Health Doctors

What is hepatitis B patients dietary needs attention

2010-03-21T06:04:00.000-07:00

Food should light: should eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, such as cabbage, celery, spinach, cucumber, tomatoes, apples, pears, citrus and so on.

High-quality food rich in protein: protein is to maintain the activities of human life, one of the most important nutrients, hepatitis B when the patient's condition improved, which should gradually increase the protein intake, and select high-quality protein and high nutritional value of food, in order to facilitate liver cell regeneration and repair.

Such foods are milk, eggs, fish, lean meat, soy products and so on. In general, adults with a daily protein intake of 1-1.5 g / kg body weight is appropriate.

Trace Elements: hepatitis B patient is often a lack of zinc, manganese, selenium and other trace elements, some patients also a lack of calcium, phosphorus, iron and other minerals. It is therefore appropriate supplement containing trace elements and minerals in food such as seaweed, oysters, mushrooms, sesame, jujube, Qi Zi and so on. Next: liver disease should not eat the food what?

Patients with liver disease should not eat the food what?

Patients with hepatitis is not appropriate to eat the canned food, fried, and fried foods, instant noodles and sausages.

Canned food preservative, food coloring, etc. will increase the metabolism and detoxification function of the liver burden. Deep-fried, fried a high-fat foods, do not digest and absorb.

Repeated frying food in oil would be carcinogens.

MSG is a condiment, an amount of more patients with liver disease or frequently over-using it, there may be a brief headache, palpitation and nausea.

Not to eat a variety of sweets.

Less consumption of sunflower seeds. Sunflower seeds contain unsaturated fatty acids, eat will affect liver cell function.

Century egg contains a certain amount of lead, often Century egg consumption makes a lack of calcium and osteoporosis.

A variety of pickled food too salty, eat a lot of patients with liver disease is likely to affect water, sodium metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis should be taboo.

Tea hepatitis B patients should pay attention to what issues?

Tea health benefits of hepatitis B patients, but should pay attention to timely, adequate, 1 hour before meals should be suspended in the tea, so as not to dilute the gastric acid; Do not drink tea before bedtime and fasting; tea should not be too thick; day, not the total tea More than 1000-1500 ml; care patients should not drink tea; taking supplements, tonic medicines should be avoided during the tea, or tea is preferred medication. Hepatitis B patients should pay attention to what to eat fruit?

Hepatitis B patients in the appropriate day, eat fruit and healthy, but should pay attention to:

General hepatitis B patients may choose to apples, oranges, grapes, pear, coconut and so on, spleen Deficiency diarrhea who Yichi longan, litchi, hawthorn, jujube, not eating persimmons, bananas, sugar cane, grapefruit, mulberry; cirrhotic ascites take diuretic persons, Yichi citrus, plum, plum, coconut, etc.; liver qi stagnation who Yichi kumquat, orange balls.

How can hepatitis B patients to drink milk?

Acute hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis B activity period, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention disgust oil and who should not drink milk. In the digestive tract symptom relief and rehabilitation period is better to drink. Cirrhosis of the liver associated with hepatic coma or hepatic coma tendencies, should not drink milk, otherwise they will induce hepatic coma.

Not large or big gulp of drink: milk contains 5% lactose, when the body is insufficient lactase, drinking milk, too much too quickly, lactose can not be digested and absorbed, easy to cause abdominal distension, diarrhea. Therefore, should the small mouth when you drink milk, drink, saliva and milk, mixing until after the swallow.

Should not be drinking sugar: sucrose in the gastrointestinal tract because of the decomposition products with the calcium in milk and in, not only is not conducive to calcium absorption, but will encourage bacterial fermentation gas production, resulting in abdominal distension.

Fasting should not be drinking: If fasting drink milk, milk protein instead of carbohydrates into energy can be consumed, would not achieve the new organizational structure of protein to repair the old organization.

2010-03-21T06:01:00.000-07:00

Hepatitis B virus is a broad-invasive virus, in addition to violations of the liver, it will also violations of gastric mucosa. Hepatitis B complicated by the incidence of gastric mucosal damage up to 80%. This liver-derived stomach, mainly for peptic ulcer disease, bile reflux gastritis, superficial gastritis and atrophic gastritis and so on.

Hepatitis B if there is upper abdominal pain, anorexia, postprandial fullness, pantothenic acid, heartburn, nausea, nausea and vomiting and other symptoms, it is possible the liver-derived stomach performance. At this point not only to check the liver function, endoscopy and Helicobacter pylori inspection needs to be done in order to timely treatment.

In daily life, patients with hepatitis B should pay attention to keep their minds at ease, avoid anxiety and nervousness, so that living there often, work and rest. Do not eat too much Eat less spicy food stimulation, avoid acidic foods to stimulate, do not drink coffee, tea. Meal when chewing food thoroughly, do not eat too fast, because chewing can increase saliva secretion, which can be diluted in saliva and gastric acid and to enhance the role of gastric mucosal barrier.

Hepatitis B can prevent liver cancer in patients with eating grapes

2010-03-21T05:53:00.000-07:00

Fruit not only complement the human body needs vitamins, can prevent primary liver cancer. 4 Hospital of Harbin Medical University, vice president of Dr. Liu Ming, National Natural Science Foundation of applications - the role of fruit and prevent liver cancer, has been approved. The results of this study is available through certain fruit extracts, the production of pharmaceutical preparations or oral solution, to facilitate the use of liver cancer high-risk groups.

Dr. Liu Ming as early as in 2002, the United States to study, they found called raspberry fruit, which is rich in large numbers of "Tanning acid," Liu Ming will "Tanning acid" and the mixed culture hepatoma cells and found that " Tanning Acid "actually can inhibit tumor growth.

After returning to Liu in the study found that grapes, apples and other fruits also have anti-cancer effect. Among them, grape skin contains anthocyanidins, flavonoids, polyphenols and other plant materials and efficient anti-cancer, but from grapes, apples can be extracted with the anti-oxidation, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the promotion of angiogenesis substances.

The study found that hepatitis B virus carriers, rural long-term consumption of moldy food groups, and to have a family history of genetic high-risk groups, if long-term consumption of raspberries, grapes and other fruits, which can effectively prevent primary liver cancer.

As to how reasonable consumption of fruits, Liu Dr. three suggestions: First, at least a day eating grapes, apples or oranges and other fruit two or more, if at the same time with cauliflower, tomatoes, carrots and other vegetables for more than three kinds of consumption, better ; Second, grapes, apples and other fruits need to soak, wash with a peel after eating; three daily intake of vegetables and fruits, not less than 400 ~ 500 grams, and fruits and vegetable varieties as much as possible.

Attention to detail refused to dye hepatitis B

2010-03-21T05:51:00.000-07:00

Once an adult suffering from hepatitis B, the virus would be through continuous replication, destroying its own immune system, a considerable number of people eventually deteriorate into liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B surface antigen positive, and finally 1 / 3 of people into chronic persistent hepatitis, of which there are 1 / 3 into cirrhosis of the liver, liver cirrhosis patients and 1 / 3 into liver cancer. Main mode of transmission is blood-borne, sexually transmitted and maternal and child vertical transmission.

Against hepatitis B

Once an adult suffering from hepatitis B, the virus would be through continuous replication, destroying its own immune system, a considerable number of people eventually deteriorate into liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B surface antigen positive, and finally 1 / 3 of people into chronic persistent hepatitis, of which there are 1 / 3 into cirrhosis of the liver, liver cirrhosis patients and 1 / 3 into liver cancer. Main mode of transmission is blood-borne, sexually transmitted and maternal and child vertical transmission.

Adults carrying rate of hepatitis B virus remains high due mainly to the following areas: 1. Our country was from 1992 to the neonatal hepatitis B vaccination free of charge, at present a lot of adults do not inoculated; 2. Vaccinated are required to pay, Some people save money; 3. too busy, no time to be vaccinated; 4. do not realize that hepatitis B hazards.

Adults should pay more attention to prevent hepatitis B

20 ~ 30-year-old age group are in life and social activities of the most productive period of heavy work, not the law of life, a strong psychological pressure overload the body has been in a state of immunity fall, for the hepatitis B virus invasion lay hidden; while with the increase in travel and entertainment, the skin appears even a little bit of damage, such as oral ulcers, scratches, etc., will increase the risk of hepatitis B infection.

At the same time, because this age group are in love, sexually active phase, high-risk sexual behavior (such as unprotected sex and frequent change of sexual partners, multiple sex partners and years of sexual activity history, etc.) will increase the risk of virus infection . Once the risk of hepatitis B, the virus will be through continuous replication, leading to worsening of disease and ultimately easily lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer, a white-collar workers stumbling block to success and happiness.

Life, attention to detail

To avoid infection hepatitis

Xiao-Ling is a freshman student, not long ago at a clinic scaling. In the scaling shortly after, she began to have fever, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, hospital examination revealed she had acute hepatitis. She was six months ago, medical examinations and liver function are two pairs of semi-normal, the parents are not carriers of hepatitis B virus, there is no possibility of genetic hepatitis B, how it suddenly got hepatitis B? To undergo a medical analysis and diagnosis, it may be that scaling, so that she was infected with hepatitis B virus.

Scaling itself is not wrong, but did not choose the regular hospital. Now have to use disposable dental supplies, dental drill, but because of the price, there is no one person one, so that requires medical institutions have very strict disinfection measures, or high-pressure sterilization, or disinfectant contact with the body and may have traumatic Equipment must be absolutely sterile virus-free. Some small agencies lack the proper diagnosis and treatment of disinfection monitoring measures the concentration of disinfectant is not enough or non-replacement, will cause the device to become the carrier of the spread of disease.

In addition to scaling, the life of all those acts that are harmful to the skin vulnerable to hepatitis and AIDS. Skin is the body's a natural line of defense that can withstand external mechanical, physical, chemical stimulation of the injury and the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms, while the tattoo and other invasive cosmetic items have destroyed this line of defense to make the body susceptible to disease-causing micro-organisms invasion.

During Wen Mei, Wen eyeliner, tattoos, playing pierced ears, tongue-dong, umbilical puncture holes and other class beauty items, some of the lack of high-temperature sterilization beauty shop facilities, many of which are alcohol, iodine, or in disinfecting cabinet disinfection, which does not guarantee that kill the virus.

Mei-Wen, for example, often in the beauty sector. Despite the tattoo needle may choose to purchase a one-time, but a box of paints usually have to spend a lot of people, Wenxiu Needlestick break the skin, to bring into the paint, body fluids and blood-borne viruses may be the next person to enter the body; others such as street repair nail shop often used rubbing alcohol, even if a sterile; beauty of the face with a rush, a person, they are not sterile basin over mix, beauty, when a lot of people want to Eyebrow Shaping, pulling eyebrows, the skin can cause slight damage.

In addition acupuncture lose weight, weight loss or breast surgery, Botox injections are all risk factors for hepatitis B transmission.

Experts remind:

One person must be a razor, even if the father and his sons do not mix. Because the shaving process, will occur naked eye can not see the skin damage, many people mix easily lead to cross infection. If the formation of habits, on the outside will not pay attention to this issue. In particular, college freshmen enrolled this year, then we must tell the child control of their personal belongings, and students do not mix.

The problem of sexual transmission of hepatitis B should be re-emphasized, oral ulcers, when damaged or kissing can also transmit hepatitis B; best to wear condoms during sex; to promote safe sex.

Hepatitis patients how to eat healthy fruit?

2010-03-21T05:47:00.000-07:00

In patients with hepatitis should pay attention to eating fruit, some fruit unfit to eat, otherwise they will increase the burden of the liver, so that sicker, but there is some fruit on the therapeutic role in patients with hepatitis oh.

Hepatitis patients are most appropriate to eat the fruit: pear, apple, watermelon, water chestnut, jujube, grape, coconut, olive, pomegranate.

Why?

Pears, bananas, apples, watermelon is rich in vitamin C and carbohydrates, to protect the liver and promote liver regeneration effect.

Cirrhotic patients with ascites, often occurring potassium, while the high potassium content of bananas, is an ideal food source of potassium.
Hepatitis patients how to eat healthy fruit?

Sibu Liver Hepatitis B 6 supplements

Watermelon has a diuretic effect, the most suitable for patients with liver cirrhosis with ascites.

Water chestnut, jujube, grape also contain vitamin C, sugar and minerals. Jujube has the role of blood Liver; horseshoe with the role of detoxification and withdrawal jaundice; grapes are Liver and promote the benefits of appetite.

Here focuses on watermelon and grapes:

Watermelon, cold, with heat Jieshu, Chufan thirst quencher, diuretic role of blood pressure, you can treat a number of hot-Sheng Tianjin injuries fever, the ancients called the natural white tiger soup. Watermelon is rich in a lot of sugar, vitamins, you can also heat advantage to be wet, so that the body of the hot and humid from the urine solved.

Modern research shows that watermelon juice and skin contained inorganic salts, there are diuretic effect; contains glycoside, with step-down effect; contained protease, may be the insoluble proteins into soluble protein. Therefore, very suitable for patients with hepatitis, hepatitis governance of natural therapeutic "medicine."

The skins contain anthocyanidins, flavonoids, plant polyphenols and other high-performance anti-cancer substances from the grapes, apples can also be extracted with the anti-oxidation, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and promote angiogenesis substances. Human beings are expected to use raspberry extract in the production of pharmaceutical preparations or oral solution for the susceptibility to liver cancer, prevention of the use of high-risk groups.

Liver cancer known as the "cancer of the King", the patient cure probability is very small. Therefore, the precautionary approach seems more important. Hepatitis B virus carriers, rural long-term consumption of moldy grain populations, and have a family genetic history of high-risk groups should be a long-term consumption of raspberries, grapes and other fruits, can effectively prevent primary liver cancer. At least a day, eating grapes, apples, oranges, etc., or two or more fruit, if and cauliflower, tomatoes, carrots and other vegetables with more than three eat better. Grapes, apples and other fruits soaked, cleaned, it is best consumed as a whole, not peeled.

Spleen Deficiency Diarrhea those Yichi longan, litchi, hawthorn, jujube,

Ascites due to cirrhosis who required diuretic, Yichi citrus, plum, plum, coconut, etc.;

Liver Qi Stagnation are Yichi kumquat, orange balls.

Not eating persimmon, banana, sugar cane, grapefruit, mulberry;

Here also summarized some of the therapeutic effect of hepatitis fruit, you want to benefit patients with hepatitis oh.

1, treatment with liver cirrhosis

Material: 100-150 grams of fresh plums, green tea a little, honey appropriate.

Methods: Plum cut open 300 milliliters water, boil 3 minutes by adding green tea, honey can be. Yin Tang, day 1.

(9) in the treatment of chronic ascites due to cirrhosis material: Pingguo Pi, Li Pi each 15 grams, 100 grams Xianou.

Method: decoction, drink juice, 2 times a day.

2, treatment of viral hepatitis

Melon

Materials: 15 grams melon pedicle.

Methods: melon Di inquiry into Ximo service use. Blowing nose to spend a little time to fine a day several times.

Tip: For acute viral hepatitis is curative.

Hawthorn

Materials: Hawthorn powder.

Methods: 3-4 grams each time, 3 times a day swallow, 10 days for a course of treatment.

