20.0	5.0	0.00	135 kcal
Beef, Center Cut Steak	gram	20.67	5.88	0.00	141 kcal

compiled from USDA database

Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children

2010-05-29T02:14:00.002+05:30

Rickets disease overview → Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets → Rickets symptoms → Diagnosis → Treatment → Prevention → Osteomalacia (in adults)

Deficiency of vitamin D or/and calcium and phosphorus are the causes of the nutritional disorder disease of rickets in children.

A number of factors including lack of sunlight exposure and nutritional vitamin D deficiency causes rickets. Certain metabolic disorders, digestive disorders and genetic factors are also causes rickets.

Lack of sufficient exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet B light) causes rickets

Most of the vertibrate animals including man produce vitamin D in their skin photochemically, with the exception of cats, dogs and a few other animals.

The ultraviolet B light (UVB) from the sun reacts with 7-dehydrocholesterol in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum of the epidermis layer (upper layer of skin) and by a chemical process cholecalciferol is synthesised.

The melanin pigment deposits in the skin function as UVB filter and the dark-skinned people have to be exposed to, more sunlight than the light coloured people to produce the same quantity of cholecalciferol.

Children and people who always live and work indoors and are rarely exposed to sunlight are high risk group for developing deficiency of vitamin D.

The intensity of sunlight decreases with higher latitudes and in children living there deficiency of cholecalciferol arises in winter especially if they are dark skinned.

Nutritional deficiency of calcium and phosphorus causes rickets

Calcium and phoshorus are very important for the formation and growth of bone tissue and bones. Any deficiency of these minerals lead to bone deformities and rickets disease.

Maternal deficiency of cholecalciferol, calcium and phosphorus causes rickets in the newborns

The deficiency in pregnant women reduces the availability of these to the fetus.

Bone formation in the fetus may be affected and the density of the bones is reduced and causes birth weight reduction.

Further if vitamin D deficiency is not cured by supplements, birth deformities occur in the newborn children.

Nursing mother's nutritional vitamin D deficiency causes rickets disease in the infant.

The human milk has just sufficient quantities of cholecalciferol in a healthy woman.

If the lactating mother is not having sufficient reserves of it and is poorly nourished having little exposure to sunlight, the milk becomes deficient in this nutrient.

Lactose intolerance and food habits causes rickets disease

Milk and milk products which are rich in calcium are not tolerated by some people and they have problem digesting them.

Unless they eat other sources of calcium they develop vitamin D deficiency.

Vegans who do not include milk and milk products are among the high risk groups to get vitamin D deficiency.

Malabsorption of fats from intestine causes rickets disease

Vitamin D is fat-soluble and requires dietary fat in the intestine for absorption.

In various conditions and ailments like Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis and in certain liver disorders fat and vitamin D absorption from the intestine is affected and results in its deficiency.

Certain medication causes rickets disease

Phenobarbital and phenytoin are used for preventing and controlling epileptic seizures.

These drugs convert vitamin D into inactive compounds by increasing the hepatic metabolism. This leads to reduction in calcium absorption. Orlistat (weight-loss drug) and cholestyramine (cholesterol-lowering drug) reduces absorption of fat soluble vitamin D.

Corticosteroids like prednisone can affect cholecalciferol metabolism and decrease calcium absorption and result in rickets.

Heriditory predisposition for rickets disease

Vitamin D resistant rickets is heriditary. Here the rickets disease is inherited as a sex-linked genetic disorder. In this condition kidney is impaired from retaining phosphate.

Excessive use of sunscreen and spending more time in-doors causes this ailment.

Understanding the causes and proper preventive measures and treatment can resolve rickets disease.

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Nutrition for health care: daily protein requirements

2010-04-06T21:24:00.009+05:30

What is protein made of? → Types → synthesis → Functions → Daily protein requirements → food sources → deficiency

The daily protein requirements are highly relative and variable due to many biological factors.

The daily requirements are highly variable and are highly relative to the individual's gender, age, height and weight. Relative percentage of other macronutrients like carbohydrates and fats in the diet also decide the daily requirements of this in human nutrition. The level of activity of a person and his life style also have an effect over his necessities of macronutrients.

Daily requirements of total protein and the spectrum of amino acids

Protein show wide variance in their physical and chemical composition and value as nutrition for health. Different sources show great variance in their use as nutrition for health. Protein is measured analytically usually in terms of nitrogen it is contributing. Different types of protein contribute differently to the daily requirements for the growth and maintenance of the body and its repair. The quality of this macronutrient is decided by its digestibility and its amino acid composition. The digestibility of the daily intake has the direct effect on the requirements. It is found that 10 to 24 percent of daily nitrogen consumption is excreted in feces. This is partially due to its physical and chemical composition rendering it resistant to breakdown by digestive enzymes and absorption. Some nitrogen is also lost on a daily basis in the form of secretions in the gastro-untestinal tract. As has been described in detail in another post, protein has to be broken down to amino acids for absorption for the daily requirements. Human body also has the capacity to synthesise many amino acids. The essential amino acids which cannot be synthesised are the daily dietary requirements; the lack of them in the diet can affect the biological functions. In health nutrition a paradox situation arises wherein the protein content of a particular food is rich but lacking in some amino acids make it of less food value.

Daily protein requirements due to protein turnover

In protein turnover, these macro nutrients are being continuously broken down and re synthesised in our body. It is estimated that in an adult more than 250 g/day of this macronutrient is synthesised and broken down. In the infants this rate is greater and in elderly it is lesser. Further the intestine and liver are believed to contribute to more than 50% of the turnover. As the essential amino acids are also lost in the turnover daily requirements arise to make good the loss.

Daily protein requirements due to energy needs

When there is energy restriction due to malnutrition or other factors this macronutrient contributes significantly to the energy needs by oxidation. However this leads to huge loss of protein from the body leading to enhanced daily requirements. This oxidation is also found to be at a high rate in septic or traumatized individuals needing daily requirements. It is also recommended that "Adults should get 45 percent to 65 percent of their calories from carbohydrates, 20 percent to 35 percent from fat, and 10 to 35 percent from protein. Acceptable ranges for children are similar to those for adults, except that infants and younger children need a slightly higher proportion of fat (25 -40 percent)" (Food and Nutrition Board). Given below is the abstract of the Recommended Dietary Allowances of daily protein requirements for various age groups by Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board. Adequate Intake for Infants: 0 Through 6 Months 0–6 months - 1.52 g/kg/day RDA for Older Infants: 7–12 months 1.2 g/kg/day RDA for children Ages 1 - 13 Years 1–3 years 1.05 g/kg/day 4–8 years 0.95 g/kg/day 9–13 years 0.95 g/kg/day Adolescents Ages 14 years - 18 Years: RDA for Boys and girls 14–18 years 0. 85 g/kg/day Adults Ages: 19+: RDA for Men and women 0.80 g/kg/day RDA for Pregnancy In pregnant women additional daily requirements arise in the last two trimesters of about 25 g/day over and above the prepregnancy requirements. All age groups 1.1 g/kg/d of protein or +25 g/d of additional needs RDA for Lactation: All age groups 1.3 g/kg/d of protein or +25 g/d of additional requirements Individuals on active sports and muscle building will have higher daily protein requirements.

