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Heart Anatomy and Physiology:heart circulatory system,how heart functions or works,how heart pumps blood

2011-11-19T20:50:00.001-08:00

Heart anatomy and Physiology

If you are looking for heart anatomy and physiology, you have landed at a right place. In this article, you will find information about heart anatomy and physiology, heart blood flow, how heart functions, how heart works, how heart pumps blood, how heart beats, heart circulatory system etc. So read and gain knowledge

GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART

Heart anatomy and physiology diagram

The human heart is primarily a shell. There are four cavities, or open spaces, inside the heart that fill with blood. Two of these cavities are called atria. The other two are called ventricles. The two atria form the curved top of the heart. The ventricles meet at the bottom of the heart to form a pointed base, which points toward the left side of your chest. The left ventricle contracts most forcefully, so you can best feel your heart pumping on the left side of your chest.

Heart structure and function

The left side of the heart houses one atrium and one ventricle. The right side of the heart houses the others. A wall, called the septum, separates the right and left sides of the heart. A valve connects each atrium to the ventricle below it. Themitral valve connects the left atrium with the left ventricle. The tricuspid valveconnects the right atrium with the right ventricle.

The top of the heart connects to a few large blood vessels. The largest of these is the aorta, or main artery, which carries nutrient-rich blood away from the heart. Another important vessel is the pulmonary artery, which connects the heart with the lungs as part of the pulmonary circulation system. The two largest veins that carry blood into the heart are the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. They are called "vena cava" because they are the "heart's veins." The superior is located near the top of the heart. The inferior is located beneath the superior.

The heart's structure makes it an efficient, never-ceasing pump. From the moment of development through the moment of death, the heart pumps. The heart, therefore, has to be strong. The average heart's muscle, called cardiac muscle, contracts and relaxes about 70 to 80 times per minute without you ever having to think about it. As the cardiac muscle contracts it pushes blood through the chambers and into the vessels. Nerves connected to the heart regulate the speed with which the muscle contracts. When you run, your heart pumps more quickly. When you sleep, your heart pumps more slowly.

Considering how much work it has to do, the heart is surprisingly small. The average adult heart is about the size of a clenched fist and weighs about 11 ounces (310 grams). Located in the middle of the chest behind the breastbone, between the lungs, the heart rests in a moistened chamber called the pericardial cavity which is surrounded by the ribcage. The diaphragm, a tough layer of muscle, lies below. As a result, the heart is well protected.

Heart Physiology: How heart pumps blood

The heart pumps blood to the lungs and to all the body's tissues by a sequence of highly organized contractions of its four chambers.

Heart Blood Flow Diagram

For the heart to function properly, the four chambers must beat in an organized manner. This is governed by the electrical impulse. A chamber of the heart contracts when an electrical impulse or signal moves across it. Such a signal starts in a small bundle of highly specialized cells located in the right atrium — the sinoatrial node (SA node), also called the sinus node. A discharge from this natural "pacemaker" causes the heart to beat. This pacemaker generates electrical impulses at a given rate, but emotional reactions and hormonal factors can affect its rate of discharge. This allows the heart rate to respond to varying demands.

Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again.

You can use a stethoscope to hear pulmonary circulation. The two sounds you hear, "lub" and "dub," are the ventricles contracting and the valves closing.

Heart Circulatory System: How heart beats, works and pumps blood in the body

CIRCULATION CHART:

SUPERIOR & INFERIOR VENACAVA ---->RIGHT ATRIUM ---->TRICUSPID VALVE ---->RIGHT VENTRICLE ---->PULMONARY VALVE ---->PULMONARY ARTERY ---->LUNGS----> PULMONARY VEIN ---->LEFT ATRIUM ---->MITRAL VALVE ---->LEFT VENTRICLE ---->AORTIC VALVE ---->AORTA ---->TISSUES OF THE BODY.

Internal circulation of the heart is maintained by the network of coronary arteries. Three arteries feed the heart muscle or myocardium. The left anterior descending coronary artery, the left circumflex coronary artery and the right coronary artery.

The nerve structure of the heart is important as arrythmias and therapies used to treat them frequently invoke these terms. Clusters of nerve cells that give rise to the hearts electrical impulse are called the sinus or SA node, and AV node. The impulse then travels in the likewise manner.

SA node ---->Atrial muscle ---->AV node ---->Common bundle ---->Bundle branches ---->Purkinje fibers ----> Ventricular muscle.

This sequence is represented in an ECG recording

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skin anatomy and physiology

2011-11-19T20:43:00.001-08:00

If you are looking for the detailed information about skin anatomy and physiology, you have landed at a right place. In this article, you will find the information about skin anatomy and physiology, skin layers, dermis, hair, nails and skin system.