The truth of intrauterine infection of hepatitis B

2010-03-21T05:45:00.000-07:00

Have been infected with HBV intrauterine neonatal hepatitis B vaccine immunization refers to the failure of the main reasons, in order to reduce neonatal prenatal HBV infection in the uterus by the increase the effect of hepatitis B vaccination in recent years, some scholars have conducted a blocking hepatitis B virus intrauterine transmission of the preliminary study.

Mother to child transmission of HBV is considered three ways: ① prenatal intrauterine infection; ② dissemination of birth; ③ postnatal horizontal transmission.
The truth of intrauterine infection of hepatitis B

Block detail "infected" HBV!

As the existence of modes of transmission of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B prevention efforts to cause difficulties. This paper reviews recent Hepatitis B virus intrauterine infection and the control mechanism of intrauterine infection in a preliminary study. To clarify the mechanism of intrauterine infection and to take appropriate preventive measures to control the spread of hepatitis B virus has a very important significance.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. It is estimated that worldwide there are about 215 million carriers of HBsAg, of which Asia and the Western Pacific region, the distribution of 168 million, China has almost 120 million people, accounting for about 10% of the population. In the HBV-prone areas, mother to child transmission is the major route of HBV infection, but also chronic carriers of hepatitis B among the crowd formed a large number of important reasons.

Mother to child transmission of HBV is considered three ways: ① prenatal intrauterine infection; ② dissemination of birth; ③ postnatal horizontal transmission. For the use of the latter two modes of transmission of hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG has been basically can block [1,2], but the current spread within the uterus of preventive measures to be ineffective. Although some studies have already confirmed the presence of intrauterine infection, but on the infection mechanism of HBV intrauterine infection in the study reported very little at home and abroad, and the view was not unanimous. Therefore, to clarify the mechanism of intrauterine infection, thereby blocking to take effective measures for the control and prevention of hepatitis B is very important significance.

1. HBV intrauterine transmission of the impact of factors and mechanisms

1.1 Virus factors and HBV intrauterine infection

Due to HBV intrauterine infection resulting directly from the mother, for intrauterine infection of the baby, the mother is the source of infection. Thus, reflecting the strength of body transmitted indicators, such as HBsAg status, HBsAg titer, HBVDNA content, etc. is to study the hot issue.

With regard to the relevant factors of HBV intrauterine infection studies have shown that HBV infection in newborns lines and serum HBsAg-positive mothers has increased remarkably. On the one hand, HBsAg presence of representatives of active HBV replication, which is also highly infectious blood, and therefore more vulnerable to infection of the fetus. So that the HBsAg-positive as a risk factor for neonatal infection may be related to HBsAg-positive blood, high levels of infectious HBV strong related; On the other hand, HBsAg may be directly involved in the HBV intrauterine transmission. HBsAg in order to free state and bound state (IgG) receptor through the placenta into the fetal blood circulation. Immature fetal immune system to HBsAg tolerance. T cells to HBsAg immune tolerance may make cytotoxic T-cell function impairment, and the latter for the removal of HBV infected liver cells is necessary. Because humoral immunity required the help of Th cells, and thus humoral immunity have also been affected. Thus, HBsAg into the fetal blood circulation, it may interfere with the immune cells recognize and kill the virus, and even affect the production of specific antibodies, but not removed from the mother's HBV, resulting in fetal chronic carrier state.

HBsAg reflects the strength of indirect indicators of infectious, HBVDNA is a direct indicator of the strength reflected contagious. Maternal blood levels of HBVDNA whether and neonatal infection, Burk et al [3] In an epidemiological survey, conducted a study on this issue and found that HBsAg-positive mothers with HBVDNA serum levels are up, infant the risk of infection has gradually increased. In the HBsAg-negative mothers, high levels of serum HBVDNA babies born to mothers who are at risk of infection better than low levels of serum HBVDNA babies born to mothers (OR = 19.2), so the researchers believe that perinatal exposure to high levels of maternal blood HBVDNA leading to infant infection in the most important factor. Deng Xin-Qing to HBsAg, HBsAg-positive pregnant women for the study of 178 cases of neonatal vaccination testing HBsAg and anti-HBs, and to detect blood mother HBVDNA content, was found with elevated levels of maternal serum HBVDNA, their newborns as carriers continue to The danger was increased, leading to increased opportunities for immunization failure.

Tang, etc. Fortunately, a study, 11 cases of HBsAg-positive pregnant women in eight cases of HBVDNA-positive pregnant women in eight cases of HBVDNA positive (72.7%), 10 patients with anti-HBe-positive pregnant women only 1 case HBVDNA positive (10.0%), and serum Studies testing and molecular hybridization results showed that HBsAg and / or HBVDNA positive pregnant women in labor induction in cases of fetal intrauterine infection rate was significantly higher than anti-HBe positive group. Turn and from two cases of intrauterine infection that HBV infection of the fetus through the placental barrier, or the first infection of placental tissue and in which the copy, and then infect the fetus.

The study shows that high levels of maternal blood HBVDNA infectious cause of strong risk factors for neonatal infections.

1.2 Theory of placental leakage

As early as in 1987, Ohto and Lin examined 32 cases of HBsAg-positive pregnant women and the resulting baby's umbilical cord blood after birth measured at 1 month follow-up infant venous blood in the HBsAg. The results found in 5 cases of intrauterine infection in the baby's mother, 27, only two cases had symptoms of threatened premature labor. The researchers therefore believe that threatened abortion or threatened premature labor, because of the strong uterine muscle contraction can lead to a slight placenta tear maternal blood infiltration of fetal blood, due to HBsAg-positive mother's blood, HBV high concentration, and thus a small amount of mother Blood mixed with intrauterine infection can be caused by the fetus. The researchers further pointed out that the placenta did not occur if the leakage can not be the placenta into the fetus in maternal blood circulation, even in the presence of high titer maternal HBsAg and HBsAg intrauterine infection also does not occur. Door can be such a case-control study, 8 cases of intrauterine infection in infants, 3 infants of mothers with threatened premature labor during pregnancy history, and 224 cases of intrauterine infection in infants has not taken place, only 6 cases the baby's mother had threatened premature labor history, the OR value of 21.8, suggesting threatened premature labor is a risk factor for intrauterine infection, results support the Ohto and Lin point of view.

1.3 placenta and infect the doctrine of

Fetus in intrauterine infection, necessarily involve HBV or HBV-infected cells through the placenta, therefore, the placenta in the role of intrauterine infection is a very important issue. Yan Yongping and other pairs of HBsAg-positive pregnant women during pregnancy, the placenta of different HBsAg, HBcAg presence and distribution were studied. In the 18 cases of HBsAg-positive pregnant women were not the early detection of HBsAg and HBsAg-positive staining was found. In the six cases of second trimester placenta, there is one cases were positive for HBsAg and HBsAg. In the 62 cases of full-term delivery of the placenta, there are 21 cases detected HBsAg, the researchers believe that HBV via the placenta is the main way invasive fetal blood and / or cell transmission methods and realized. Namely, first of all through the villi in maternal HBV clearance and / or infection of decidual cells, and then infected with the adjacent villi, including the villous trophoblast cells and stromal cells, and further invasion of villous fetal capillary endothelial cells, ultimately infect the fetus. On this basis, the researchers then used a case-control method to analyze the risk of transmission of hepatitis B virus intrauterine factors, from the placental barrier in trophoblast cells (TC), villous stromal cells (VSC), and villous capillary endothelial cells (VCEC) of infection caused the intrauterine transmission of the relative risk odds ratio (OR), respectively 9.113,11.68 and 43.50, OR the value of the home side from the placenta to the fetus there is a gradual upward trend surface, indicating placental barrier in TC, VSC, VECE of infection is another risk factor for intrauterine transmission.

Hepatitis B can be sexually active do?

2010-03-21T05:43:00.000-07:00

Can a sexual life in patients with hepatitis B
Hepatitis B can be sexually active do?

Hepatitis B "Yuanyang" Life has a degree!

As we all know, married life is one of the ways the spread of hepatitis B virus. Thus, after the men got hepatitis B, acute hepatitis, in addition to prohibiting sex life outside the course of the disease, or can be sex life.

2 in sexual life, how to prevent transmission of

To prevent hepatitis B transmission between spouses, first, the two sides meet in good faith, the sick party should promptly inform the other party to the real situation, so that the other side is also a "two pairs of semi-" and the liver function tests. If the other side "two pairs of half" of any one positive, it is also infected with hepatitis B virus, the other side, so long as to prevent exacerbations on the list. If the other side of the five indicators are negative, indicating its failure suffered from hepatitis B, and hepatitis B virus, there is no resistance. Thus, the need to actively prevented.

The use of condoms is not the length of time the incidence of acute hepatitis can, effectively reduce the risk of becoming infected.

One of the spouses in the infectious period of acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis with acute exacerbation, activity periods should not be sex life.

There are three semen hepatitis B virus?

Husband of hepatitis B transmission through semen to his wife, does the wife of hepatitis B will be transmitted to husband? Found to have hepatitis B must be separated from dining with other people do? Probably how long the treatment can only be good?

Hepatitis B is mainly transmitted through blood (such as blood transfusion, blood products, shared needles, etc.). In addition, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions as well as some viruses, so sexual contact is also the mode of transmission, so wife hepatitis B, will be transmitted to her husband.

If the family members of patients not infected with hepatitis B, and no antibodies, they should go to the hospital promptly vaccinated to produce antibody, can play a very good prevention.

4 of condoms can withstand hepatitis B virus?

In addition to blood-borne, sexually transmitted hepatitis B transmission is also one of the ways. To use condoms will significantly reduce the chance of hepatitis B infection.

5 in sexual life of the Notes

Data shows that a human life to pay the energy, equivalent to the 100-meter sprint race. Such a great physical exertion, patients with liver disease who need to rest is extremely unfavorable. Chinese medicine, kidney essence, homologous liver and kidney, liver, kidney essence nurtured in order to properly work, by missing the kidney essence is insufficient to support the liver, leading to hepatic blood shortage, so that sicker. Then a sexual life in patients with liver disease should pay attention to what then?

1, acute hepatitis

(1) The period of acute hepatitis, when the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly higher, malaise, jaundice and other symptoms, they should prohibit any sexual activity, including masturbation behavior. In order to avoid over exertion, worse. At the same time, acute hepatitis or chronic hepatitis in active stage, the patient has a contagious liver disease through sexual contact sexual partners will have the opportunity to hepatitis infection.

(2) When reached clinical cure of acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, up to cure the basic standards in a stable condition for more than six months may be sexually active; after the clinical cure of acute hepatitis, no abnormalities were followed up for one year, chronic hepatitis, no abnormalities were observed for 2 years to the task, and can lead a normal sex life.

2, chronic hepatitis

(1), chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver of patients due to the impact of disease in general are relatively indifferent to sexuality, this time should not bite the bullet, but should comply with the wishes natural. When the liver under control, the in vivo metabolism of sex hormones have been adjusted and the restoration of normal sexual function can also be improved correspondingly.

(2) HBsAg carriers may be too moderate sex life, and consciously controlling the frequency of life, but not indulgent, otherwise apt to cause liver disease outbreaks or increased. Frequency of sex life in general 1-2 times per week for young people, middle-aged once every 1-2 weeks, 1-2 times a month in later middle age. However, in view of liver dysfunction, especially transaminase increased instability or jaundice should be stopped.

(3) alcohol and fatty liver disease show no obvious symptoms, half of those in liver discomfort, abdominal distension, anorexia, impotence, irregular menstruation, breast abnormalities such as small number of people with mild abnormal liver function, complete no taboos life, the liver function abnormalities should be temporarily forbidden for some time until recovery of liver function recoverability sex life. Moderate sexual life help to alleviate sexual tension and relaxation to achieve a high degree wholeheartedly, but also contribute to excessive consumption of fat, to reduce the accumulation of fat in the body, but also play a role in weight loss and reduce fat.

Hepatitis belongs to a highly infectious disease, hepatitis B patients with saliva, semen and vaginal discharge may be a long-term carrying the virus. Therefore, in the sexual life, the use of condoms and other protective measures to avoid with a partner kissing, oral sex and menstruation sex life.

6 kissing will be infected with hepatitis B do?

Expert answers: a healthy antibody positive persons, by kissing, sexual contact, infected or carriers of hepatitis B into a probability of how much? You have done a similar statistical study? We all know that saliva and body secretions containing the hepatitis B Lane virus, but how much traffic it may be infected to others? Some of the information that a few parts per thousand milliliters of blood with the virus can be contracted to make the other side, and I ask you have a specific research data?

Hepatitis B patients and their families not to be too close to

2010-03-21T05:40:00.000-07:00

nfants and young children - vulnerable to break an object

The main mode of transmission of hepatitis B from mother to child transmission, the mother has hepatitis B, after the birth of their children a great chance Huanyi Gan, China's hepatitis B more than 50% of patients were infected in this way. In addition, blood transfusion, medical devices (acupuncture, injections, denture, etc.) may also be one route of transmission. The main victims of hepatitis B infection in infants and children, vulnerable infants and young children's immune defenses are susceptible to chronic hepatitis B, and the main reason. Hepatitis B virus infection in the younger, the more likely to become chronic hepatitis B, the more difficult to treat. In the bus, hotels, restaurants, hospitals and other places, hepatitis B virus prevalence of hepatitis B infection in quite a few, but because of the adult immune system better, it becomes the hepatitis B or hepatitis B virus carriers in the patient's chances of infants and young children compared to said that much smaller. This is why very few spouses of hepatitis B patients infected with hepatitis B virus, and their children are often the main reason for contracting hepatitis B; is about 70% of China's people are infected with hepatitis B, which eventually became the number of hepatitis B patients or carriers, only about 10% of causes. Every normal person would take only a few dozen dollars, marked with three hepatitis B vaccine, hepatitis B surface antibody produced, they can rest assured that with the hepatitis B "mix."
Hepatitis B patients and their families not to be too close to

Dental sterilization can transmit hepatitis B lax

Marriage, fertility, sex, trouble go hand in hand

1, hepatitis B patients can marry and have children?

The vast majority of hepatitis B patients can be married childbearing. The number of hepatitis B virus infection in China while more, but the majority of hepatitis B virus carriers or mild chronic hepatitis B patients, who account for about 80% of hepatitis B cases. These patients after treatment by the definite or moderate, if continued normal liver function for more than six months be able to get married. Spouse should receive the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin to prevent it. Has introduced the hepatitis B 7th pregnancy, 8,9 months were injected with a high titer hepatitis B immune globulin (100 to 200 international units), to block hepatitis B virus intrauterine transmission. Of children born to hepatitis B in patients with extra care, newborn within 24 hours of birth to be a timely injection of high titer hepatitis B immune globulin, followed by 2,3,5 months and then were injected with hepatitis B vaccine, this would effectively prevent the infection of hepatitis B virus. For chronic active hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis patients, due to severe symptoms, liver function was markedly abnormal, it is temporarily not get married, should be actively treated until a stable condition after consideration.