Nutrition for health care: what is protein synthesis?

2010-03-18T10:34:00.010+05:30

What are proteins made of? → Types → What is protein synthesis? → Functions → Daily Requirements → food sources → deficiency

Proteins have diverse functions in the body and the body cells have the inherent ability to make them.

Living cells have evolved around their ability to produce proteins for their functions and growth. Right from the unicellular organisms to complex higher animals like mammals, all have the ability to make them from the amino acids present in the cytoplasm.

What is protein (polypeptide) synthesis?

All biological processes involve proteins present in the living cells. They are also essential nutrients for all life forms for their functions; Most of them are made by the body. There are many other uses of for them outside the body. Polypeptides are also manufactured by different chemical methods. These protein production processes inside the body as well as polypeptide manufacture chemically are broadly called protein synthesis.

What is protein bio- synthesis?

All organisms grow and reproduce. For these functions they have to utilise the nutrients and convert them into cell structures and body structures; the basis of which is protein. The body requires great number of them (1000s) for its many facets of activity. To directly source all these and use them is an impossible task for a living organism. The body does not absorb the polypeptides as such but absorbs its broken down form as amino acids. The living body also has the capacity to make many of the amino acids. Amino acids numbering 22 constitute by their sequences and structural alignments all forms of polypeptides. With the exception of the unicellular organisms all the the higher organisms have nucleus in their cells (exception being red blood cells in many mammals). The cell nucleus contains specific numbers of chromosomes which are again specific to the particular organism. The chromosomes are in-turn made of DNA molecules.

part of a DNA double helix The DNA has the code for synthesis of polypeptides. By a complex process of bio-signals, the cell gets a message for the synthesis of a particular molecule in certain quantity. Then a complex process occurs both inside and outside the cell nucleus giving rise to strands of polypeptides. This process is called protein bio- synthesis. The process and steps involved are discussed in post 'Protein synthesis steps and process'.

What is peptide synthesis?

Apart from the long strands of peptides formed by ribosomes inside the cells (during bio- synthesis), biologically peptides are also produced outside the cells. The milk peptides are produced by enzymatic breakdown of milk protein by digestive enzymes as well as enzymes formed by lactobacilli. In non-biological process of peptide synthesis short peptides are produced in laboratories. There are two types of peptide production methods namely liquid phase synthesis and solid phase synthesis. A subject of great research interest is the synthesis of peptide antibodies.

Nutrition for health - functions of proteins

2010-02-25T15:51:00.011+05:30

What are Proteins made of? → Types → Synthesis → Functions of proteins in body→ Daily Proteins requirements → Food sources → Deficiency

Proteins are very important macromolecules with essential functions in the body.

Proteins make up to 50% of the dry body weight and have specific functions. All the functions like structural support, growth, respiration, digestion, energy production, osmoregulation are brought about by proteins. The chemical structures and chemical compositions regulate the roles and functions of proteins.

Functions of proteins in structural support

The structural proteins form the basic matrix of structural supports and protective covers. Keratin, elastin and collagen are a few examples these types, carrying out the supportive and protective functions. Keratins (α and β) are the primary constituent of growths and structures of skin like hair (also wool), nails (also claws and hoofs), horns and beaks. Elastin is very important for pressure wave probagation functions in arterial walls, especially in large elastic blood vessels like aorta. Elastin contributes to the elasticity of skin, lung, bladder and elastic cartilage. Collagen is fibrous, mostly found outside the cells and forms the extracellular matrix giving structure to the animal body. It functions as the main component of the matrix of bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fascia and skin.

Functions of proteins in movement and contraction

All our body movements are brought about by functions of muscles. Muscles are categorised as skeletal muscle (bringing about skeletal movement, locomotion and maintenance of posture), smooth muscle (bring about involuntary movements like, movement of intestine, urinary bladder, stomach, esophagus, intestines, blood vessels) and cardiac muscle (for beating of the heart). All these muscles are mainly made of muscle cells. Muscle cells contain myofibrils which are organised into subunits called sarcomeres. The filaments of myofibrils are contructed from contractile proteins. Thin type of myofibrils consists mainly of actin and the thick type of myofibril consists mainly myosin.

Functions of proteins in control of growth differentiation

There are proteins having a regulatory role like growth differentiation. Growth differentiation factors (GDF) are named GDF1 to GDF15. These factors regulate complex processes in ovulation, embryonic development, muscle development (GDF8-myostatin) and inflammatory and apoptotic pathways (GDF15) during diseases and injuries.

Functions of proteins in gene expression

The messages and codes in the genes are not totally expressed at the same time. They are switched on and off in respect to the phase of growth, organ under concern and biological timetable. In expression of DNA and cell differetiation repressorproteins bind to specific DNA segments and prevent the formation of the particular product of that segment. These DNA-binding proteins are coded by regulator genes. The segment bound by repressor is called operator. By binding to operator, the repressor prevents the creation of messenger RNA by the RNA polymerase.

Functions of proteins in tissue repair and maintenance

Continuous supply of amino acids and building of proteins is necessary for the tissue growth, repair and maintenance. Constantly new tissues of hair, skin, nails and teeth are added to our body to replace the dead cells which have sloughed off. Epidermis and blood cells have a life of about one month and are to be constantly replaced. The cell in the gastro-intestinal system lining last only for 2 weeks. There is an elaborate process of tissue regeneration all over the body with their use. In special circumtances like injury and damage, increased activity of cell formation is induced and new tissue is formed.

Functions of proteins as hormones

These are messengers helping in regulating certain body chemical activities. Many categories of hormones are secreted by endocrine glands like thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary, testis and thymus gland for carying out many vital biological actities. Complex hormones like melatonin and seratonin affect the sleep and mood whereas thyroid hormones affect the basal metabolic rate and synthesis of proteins. Insulin regulates glucose utilisation whereas a myriad hormones regulate reproduction.