ANATOMY OF THE SKIN

The skin is the largest organ of the body. It consists of specialized epithelial and connective tissue cells and has many protective and synthetic functions.

DIFFERENT LAYERS OF THE SKIN

The skin is composed of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis. Thesubcutaneous tissue, also referred to as the subcutis or panniculus, is located underneath the dermis.

1. EPIDERMIS

The epidermis is mainly composed of cells called keratinocytes. It is divided into four layers:

a. Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum or Basal layer).

b. Stratum spinosum.

c. Stratum granulosum.

d. Stratum corneum.

The basal layer is composed of undifferentiated proliferating stem cells. Newly formed cells from this layer migrate upward and begin the process of differentiation.

The stratum spinosum lies above the basal layer and is composed ofkeratinocytes, also known as squamous cells. These cells produce keratin, which is a fibrous protein. This stratum spinosum derives its name from the "spines" or intercellular bridges that extend between cells.

The stratum granulosum, or granular layer, is composed of cells that containkeratohyaline granules, which are visible with light microscopy.

The stratum corneum is composed oflarge, flat, keratin-filledcells. They are vertically stacked in layers that range in thickness from 15 layers on most surfaces, to as many as 100 layers on the palms and soles.

In summary, the epidermis is composed ofcells that divide in the basal layer, keratinize in the stratum spinosum and granular cell layers, and ultimately differentiate into "dead" cells in the stratum corneum. It takes approximately 4 weeks for migration of a cell from the basal layer to the stratum corneum, where it will be shed.

Melanocytesare pigment-producing cells with long, squidlike extensions calleddendrites. They are located in the basal cell layer. The dendrites facilitate the transfer of pigment granules, called melanosomes, to neighboringkeratinocytes. The number of melanocytes in the epidermis is the same regardless of race or color. The number and size of the melanosomes account for racial differences in skin color. Sunlight stimulates melanocytic activity and transfer of melanosomes.

Langerhans’ cells are also dendritic cells that have an immunologic function. They are located between keratinocytes. On electron microscopy, diagnostic tennis racket-shaped organelles called Bribeck’s granules are seen.

Indeterminate dendritic cells lack melanosomes andBribeck’s granules. In some ways they are similar to Langerhans’ cells; however, their exact function is not known.

Merkel’s cells are located directly above the basement membrane. They probably enhance touch sensation.

The junction between the epidermis and dermis is referred to as the basement membrane zone. It permits selective exchange of cells and fluid between the epidermis and dermis. Furthermore, it provides structural support for the epidermis and "glues" the epidermis to the dermis.

2. DERMIS

Skin Anatomy

Skin Layers

The dermiscontains blood vessels, nerves and cutaneous appendages. It is much thicker than the epidermis. The principal components of the dermis arecollagen and elastic fibers andground substance, which are synthesized by dermal fibroblast cells. Collagen and elastic fibers are fibrous proteins that provide structural support to the dermis. The ground substance fills the spaces between fibers.

Beneath the dermis is thesubcutaneous tissue. It is composed of fat cells or lipocytes, which are separated by islands (septa) of collagen and blood vessels.

VARIOUS SKIN APPENDAGES

The skinappendages include theeccrine and apocrine sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceousglands, and nails.

Eccrine sweat glands help regulate body temperature by releasing sweat onto the surface of the skin. The sweat evaporates, thereby facilitating the cooling process. There are 2 to 3 million eccrine sweat glands on the body, which can secrete 10 liters of sweat per day.

Apocrine sweat glands are responsible for body odor. The odor results when bacteria act on odorless apocrine sweat. Apocrine glands are most numerous in the axillae (armpits) and anogenitalregion.

HAIR

Hairs grow out of tubular invaginations of the epidermis known as follicles, and a hair follicle and its associated sebaceous glands are referred to as apilosebaceous unit.

(An electron micrograph of the base of hair follicle. The epidermal papilla, shown at the base, controls the growth rate of the hair follicle)

Hair follicles (located over the entire body surface with the exception of the palms and soles) extend into the dermis at an angle.

A small bundle of smooth muscle fibers, the arrector pili muscle, extends from just beneath the epidermis and is attached to the side of the follicle at an angle. Arrector pili muscles are supplied by adrenergic nerves, and are responsible for the erection of hair during cold or emotional stress ('goose flesh'). The sebaceous gland is attached to the follicle just above the point of attachment 0of the arrector pili.

At the lower end of the follicle is the hair bulb, part of which, the hair matrix, is a zone of rapidly dividing cells which is responsible for the formation of the hair shaft. Hair pigment is produced by melanocytes in the hair bulb. Cells produced in the hair bulb become densely packed, elongated and arranged parallel to the long axis of the hair shaft. They gradually become keratinized as they ascend in the hair follicle.