2. Hepatitis B patients can do to a newborn breast-feeding?

The detection of hepatitis B mothers

Milk contains hepatitis B virus, it may be that the milk also can be transmitted hepatitis. If the newborn after birth there is no injection of hepatitis B vaccine, breast milk is likely to become infected newborns ways, this time is best not to breast-feeding; However, the newborn after birth, immediately provide free hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B

Immunoglobulin preventive vaccination, newborn can build a more solid line of defense, acceptance of breastfeeding had no cause illness.

3. Hepatitis B patients are sexually active do?

Sex life is an important part of married life, hepatitis B patients if indiscriminate white on abstinence, it is wrong. But, after all, ailing husband and wife sex life should be controlled, both parties should understand and comply with. Acute hepatitis B, acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B, chronic active hepatitis, active cirrhosis, should be temporary to avoid intercourse. So when the indulgent sexual life, can cause liver disease recurrence or increased. Hepatitis B virus carriers, mild chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis of the liver in patients with quiescent period can be intercourse, but should be controlled frequency. During periods of volatility in the liver function, serum aminotransferase, bilirubin increased, should stop married life. Hepatitis B patients with sexual life to master the principle of proportionality, the day after its principles in order to bed with no sense of fatigue as a standard. Such as the Housing tired after the second day, lumbar acid, fatigue, loss of appetite, that is indicative of excessive life should be consciously corrected to extend the suspension of spacing or sex life. For the spouses of patients with hepatitis B, protective measures must be put in place must be the spouse of patients with hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B for hepatitis B immune globulin in a double immunization, so as to be sure. Generally speaking, if there is no spouse to carry out such protective measures, you must use condoms and other protective equipment before they can be

Sex life. Because hepatitis B in patients with semen, blood or vaginal secretions may contain hepatitis B virus can be transmitted through sexual activity with each other, infection rates reach 10% -15%.

To protect your loved family members of patients with hepatitis B are at high risk of hepatitis B infection, if the family members found in a hepatitis B patients, it should be their immediate family members, blood relatives who review them. Review the project must be fully quasi -

Indeed, including the hepatitis B virus, five indicators (two pairs of semi-) and liver function series. This is mainly taking into account the elements of hepatitis B family poly groups, to identify a hepatitis B patients may be led to the discovery several hepatitis B patients. For find out who will go to regular hospital into - further diagnosis and counseling; there is no problem for the examination who all played with hepatitis B vaccine for prevention. If a family simultaneously detect two or more members (such as brothers, sisters, father and son, mother and child, etc.) hepatitis B surface antigen positive, hepatitis B can be highly suspicious of the family orientation. Acute phase of infectious hepatitis B patients must pay more attention, it should be a separate life of appliances. The lives of patients with hepatitis B appliances should be regularly disinfected, disinfection methods are: boiling water for 10 minutes or more, can inactivate hepatitis B virus, loss of contagious; 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution soak 5 minutes, can inactivate hepatitis B virus DNA; peracetic acid, peroxide elimination of ethane on the role of hepatitis B virus is also a precise, fast and efficient. Household disinfectants have finished the current health of the element, excellent safety net, 84 net and so on hepatitis decontamination.

Cause of hepatitis B

2010-03-18T08:53:00.000-07:00

A hepatitis B patients, 24-year-old, male. The main reason smell any smell (good smell, and unpleasant) on nausea than normal. Detect hepatitis B HBeAg (HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HB (both positive). At that time liver function to normal, about 2 years. Now appetite, mental and so normal, smell the smell is still sick. November 15 last year, check liver function and be able to AST , 43u slightly higher than normal. from the beginning has yet to detect hepatitis B treatment. I ask you:
Analysis of hepatitis B causes

Beware of hepatitis B and flu symptoms be confused with

1, it needs to do B-inspection?

2, can get married?

3, for the woman on how to prevent it? For infants how to prevention (including vaccination)?

4, if the woman is also a hepatitis B patients, whether pregnant?

5, so far the treatment of hepatitis B HBeAg what drug is best? How long? Which parameters were considered effective or cured?

Hope that the answers given by the experts, in which the responsible person and the old and the experts say: Thank you!

A: In China, surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive people, accounting for about 10% of the country's population, or about 120 million people in HBsAg-positive need for active treatment, the patient should be depending on the specific circumstances.

HBsAg-positive description of human infected with hepatitis B virus, but will it cause liver cell injury, it depends on two basic factors, one infected with the virus the size of the number and virulence; second is the body's immune status, that is when the body-free dysfunction or hepatitis B virus in a state of tolerance, this time the body and hepatitis B virus antigen-antibody reaction does not occur, the patient can be expressed without any signs of clinical symptoms, liver function is normal performance, the patient's infectious ability is not strong , that is what we usually refer asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers, more common in patients with vertical transmission. Can be mainly in the treatment of liver protection, and regular clinical observation.

More hepatitis B virus infection, because the body has a certain degree of immune function, virus and the immune system, antigen-antibody reaction occurs, subject to a certain degree of liver cell damage, light are only the clinical symptoms, such as the liver discomfort, fatigue, weakness , anorexia, serious cases are repeatedly elevated alanine enzymes, there are E antigen-positive patients, as the virus replication more serious, you can easily transmit the disease to others, even though patients with normal liver function, the patient was "Xiaosan Yang" patients without obvious symptoms. However, liver biopsy, if done, will be found in the liver cell degeneration, edema, bubble, balloon-like lesions and other changes in chronic hepatitis was the performance of such patients should be actively treated to prevent recurrent disease, leading to liver fiber of.

Current drug treatment of hepatitis B patients, no more than solve two problems, first is to enhance immune function and enhance the body's immunity system, so that the opportunity to hepatitis B virus excreted; the second is to strengthen the repair and regeneration of liver cells to avoid the tendency to fibrosis . Now widely used in clinical biological agents are designed to enhance the body's immune function, and many traditional Chinese medicines can be in protecting the liver cells, while increasing the body's immune system.

How do I suffered from hepatitis B?

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Hepatitis B Jue Yin of disease, including junior, primary three, small second, abnormal liver function, bilirubin abnormalities, pre-S mutation, pre-C mutation.

1, Jue Yin understanding of

Jue Yin Yin Yang clutch is the key, want to rule out hepatitis B first Jue Yin, Jue-yin and yin is the best, the sick, and this person is bound to yin and yang, jumbled, Jue Yin in the hexagrams of tremor, a yin-yang Habitat II under the disease is Yang Pan-last, Yin Fu in the next, and the heat of the Lower Cambrian of the cards for men, and it is reflected in the pulse, the natural correlation between the thermal pulse string floating, of the Lower Cambrian bound feet, Shen weak pulse. Jue Yin disease has never been understood, because of the five elements of the theoretical model of this place there are problems in the wood, the liver is the germinal point of the whole body system is the so-called body Tai Chi system, singular point, this singularity is reflected in the liver on the right angry at the the left, the liver contains two arterial venous whole, in the singular point, can not use the five elements theory, but only with yin and yang, the reason is very simple to generate its own interpretation of things is not their own, Jue Yin and Yang Yin disease is easily separated, thus lead to cold and heat jumbled, the heat under the cold, the heat is different from the Lower Cambrian lattice Shao Yin Sheng Yang, the former is separated downturn, which is the strength of the balance of forces is different from the former was more serious, the heat of the Lower Cambrian is also different from Shaoyang The Yu heat, yin yang disease patients essentially different.
How do I suffered from hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B infection in adults is not easy

2. Causes

Strength weakness, hepatitis B virus from the blood directly into the Jue Yin, maternal genetic, evil Chih-yang of the body to take advantage of children milk imported from the placenta.

3. Symptoms Analysis - "separation of yin and yang, then the reversal of yin and yang, like men, female breast, Adam's apple is not prominent, and statements do not manly, I was a kid to see a male patient to see a man on the pro-face, talk effeminate, showing that of yin and yang of the out of order , as well as 70% of patients with severe acne because of the heat actions, with Sini Tang Yang can relieve back, but does not address the nature of the separation of yin and yang, so do not take effect. Spider angioma is a result of the heat, mostly in upper limbs, chest Office LIVER blood also, so the blood fever, the medicine can not be used qi. Two co-offensive liver pain is strength Evils, is not available qi of the drug, Wu Mei Wan can, liver multi-port head pain on both sides of throat swelling or by pain, this is Jue Yin's disease, can not be identified as Shaoyang disease, Available Chaihuguizhi dried ginger. Unknown diarrhea, fast, no pain This is the next on the hot-cold, yin and yang, the typical symptoms of separation can not be identified lunar disease.

4. Treatment principles - "

Jue Yin disease is first to eliminate the ice cold (Sini generation), open water, are born in spring, and then sterile tree planting (Wu Mei Wan).

If the carrier (including mother to child transmission), the symptoms was not obvious, first with moxibustion break immune tolerance, re-moxibustion Guan Yuan Zhongwan until the liver pain. If Shao, lunar symptoms, then the first went to Shao lunar symptoms first.

5. Analysis of drug use - "

A large prescription Wu Mei Wan (Yin and Yang separate disease, severe cold on the hot-under), Chaihuguizhi dried ginger (on the hot-Lower Cambrian), Angelica Sini Tang (Han-sheng), Wu Mei Wan with acid is a combination of yin and yang in order to make yin and yang, composite, has nothing to do with the five elements, the composition of drugs to see integrity, do not look local.

Chaihuguizhi dry ginger, Shaoyang Jue Yin Yin on the hot side of the Lower Cambrian medication, for the yin and the transition to the Sanyang medication.

6. Condition restoration of order - "

If Western medicine's view, should be the third year (or the mother and child to carry) -> hbesg disappeared, small 2 - "Virus DNA molecules from high concentration (greater than 10 ^ 8) the gradual loss (less than 1000), and some will be have anti-hbesg appear or primary three - "a variety of symptoms eliminated, five full overcast, completely normal (very difficult, takes a long time)

a. mother and child to carry non-governance, errors, there is no medicine in the eyes of the disease is not treated, the key is to break immune tolerance to use moxibustion

b. viruses easily mutate shit, this is a long-term use vaccination, interferon, and taking Hepu given the results of such medicine, taking medicine is not easy variation.

c. can not be cured of hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus and normal liver cells to form covalently closed chain CcCDNA, nonsense, it is Western medicine in order to shirk responsibility lies fabricated their aim is to make long-term use in patients with lamivudine-like drugs, the drug while temporarily so that DNA can be overcast, but it must be long-term use, once the withdrawal will be the virus outbreak!

d. abnormal liver function (100 ~ 200) is to use western medicine to use anti-virus the best time to fart, abnormal liver function like a fever, is the body attacks the inevitable result of hepatitis B virus, this time anti-virus is not a drug works, but rather the body's natural healing process. High fever is not terrible, low-grade fever of the most touching, so to recover is the most important.

e. transhepatic the body did not hurt, ignorance of the Western ah

f. Xiaoyao pill, gentian vent line of gas-breaking balls, the liver-yang of the drug, pure stifle vitality than the Western medicine is also terrible!

To sum up, a friend as long as the understanding of chronic hepatitis B clear, medication properly, I am sure, will reach 80% of the primary three, DNA yin of the treatment outcomes.

Why is hepatitis B will be repeated attack?

The most fundamental reason is that the virus to replicate in the body, such as acts of sabotage and disruption, and immune function due to defects.

According to long-term clinical observation, the following factors may be repeated incentives:
Why is hepatitis B will be repeated attack?

A result of labor and the fat, about 1 / 5 of patients with chronic hepatitis are often overloaded with exertion and relapse;

A result of eating the hair, lavish meals, eat too much indigestion, and some eating too many hot foods (such as lamb, dog, chicken, etc.) or alcohol to disease recurrence;

Due to drugs, due to make up the hair, this part of the increasing proportion of patients, accounting for about causes of recurrence of 2 / 5, taking the drugs damage the liver, some

A result of taking hormone Ershi hepatitis recurrence, also eat the placenta, ginseng, donkey-hide gelatin and other tonic to repeated illness;

Changes made due to the environment, mission travel, the old patterns of life destroyed Ershi disease was underway;

Due to seasonal changes in hair, four seasons with spring and summer the ratio of volatility is high;

Due to emotional and hair, anger, Yu, nausea, excessive grief can make hepatitis outbreak;

Illness and the hair, hepatitis patients often can be a result of flu, diarrhea and other diseases, so that relapse.

Cirrhosis of the liver susceptible to bacterial invasion

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Cirrhosis of the liver is the aforementioned intestinal edema, congestion, mucous degeneration, abnormal distribution and increased permeability of bacterial type strains caused by such factors as quality of changes in the intestinal bacteria leave the gut into the blood circulation of the favorable conditions and opportunities, bacteria can occur hyperlipidemia. On the other hand, cirrhosis of liver structure and function of changes in bacterial filtration function to weaken, as well as the establishment of Extrahepatic Collateral circulation from the intestinal bacterial content of the portal vein blood to bypass the liver into the systemic circulation, thus cirrhosis bacteremia continued trend. Once the body's immune ability to further reduce or further enhanced when the bacteria pathogenic activity when the bacteria in the blood can cause acoustic length of operation of sepsis.

The disease begins abruptly, the condition changes fast. Multi-fever accompanied by chills, fever type irregular, mostly in 390C-40OC. Systemic symptoms, often seen headache, muscle pain, tachypnea, heart rate speeding up the performance, but also often altered mental status, light are drowsiness, hallucinations, severe cases, coma. Its diagnostic criteria are:

1, chills, fever;

2, shock;

3, associated with bacterial peritonitis, or other parts of the bacterial infection;

4, liver disease increased the short term, into the deepening jaundice or hepatic coma occurred;

5, peripheral leukocytes and neutrophils increased, there is the phenomenon of toxic particles and shift to the left;

6, positive bacterial cultures of blood or bone marrow;

Why is difficult to clear the hepatitis B virus

2010-03-18T08:51:00.000-07:00

If you eat a candy, it will eventually break down in the liver, stored. If you eat a drug, it will be one-third of toxicity in the liver to be released. The liver is the metabolic center of the human body and largest "chemical." It is essential for human life-sustaining activities, the vital organs, but also the basis for our health.

Hepatitis B is hepatitis B, listing the current known A, B, C, D, E, F. G 7 kinds of viral hepatitis "crimes", in addition to the last century, 80 years rampant 1:00 outbreak of hepatitis A, hepatitis B finally its long-lasting endurance, tenacious refractory to capture the lead, so that the public "talk about the liver pale." Around the world currently has about 400 million hepatitis B virus carriers, but in fact, China alone more than 45%, that is, nearly 7 million people have been infected with hepatitis B virus. The vast majority of them rely on their own defense against the power of a successful invasion of the virus, while the immune system problems people have with the various states with a variety of viruses, "Hepatitis B term" contact together. Hepatitis B, has become a hazard to human health of global issues.