Functions of proteins as enzymes and catalysts

Proteins as enzymes and catalysts facilitate chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes are large structures having essential kinetic functions in bringing about all biochemical reactions. The functions of the gastro intestinal system are facilitated by different enzymes secreted for digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Functions of proteins as antibodies and immune protection

Antibodies are proteins and are responsible for binding to specific foreign bodies and make them harmless, ineffective and eliminate them. There are two types of main functions for immunoproteins made and used by the body, namely innate immune system and adaptive immune system. In the functions of innate immune system the innate response is triggered by pattern recognition receptors (proteins) which identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are associated with cellular stress or microbial pathogens. Cytokines (like interleukins, chemokines, interferons) which are glycoproteins are released to combat the antigen in various ways. The functions of Interleukins (secreted proteins /signaling molecules) are to create communication between white blood cells (leukocytes). Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are secreted by cells. Their functions are to promote chemotaxis (chemically induced movement) of the nearby responsive cells towards the site of antigen. Interferons (IFNS) have many anti-viral functions like shutting down the synthesis of proteins in the host cells. In the functions of innate immune system, a complement system containing over 20 different proteins starts a biochemical cascade of attacking the surfaces of foreign cells. This complements the functions of antibodies in killing the pathogens. In the innate immune system, white blood cells (leukocytes) like 'natural killer cells' which are cytotoxic lymphocytes kill the tumors and virus infected cells by releasing small cytoplasmic granules called perforin (cytolytic proteins) and granzyme (serine proteases) causing the target cell to die by apotosis (programmed cell death). Adaptive immune system has stronger immune response as well as immunological memory. Each pathogen is remembered by a signture antigen. The responses are generated tailor made to specific antigen.

When a pathogen infects more than once the memory cells are quickly used to eliminate it. Lymphocyte B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules which can recognize particular target antigen. Cytotoxins such as perforin are released into the target cell inducing it to undergo apoptosis.

Functions of proteins in Fluid and electrolyte balance and osmoregulation

Globulins and albumins are the important blood proteins molecules doing the functions of maintaining the fluid and electrolyte balance between the cells and the extracellular space. The proteins present in the capillary beds (blood vessels of one-cell thickness) pull the blood fluid from the tissues into the capillary beds. This osmotic pressure exerted by proteins is called colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure. These functions protects the body from fluid retention and edema. If the blood plasma levels of proteins are reduced due to proteinuria (loss through urine) or as a result of malnutrition, oncotic pressure is reduced and fluid retention occurs leading to many health complications. Proteins are abundant in biological membranes. Cellular membranes form channels and pumps regulating fluids and ions inside and outside the cells. Many cellular channels allow ions to move from higher concentration to lower concentration. However for forcing ions from lower concentration to higher concentration (pumps-active transport) energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are required. Proteins being amphoteric, perform the functions of buffering and maintaining the optimum blood pH.

Functions of proteins in transport and storage

One of the important functions of Proteins is the transport of essential molecules from one part of the body to other. Functions of hemoglobin and myoglobin are primarily in transport of oxygen to the tissues. Transferrin functions as transporter of iron and helps in the storage of iron in the liver. Cytochrome C functions as electron transport and albumin transports fatty acids in the blood stream. Ovalbumin are storage proteins found in the egg white their functions are nutrition of the embryo.

Functions of proteins in metabolism and energy production

Though proteins are not primary source of energy, in the event of shortage of body fuels like carbohydrates and fats, they are utilised in energy production functions. They provide the nitrogenous basis adenine for ATP and also creatine phosphate in the cell metabolism functions. Some amino acids by the process called gluconeogenesis are degraded to pyruvate and glucose for production of energy. Some of the amino acids are reduced to ketone bodies (acetoacetate) which can be metabolised for energy by muscle and brain when blood glucose levels are low.

Functions of proteins as receptors and neurotransmitters

Many proteins do the functions of signal detection and its conversion into another type of signal. The functions of proteins Rhodopsin in light detection and convertion of the photosignals into neurosignals is wel known. Proteins play many important functions in generation as well as transmission of nerve impulses. Many monoamines like dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, melatonin have neurotransmitters functions. Many neuropeptides have been discovered and 'neuropeptide Y' is one of them having wide range of neurological functions in food intake, obesity and anorexia nervosa. Acetylcholine receptor (AChR-an integral membrane) functions as one of the neuroreceptor proteins. It is embedded in the 'postsynaptic density (PSD)' region at the membrane of postsynaptic neuron. Thes proteins function as neurotransmitter receptor.

Nutrition for health - Vitamin C and liver - detoxification of body

2010-02-24T15:46:00.004+05:30

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) → Functions → Health benefits → Vitamin C and liver detoxification → Kidney → Heart → Skin - Body

Vitamin C is an important support in liver detoxification mechanism.

Role of vitamin C in liver detoxification

Vitamin C helps in the detoxification and removal of the toxic substances from the body.

Liver as the main detoxification organ of the body removes the toxic substances from the blood.

Most of these toxic substances are absorbed into the body through gastrointestinal system, lungs and skin.

Many toxic chemicals are also produced as by-products of biological processes.

If these toxic substances are not removed from the blood by the liver due some disease or due lack of antioxidants, especially vitamin C, the toxins may accumulate in very important parts of the body like brain and kidney leading to devastating health problems.

Depletion or lack of vitamin C impairs the detoxification mechanism of liver.

Liver detoxification takes place in two phases. In phase 1 of detoxification, the toxins are reduced to smaller less harmful fragments.

This is achieved by the biological processes like hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation.

During this phase 1 detoxification free radicals are formed and in excess they destroy the liver cells.

The availability of ascorbic acid and other oxidants at this stage neutralizes the free radicals and protects the cells from the oxidative damages of detoxification.

In phase 2 of detoxification, the fragmented molecules are bound to sulphate, glycine and glutathione to create new non toxic substance and excreted in bile or urine.

Role of vitamin C in treatment of hepatitis

Ascorbic acid along with liver stimulants like alpha lipoic acid and milk thistle have been used successfully in the treatment of viral and chronic hepatitis. Vitamin C (sodium ascorbate) given via intravenous route will help liver detoxification bringing relief in a few days.

Affected with hepatitis, the mitochondria may get damaged and free radical scavenging may get upset.