Similar to skin and nails, actively dividing matrix cells differentiate and ultimately form a keratinous structure, the hair shaft. Hair growth is cyclic and is composed of three phases.

Anagen (growing)

Catagen (transition)

Telogen (resting)

The length of the phases varies from one site to another.

NAILS

Nails similar to skin and hair, are made of keratin that is produced by a matrix of dividing and differentiating cell. The nail unit has four components:

i. Proximals nail fold

ii. Matrix

iii. Nail bed

iv. Hyponychium

The proximal nail fold protects the matrix and forms the cuticle. The matrix produces the cells that will ultimately become the nail plate. The nail bed is the surface on which the nail plate lies. The pink color of the nail bed is due to blood vessels in the dermis. The hyponychium is located beneath the distal free edge of the nail.

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Vitamin B17-benefits, deficiency symptoms & natural resources

2011-11-08T02:09:00.000-08:00

Do you know the benefits of Vitamin B17? Do you know the symptoms of deficiency of Vitamin B17? Do you know the names of Vitamin B17 rich foods? Do you know the natural resources of Vitamin B17? If yes, well and good but if you do not know, you must know the benefits, deficiency symptoms and rich foods of Vitamin B17. So read up on…

Vitamin B17 (Laetrile Nitrilosides) Facts

Vitamin B17 has cancer controlling and preventive properties

Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B17

Vitamin B17 deficiency may cause diminished resistance to malignancies.

Natural Resources of Vitamin B17

Garbanzos, Blackberries, Millet, Flaxseed, Lima beans, Plum pits and Peach

Millets

Flaxseed

Therapeutic use of Vitamin B17

Vitamin B17 is used for therapeutic use to cure the Cancer

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Vitamin B5-benefits, deficiency symptoms & natural resources

2011-11-08T02:01:00.000-08:00

Do you know the benefits of Vitamin B5? Do you know the symptoms of deficiency of Vitamin B5? Do you know the names of Vitamin B5 rich foods? Do you know the natural resources of Vitamin B5? If yes, well and good but if you do not know, you must know the benefits, deficiency symptoms and rich foods of Vitamin B5. So read up on…

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Facts

Vitamin B5 RDA: 6 mg
Researched Supplemental Range: 6 mg to 200 mg
Average Daily Intake: 6 mg
Vitamin B5 is a crucial nutrient for energy metabolism.
It makes brain neurotransmitters & natural body steroid hormones.
Vitamin B5 converts fats, carbohydrates and proteins into energy.
Vitamin B5 enhances body stamina and produces antibodies.

Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B5

Fatigue, Nausea, tingling in hands, anxiety, appetite loss, headache, depression

Natural Resources of Vitamin B5

Legumes, Saltwater Fish, Whole Wheat, Vegetables, Eggs & beef

Legumes are very good sources of vitamin B5

Therapeutic use of Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5 is used for therapeutic use to cure the stress, depression, fatigue, arthritis & migraine headaches

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Vitamin K-benefits, deficiency symptoms & natural resources

2011-11-05T22:26:00.000-07:00

Do you know the benefits of Vitamin K? Do you know the symptoms of deficiency of Vitamin K? Do you know the names of Vitamin K rich foods? Do you know the natural resources of Vitamin K? If yes, well and good but if you do not know, you must know the benefits, deficiency symptoms and rich foods of Vitamin K. So read up on…

Vitamin K Sources

Vitamin K (Menadione) Facts

Vitamin K is fat soluble vitamin.
Vitamin K RDA is 80 mcg.
Vitamin K Supplemental Range is 0 mcg – 150 mcg.
Average daily intake of vitamin K: 300 mcg to 500 mcg.
Vitamin K helps prevent blood clotting.
Vitamin K helps deposit minerals into the bone matrix.
Vitamin K is very beneficial for the blood and liver in human body.

Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin K

Bleeding ulcers, hemorrhage, miscarriage, diarrhea, nose bleeds and lowered vitality

Natural Resources of Vitamin K

Sunflower Oil, Fish liver oil, yogurt, alfalfa, kelp, green leafy vegetables

Therapeutic use of Vitamin K

Vitamin K is used for therapeutic use to cure the following:

Bruising, colitis, gall stones, celiac disease, eye hemorrhages, menstrual problems, ulcers, childbirth problems

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Vitamin D-benefits, deficiency symptoms & natural resources

2011-11-05T22:13:00.000-07:00

Do you know the benefits of Vitamin D? Do you know the symptoms of deficiency of Vitamin D? Do you know the names of Vitamin D rich foods? Do you know the natural resources of Vitamin D? If yes, well and good but if you do not know, you must know the benefits, deficiency symptoms and rich foods of Vitamin D. So read up on…