Everything from the virus began

Of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus, like a snake venom secreted by certain body parts will only work for specific, like hepatitis B virus, only the liver, "has developed a taste," it is addicted to the biological Liver DNA virus family (hepadnavividae) in a family. The members of this family of viruses found in mammals and birds also have found that their structures, gene sequences and replication strategies are very similar, but between them they do not cross each other. In addition to the specific organ specificity, their hosts also have "racial requirements", such as HBV and gorillas are the only susceptibility.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Schematic diagram of

A complete hepatitis B virus particles, also known as Dane particles, only 42 nm in diameter, about one millionth of an ordinary egg. Shell and the core of hepatitis B virus has two parts, that is apart from the vast majority of viruses have a beautiful "capsid", the hepatitis B virus, but also coupled with a sophisticated "jacket." This case is the so-called "jacket", which thickness 7-8 nm, from the lipid bilayer and protein composition of envelope. Lipid bilayer containing S antigen, pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigen, which together constitute the shell large, medium and small three proteins form, collectively referred to as hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg), which is commonly known as the Australian people's resistance. With regard to the origin of anti-Australia there is still a story that was first serum from the Australian Aboriginal people separated, when the thought of a local ethnic-specific genetic markers, so called "Australia antigen." Later learned that hepatitis B virus surface antigen. The so-called antigen actually cause the body resistance response elements, while the contrast, the body can recognize and resist the elements is the antibody of the antigen.

Dano stripped shell particles, exposing the core of hepatitis B virus particles. Core particle diameter of 28 nm, showing three-dimensional icosahedral symmetry, and its surface is a real virus capsid by the hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) component. Nucleocapsid free state only in the liver cell nuclei observed. Through strong detergent or enzyme treatment methods, but also revealed another major HBV antigens e antigen, its essence is not yet clear, but most people think is the core of the fragment.

Dano is the center of ring particles and there are gaps in the DNA double-stranded, and the dependent DNA polymerase in the above. Hepatitis B virus genome of one of the most striking feature is that it is very small, the DNA molecule contains about 3200 nucleotides of about more than the largest known genome of the virus hundreds of times smaller, and the human genome have compared only the one in a million. And the hepatitis B virus DNA, two chains of different lengths, long-chain integrity, and length of the constant negative chain. Short-chain is a positive chain of variable length, probably long-chain, 50% to 80%. Surface antigen and core antigen are encoded by the DNA from Dane particles.

Under the electron microscope to observe the hepatitis B virus, 3 different patterns: large spherical particles, small spherical particles and tubular particles.

In reality, the electron microscope to observe the hepatitis B virus, 3 different patterns: large spherical particles, small spherical particles and tubular particles. Large spherical particles is Dano particles. A small ball-shaped particles about 22 nm in diameter, is the hepatitis B virus infection in the blood up to see the kind. It consists of the composition of surface antigen and does not contain hepatitis B virus DNA and DNA polymerase. Tube-shaped particles, diameter about 22 nm, length 50 ~ 70 nm. Fact, by the coming together of several small spherical particles formed, but the same with the HBsAg antigenicity. Whether a small ball or a tube-shaped particles are not a complete hepatitis B virus particles, which are infected with hepatitis B virus in liver cells capsular synthesis of excess, free in the body's blood circulation.

DNA competition

Unlike a real organism, the virus does not pass through such means as reproductive growth and division itself, but as we like the casting machine parts, according to some copies of out of the mold. Virus DNA contains a number of procedures to guide the virus genetic material and other components of the proliferation of structural proteins. In addition, the viral DNA, also contains some information so that a single component to factor in the cell with the help of self-assembled into new virus particles.

In medicine, the propagation of the virus is called "Copy" in the replication process, there are two very important factors: one is the catalyst, the other is the template. Did not these two factors, hepatitis B virus can not be copied. Hepatitis B virus replication "catalyst" is the hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase. Without this the role of polymerase, hepatitis B virus replication will stop.

Hepatitis B virus genome (DNA) is a two helix DNA chains surrounded by a ring structure. One of the negative long-chain has been formed a complete ring; the other is a shorter length of chain, was semi-ring. After the infected liver cells, this semi-ring of the DNA chain will appear as a negative chain as a template, in the catalyst ─ ─ The role of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase be extended eventually to form a complete ring. At this time of the hepatitis B virus genome to form a complete ring of double-stranded DNA. We call this covalently closed circular DNA called DNA (ie cccDNA), it can be seen as the original template of viral replication. After the formation of the template, the virus genome will be one of a cccDNA as a template, the use of liver cell gene in the DNA polymerase enzymes and a "catalyst", a gene has a gene copy to form a minus-strand and plus-strand. Finally re-assembled together to form a new hepatitis B virus DNA particles.

Of hepatitis B virus replication Effect Picture

This cccDNA is the hepatitis B virus replication an important intermediate product, once it is formed in the liver cell nucleus, it has a high degree of stability, persist in the liver cells, not only played just said, "template" role, but Also, as deeply rooted in the soil of the weed is difficult to completely remove the same. Antiviral drugs, no matter what, no matter how much the intracellular DNA were inhibited, and regardless of how long medication, are very difficult to remove this cccDNA. As long as the liver cells, only a few amount of cccDNA, when the withdrawal, the nucleus The cccDNA viral replication and can once again become a "model", to continue replicating hepatitis B virus DNA, which is very difficult to eradicate hepatitis B causes.

In real life, most people are familiar with the "two pairs of semi-Hepatitis B" In fact, detection of hepatitis B virus infection is not pathogenic substances and materials (in other words, not a live hepatitis B virus), so check the "two pairs of semi-Hepatitis B" only reflects whether a person is infected with hepatitis B, but can not directly reveal the depth of hepatitis B virus replication in the human body and disease situation, would be unable to better guide clinical use of drugs and the development of treatment programs. In order to find a correct and reasonable quantitative indicators of the virus, the experts after years of study, found an effective way to ─ ─ hepatitis B virus DNA quantitative test. This test can reflect the living blood of patients with the virus load contribute to understanding of hepatitis B virus in the patient's body around the world. Hepatitis B virus DNA that contain genetic information of the material, which is the basis for replication of hepatitis B virus progeny. Therefore, the understanding of hepatitis B virus DNA in the patient's body rise and fall of a situation, we indirectly ascertained the situation of hepatitis B virus replication.

Small knowledge: two pairs of semi-hepatitis B

By detecting antibodies to hepatitis B virus can easily determine whether the dyed his sense of hepatitis B virus, anti-detection of Australia is an important clinical diagnostic indicators. But the mere detection of an antibody to it has no hair out completely determine the current status of hepatitis B virus, the best solution is to remove and hepatitis B-related antigens and antibodies all detected, that is: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), e antigen (HBeAg) and core antigen (HBcAg), as well as the corresponding three kinds of antigens induced antibodies, respectively, the surface antibody (anti-HBs), e antibody (anti-HBe) and core antibody (anti-HBc). Due to technical reasons, general laboratory tests can not be the core antigen, so three pairs of antigen-antibody less one, so the hospital is testing HBV-check "HBV 5", commonly known as two pairs and a half.

Commonly called "HBeAg" refers to the hepatitis B surface antigen, e antigen, core antibody positive 3; and "Xiao Sanyang" refers to the surface antigen, e antibody, core antibody positive. The antigen-antibody in clinical practice there are different directions of their meaning: the surface antigen (HBsAg) expressed in vivo existence of hepatitis B virus; surface antibody (anti-HBs) said that whether there is a protective body that can resist viruses; е antigen (HBeAg) indicated that virus replication and infectious; е antibody (anti-HBe) indicated that viral replication is suppressed; and core antibody (anti-HBc) mainly indicate whether infected with hepatitis B virus.

In fact, hepatitis B virus itself does not cause the disease, its liver cell injury is mainly cleared by the body's immune system response caused. Hepatitis B virus infection after the body, invades the liver cells, resulting in liver cell changes in certain structures. To stimulate the body's own liver cells to produce immune response, thus resulting in cell damage would be. In more severe cases of liver damage, the body's immune system and even has not been violated HBV with liver cells to kill, it also shows that self-inflammation immune response in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B has an important significance. With normal immune function, body HBV-infected liver cells a series of immune responses, as has been the gradual elimination of the virus, and gradually recovered. This is what China has more than 45% of people had been infected with hepatitis B virus, but eventually the majority of hepatitis B virus, the human body has no residual causes.

While in the past few million years, gradually in the course of human evolution obtained from the virus, where hundreds of genes, but when a new virus invasion of the body when the normal work of a strong immune system, or can not tolerate the virus DNA to the cell invasion and occupation of the resources will not hesitate to cleansing "invaders."

In the virus is not over yet

Fast variation of viral replication fast, and close to the body's cells and may even be combined with the cell DNA, life-long accompanied by ordinary drugs against the virus is difficult to do no harm to the cells, which are treated virus considerable difficulties faced by . Until now, at home and abroad have not yet effective way to cure hepatitis.

Once their own immune system can not be blocking the invasion of the virus, then the grasp of the laws of the virus, antiviral treatment is still rule-based, from the characteristics of the virus start against the virus entry, and block the replication of the virus and prevent viral protein production, to contain the virus escape channels, and to avoid drug-resistant virus, and so many scientific studies have been started.

Better recognized internationally, the clinical application of the most successful and most widely used is the interferon treatment and nucleoside analogues lamivudine therapy, but these two treatments, there are strict conditions of application, and the medication for a long time completely cured the likelihood is low, there can be only achieved 大三阳 some people turn Xiao Sanyang, DNA negative in such a clear role of the virus within the blood, but also have certain side effects. Lamivudine may lead to virus mutation, so that lamivudine failure. These two drugs, then there may be inadvertent withdrawal intense rebound condition. So, scientists are actively seeking their sister drugs, some have entered Phase III clinical trials. 2004 Nian October 29 to November 2 in Boston meeting of the International Liver Diseases year will be more coverage of the anti-viral treatment of viral hepatitis were reported, a change the past, hepatitis is more boring situation, anti-viral treatment involving wide canopies. As the current anti-HBV drugs have limited efficacy, many scholars believe that the future development direction for the combination therapy, which is the focus of future research.

For the treatment of hepatitis B vaccine, China's Fudan University, Wen Yumei research group led by academician, Chongqing, Zhejiang University, Kai-chen companies as well as three teams have done a lot of work. Now also has entered the clinical validation phase.

In addition to therapeutic work, prevention of fact, for the whole community and individuals, and perhaps more should receive attention, whether on the basis of the establishment of preventive measures in health for the hepatitis B is currently the most effective way. China's universal vaccination against hepatitis B virus preventive vaccine has a very good preventive effect. Healthy people before and after vaccination, the body will produce the vast majority of hepatitis B virus protective antibodies, it will not be infected with HBV. Babies born to hepatitis B virus carriers, as long as the first day of injection of hepatitis B vaccine at birth, later gradually entrenched vaccination can generally prevent hepatitis B virus infection. Therefore, preventive hepatitis B vaccine has become a routine vaccination of newborn babies. China's newly developed out of a hepatitis B associated Miao, through clinical validation, can not only effectively enhance the immune response, has also injected a single branch of hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine the same effect, but also help to reduce the kinds of radio frequency and leakage rates. Previously, only the United States successfully A, hepatitis B vaccine with vaccination use. Its use will be further beneficial to a hepatitis B prevention and control work.

In the past 30 years, the discovery of the hepatitis virus, and research, as well as blood screening and vaccine use, so that scientists will soon be convinced of viral hepatitis under the control of humans, it will never be like the past thousands of years, as pairs of Association of human-induced wei

Five Mistakes liver disease

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From the clinical symptoms and signs of viral hepatitis can be divided into acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, severe hepatitis. Which by the hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis due to non-place, they will not develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Heard that such and such a person's liver function is not normal, is usually the first reaction of the people that "he is not got hepatitis, will not be transmitted." As everyone knows, a considerable number of patients with abnormal liver function was not caused by hepatitis. In addition, even got hepatitis, do not panic, not all are infectious hepatitis, nor is it would develop into liver cirrhosis or liver cancer.

Misunderstanding 1 - liver disease is hepatitis

A great range of liver diseases, including infectious diseases accounted for the main part. Not only common viral hepatitis, as well as leptospirosis, parasitic infections (schistosomiasis, malaria and amoebic disease), liver abscess, liver granuloma change, hepatobiliary tuberculosis, leprosy, rickettsial infections, mycoplasma infections, relapsing fever, liver syphilis. Fungal infections, kala-azar, Clonorchis sinensis disease, liver and biliary ascariasis ascariasis, liver hydatid disease, biliary Giardia lamblia infection. In addition, many systemic infectious diseases also can cause small areas of focal necrosis of liver inflammation.

In addition to infection factors, other non-infectious factors also can cause changes in the liver.

● autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis;

● drugs and toxins causing liver injury, such as drug-induced, alcohol, industrial and environmental toxic liver disease, etc.;

● genetic and metabolic diseases, such as malnutrition, fatty liver, diabetes, etc.;

● hepatic vascular diseases, such as hepatic artery stenosis, hepatic artery aneurysm. Hepatic arteriovenous - venous fistula, etc.;

● liver tumors, such as primary liver cancer, metastatic liver cancer. Other liver tumor, a benign tumor such as liver and gallbladder.

Clinically, the disease can cause liver damage as many dozens, some of the very low incidence, not a few.

A Short History of Viral Hepatitis

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Far away in BC 460 ~ 375 years, Western medicine Hippocrates, the father of the "medical disease" mentioned that "epidemic jaundice." China's "Yellow Emperor" also has jaundice account. Han Zhang Zhongjing book "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" and "Golden Chamber" will be divided into 5 types of jaundice, Tang Dynasty, Sun Ssu-in "Qian Jin Fang", he also added to the "wet yellow." Song jaundice will be divided into "Yin Wong," and "Yang Huang," two categories. Described in ancient times mostly jaundice icteric viral hepatitis.

1858 Bambecga that the opening in the common bile duct obstruction is a cause of inflammation, known as "obstructive jaundice." 1868 Virchow discovered that the common bile duct embolization caused by mucus, called "catarrhal jaundice." The beginning of 1940 proved to be the liver inflammation. Followed by Dr. Su Lian at first said that liver damage is mainly systemic infections, called "special package's disease." 1939-1945 years during World War II took place not strictly a result of syringe disinfection of serum hepatitis epidemic due to suspected viral. 1973 Feinstone, etc. from a patient with immuno-electron microscopy of hepatitis A virus found in feces, through fecal transmission, then known as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A), by serum-borne is called serum hepatitis (hepatitis B).

Australia antigen was found in 1965, Brumberg. 1968, recognizing the antigen and hepatitis related to hepatitis-associated antigen that (HAA), that is, the performance of today's hepatitis B antigen (HB-sAg). The discovery of hepatitis HBsAg identification, serological diagnosis and prevention of auto-passive immunization of great value. Brumberg has also earned the 1976 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Dane with the immune electron microscopy in 1970 to complete hepatitis B virus (HBV) particles. Of hepatitis B vaccine to prevent hepatitis B by KrugMam first proposed, has been widely used.

1979, hepatitis A antibodies can be detected.

70s of last century found a non-A, non-B hepatitis. Until September 1989, it will be transmitted by transfusion of non-A non-B hepatitis called hepatitis C infection through the digestive tract of non-A non-B hepatitis called hepatitis.

Rizzetto, etc. in Italy in 1977 found that patients with HBsAg-positive liver cell nucleus there is a new antigen, said the Q factor, was named in 1983, hepatitis D virus (HDV). Was recognized that it alone, the total overlap with the hepatitis B infection, jackal to the tiger, siding with the bully.