This results in excessive free radicals and the resultant destruction of the cells.

The presence of vitamin C mops up the free radicals and the conditions improve.

Role of vitamin C in treatment of NFLD (Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)

Steatosis (also called adipose degeneration, fatty degeneration or fatty change) is a process wherein lipids are abnormally retained inside the cells. Steatosis of the liver cells causes NAFLD.

Cells with NFLD showing nuclei pushed to the sides by the lipids (enlarge) It is believed that NFLD is associated with the free radical damage and oxidative stress. Experiments in 'choline deficiency' induced NFLD have shown that vitamin C blocks and prevents NFLD.

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Nutrition for health - Causes of Pellagra disease (niacin deficiency)

2010-02-23T09:54:00.010+05:30

Pellagra Disease → Causes disease→ Symptoms → Diagnosis-Treatment → Dr.Joseph Goldberger → Niacin flush

Causes of pellagra disease are malnutrition or malabsorption of niacin (vitamin B3), and/or tryptophan (an essential amino acid). Depending on the causative factors pellagra may be primary or secondary.

Primary pellagra disease causes

Primary pellagra disease is the acute nutritional deficiency of niacin and/or tryptophan in the diet in freely available form.

Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinamide or nicotinic acid) deficiency causes pellagra disease

The deficit of vitamin B3 deranges all cellular functions and all biochemical mechanisms of the body systems go haywire and leads to the resultant debilitating symptoms. These causes of the disease are primary. Poor people are generally under nourished and their food may not include vitamin B3 and protein rich foods like organ meat, poultry, egg, milk, yeast etc..

This border line deficiency causes pellagra disease in them when there is a slight slide in their health. Populations, who depend mainly on maize as staple food tend to develop pellagra.

Maize food has niacin in biologically unavailable forms and causes pellagra disease.

Earlier populations boiled maize with lime before eating and it is found that this process makes niacin biologically available. People in low income groups, prisoners, people affected by famine and refugees are in the risk group.

These people are to be monitored for symptoms of deficit and are to be helped with supplementation of vitamins.

Tryptophan (an essential amino acid) deficiency causes pellagra

Human body can produce vitamin B3 from the amino acid tryptophan.

Tryptophan is one of the amino acids which human body cannot synthesise and hence it is called as an essential amino acid. It has to be sourced only from food. The deficiency of tryptophan in diet causes pellagra disease.

Food of animal sources has sufficient levels of tryptophan.

In the food of plant origin tryptophan is available in nuts especially groundnuts and also in various beans.

Vegan food habit causes this malady. Vegans who do not include beans and nuts in their food are in the risk group.

Secondary pellagra disease causes

In a number of situations vitamin B3 may be present in available form and in sufficient quantities in the food. However extraneous causes lead to pellagra.

The presence of other diseases, assimilation disorders, utilisation disorders and altered bio synthesis processes in the body may give rise to pellagra symptoms.

Leucine (an essential amino acid) causes pellagra disease if present in high concentrations in the diet

People who frequently eat millet (sorghum or jowar) and whose staple food is millet are found to be affected by pellagra disease.

Millet contains both niacin and tryptophan.

The causes of pellagra in millet eating populations are found to be the excessive leucine availability in millet and its interference in tryptophan metabolism and in the subsequent synthesis of niacin.

Chronic diarrhoea causes pellagra

Chronic diarrhoea, if not diagnosed and treated causes pellagra.

As the individual's digestion and absorption mechanism gets affected in chronic diarrhea nutritional deficiency and dehydration sets in.

This not only causes pellagra but also many deficiency complications.

Elderly people are prone to develop pellagra

Elderly people's digestive system slowly gets impaired and the digestion and assimilation process slows down.

Their condition is to be monitored closely and niacin and other vitamin supplements are to given. They are in the risk group of developing vitamin B3 deficiency.

Impaired digestion and gastrointestinal disorders causes pellagra disease

Persons with impaired digestive systems, celiac disease and tropical sprue develop nutritional deficiencies.They are prone to get deficit of vitamin B3.

Chronic alcoholism causes pellagra disease

Alcoholics due to their careless and erratic food habits, may not eat balanced food. The absorption and utilisation of the niacin also gets affected in the alcoholics and they are prone to develop vitamin B3 deficiency.

Anorexia nervosa causes pellagra

Anorexia nervosa, is a mental illness in which the patient suffers from low body weight.

He evaluates himself to be overweight and starves himself with an obsessive fear of putting on weight.

In this mental disorder apart from starving, the patient may also exercise excessively and follow weight control measures.

This naturally leads to nicotinic acid deficiency. Vit. B3 deficit leads to production of hunger suppressing endorphins and lack of appetite.

The patient may develop skin and psychiatric symtoms early.

Carcinoid syndrome causes pellagra

Cacinoid tumors are malignant tumours occurring on the intestinal wall and lungs. In these patients tryptophan is excessively converted into serotonin.

This altered protein metabolism results in negligible niacin synthesis and causes this disease.

Hartup disease causes pellagra disease

Hartups disease is a genetic autosomal disease caused by recessive trait.

This impairs absorption of tryptophan in the intestines as well as kidneys.

Very little amounts of tryptophan is absorbed in the intestines and excess of tryptophan is lost in the excretion.

With this, there is no conversion of tryptophan into niacin and hence its deficiency disease.

Certain drugs and medications causes pellagra disease

The production of niacin from tryptophan depends on a co enzyme which is derived from vitamin B6.

Isoniazid (used in the treatment of tuberculosis) and 3-mercaptopurine (used in the treatment of leukimia) interfere with the metabolism of vitamin B6 and causes nicotinamide deficit. Some medications like chloramphenicol, hydantoins, phenobarbital, pyrazinamide and 5-fluoro-uracil have been found to become causes of nicotinamide deficit disease.

Certain diseases and health conditions causes nicotinamide deficiency

Patients with liver cirrhosis, chronic ulcerative colitis, prolonged febrile illness, diabetes mellitus, HIV disease, patients on intra-venous fluids and patients on maintenance haemodialysis are prone to develop it. Liver cirrhosis, if untreated causes pellagra disease.

Nutrition for health - niacin deficiency (pellagra disease) - diagnosis, treatment and prevention

2010-02-23T09:39:00.006+05:30

Pellagra Disease (niacin deficiency) → Causes of niacin deficiency → Symptoms of niacin deficiency → Diagnosis-Treatment-Prevention of niacin deficiency → Dr.Joseph Goldberger → Niacin flush

Diagnosis of niacin deficiency (pellagra disease) is very difficult, where as its treatment and prevention are simple.

Diagnosis of pellagra (niacin deficiency)

For diagnosis in pellagra treatment, earlier we had to rely on the symptoms narrated by the patient, signs observed and the nutritional deficiency status and diet of the patient. In the early stages fewer of the niacin deficiency signs may be present and it becomes very difficult for the diagnosis and treatment of pellagra. It will be easier for diagnosis and confirmation of the presence of pellagra disease, if all the three "D" symptoms (dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia) are present. Nowadays the diagnosis of niacin deficiency can be confirmed by the measurement of excretion of N-methylnicitinamide per day in urine and treatment can be started. However the facilities may not be easily available for the analysis and diagnosis in the developing and under-developed countries to start pellagra treatment with niacin supplements to remove deficiency. If the patient has some of the signs and symptoms of pellegra the following steps may help in treatment and prevention. The first step in diagnosis, treatment and prevention is to find out whether the patient is coming from pellagra prevalent region with niacin deficiency. Next step in diagnosis and prevention is to ascertain the patient's food habits and find out whether maize is his staple food. Persons afflicted by pellagra disease generally appear weak, underweight and poorly nourished. It has to be ascertained whether the patient has dermatitis, diarrhea or dementia and nervous impairment. Therapeutic doses of nicotinamide may be given for a few days to investigate for improvement in the condition. If the disease is pellagra there will be marked improvement and the diagnosis of the disease is complete and treatment can be started. Low serum levels of niacin and tryptophan may also confirm the disease and treatment can be started. Low levels of pyridone and N-methylnicotinamide in urine can be due to niacin deficiency confirming the diagnosis for pellagra treatment. If less than 1.5mg of these organic compounds are excreted in a day, diagnosis of severe niacin deficiency is confirmed and immediate treatment is required. The presence of three "Ds" (dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia) confirms the diagnosis of pellagra disease Dermatitis in pellagra patients has a characteristic appearance. The exposed regions of the skin to sunlight get inflamed and red in appearance initially with marked margin with the unexposed skin. This is a clear cut diagnosis of pellagra. The swelling of tongue and mouth and oral sores also help in the diagnosis and treatment. The chronic diarrhea and bleeding from intestine also help in diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms like diminished sensitivity to touch, irritability, and tremor help in diagnosis.

Treatment for pellagra disease (niacin deficiency)

If the patient is fairly in the advanced stage of pellagra, hospitalisation is required for treatment of acute niacin deficiency. Patient with milder symptoms may undergo treatment at homefor niacin deficiency. Patients with dementia are preferably given treatment at hospital for prevention of complications with niacin deficiency. Oral administration of nicotinamide or nicotinic acid helps in the reversal of symptoms of niacin deficiency. The exact dosage for treatment will be recommended by physician considering the stage of the disease and the age and weight of the patients. Persons who are comatose, uncooperative or with severe swelling and blocking of the mouth may be given injections of vitamin B3 to resolve niacin deficiency. For patients with dementia and severe pain treatment with tranquillizers may be given. Dermatitis should be treated with anti-inflammatory antibiotic creams till the niacin deficiency resolves. During treatment, prevention to exposure to sun light is very important. There can be dramatic change and healing after a few days of treatment for niacin deficiency. With the treatment dermatitis slowly disappears, the gastrointestinal inflammation goes and the patient will be able to eat. The neurological disorders slowly disappear and the patient becomes normal. As the pellagra afflicted person will be malnourished, he should be given easily digestible protein rich, well balanced diet followed by multivitamin supplement. Though the primary pellagra responds well to treatment the secondary pellagra disease is harder to treat because of the causes for its occurrence.

Prevention of pellagra disease (niacin deficiency)

In the maize eating population relying on maize only as staple food has to be discouraged and addition of other cereals has to be encouraged for prevention niacin deficiency ( pellagra disease) affecting populations as a whole. An inducement and requirement to fortify milled maize flour with niacin must be emphasised and regulated for prevention of pellagra. For the prevention of nutritional deficiency caused diseases, especially pellegra it is very important to have diversity in the food consumed. Food from animal sources like milk, egg, meat and fish is rich in vitamin B complex and tryptophan and this resource is to be included in daily consumption for prevention of pellagra and deficiency. Niacin rich plant food like nuts especially groundnuts must be included in diet for prevention deficiency and pellagra. Prisoners, refugees and famine affected may not have balanced and protein rich food and they are to be given nicotinamide supplements for prevention of pellagra disease. Education on nutrition must be emphasised to spread awareness among people for prevention of Pellagra disease.

Nutrition for health - Dr Joseph Goldberger - pellagra research contribution

2010-02-22T10:02:00.002+05:30

Pellagra disease → Causes → Symptoms → Diagnosis-Treatment → Dr Joseph Goldberger → Niacin flush

One of the greatest research findings for the cause of the neglected humanity was by Dr Joseph Goldberger.

Dr Joseph Goldberger was born in Giralt, Hungary on July 16, 1874. He migrated along with his parents to United States in 1883 and settled in New York City.

He earned his MD Degree in 1895 from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College (New York University School of Medicine).

Dr Joseph Goldberger after a stint of private practice at Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, joined United States Marine Hospital Service (later PHS) as an Assistant Surgeon.

His first place of appointment was at the Port of New York and was assigned for the health inspection of immigrants.

Dr Joseph Goldberger

Epidemiological skills of Dr Joseph Goldberger were sharpened when he worked on the control of yellow fever, dengue fever and typhus during 1902 - 1906.

In the year 1906 he married Marry against the wishes of the families.

During his studies on epidemics, Dr Joseph Goldberger contracted the diseases he studied like typhus and dengue fever.

In 1909 he published his research findings on Shamberg's disease connecting its origin to acarine mite.

Dr Joseph Goldberger was asked in 1914 to investigate on pellagra disease.

Working on pellagra disease he found that the inmates of prisons, orphanages and mental asylms were developing pellagra disease while the employees are not getting affected.

Dr Joseph Goldberger was sure that pellagra disease is not contageous and no germ is involved with it.

He also fed the pellagra disease affected children of orphanages and asylms with fresh food, meat and fresh vegetables.

There was dramatic recovery in their condition. Those of them who did not have the disease did not develop the disease.

Further he experimented with health volunteer prisoners and fed them only corn based food. Many of them developed pellagra rashes in about five months.