Today, these five types of viral hepatitis can be detected in a number of hospitals identified. Subsequently found in sporadic acute hepatitis and chronic post-transfusion hepatitis in many cases, using existing diagnostic techniques can be sensitive to exclude A, B, C, D, hepatitis E, therefore, there may have been-and G-type hepatitis . 1996 Linnen and other officially reported hepatitis G virus (HGV).

In addition to the above, there are a number of viral infection can cause inflammation of the liver disease, mostly systemic symptoms, but mainly, the liver inflammation, mostly secondary, not typical. Such as intestinal virus, rubella virus, measles virus, adenovirus, HSV, VZV, EB virus can cause viral hepatitis.

Engineering and viral hepatitis prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency

2010-03-18T08:47:00.000-07:00

Non-antigen-specific immune drugs increases the immune prevention of infectious diseases in this new method, known as the twenty-first century, the human immune engineering research.

The twenty-first century, the body's immune latest research project

As early as 1987, experimental study, we found that in the antigen stimulated levamisole liniment can quickly enhance the body's specific exemption. In rats, horses to prevent filarial infection study, we observed that as long as the skin can be painted levamisole 1-2 times mice and horses to improve the immune response against filarial-specific.

The specific method is: Immunization-treated mice by 10mg/kg levamisole applicator, and in applicator 7 days after infection of larvae per 50 mice were inoculated subcutaneously with a dose of their skin on both sides of the groin. Immunohistochemistry according to three horse / kg subcutaneously worm volume, was inoculated 5 days before 5 days after inoculation respectively 20mg/kg levamisole applicator. Control group, rats and horses do not applicator, according to the amount of the same methods, and insect larvae were inoculated infection.

The results showed that: 56 immunohistochemistry mice, only 4 cases the disease, 18 disease control group, all rats (P <0.001);>

Immunohistochemistry Ma compared with the control group occurred 10 days before Marty protective antibody peak, and the higher antibody concentration by statistical P <0.01.>

This experiment confirmed that, through the non-specific immune liniment levamisole drug, to enhance the body's resistance, when there is antigen (infection of the original invasion or pathogen inoculation), the same as vaccination, but vaccine coverage without the system, to clear the antigen through the stimulation of antigen-specific immune protection obtained, that is no separation of viruses, bacteria system of seedlings, but rather through the application of liniment levamisole administration from time to time quantitative skin by transdermal absorption, improvement, rehabilitation, control the body's immune function, of foreign antigens to inhibit or even eliminate the role of foreign antigen, so that after invasion of pathogens to kill, inhibit, to lose their pathogenicity without causing disease, and the use of foreign antigen-specific immune stimulation to obtain the protection of vaccine coverage can be achieved without the system access to protective immunity against infectious diseases, completely changed the procedures for vaccination against infectious diseases. Non-antigen-specific immune drugs increases the immune prevention of infectious diseases in this new method, known as the twenty-first century, the human immune engineering research.

Results of exploration and practice

Levamisole can improve the body of non-specific immune response of immune cells, such as increasing medium-sized role of granulocyte chemotaxis, increasing the phagocytic function of phagocytes, when the antigen into the body, the immune group of animals have more immune cells more quickly to play a non-specific immunity should play a role in anti-infection without disease.

Followed by levamisole can enhance the activity of lymphocytes, increasing the number of lymphocytes, antigen invasion, can produce a stronger specific immune response, so the immune group is almost no incidence of mice and horses. Research suggests that by improving the body's non-specific immune response, in antigen-stimulated conditions, can enhance the body against the antigen-specific immune response, to gain protective immunity. Through the liniment levamisole enhance immune cell activity can enhance the body's immune response to hepatitis B vaccine-specific, it is possible to reach liniment levamisole synergy with the hepatitis B vaccine.

Results of exploration and practice

The multi-party discussions Kaihua Pharmaceutical Science Alliance, chairman of the world's productivity, the productivity of the world Branch of China Academy of Sciences Academician David Chu-wen, through 12 years of experimental study and effort to invent the BRM third-generation agents - a new type of governance of hepatitis B L Miles liniment. Since 1994, the application of this new approach, multi-year clinical study has confirmed, BRM third-generation agents - Mien Yikang liniment levamisole on the immune regulation - anti-viral treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, efficacy outstanding. Clinical show that levamisole liniment can be blocked by hepatitis B virus mother to child transmission, prevention of pregnant women infected with the virus due to a fever caused by abortion and fetal malformation worry about. It is not only treatable chronic hepatitis B virus infection, blocking hepatitis B virus mother to child transmission, and prevention of hepatitis B caused hepatocellular carcinoma can be changed, method is simple and easy to promote. Experts in China with liver disease has been recommended by the national construction projects, urban development, and well-co-recognition of the General Assembly to grant "national well-focused Recommended Product", being patient as the "know what that reason I agree with" good medicine. In 2000 won the national invention patent (patent No. ZL94103359.7) and the National medicine accurate (national medicine accurate XF20001196) approval number. Researchers at the patent on the patented invention are also further the development of products in order to serve more patients to benefit.

Liver disease - the invisible killer can not be ignored

2010-03-18T08:46:00.000-07:00

The liver is an important human immune organs, known as the body's "life tower", which in human metabolism, digestion, detoxification, blood coagulation, immune regulation, and these play a very important role in the body's essential "Chemical plant. "
The liver is an important human immune organs, known as the body's "life tower", which in human metabolism, digestion, detoxification, blood coagulation, immune regulation, and these play a very important role in the body's essential "Chemical plant. " If the liver are damaged, the blood glucose concentration will be an imbalance, the body of toxic substances in a timely manner can not be ruled out, the body's normal metabolism would therefore rise to confusion.
With the improvement of living standards in recent years, diet change and the growing consumption of alcoholic beverages, alcoholic liver disease and fatty liver incidence is growing rapidly. According to reports, the United States in 2005, the number of people suffering from fatty liver compared with an increase of one-fold in 2001, and continued to 5 years doubled the speed of upward. Similarly, the incidence of fatty liver in China is also growing year by year, about 10% of school-age population with varying degrees of fatty liver, whereas in white-collar crowd, as much as 3 per 10 persons suffering from fatty liver.
Fatty Liver threat posed to the human body is significant. Many clinical studies have shown that fatty liver and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver often have occurred or in combination. Clinically, no matter what kind of fatty liver can be induced liver fibrosis in patients with fatty liver due to lipid metabolism disorder, so that excessive intake of liver cells has a strong cytotoxicity of free fatty acids, not only damage the liver cell membrane, but also accelerated triglyceride and other lipids in the liver cells of the synthesis and accumulation, so that the excessive fatty infiltration of liver cell degeneration and necrosis. Over time, it led to the occurrence of liver fibrosis and ultimately can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Cirrhosis secondary to have a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
In addition, about 1 / 4 of patients with fatty liver will also suffer from other liver diseases (viral hepatitis and drug-induced liver disease, etc.), the patient is undoubtedly worse.
Selenium - magic Liver factor
Primary liver disease, including alcohol treatment, treatment of liver injury, prevention and treatment in combination with other liver disease, halting or reversing the progress of liver fibrosis and promote regeneration, reduce complications and improve quality of life.
The choice of drug in the treatment of liver disease must be very careful. Scientific research shows that selenium is an essential trace element. In the human body, the liver is the largest organ of selenium content, while the majority of patients with liver disease exist in the body selenium deficiency phenomenon, and the more severe disease, selenium deficiency more apparent.
1. The lack of selenium will not only result in reduced immune function, but also cause the body anti-oxidation system were damaged. At this point, the daily metabolism of the body of harmful substances "free radicals" by the removal of obstacles, excessive free radicals can cause liver damage, which can cause the deterioration of liver disease. The selenium as a strong antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase can be played by antioxidant, protecting the structural integrity of liver cells, removing free radicals, accelerate the decomposition of lipid peroxides, reducing its blood vessels attached to possibility wall to avoid the occurrence and development of fatty liver.
2. Selenium can block the process of development of hepatitis B to cirrhosis of the liver, so that white blood cells and red blood cells in the blood increase in the number hepatoprotective effect of drug treatment be improved in a relatively short period of time, greatly improve the patient's appetite, fatigue, gloomy face and other symptoms improved.
3. Selenium as a potent immune regulator, is capable of regulating humoral and cellular immune system, enhance the body's immune function. As the general immune function in patients with liver disease, body identification, and ability to inhibit the virus will be weakened. The virus was often difficult to obtain clear and repeated attack, resulting in long-term damage to the body. Selenium in enhancing the immune function of the liver while improving its resistance to diseases, helps prevent liver disease keeps returning.
4. Selenium also has the function of detoxification, can antagonize a variety of toxic heavy metals (such as: mercury, lead, arsenic, etc.) and some harmful compounds, thereby reducing the environment of toxic substances in the liver damage.
Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Professor Yu Shuyu experts, who after 16 years of studies have found that Se can decrease the incidence of hepatitis, 35%, so that a family history of hepatitis, liver cancer incidence rate has dropped 50%.
In 138 cases in Chongqing hospitals to treat patients with liver disease, while adding selenium as a nutritional adjuvant. In which 24 cases of hepatitis B, 98 cases of hepatomegaly (1 case has been the formation of ascites), liver in 4 cases. The results showed that Se above a certain effect of liver disease who were taking selenium continuous treatment after 5 to 10 days, have reduced liver volume, texture soft. In clinical symptoms, signs and indicators to improve the detection level of better than patients without Se.
Therefore, selenium because of its excellent liver protection, protecting liver functions by experts known as the "protective factor against liver necrosis." However, selenium has one characteristic, namely, intake must reach a certain level, will produce significant results. Safety of different selenium compounds also vary. Demand for a safe, low toxicity of selenium products became the focus of the majority of scientists. After nearly 40 years of research, the emergence of nano-selenium finally this vision into reality, the preparation of zero valent elemental selenium into the nano-particles (Nano-Se) to produce changes the nature of its activity and safety of other selenium compounds that can not be match.

The treatment of chronic hepatitis B

2010-03-18T08:45:00.000-07:00

Principle of treatment of chronic hepatitis B can be broadly grouped into the following points:

(1) reasonable rest, reasonable nutrition, good mentality is to rehabilitate an important factor in the disease: For patients with chronic hepatitis can not stress the absolute bed rest, can be taken to the activities of combining static and dynamic manner, fluctuations in the condition is not large, For example, no jaundice, you can engage in a general household chores, you can walk, but not to do a very intense physical activity. Face reality, the correct treatment of the disease, is an important prerequisite for the swift return of health.

(2) suitable, appropriate anti-viral therapy: the so-called suitable, appropriate anti-viral therapy is: ① viral replication in patients with clear indicators, here to point out that, HBV-DNA positive by dot-blot hybridization to be positive as the Instead, they can not be confined to polymerase chain reaction-positive as an indicator; ② Select the timing of antiretroviral therapy should be appropriate for patients with the disease should choose the most active period in the inflammation, ALT should be higher than the obvious inference in liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis light-or medium-sized, so it easy to achieve a higher efficacy; ③ types of antiviral drugs of choice for patients with appropriate doses of appropriate course of treatment suitable for; ④ close observation, to avoid the toxic side effects of antiviral drugs occur; ⑤ If it is combined medication, Drug mix should be reasonable; ⑥ treatment of choice should be the patient's economic means to tolerance.

(3) carefully selected patients with 12 kinds of convenient, easy to get the immune enhancer, the choice of drugs may be a result of land vary. Species should not be too much.

(4) With regard to the choice of drugs should be followed in simple not complex, should not refined the principles of chaos. A total of not more than five kinds of drugs available from the anti-virus, immune regulation, anti-fibrosis, to improve the symptoms of 34 aspects. According to different conditions, different stage of disease, different ages, different symptoms vary.

(5) In considering the various joint drug program, should pay attention to the different roles of the joint mechanism of drugs such as interferon plus thymosin, interferon plus Zadaxin, interleukin -2 plus interferon, interleukin -2 gala lamivudine and so on, do not select the same mechanism of action of the drug re-union, such as acyclovir plus lamivudine.

(6) should increase the incentive to avoid the disease, such as fatigue, upper respiratory infection, diarrhea, emotional volatility, to liver damage drug applications.

(7) regular follow-up, track time due to people, and the illness to another. Follow-up, in addition to check the liver function, it is important to dynamically track the changes in B-ultrasound to observe the size of the liver, with or without thickening of the spleen, portal and splenic vein widened and so on.

Gene therapy for viral hepatitis

2010-03-18T08:44:00.000-07:00

Is mainly caused by viral pathogens, hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV ), recent studies have shown that, GB virus (GBV) / hepatitis G virus (HGV) and transfusion transmitted virus (TTV). Reported recently discovered SEN virus abroad (SENV), may be explained, there are still 10 to 15% of the viral hepatitis patients with unclear etiology of the problem. No matter what kind of hepatitis virus infection in acute, chronic viral hepatitis, the root cause is the presence of viral replication and expression, the virus antigen-induced immune response principles, resulting in inflammation of the liver damage. Therefore, in order to fundamentally solve the problem of viral hepatitis, from the genetic level, seeking to block, inhibit, or even clear the hepatitis virus, which is a very important way of thinking. Gene therapy is the field of biomedical research a hot spot.

First, the concepts and strategies for gene therapy

Gene therapy is to use a normal or wild-type gene correction or conversion of a defect or disease-causing genes molecular biology level of treatment. In the traditional sense of gene therapy (gene therapy), is the target gene into the target cells within the host cells after the gene integrated into the main camp as part of genetic material of cells, the expression of target gene products play a role in the treatment of the disease. In recent years, the use of certain gene-transfer technology, even if the purpose of the primary cells, genes and camping integration of non-occurrence of genes, gene expression and can be temporary. The expression of target gene product also has a certain therapeutic effect. Such gene therapy target gene should be, as we normally use in clinical drug like. To the traditional sense of the relative difference between gene therapy, this gene does not occur with the host cell genome integration, the temporary expression products play a therapeutic role of gene therapy is called gene therapy (gene therapeutics).

Gene Therapy for the host disease, in accordance with the measures taken by the different cell gene, is divided into gene conversion (gene replacement), gene amendment (gene correction), genetically modified (gene augmentation), gene inactivated (gene inactivation) and genetic vaccines (gene vaccine) and other five major strategies. Genes and gene inactivated vaccine is blocking and inhibiting hepatitis B virus gene replication and expression of important gene therapy. Conditions of gene therapy include: the purpose of gene acquisition, the choice of target cells to gene nest principal cells into efficient means of gene transfer. Gene therapy steps include: preparation of target genes, the receptor cells in culture, the choice of carrier will be the target gene into the target cells and so on.

Second, viral gene therapy

In the anti-tumor gene therapy, genetic diseases and the treatment of infectious diseases, there is a very important application prospects in recent years, studies have shown that gene therapy in the treatment of viral hepatitis also can play an important impact. Although the viral gene therapy research has made a series of progress, but, due to the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis have not yet fully understood clearly that the current gene therapy in the treatment of viral hepatitis are far from the highest level. Viral gene therapy depends on the one hand, gene therapy technology itself is the speed of development and status, it also depends on the study of viral pathogenesis of the depth of their own.