Dr Joseph Goldberger to prove his point and to silence his detractors, injected blood of pellagra affected into his body and also on his assistant.

He also took swabs of nasal and throat secretions of the pellagra disease patients and rubbed on to his nose and throat.

Dr Joseph Goldberger collected scabs of pellagra disease rashes and swallowed them.

He did not contract the pellagra disease. Even after these demonstrations a section of the scientific community did not accept his theory that pellagra disease is due to nutrition deficiency.

Dr Joseph Goldberger contracted renel cell carcinoma and died on January 17, 1929. His ashes were sprinkled over the river Potomac.

Nutrition for health - Niacin flush - side effects - cholesterol control

2010-02-22T03:35:00.004+05:30

Pellagra disease → Causes → Symptoms → Diagnosis-Treatment → Dr Joseph Goldberger → Niacin flush side effects during cholesterol control

Benefits of niacin like increase in good cholesterol and lipid management and control out number its side effects - niacin flush.

Niacin, when taken for cholesterol control, in its nicotinic acid form causes reactions which are called 'niacin flush'. The necessity and benefits of niacin in nutrition is well known.

There are other uses of niacin in achieving good health. Niacin, though in its nicotinic acid form has been found to control cholesterol, causes flush.

Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is the disorder of blood lipid levels. Usually dyslipidemia occurs as an elevation of lipid levels in the blood and is hyperlipidemia .

This increase and the lack of cholesterol control is due to many factors like genes, food habits, malnutrition and life style. The side effects of chronic high levels of insulin is dyslipidemia.

Benefits of niacin in control of cholesterol

To reduce the blood serum lipids there are cholesterol control ways like exercise, regulated diet and medication.

Nicotinic acid helps in the regulation of lipid levels and in cholesterol control.

Niacin is very effective in lowering triglycerides, serum lipids and in low density cholesterol control.

Niacin doses of 500 mg, 1000 mg and even 2 gm are prescribed for cholesterol control.

In high doses,though there is flush and side effects, serum levels of both 'very low density lipoprotein' (VLDL) and 'low density lipoprotein' (LDL) are reduced and the serum level of 'high density lipoprotein' (HDL) is increased with control of cholesterol .

Clinical trials have demonstrated that nicotinic acid effectively controls progress of atherosclerosis (fat deposits in arteries) cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.

However it has very unpleasant side effects called niacin flush .

Causes, signs and symptoms of niacin flush

Cutaneous flush and pruritus (itch) are side effects of taking higher doses of nicotinic acid in cholesterol control.

Nicotinic acid side effects occurs within 30 minutes of ingestion of the tablet, causing cutaneous flush of face and neck and trunk.

Side effects like gastro-intestinal upset, head ache, warmth, tingling and itching of face and the trunk may also occur during flush.

There can be pricking and itching sensations on the body during the side effects.

Particularly the areas of the body which are covered by the dress show more side effects of pricking sensations during the flush.

The side effects are due to dilation of the capillaries in the skin and greater blood flow to the skin.

Earlier it was believed that histamine was the cause of it. However it was found that histamine was not involved in the reactions.

It is found that Prostaglandin is the prime cause for inducing the side effects like flush during cholesterol control; serotonin also has a role in the reactions.

These nicotinic acid symptoms and side effects last for about an hour and then they subside.

Treatment and remedies for niacin flush

Though niacin flush is harmless the severity of the symptoms sometimes deter people from continuing taking niacin effective cholesterol is not achieved.

The symptoms and side effects of 'niacin flush' usually subside after 60 minutes. Tolerance to nicotinic acid develops slowly and the reactions also usually taper off.

It is advised to take two to four split doses to reduce side effects.

It is advised not to do exercise immediately after taking the tablets.

Starting the niacin dosage at low levels and gradually increasing it over a period of time may prevent the severity of side effects.

If there is a break in this treatment for cholesterol control, it is advised to go back to initial low doses and gradually increase it to avoid recurrence of severe side effects.

Taking aspirin or ibuprofen 30 minutes before taking niacin tablet helps in preventing it.

However as these drugs are notorious for stomach irritation and bleeding consult your health care provider about the dosage and suitability.

Taking hot beverages or alcohol around the time of niacin consumption may cause severity in these side effects.

Take the tablet along with food so that absorption will be slower and may reduce it.

Drinking up to 250 ml of water dilutes the vitamin and side effects are reduced.

If there are any indications of the start of flush, immediately take plenty of water to stop or to control it.

Say no to 'flush free' or no-flush' niacin

Inositol hexanicotinate is a very efficient vitamin B3 supplement. This vitamin B3 form is being branded and sold as 'flush free' and 'no flush' niacin.

This product is available in 200mg, 500 mg and 1000mg strengths as flush free tablets over the counter. They are only vitamin supplements.

Though it does not cause side effects, cholesterol control is not achieved and the purpose is not achieved.

Experiments have proved that, this 'no flush' vitamin B3 has no cholesterol control and there is no niacin flush reactions.

Nicotinamide and niacinamide also are not useful in cholesterol control and hypercholesterolemia management and do not cause side effects.

The addition of amide group inhibits niacin flush, cholesterol control and vasodilation.

So there is no cholesterol control, no reactions and no side effects.

So the best way is to get around niacin flush reactions with precautions and control cholesterol for our healthy life.

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Nutrition for health - types of proteins

2010-02-20T08:29:00.019+05:30

What are Proteins made of ? → Types of proteins → Proteins synthesis → Functions in body → Daily Proteins requirements → Food sources → Deficiency

Proteins types are categorized as per their structure, chemical composition and biological function.

Proteins types in relation to the structure

Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids the sequence of which is decided by gene expression. A simple polypeptide chain of amino acid is called monomeric chain and proteins with several polypeptide chains and bonds are called oligomeric types. With relation to the structure and number of amino acids present and the types of bonding, they are broadly categorized into four classes.

Primary structure:

This is a basic structure made up of amino acids chains and the sequence is defined by the gene expression.

Secondary structure:

In these types of proteins covalent bonding within and outside the chains is made and a structure, usually of helix shape, is formed.

Tertiary structure:

In these types of proteins the structure is much more complex. These structures are three dimensional in nature with complex formations of folds and loops due to repulsion of like charged molecules and attraction of opposite charged molecules.

Quaternary structure:

These types of proteins are very large complex molecules with many protein molecules and many polypeptide chains. There are two main classes of quaternary structure and they are scleroproteins (fibrous proteins) and globular proteins.

Scleroproteins:

These are also called fibrous proteins. They form long rod or wire-like shaped filaments. these are not soluble in aqueous solutions.

They are usually inert and are storage or structural types of protein having role in supportive and protective function.

They are found in bone matrix, connective tissues, muscle fiber and tendons. Some of the examples of this class are collagen, elastins, keratin and fibroin (in silk).

Enzyme hexokinase ball and stick model (enlarge) Globularproteins:

These types are also called spheroproteins having globe like structure and are soluble in aqueous solutions. Many types of enzymes, catalysts, hormones, transporters, signal transduction proteins, plasma, coagulation factors, growth factors and hemeproteins come under this category. Nucleosome, spliceosome, signal recognition particle and ribonucleoprotein are complexes with many components.

Types of proteins based on chemical composition

Depending upon the types of chemical composition, they are classified as simple or conjugated proteins.

Simple proteins:

Simple types contain only amino acids and do not contain any other chemical or chemical groups.

Conjugated proteins:

Many of these types of proteins contain apart from amino acids other metal and chemical components and are named conjugated proteins. The non amino acid parts are called prosthetic groups. Some of the conjugated types and their prothetic groups are given below. Lipoproteins:

These conjugated protein types contain lipids in their biochemical assembly. Lipid groups may be bound non-covalently or covalently. Many protein types like structural proteins, enzymes, transporters, antigens, toxins, adhesins, HDL (high density lipoproteins), LDL (low density lipoproteins), mitochondria and pathogen lipoprotein are lipoproteins. Glycoproteins:

These conjugated proteins contain glycans (oligosaccharide chains) covalently attached to the side-chains of polypeptides. These types are very important in integral membrane proteins. There are many important glycoproteins like mucins (present in mucus), antibodies (immunoglobulins), glycoprotein llb/llla ( found on blood platelets and required for their aggregation), components of zona pellucida surrounding ovum, structural protein types in the connective tissue, egg white, blood plasma, hormones (Follicle-stimulating hormone, Alpha-fetoprotein and Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Human chorionic gonadotropin and Erythropoietin). Phosphoproteins: These are chemically bonded to compounds containing phosphoric acid. Calcineurins are one of the examples. Haemoproteins: These conjugated types contain heme prosthetic group bound non covalently or covalently to the proteins.

Heme consists of iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin.

Many haemoproteins like hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytoglobin, hemocyanin, neuroglobin and leghemoglobin are required for oxygen transport. Hemeproteins like peroxidases, ligninases and cytochrome c oxidase have the function of catalysis. Hemeproteins, cytochrome c and catalase have a role in electron transfer whereas for active membrane transport cytochromes are needed. Flavoproteins: These contain nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin like flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These have many functions in DNA repair, photosynthesis, apoptosis and cellular respiration. Metalloproteins: These types have a metal ion as cofactor. Many hemeproteins, enzymes (metalloenzymes), signal transduction factors come under these types. Some of the metals in metalloproteins are iron (hemoglobin), zinc (carbonic anhydrase), cobalt (Vitamin B12 or cobalamin), copper (superoxide dismutase), magnesium (chlorophyll, Hexokinase, Glucose 6-phosphatase, DNA polymerase), calcium (calmodulin), vanadium (vanabins), nickel (Hydrogenase, Urease), manganese (arginase), selenium (Glutathione peroxidase) and molybdenum (nitrate reductase). Opsins: Opsins are conjugated types present in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Opsins bind covalently to vitamin A based retinaldehyde chromophore and function the vision perception.

Other conjugated proteins types like cytochrome have function in electron transport and phytochromes function in plants for photoreception regulating photoperiodism, circadian rhythms and germination of seeds.

Nutrition for health - What are proteins? - What are proteins made of?

2010-02-16T16:32:00.020+05:30

What are Proteins made of ? → Types of proteins → Proteins synthesis → Functions in body → Daily Proteins requirements → Food sources → Deficiency

What are proteins?

Proteins are highly complex compounds made of nitrogenous organic macromolecules comprising a variety of α amino acids which are joined together by peptide bonds. They are made by the complex polymerization of amino acids and are essential for every biochemical function of the living organisms. They are the building blocks of the living beings right from the simple forms like virus to higher animals with complex organ systems. Nearly 50% of the dry weight of the organisms is made of these complex structures.

What are proteins made of?

Proteins are essentially made of a number of amino acids which in turn are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Nearly all them contain nitrogen and sulphur. Specialised structures are made with the incorporation of minerals like phosphorus, copper, zinc and iron. Proteins molecules are large and have high molecular weights. Proteins are made from 2-100 numbers of amino acids having molecular weight of about 10kDa are called peptides. The combination sequence of these amino acids can produce innumerable proteins. In the E.coli bacteria cell there are 3000 different known varieties.

The optical isomers of alanine, D-Alanine and L-Alanine Proteins are made of three very important structure levels namely primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary level is the amino acid sequence and is determined by gene expression. In the secondary level of structure, the angles of bonds (covalent) within and between the amino acids determines the geometrical shape usually helix. The tertiary three dimensional level of structure made of folds and loops is due to the repulsion of like charged amino acid groups and attraction of opposite charged amino acid groups. This structure is usually the basis for the biological activity of proteins. They are primarily the organic structure basis of skin, hair, tendons, bones, muscles and cartilage. All our organs and body fluids contain and made of them. The enzymes, hormones, blood and serum contain them and body functions like digestion, circulation are brought about by them.

Proteins are made from amino acids

They are made with 22 amino acids of which eight are essential amino acids. These amino acids are considered essential because the body cannot synthesise them. The rest of the 14 amino acids are synthesised by the adult human body. Essential amino acids for humans: Isoleucine,Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan and Valine Amino acids synthesised by adult body: Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Selenocysteine, Serine, Tyrosine, Arginine, Histidine and Pyrrolysine. Of these cysteine, histidine, tyrosine and arginine are essential for infants and growing children as they are not produced by them.

Vitamin C - Heart disease - Ischemic heart

2010-01-27T15:39:00.002+05:30

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) > Functions > Health benefits > Vitamin C and Liver > Vitamin C and Kidney > vitamin C and Heart > Vitamin C and cholesterol - Vitamin C and skin

Vitamin C as an antioxidant and contributor in collagen synthesis, has very crucial role in prevention and treatment of heart disease.