(A) Transgenic expression of lymphokine

Lymphokines in the treatment of communicable diseases that have an important role and broad application prospects. One of the interferon (IFN) has become the only recognized treatment of anti-hepatitis B virus genetic engineering of effective drugs. Lymphoid gene expression using gene therapy research of infectious diseases, is gene therapy in infectious diseases is an important application and important research direction.

1, interferon gene transfer and expression of

Seif and other mice of interferon β (IFNβ) gene placed in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) promoter sequence under the control of recombinant expression vector transfected Babl / c mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3, has been continued IFNβ expression. IFNβ expression cell lines, for follicular stomatitis virus (VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus), encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV, encephalomy-ocarditis virus), and Semliki Forest virus (Semliki forest virus) replication and expression were significantly in vivo. And found that the secretion of continuing low levels of IFNβ expression, you can make the cell lines produced significant anti-viral state. However, with the same amount of exogenous IFNβ not have this effect of the reorganization. Moreover, by adding the corresponding IFNβ monoclonal antibody does not block the transduction of cell lines to the inhibitory effect of the above-mentioned three kinds of viruses. Thus the view that this cell line to produce anti-virus status, in addition to, and the expression of secreted IFNβ, there are other possible mode of action. In addition, Bednarik and so the human α2 interferon (IFNα2) to the recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat sequence is not (LTR) promoter in the downstream into the African green kidney cell lines, IFNα2 of Secretory expression of between 50 ~ 150u/ml continues. This low level of expression of IFNα2 can inhibit HIV replication and transcription. Similarly, also found that the level with the corresponding exogenous IFNα2 also unnecessary to effect the reorganization. And IFNα2 monoclonal antibody could not block the antiviral activity IFNα2. Reason for this difference, the authors believe that in vivo and in vitro generated IFNα2 reorganization IFNα2 antiviral different mechanisms. Reorganization IFNα2 exogenous anti-virus mechanism, is to curb HIV maturity and assembly process, but the endogenous expression of the anti-viral IFNα2, it seems that the main role in HIV mRNA transcription level and stability and so on.

2, interleukin -2 transgenic expression of

Guidotti applications such as HBV DNA transgenic mice confirmed that IL-2 Dui HBV DNA transcription of the mRNA of 2.1kb has apparently abated. That the IL-2 Dui HBV DNA transcription promoter activity of the 2.1kb mRNA has obvious negative regulation. At the same time, through tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) to achieve the induced anti-viral effect. Because there is no liver cell membrane IL-2 receptor, so that the IL-2 of the antiviral activity of its promoter activity of HBV DNA used to direct inhibition achieved. And that the IL-2 inhibited the expression of HBV DNA in the post-transcriptional level occurred.

(B) oligoadenylate synthetase transgene expression

Chebath such as 2-5AS constructed the eukaryotic expression vector, and as marker genes dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene expression vector in order to co-transfection of the way into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), receiving The expression of 2-5AS. The transduction of cell lines and their parental cells, compared with a significant anti-ability of small RNA viruses, such as the door fruit virus (mengovirus) and other infections. The study results showed that the expression of 2-5 AS cell lines can bypass the induced IFN, the expression of 2-5 AS alone can have a significant anti-viral effects. Such 2-5 AS in IFN inducible anti-viral therapy is of universal significance. Therefore, it is a valuable exploration of the direction.

(C) virus antigen expression in transgenic gene encoding

Felgner and other first HIV glycoprotein gp120 gene with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) of the immediate-early (IF, immediate early) promoter sequence re-constructed the recombinant expression vector expressing gp120. Such recombinant expression vector DNA for intramuscular injection of quality chisel, some cells carried out the availability of such DNA to express gp120. As an antigen, the body can produce immune protective antibodies. This specific immune response is an important way to combat HIV. Morin, also obtained similar results.

(D) protective antibody gene transfer and expression of

HIV infection of CD4 + cells and their destruction, resulting in reduction in the number of CD4 + cells, or even totally lost. So associated with defects in immune function. CD4 + cells to protect against infection, in which a strategy is to use gene therapy into HIV-1 antibody gene expression, and in HIV-infected, Marasco, etc. imported against HIV-1 single-chain antibody genes, can be specific sex with HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein in combination, to inhibit or block HIV's ability to infect. With HIV, cDNA encoding a single-chain antibody genes were co-transfected T lymphocytes, which express their HIV core protein (gag) level changed little, but the ability to produce infectious amount of HIV virus particles was significantly reduced. Recently, Pomerantz and other research data shows that anti-Rev single-chain antibody expression in the cytoplasm can be captured Rev protein, and can inhibit HIV expression. Tips to HIV antibody encoding genes as target genes for anti-viral gene therapy is a promising approach. However, HIV can encode a variety of structural and regulatory proteins as antigens can trigger the body produce different antibodies, in order to optimize the expression of intracellular antibodies, anti-HIV gene therapy strategy for infection must be possible inhibition or blocking antibodies compare the effect of HIV infection in order to obtain a more satisfactory results of gene therapy.

(E) the process of blocking the virus to enter cells

HIV infection and enter the host cell, the necessary envelope glycoprotein pg120 with its host cell membrane with the combination of CD4 antigen, which is undermining HIV choose the next important reason for CD4 + cells. So to use an excessive amount of CD4 antigen and HIV-envelope glycoprotein gp120, can be blocked and the ability to inhibit HIV infection. Thus to protect uninfected CD4 + cells. As long as the right to ensure the number of CD4 + cells, HIV infected persons will not develop into a serious immune deficiency, lead to serious opportunistic infections. Fischer Deng Jun soluble CD4 + (sCD4) molecules encoding genes into cultured T-lymphocytes, sCD4 molecules can indeed block the HIV-1 infection. CD4 molecules in the immune system's normal function and major histocompatibility complex (MHC Ⅱ)-type molecules are closely related to immune recognition. Therefore, the application of this sCD4 interfering HIV-1 and the combination of CD4 + cells with anti-viral gene therapy for fear of interfering with MHC Ⅱ-specific T-cell function. Transgenic mice results show that in fact this fear is unfounded. Weber, etc. to express sCD4 molecules was established transgenic mouse lines, continued to express sCD4 molecules up to 100ug/ml, but such a high level of sCD4 molecule expression and no effect on CD4 + cells in mice with different antigen or anti-CD3 antibody to stimulate the immune recognition and immune response.

In addition, the helper T cell-mediated in vivo antibody response mechanism, are not subject to the impact of over-expression of sCD4 molecules. Morgan has applications such as retroviral expression vector - packaging cell line gene transfer system, the gene encoding sCD4 into human T lymphocytes, express, can inhibit HIV-1 infection. Recently, sCD4 and immunoglobulin fusion gene expression, but also to achieve a significant anti-HIV-1 effect. However, the sCD4 gene as the purpose of anti-HIV-1 gene in gene therapy phase I clinical trials failed to achieve the expected success. Isolated from clinical specimens to the resistance of anti-sCD4 molecule HIV-1 virus strains, from one side of one of the reasons explained. Experiments confirmed that the resistant strains, and sCD4 molecules sCD required number is 200-2700 times the sCD4-sensitive strains. Therefore, taking into account the use of sCD4 as a target gene for the gene encoding anti-viral gene therapy, we must take into account the regulation of gene transfer and expression technology, but also taking into account the sCD4 molecule itself and some properties and characteristics.

In recent years, HIV-1 infection in the pathogenesis of the most exciting areas of research findings is the HIV-1 infection, have to rely on auxiliary molecule (cofactor) fusion elements (fusin), namely, that CC CKR5 chemokine by body involvement. Because HIV-1 can not only efficiently infected with CD4-cell lines, such as the central nervous system infections, and that the gene encoding the CD4 molecule CD4-transfected cell lines to the phenotype by CD4-into CD4 +, are also can not lead to its sensitivity to HIV-1 infection increases. Finally thought of the possibility of supporting elements. To this end, scientists from various countries fought a full eight spring and autumn, before the candidate molecules from a number of confirmed HIV infection is the integration of elements must be integrated with the host cell auxiliary molecules. This important discovery, must be able to lead to new therapies against HIV infection appear. Su-antibody fusion molecule for gene therapy as well as the fusion gene-specific ribozyme (ribozyme) of molecular design, it will be inhibit or block HIV infection of target cells in gene therapy.

With regard to HBV receptors have always thought that HBV infection of PHSA-R is the target cell receptor molecules, but this point of view there are also serious deficiencies. Recent research results indicate that annexin V (annexin) may be another target cells infected with HBV receptor molecules. HCV receptors on the findings of a study of this transmembrane molecule CD81 may be target cells infected with HCV receptor molecules. Hepatitis virus receptor molecules according to the nature of anti-hepatitis B virus may be to explore treatment methods important way of thinking, but there is no substantive progress.

(Vi), the cellular immune

Malim, etc. According to HIV-1 trans-activator protein Rev structural features, designed anti-HIV-1 gene therapy, intracellular immunization strategies. Rev protein, leucine-rich carboxyl terminal is not the role of its absolute dependence trans-zone. This area of mutants as the wild-type Rev protein competitive inhibitor, for failure to cut a single shear stability of HIV RNA expression has a significant impact. Amino acid sequences of the HIV Rev in 78 (LD) and 79 (EL) for site-directed mutagenesis, then the formation of mutant Rev M10. This mutant maintained the wild-type Rev and the Rev responsive element (RRE) combination of capacity, but there is no activation. With retroviral vectors - packaging cell line gene transfer system, the gene encoding Rev M10 into human T cell lines after stable expression of Rev M10 transfected cell lines can significantly resistant HIV-1 infection, and in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes to be repeated. In addition, the virus-specific ribozyme gene encoding genes into T cells among the transduced cells can also produce the cells against the virus within the immune status. Was screened using phage display technology, hepatitis virus-specific single-chain antibody variable region may be that anti-hepatitis B virus immune cell gene therapy is an important research direction.

(G), bait Design

Virus gene molecular biology studies of anti-viral gene therapy provides a new design ideas. Such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene regulation there is a very complex cis-regulatory mechanisms and anti-workers, these regulatory mechanisms have become the design of anti-virus program an important basis for gene therapy. HIV trans-conditioning (trans regulation), that some trans-activator (transactivator) and HIV RNA with the corresponding target site with the HIV genome replication and expression has a very close relationship. Therefore, we can design a gene, its transcripts and HIV RNA competitive manner, then a combination of trans-stimulated, HIV RNA is not enough trans-stimulated, then the combination of agent and stimulation, it can not be effective replication and expression. Competitive with the HIV RNA and trans-activator cited combination of RNA fragments, known as the bait (decoy) molecules.

Decoy RNA molecule expression vector design and gene therapy is to prevent HIV replication and expression of an important strategy. Program design and application of bait for virus nucleic acid with the trans-activator of the separation, which requires elements to be in the amount of bait advantage. That must be in the "over-expression (overexpression)" status. Only in this way in order to have enough bait molecules and competitive combination of HIV RNA trans-activator. Against HIV, the bait most commonly used gene fragment designed for Tat and Rev and so on. Gilboa, etc. will be HIV-1 in Tat and Rev of the two genes were broken into retroviral vectors, including the endogenous pol Ⅲ (tRNAmet) under the control of the promoter family, express, can inhibit HIV replication in CEM cells, and expression. In order to improve the expression level of bait and the anti-viral effect can be more than the gene encoding the bait head and tail tandem together, would enhance the number of molecules expressed by the bait and enhance its anti-viral effect.

Viral gene trans-regulatory mechanism, not only is the design of anti-viral gene therapy directly to the theoretical basis, but also to improve the expression level of target gene provides an effective means. Bednarick so the human recombinant IFN in HIV-1 LTR promoter in the series of downstream, into Vero cells after its secretion level of IFN only in between 50 ~ 150u/ml. If to this expression system to provide LTR promoter in the anti-trial activator tst protein by trans-activated, allows the expression level of IFN to 103u/ml. At present the field of gene therapy research, the gene expression level is not high, impeding gene therapy technologies to play a better role, this mechanism is of great significance. Not only the expression levels of cytokines in this strategy can be applied to improve the expression level of bait molecules can also take advantage of this trans-activation mechanism has been upgraded.
(8) virus-infected cells of the suicide mechanism of

Anti-viral gene therapy research, in most cases is based on molecular biological characteristics of the virus, according to the principles of the immune cell design. Design of these programs to a large extent dependent on protein and RNA, including infection of factors, including continuing high levels of expression, which is why the immune cells is difficult to obtain a thorough treatment of an important reason. Therefore, can be designed to remove the virus-infected cells in gene therapy programs, rather than simply interfering with the process of viral replication and expression. Among them, suicide gene and virus-infected cells into cleared of gene therapy strategies in this area occupies an important position.

Causes cells to commit suicide so-called "suicide gene (suicide gene)" many different types, such as certain viral genes are known to diphtheria toxin (DTA) in the case of very low level can cause cell death, the promotion of drug metabolism and conversion of genes, such as varicella - zoster virus (VSV) thymidine kinase (TK), allows non-toxic ganciclovir (GAN, ganciclovir) is converted to highly toxic metabolites, killing cells, HSV's TK gene has a similar effect. Also included are caused by programmed cell death (PCD, programmmed cell death) of the genes.

The suicide gene into to be effective in anti-transduced cells are no doubt, but how can they ensure that cell death is limited to virus-infected cells, while no side-effects on normal cells, the design is the key. Such gene therapy program also can take advantage of the characteristics of the virus-infected cells design. France Klatzman other HIV and the infected cells according to the characteristics of the design of the suicide mechanism of HIV-infected cells to remove virus-infected cells made to take a more satisfactory therapeutic effect. First, the DTA gene was recombined into deletion mutant HIV LTR promoter downstream of, `If the cells do not increase HIV infection and to provide trans-activator protein, such DTA will not expression; but if the cells are infected with HIV, HIV replication and expression of the process at the same time the expression of DTA provides a trans-activator, by stimulating expression of later, can cause the death of HIV-infected cells. The existence of cells not infected with HIV trans-activator protein, DTA did not express, you can survive intact. This mechanism can be used to selectively remove the virus-infected cells. Therefore, a mechanism is also anti-drug suicide gene therapy is an important component.

(9) antisense oligonucleotides

Antisense oligonucleotides, including antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN, oigodeoxynucleotide), and two kinds of antisense RNA. Antisense RNA in the study of gene regulation in prokaryotic cells, found in a negative regulation factor. But later proved that the genetic regulation of eukaryotic cells also have the involvement of antisense RNA. That the antisense RNA molecule in the regulation of gene expression of universal significance. Antisense RNA sequences complementary to its target RNA to acid-base combination of methods. Block-based intracellular transport, shear processing, and ribosome binding. And the activation of endogenous nuclear ribozymes (eg, RNaseH, etc.) will be its decomposition. In order to inhibit or block a particular gene expression and function. The gene expression regulation mechanism, soon applied the anti-viral gene therapy research.