Clinical prevention of scurvy disease can be achieved with daily intake of about 100g of vitamin C. But the nutritional requirement of ascorbic acid is much higher than this for warding off adverse health conditions, especially the ischemic heart disease. A sub-clinical form of ascorbic acid deficiency exists in many people leading to diseases like heart attacks, strokes, diabetes etc.

Vitamin C - heart disease and arterial walls

As the heart pumps blood back to the body all the blood vessels experience pressure, especially arteries. When the blood vessels are healthy, normal blood flow is maintained. If the arteries are weak, constricted or have deposits in the wall, there is cardiac stress and diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular disease and Ischemic heart disease are caused.

Collagen is found in the artery wall and is necessary for the elasticity and tenor of the artery. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is necessary for collagen synthesis. When there is deficiency of ascorbic acid, the artery walls harden and develop minute cracks and blood leaks into the surrounding tissues. A focal point of inflammation, disease and infection is formed. This leads to production of prostaglandin thromboxane.

In order to plug these leaking cracks platelets aggregate and lipoproteins are deposited.

The LDL cholesterol in the blood forms further deposits at this point and a plaque is formed.

This leads to narrowing of the blood vessels and to keep up circulation the heart pumps harder.

Fresh cracks get formed due to pressure and a chain reaction starts leading to further narrowed vessels.

The consumption of ascorbic acid makes the endothelial lining of the artery wall healthy and elastic by proper and sufficient deposits of collagen.

Further ascorbic acid can prevent the plaque formation. Ascorbic acid inhibits the oxidative modification of LDL (low density lipoproteins) and prevents deposits.

Ascorbic acid hinders blood platelets aggregation and the formation of clot.

Ascorbic acid increases the fibrinolytic activity and the dissolution of plaques.

Ascorbic acid restores the characteristics of atherosclerotic arteries back to normalcy by dilation and restores proper blood supply curing cardiac disease.

Vitamin C is vital for the healthy heart and for protection from heart disease.

Health Care Nutrition

Selenium SELECT trial - Selenium cancer trial - Selenium fails to prevent cancer

SELECT trial was conducted to investigate the benefits of Selenium and vitamin E in cancer.

SELECT trial: Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial

SELECT trial salient features: selenium and vitamin E utility

The results of SELECT trial: selenium and vitamin E lack cancer prevention benefit

Selenium and prostate - Selenium for prostate cancer prevention

Selenium was believed to prevent prostate cancer.

Selenium and prostate cancer in NPC study 1996

Selenium may worsen existing prostate cancer in certain cases

Selenium in prostate cancer prevention: SELECT trial

Selenium and thyroid hormone - Selenium for thyroid function

Selenium is essential for proper functioning of our immune system and thyroid gland.

Selenium and thyroid function

Selenium for thyroid problems and autoimmune thyroiditis

Effect of selenium on the thyroid hormones T4 and T3

Selenium antioxidant - Selenoproteins - Function of selenium

Selenium antioxidant function is brought about by the Glutathione peroxidase selenoproteins.

Function of selenium as antioxidant

Selenoproteins function as selenium antioxidant enzymes

Types of selenium antioxidant enzymes and their functions

Selenium for HIV - Selenium and AIDS - Selenium immune system

Selenium is found to boost the immune system and decrease progression of HIV/AIDS.

Selenium as antioxidant boosts immune system of HIV/AIDS infected

HIV/AIDS prevalence is low in regions with selenium rich soil

Selenium boosting immune system makes HIV/AIDS less virulent and slows its replication

Treatment of HIV/AIDS with Selenium, tryptophan, glutamine and cysteine

Selenium for heart disease - Can selenium prevent heart ailments?

Selenium being an antioxidant, its action in preventing heart disease is being investigated.

Selenium deficiency causes heart diseases like Keshan disease

Usefulness of selenium in heart diseases

Selenium supplements may increase the risk of heart disease?

Keshan disease - Selenium for treatment of Keshan disease

Keshan disease is a deficiency condition caused by the dietary deficiency of selenium.

Causes of Keshan disease

Symptoms of Keshan disease

Diagnosis of Keshan disease

Treatment for Keshan disease

Prevention of Keshan disease

Selenium (Se) liquid - Selenium drops - Advantages - Disadvantages

Selenium liquid is the Se supplement administrable as drops.

What is selenium (Se) liquid/drops?

Selenium (se) liquid/drops - advantages and disadvantages

Some popular brands of Selenium (Se) liquid drops

Precautions while taking selenium (Se) liquid drops

Selenomethionine uses - Selenomethionine toxicity - selenium amino acid

Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing the essential trace mineral selenium.

Seleno-amino acid, selenomethionine, is the best among the selenium supplements

Synthesis of selenium amino acid L-selenomethionine

Biosynthesis of selenomethionine

Selenomethionine toxicity

Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate - Inorganic selenium chemicals

Sodium selenite and selanate are the most common inorganic salts of selenium used as mineral supplements.

Properties of sodium selenite and selenate

Production and synthesis of sodium selenite and selenate

Uses of inorganic selenium salt: sodium selenite and selenate

Precautions while taking sodium selenite and selenate supplements

Ecological impact of indiscriminate use of sodium selenite and selenate.

Selenium sulfide shampoo - Selenium sulfide lotion - tinea versicolor

Selenium sulfide (SeS2) is used in shampoo and lotion for the treatment of dandruff and tinea versicolor.

What is selenium sulfide shampoo or lotion?

Method of using selenium sulfide lotion and shampoo

Precaution while using selenium sulfide shampoo and lotion

Side effects of selenium lotion and shampoo

Storage and safety of selenium sulfide shampoo and lotion

Organic selenium - Selenium absorption - Selenium metabolism

Organic selenium is the best form of this trace mineral with better absorption and metabolism.

What is organic selenium?

Types of organic selenium forms

Comparison of organic selenium and inorganic salts for their absorption and metabolism

Superiority of selenomethionine from organic selenium sources over synthetic products

Selenium yeast - Selenium enriched yeast - High selenium yeast

Selenium yeast is the enriched organic form mostly containing selenomethionine.

What is selenium yeast?

Selenium yeast production process

Advantages of selenium yeast

Selenium yeast uses

Selenium rich food - Selenium in Brazil nuts highly bioavailable

Brazil nuts are rich food sources of selenium (Se) and one ounce contains ten times the recommended dietary allowances.

Brazil nuts are selenium rich food sources

Effect of selenium on the thyroid hormones T₄and T₃

Selenium sulfide (SeS₂) is used in shampoo and lotion for the treatment of dandruff and tinea versicolor.