Chatterjee applications such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector of HIV RNA antisense RNA expression vectors, such recombinant expression vector into T lymphocytes, expression of antisense RNA may be with the HIV LTR TARA section of 63bp sequence fill. This expression of antisense RNA against HIV-1 inhibition rate of 70-90%. Antisense RNA, not only in controlling HIV-1 infection plays an important role, but also in control of HBV, HSV human papillomavirus (HPV), Lloyd's sarcoma toxicity (RSV) infection, etc. have important applications.

(+) Ribozyme

Nucleic acids (ribozyme) is a kind of enzyme catalysis, can such a specific nucleotide sequence GUC downstream cutting a class of small RNA molecules RNA molecules. The discovery of RNA nucleic acid molecules, breaking the protein in the enzyme dominance of the field, the concept of the enzyme from the protein extended to the field of nucleic acids. RNA nucleic acid molecules and the substrate RNA molecule base combination of acid on the way to ensure a high degree of specificity of the ribozyme effect. At the same time, the nuclear DNA and the formation of the enzyme substrate-binding active site, substrate can be cut, destroy its structure. In this way, by cutting the RNA chain can no longer be a template for translation of the protein, but also can not serve as a template for RT-nucleic acid replication. Ribozyme RNA lysate highly specific and efficient cleavage of the nature of the substrate RNA, as a new type of anti-viral gene therapy molecules, has been widely appreciated. That the nucleic acid technology is the design of antiviral gene therapy, an important direction to explore. First, nucleic acids in plant virus, satellite viruses and some protozoa, such as Tetrahymena (tetrahynena) such as the study found. Summing up the basic structure of nucleic acid RNA molecules, generally have hammerhead (hannerhead motif). Hairpin (hairpin motif), as well as an ax-shaped (axed motif) structure type. The basic structure of nucleic acids based on these types of relatively conservative design of the active center of the structure, according to the substrate RNA chain cleavage site nucleotide sequence of the structure and its annexes, design ribozyme flanking sequence (flanking sequence). Theoretically speaking, as long as the understanding of the substrate RNA and the structural properties of the series, we can design RNA molecules directed against any specific ribozyme. Ribozyme RNA molecules in the flanking sequence 17nt long ridiculed as long as the guarantee above, the design of ribozyme and substrate specificity of RNA molecules would be a normal human cell line RNA solution reaction occurs. Because even if there is a nucleotide can not be correctly paired active site can not be formed, the column solution reaction does not occur.

Is the essence of nucleic acid RNA, extracted from the natural purification of the base calendar for the specific fragment of the ribozyme RNA molecules will not work. Artificial synthesis of RNA is a way, but expensive. No practical future. RNA gene has no pharmaceutical breakthrough. Therefore, the practical application of ribozyme gene therapy approach needs to go. Namely, the gene encoding ribozyme in vitro designed to retroviral vector into the target cells express them. This gene therapy strategy has been a more thorough level of cells and animals, systematic study of the United States in 1994 began in the summer of anti-HIV gene therapy phase I clinical trials.

In 1990, Sarver and so on for the first time HIV-specific ribozyme was constructed recombinant expression vector, and in cells, extracellular successfully HIV RNA was cut, and anti-HIV gene therapy experiments. Anti-HBV ribozyme gene therapy are also well under way. In 1992, Chen designed the nine target site such as anti-HIV ribozyme and Weizsacker has designed three other anti-HBV ribozyme target site, so that ribozyme anti-virus technology day was ripe to become anti-viral gene therapy in another major research directions. Do not believe anti-virus ribozyme gene therapy approach in the future anti-viral gene therapy research to play a greater role.

3, viral hepatitis, genetic vaccines

The recombinant expression vector directly into the body organs and tissues, and obtain the expression of target genes, which had achieved more than 10 years ago, and as a gene therapy program of some exogenous gene into the body of a way that has been widely attention. But the use of this technology will be a protective immune response induced by antigen protein recombinant expression vector into the body, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases as a technology, but in recent years thing. Ulmer, etc. First, in order to influenza virus (influenza) nucleocapsid protein (NP) of the recombinant expression vector DNA vaccinated healthy mice to obtain an effective humoral and cellular immune response and can protect the immunized animals against a variety of influenza virus infection attacks, and thus created a DNA vaccine against infectious diseases, a new era.

(A) the development of DNA vaccine

Influenza virus gene vaccine to create a genetic vaccine prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, a new era. First of all influenza virus gene vaccine using highly conserved influenza virus nucleocapsid protein coding genes, obtained with different strains of influenza viruses cross-immune protection. In particular, which in turn has a more important practical application value. Because, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) virus genome such as the existence of different genotypes, but also under the pressure of immune selection continues to mutate, such as the HCV quasi-species sex is a typical example. For influenza viruses, viral genetic variability of this antigen vaccine's success, its meaning is broad and profound.

Since 1993, influenza virus genome to construct gene expression vector and the success of the vaccine after a short period of 2 years, genetic vaccine technology has been rapid development, not only from the influenza virus extended to HIV, HCV, hepatitis B virus (HBV ) and other areas of viral infection, but also extended to bacteria, parasites, mycoplasma, and other areas of infectious diseases. Moreover, the anti-cancer, autoimmune diseases, the genetic vaccine research has progressed rapidly. By 1995, the anti-tumor, anti-HIV genetic vaccines in the completion of laboratory and animal models to study and achieve good results, based on, has begun Phase I clinical trials. This is a biological treatment methods, concepts and techniques from the proposed route, to the Phase I clinical trials, is the shortest one. Of high-tech modern biology is growing faster than is evident.

(B) of infectious disease DNA vaccine Research

With regard to infectious diseases, genetic vaccine research, on the one hand to find an effective immune protection of vulnerable populations, taking another gene vaccine for the treatment of refractory diseases has provided new opportunities.

1, viral infectious diseases, genetic vaccine

HBV gene vaccine research, using hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B virus core protein (HBcAg) gene were used to construct expression vector, or construct two kinds of protein fusion gene can be induced by immunization of mice appear specific humoral and cellular immune responses. HCV genetic vaccine research is focused on core-shell protein, as well as non-structural protein 3 (NS3) and other coding gene region, but there are few studies using area E1 and E2 envelope gene immunization areas. HIV genetic vaccine is mainly concentrated in the HIV envelope glycoprotein encoding gene region, such as gp160, gp120 and gp41 coding gene region, etc.. HIV various protein components will now be assembled into non-nucleic acid components of non-infectious viral protein particles, the immune effect of a single viral protein content than the much better. In addition to influenza virus gene vaccine antigen varied hemagglutinin antigen (HA) coding genes, it also uses a highly conserved Queensland nucleocapsid protein (NP) encoding genes, thereby avoiding the drift of influenza virus antigen, easy preparation of universal significance vaccination difficult. In addition, for rabies virus (Rabies virus), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), lymphocytes choroid plexus virus (LMCV) gene vaccine research has also made remarkable progress.

2, bacterial infection of sexually transmitted diseases, the genetic vaccine

Designed to target the cells infected with the gene vaccine made remarkable progress. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is currently on a global scale also showed an upward trend. The immune effect of BCG vaccination is also worthy of further study, but also in many countries there is no universal BCG vaccination carried out. According to some characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunization designed Mycobacterium tuberculosis 65kDa heat shock protein (HSP65) gene vaccine can induce specific humoral and cellular immune response, for the subsequent infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine has significant resistance to diseases. To HSP65 gene vaccine-induced immune protective effect of live BCG vaccine immune protection similar effect, but HSP65 protein as a subunit vaccine for immunization had no protective effect of this immunity. At the same time, to come from Mycobacterium tuberculosis 36kDa proline-rich protein coding genes genetic immunization can also obtain the immune protective effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Huygen applications such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85 (Ag85) of the gene encoding genetic immunization, also received a good immune effect.

(C) prospects for viral gene vaccine

Infectious diseases, genetic vaccines, first of all infectious pathogens from the start of molecular biology. So far, the large number of infectious diseases, the genetic structure of pathogens, the nature of its encoded product has not yet clarified, it is hampered infectious disease DNA vaccine research a bottleneck. Only solve this premise, in order to choose the purpose of a good DNA vaccine genes.

Infectious diseases, genetic vaccine research, but also to study various components of pathogens antigen immune response mechanisms. Many studies have shown that not all pathogen gene construct into the DNA vaccine can induce protective immune response, and each kind of DNA vaccine immune response capabilities are vastly different. DNA vaccine can induce cell-mediated immunity to protective immunity-based immune response is to distinguish it from inactivated vaccine and subunit vaccine against an important symbol, but also generally agreed that DNA vaccine for treatment of refractory disease the most fundamental basis for the future. But the gene vaccine and its mechanism of immune response is not systematic.

Infectious diseases, genetic vaccine research, and its vitality lies in the new gene vaccine. Such as chronic hepatitis B patients with high titer of serum hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), but the organism has developed into a multi-immune tolerance against HBsAg. Although studies have shown that genetic immunization because of their antigen processing and presenting a different path, resulting in a different protein antigen immune effect, but HBsAg gene vaccine, when vaccination is effective in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B is not necessarily. Because the majority of the current study focused on immune response in normal animals, but chronic hepatitis B virus HBsAg response to the fundamental changes that have taken place not only on the basis of the immune response of normal animals, suggesting individuals with chronic viral infection immune response. Anti-idiotypic DNA vaccine is probably an effective way to solve this problem. Design of a single T cell epitope of the DNA vaccine is a better option. In some cases, the design point for the inappropriate immune response in situ, but to promote the formation of pathogenic strains of immune escape or aggravated infection. Therefore, using T cells for a single locus gene vaccine immunization strategy is desirable. DNA vaccine studies have had great importance in antigen processing and antigen-presenting function of cofactors. In some cases, possibly because of the lack of strong immunogenic stimulus, but may also be due to antigen processing and presenting the auxiliary signal and obstacles, ultimately did not induce an effective immune response. At this time only considering the antigenicity of the pathogen is not enough, the immune response of co-stimulatory signals also have equal importance. Along with links to further address these technologies, I believe that genetic vaccine would be the first for clinical treatment of communicable diseases as a means of gene therapy.

Persistent infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B proved

2010-03-18T08:41:00.000-07:00

Subject to understand the HBV core gene promoter mutation and the degree of liver damage or HBeAg status of the relationship research purposes. Experiments with serum collected from the major hospital in Nanning in 59 patients with chronic hepatitis, 47 cases were male and 12 female patients aged 16 to 57 years. HBeAg-positive in 28 cases and negative in 31 cases. PCR reagents were purchased from the United States cloning technology labs, DNA purification reagents were purchased from the United States Promega Corporation, cycle sequencing kit purchased from the United States USB Corporation. DNA extracted by phenol / chloro-visit / iso-amyl alcohol (25/24/1) Conventional method extraction; DNA amplification: to do nested PCR, each round of amplification reaction conditions are the same: hot start 94 ℃ 5 minutes, then 94 ℃ 30 seconds, 55 ℃ 30 Miao, 72 ℃ 1.5 Fen Zhong. Continue to cycle after 30 cycles: 72 ℃ 10 Fenzhong, 22 ℃ 5 minutes; by direct sequencing of DNA sequencing.

Nested-PCR results showed that 59 cases of chronic hepatitis B patients 35 cases of HBV DNA positive, the positive rate was 59.3%. 16 patients with HBeAg-positive patients with HBV DNA positive, the positive rate of 57.1% (16/28), 19 patients with HBeAg-negative patients with HBV DNA positive, the positive rate of 61.3% (19/31). BCP sequencing results showed that without the usual sequence of samples, the most common type of mutation nt1762, 1764 pairs of sudden occurrence (A → T, G → A), accounting for 57.1% (20/35); followed by mutation types nt1799 sites mutation, from C → G, 54.4% (19/35), for non-sense mutation; nt1752 mutation, from the A → G, so that the password by isoleucine into valine, accounting for 37.1% (13 / 35); nt1753 T → C, accounting for 20.0% (7 / 35).

Core antigen and e antigen, some of the same sequence, this part of the sequence can be the host cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize the core peptide of the changes in the immune attack may be caused by chronic liver disease. The results showed that samples of each district are base pairs in the Enh2/CP mutation, the most common mutation nt1762, 1764 pairs of sudden occurrence (A → T, G → A), meeting the common mutations are nt1799 mutation, from C → G, for the non-sense mutation; nt1752 mutation from A → G, so that the password by isoleucine into valine, nt1753 T → C. Core gene promoter to make hepatitis B virus mutations (HBV) can be persistent infection in the body, these mutations in patients with chronic active hepatitis related to.

Yao Chi disorder worse liver function and lipid-lowering service

2010-03-18T08:40:00.000-07:00

A man suspected of suffering from heart disease due to chaos caused by abnormal liver function medication, they can not be diagnosed with coronary artery angiography disease.

Mr. Lin is a 50-year-old company CEOs in the past year often feel chest tightness, chest pain, busy at work has not been to the hospital for examination. Yesterday, he went to Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital to visit a friend in hospital due to acute myocardial infarction, she felt similar symptoms and his friends, he asked a doctor for his heart to do a detailed medical examination.

After preliminary examination, the doctor suspected of suffering from coronary heart disease angina pectoris forest, he suggested he do "coronary angiography," in order to diagnosis. But preoperative examination, the doctor found that Lin's liver function is not normal, liver function and do conditioning needed before coronary arteriography.

Itself had no hepatitis, abnormal liver function and how could it? After a doctor to learn more about that, Lin discovered six months ago, increased blood lipids, lipid-lowering drugs can be purchased at pharmacies take is that these lipid-lowering drugs, and damaged his liver function.

The experts say, each drug treatment, while there are some side effects in patients with medication, be sure to doctors under the guidance of treatment and medication, must not own "the decisions", damage the body

Disorder medication easy to get drug-induced liver disease

2010-03-18T08:39:00.000-07:00

Some of hepatitis was not caused by a virus, but by other factors, a direct result of liver inflammation, known as "non-viral hepatitis." The most common example: alcoholic hepatitis, drug-induced hepatitis. Most drug metabolism through the liver, kidney, liver, kidney medication are not at that time was the first to suffer. The liver is responsible for detoxification, but may also poisoned. Many people have the wrong concept that the liver is bad then need to "Bugan" hard medicine, the results of the more make up the larger hole ─ ─ produced a drug-induced hepatitis.

So, if you suspect you are because of drug-induced liver disease: the

1. Please seek treatment as soon as possible to the liver and gall specialist

2. Immediately stop unnecessary medication. The so-called "unnecessary" must be judged by a physician. However, you can determine to provide a simple principle, if not through a doctor's prescription, but you can buy their own drugs or other recommended drugs, it is "unnecessary" drug.

3. Clear his name of drug and food, and once again check the clothes right dose.

4. Take any medications (including, the grass, tonic) before, to the doctor or pharmacist asked, the medication, it is possible to produce liver toxicity.

5. Herbs, tonic, Chinese medicine is medicine, Do not think that these drugs is the "mild" and would not have liver toxicity. As long as drugs, is likely to produce liver toxicity. Many claims can "nourish the liver," or "strong liver" remedies, and in fact, it has liver toxicity, please make sure that you have to be careful.

6. Develop a detailed record of drug use (including, the grass, tonic) habits. Detailed records of medication that can help physicians to determine drug-related liver disease is not.

7. Some drugs alone is not taking its liver toxicity, but the merger may be taken to strengthen the liver toxicity. Therefore, each treatment, contact the doctor details of current medication (including, the grass, tonic) situation.

8. Please alcohol. Alcohol will enhance the liver toxicity of drugs.

9. Please check your blood whether viral hepatitis (hepatitis B for example, C-type hepatitis), in order to exclude a result of liver disease caused by hepatitis virus.

10. Liver puncture may be the diagnosis of drug-induced liver disease to help, if your liver and gall specialist doctor suggested that you do liver puncture, please do not refuse.

11. If you itself with chronic hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis C, whether you go to the hospital Behold a disease, please inform the doctor before prescribing.

Disorder medication easy to get drug-induced liver disease

2010-03-17T06:11:00.000-07:00

Disorder medication easy to get drug-induced liver disease

Injury to the liver four "Devil"

2010-03-17T06:08:00.000-07:00

If the excess liver fat content, fat deposition in liver cells, leading to degeneration of liver cells, medicine known as fatty liver. Fatty liver continues to deteriorate if it will develop liver cirrhosis, and even lead to liver failure.

Hepatitis

Virus is the primary enemy of a healthy liver, hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan is the most common and dangerous. Hepatitis B virus enters the liver, it will continue to replication in the liver cells, liver cells continue to disrupt the structure. Adults infected with HBV after 5% -10% will be transformed into chronic hepatitis B, of which about 15% will develop into liver cirrhosis or liver cancer.

Fat

If the excess liver fat content, fat deposition in liver cells, leading to degeneration of liver cells, medicine known as fatty liver. Fatty liver continues to deteriorate if it will develop liver cirrhosis, and even lead to liver failure.

Alcohol

Of alcohol on the liver injury is the most direct and the largest, which enables degeneration and necrosis of liver cells, a lot of drinking will be a large number of anti-liver cell; if long-term alcohol consumption, may easily lead to alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, or even alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

Drugs

According to statistics, there are more than 900 kinds of drugs can cause drug-induced liver disease. Is not just Western medicine, Chinese herbal medicine also may cause liver damage. 1 pairs of 203 cases of drug-induced liver patients survey, 55% caused by Western medicine, while 45% were caused by Chinese herbal medicine.

Experts believe that: Regardless of what causes liver disease, liver cell injury is a common pathological basis, therefore, treatment with the correct treatment of various types of liver cell injury is one of the major measures of liver disease. Experts suggest: The treatment of liver cell injury, on the one hand the potential cause for liver injury treatment, such as the use of effective antiviral drugs to control the virus replication, complete alcohol, diet, disable suspected liver damage medicine. On the other hand need to adopt multi-ene-phosphatidyl choline type of liver cell membrane therapeutic, protection, restoration of liver cells, promote liver regeneration, prevention of liver cell damage and death.

How should hepatitis B treated?

2010-03-15T22:53:00.000-07:00

Should be based on clinical types, etiology of the different types take different treatment measures. The general principle is: the proper rest, proper nutrition-based, supplemented by selective use of drugs. Ying Ji Jiu, prevent fatigue and to avoid loss of liver drug application. To grasp the simple medication should not fan.
1. The treatment of acute hepatitisEarly strict bed rest is most important, significant

improvement in symptoms can gradually increase the volume of activity in order not to fatigue the principle of treatment until the symptoms disappear, isolation expired with normal liver function can be discharged from hospital. After 1 to 3 months rest, and gradually return to work.
Diet in order to meet the patients with taste, digestible foods suitable light. Should contain a variety of vitamins, there is sufficient heat and the right amount of protein, fat should not be too restrictive. Such as eating less or Outu Zhe, using 10% glucose solution 1000 ~ 1500ml adding vitamin C3g, the liver was too happy 400mg, regular insulin 8 ~ 16U, intravenous infusion, day 1. Can be added to the energy and 10% potassium chloride mixture. In severe cases, bacteria can be used hot Chen Weiling Decoction; equal emphasis on those hot and humid with bacteria and stomach-Ling Chen hao Tang-Fang addition and subtraction; liver qi stagnation by using Xiaoyaosan; the wet spleen were used Pingwei San trapped. Those who favor deep jaundice and effective reuse of Paeonia. General acute hepatitis can be cured.
2. The treatment of chronic hepatitis
Include anti-viral replication and improve immune function, protect liver cells and promote regeneration and so on. Due to illness easily repeated and persistent positive indicators of HBV replication, may be to choose the following methods:
1. Anti-viral treatment
Chronic HBV infection, viral replication continued positive indicators of anti-viral treatment is an important measure. The current antiviral drugs, the effect is not satisfied. After application may be temporarily inhibited HBV replication after withdrawal of this inhibition disappears, so that the original target of pent-reverted to the original level. Some drug effects more slowly, take longer time to see results. Because the efficacy of antiviral drugs is limited, and only if active viral replication only when markedly, so the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in recent years, combination therapy tended to improve efficacy.
(1), interferon (Interferons, IFN) is currently recognized have a certain effect on HBV replication drugs. Its mechanism as follows: ① blocking viral reproduction and replication, mainly through antiviral protein (AVP), leading to mRNA cleavage, preventing HBV replication; ② the infected liver cell membrane induced by MHC class Ⅰ antigens. For Tc cell recognition and killing effects. The main clinical use of genetic engineering the current interferon, including interferon α-1b, α-2a, α-2b. ① recombinant interferon α-2b (Intron, Intron A): every 3 million U, intramuscularly, daily one time used in conjunction 1 week later changed to every other day 1, course 3 in June. HBeAg and HBV-DNA negative conversion rates of up to 30 ~ 70% effect of inhibiting HBV replication sure. But the vast majority are still persistent positive HBeAg, HBV-DNA integration may be related to the. ② α1 type of genetic engineering interferon (interference Ling): Each 2 million ~ 6 million U, intramuscularly, daily one time, course of 2 months, the recent HBeAg seroconversion rate of 55%.
The efficacy of interferon, individual reports vary, HBeAg negative conversion rate is normally 40% ~ 50%. In order to improve efficacy, corticosteroids useful after removal of interferon, but should pay attention to serious condition of the CAH hanged, or else make condition deteriorated. Right that the gene mutation by HBV pre-C infection, that is, anti-HBe positive, HBV-DNA positive chronic hepatitis, use of high-dose interferon, efficacy is not ideal. β and γ-interferon on the efficacy of HBV replication than α-IFN.
Factors that affect the response to interferon therapy: ① CAH than CPH; ② good curative effect more women than men; ③ ALT levels were more effective than ALT normal; ④ HBsAg, HBeAg, HBV-DNA-efficient lowest-good effect; ⑤ unused antiviral drugs and immunosuppressive agents are better efficacy than those who used an invalid; ⑥ dose and treatment, high-dose and long-course like a good person.
Side effects and treatment length, dosage related. The most common is the "flu-like syndrome," manifested as chills, fever, headache, body aches, fatigue and so on. But continued after the application or reduction often gradually reduce. Are mostly a transient fever, common in the first dose was not found and efficacy relationship. May also cause leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and so on, often after stopping natural recovery, can not affect the treatment. At present, many believe that with other antiviral drugs or immune regulating drugs in conjunction with, may increase efficacy.
(2) Acyclovir (Acyclovir, ACV, homemade Arp Holloway): This drug is nucleoside analogues, inhibition of various DNA viruses, which in the body by the thymidine kinase (TK) activation into a prime activity of disease-resistant acyclovir triphosphate, which can inhibit viral DNA chain DNAp and the suspension of an extension of the role of TK therefore has the role of viruses such as herpes virus, well, HBV does not have TK, so the role of a general, multi-considered better efficacy of interferon in combination. Use daily 15mg/kg, diluted morning and afternoon hours intravenous infusion for 2 hours, 1 day, qd for 30 days then stopped on the 15th take another 15 days, treatment for 60 days. Domestic reporting different effect, the effect than α-interferon.
(3), adenosine arabinoside (Ara-A) and single-Ara-AMP (Ara-AMP), both of which are purine analogues that can selectively inhibit the virus DNAP and nucleotide reductase activity, preventing DNA-based viral replication. Since Ara-A, Ara-AMP side effects in recent years have been less.
4) Polyinosinic (PolyI: C): as a synthetic interferon inducer, the domestic application of more long, efficacy has not been positive. Effect of chronic hepatitis B is not significant. Usage of 4mg, intramuscular injection, 2 times per week course of 3 June.
2. Immunomodulatory drugs aimed at raising the anti-viral immunity.
(1), thymosin: by influencing cAMP and enhanced T cell activity. Use daily 10 ~ 20mg, intramuscular injection or intravenous drip treatment 2 ~ 3 months.
(2), interleukin-2 (IL-2) can stimulate the immune effector cell proliferation and induced γ-interferon. Use daily 1000 ~ 2000U, intramuscular injection, daily one time, 28 to 56 day course of treatment. HBeAg negative in some patients.
(3) lymphokine-activated killer cells ((Lymphokine-activited Killer Cell, referred to as LAK cells), established with the lymphatic factors (such as IL-2 and γ-IFN) to stimulate their derived precursor cells.
Domestic reporting will enable some patients HBeAg and HBV-DNA negative conversion. 3. Protecting the liver cells, drug
(1) Yiganling grass from milk thistle seed extract corpus luteum glycosides, can stabilize liver cell membrane and promote regeneration. Usage for each 2 tablets 3 times a day course in March. (2) potenline glycyrrhizin extracted from licorice root, poisoning by carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury as effective in the treatment of hepatitis, to the role JiangMei better rebound after drug withdrawal. Existing similar products Ganlixin injection, after looking better than JiangMei potenline. 150mg usage for a 10% glucose solution intravenously, daily one time, treatment 1 to 2 months, pay attention to heart and kidney failure, severe hypokalemia and hypernatremia syndrome is disabled. Pregnant women and infants and young children should not use.
(3), oleanolic acid tablets: use of 80mg, 3 times a day using it, treatment in March. DDB, usage of 15 ~ 25mg, 3 times a day using it, transaminases normal to maintain reduction, treatment in June. JiangMei role in both. 3. The treatment of severe hepatitis Refer to the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure in part. 4. The treatment of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers Where there are positive indicators of HBV replication, application of antiviral therapy, the first choice α-IFN. In short, hepatitis B anti-viral treatment, after drug research pointed out that the key lies in whether drugs inhibit HBV supercoiled covalently closed circular DNA (ccc DNA), while the existing antiviral drugs on liver nuclei of the virus cccDNA no effect, Therefore, after stopping cccDNA re-engineering of viral replication in the transcription template, the virus replication. Recently, hepatitis has been reported biological targeted therapy, antisense RNA may be closed to the gene encoding the key viral replication, the level of the gene targeted therapy could bring new hope for hepatitis B treatment. Therefore, the treatment of hepatitis B needs to pay attention to symptomatic supportive therapy, comprehensive treatment of Chinese and Western medicine

How to prevent hepatitis B?

2010-03-15T22:50:00.000-07:00

Vaccine should be taken to pick and cut off the main route of transmission balanced focus on a comprehensive measure. 1. Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) Application HBsAg carriers in the current widespread source of infection management are very difficult circumstances, control and prevention of hepatitis B, a key measure is prevention of hepatitis B vaccine. Of hepatitis B vaccination in China has been included in planned immunization, in addition to the following groups are also indications for hepatitis B vaccination:
① HBsAg-positive, especially in HBeAg-positive mothers of newborns at the same time;
② a high incidence of hepatitis B for children under 3 years of age;
③ medical staff, contact with blood of persons;
④ number of interviews for patients with blood transfusion and blood products;
⑤ HBsAg-positive family members, especially spouses, who is afflicted with acute or chronic illness or formalin and antibacterial agent banned thimerosal allergy.
1. Vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine immunization doses vary from our applications and procedures; ① HBsAg-positive pregnant women, newborns with 30μg immunization 3 pin; ② HBsAg-negative pregnant women, newborns No. 1 pin for the 30μg, the first 2,3 pin each for 10μg; ③ high-risk populations, such as kidney dialysis patients and other professional persons in close contact with the hepatitis B immunization with 20μg pin 3; ④ other general susceptible populations (including children, adults) 10μg immunization 3 pin. On immunization according 0,1,6 above procedure, but the first one needle newborns should be vaccinated within 24 hours after birth, the immune better. Is also useful on immunization procedures are 0,1,2. At present, many advocates of high-risk groups (in particular, HBsAg-positive, while HBcAg-positive pregnant women, newborns; accident affected by HBV infection, if they are HBsAg-positive blood contaminated needle stick injuries or HBsAg positive blood splashing into eyes or oral mucosa or conjunctiva HBsAg-positive blood type , scalpel damage the skin, etc.), the general should be immediately (24 hours) intramuscular injection of hepatitis B immune globulin. If HBIG per ml of anti-HBs200IU above injectable 0.5 ~ 0.7ml/kg. The current domestic production of HBIG, whose anti-HBs levels per ml of 60 ~ 160IU (the majority of 100IU), so the dosage of 0.075 ~ 0.2ml/kg (according to different content may be). In order to enable the in vivo dose of anti-HBs over 100mIU/ml The above degrees (protective effect). After the injection of HBIG should be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine 3-pin, 1 needle 30μg, first of all 2,3-needle 10μg, press 0,1,6 on procedures for vaccination. Hepatitis B vaccine arm deltoid intramuscular injection site more suitable. Hepatitis B vaccine side effects are very light, mostly for local pain, occasional redness or induration, may have fever, fatigue persons. 38℃者1.8%，0.5/10)。" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">> 38 ℃ were 1.8%, a rare cause Guillain - Barre syndrome (0.5/10 million). On strengthening the injection issues, disagreements. Because vaccination antibody can be maintained after the 3-pin 3 to 5 years, if the determination of anti-HBs ≤ 10mIU/ml, to strengthen a time (10 or 20μg), the event of the following conditions should be the strengthening of immunization: such as high-risk groups, including medical personnel, in particular, is a blood dialysis workers; those who receive frequent blood products; spouse a party for the HBcAg-positive persons, including the other injected vaccines. 2. Hepatitis B vaccine with other vaccines such as DPT, BCG, measles vaccine, polio vaccine and other immunization products of any kind of co-immunization, no significant interference effect. After hepatitis B vaccination, 5% ~ 15% vaccinated had no response, do not produce anti-HBs. Is currently a hot research. No immune response was mainly in the HBsAg in pregnant women, newborns. Maternal serum HBV-DNA level is high, is the main cause of immune failure. While others believe that non-responders had HBV infection. Whether the HBV mutant strain is related to be studied. 2. Cut off the transmission Focus on preventing transmission through blood and body fluids. Measures: ① syringes, needles, acupuncture needles, blood collection needles, etc. should be high-pressure steam sterilized or boiled 20min; ② immunization or injection of drugs to a person a pin a cylinder, using a time of syringes; ③ strict screening and management of blood donors , using sensitive detection methods; ④ strictly controlled blood transfusion and blood products, indications; ⑤ utensils, wash utensils scraping surface-specific; ⑥ contact with hand-washing with soap and water; ⑦ HBsAg carriers can not engage in the catering industry, food processing, water management and the preschool sector.