Vitamin D Sources

Vitamin D (Ergosterol) Facts

Vitamin D is fat soluble vitamin.
Vitamin D RDA is 200 I.U. to 400 I.U.
Vitamin D Supplemental Range is 200 I.U. to 800 I.U.
Vitamin D stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium.
Vitamin D balances the quantity of calcium and phosphate in the body.
Vitamin D is essential for strong bones and teeth.
Vitamin D has anticancer properties and prevents breast and colon cancer.
If we have sufficient amount of magnesium and boron in our body, vitamin D becomes more effective.
Vitamin D is beneficial for skin, heart, bones, teeth and nervous system.
Vitamin D helps skin respiration.

Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin D

Diarrhea, insomnia, myopia, muscular weakness, nervousness, premature aging, poor metabolism, softening bones/teeth, joints pain, tooth decay

Natural Resources of Vitamin D

Sunflower seeds, Fish liver oil, butter, egg yolks, fortified milk, sardines, salmon, mushrooms, Sunlight

Therapeutic use of Vitamin D

Vitamin D is used for therapeutic use to cure the following:

Acne, allergies, cystitis, psoriasis, pyorrhea, arthritis, alcoholism, osteoporosis, rickets

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Vitamin C-benefits, deficiency symptoms & natural resources

2011-11-04T09:41:00.000-07:00

Do you know the benefits of Vitamin C? Do you know the symptoms of deficiency of Vitamin C? Do you know the names of Vitamin C rich foods? Do you know the natural resources of Vitamin C? If yes, well and good but if you do not know, you must know the benefits, deficiency symptoms and rich foods of Vitamin C. So read up on…

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Facts

Vitamin C RDA is 60 mg.
Vitamin C Supplemental Range is 1,000 mg – bowel tolerance
Vitamin C is an anti-oxidant that neutralizes free radicals by offering its own electrons; minimizing oxidative damage to DNA, and neutralizing nitrates that are shown to cause cancer
According to a research by Harvard Medical School, people who got at least 200 mg of vitamin C per day had a 30 percent reduced risk of bronchitis or wheezing compared with people who got about 100 mg per day.
Vitamin C inhibits the deposit and growth of atherosclerosis on artery walls, thus directly protecting the heart muscle from infection and free radical damage.
Vitamin C prevents cataract formation, cancer, and infections in skin, cervix, rectum, breast, colon, esophagus, stomach and pancreas.
Vitamin C helps fight with common cold.
Vitamin C accelerates healing after surgery.

Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin C

Anemia, hemorrhages, capillary wall ruptures, dental cavity, low infection resistance, premature aging, poor digestion, soft/bleeding gums, thyroid insufficiency

Natural Resources of Vitamin C

Black currants, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, green bell peppers, rose hips and citrus fruits

Vitamin C sources

Therapeutic use of Vitamin C

Vitamin C is used for therapeutic use to cure the following:

Alcoholism, asthma, arteriosclerosis, arthritis, colds, cystitis, hypoglycemia, diabetes, hepatitis, insect bites, pyorrhea, tooth decay, scurvy, sinusitis, stress, heart diseases.

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Vitamin B2-benefits, deficiency symptoms & natural resources

2011-11-04T08:24:00.000-07:00

Do you know the benefits of vitamin B2? Do you know the symptoms of deficiency of vitamin B2? Do you know the names of vitamin B2 rich foods? Do you know the natural resources of vitamin B2? If yes, well and good but if you do not know, you must know the benefits, deficiency symptoms and rich foods of vitamin B2. So read up on…

Vitamin B2 sources

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Facts

Vitamin B2 RDA is 1.7 mg.
Vitamin B2 is water soluble vitamin
Vitamin B2 Supplemental Range is 25 mg – 200 mg.
Vitamin B2 helps the mitochondria (fat burning furnaces) of muscle cells to produce energy which is helpful in weight management.
Since Vitamin B2 is water soluble, it passes through the body within several hours of intake. So toxicity with vitamin B2 is almost impossible.
Vitamin B2 is beneficial for metabolism, eyes, skin, nails and hair.
Vitamin B2 reduces chances of cataract formation in eyes.

Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B2

Bloodshot & burning eyes, cataracts, corner of mouth cracks & sores, dizziness, poor digestion, premature wrinkles, retarded growth, red sore tongue etc.

Natural Resources of vitamin B2

Eggs, seeds, cooked leafy vegetables, cheese and liver

Therapeutic use of vitamin B2

Vitamin B2 is used for therapeutic use to cure the following:

Baldness, high cholesterol, cystitis, oily skin, light sensitivity, mental retardation, muscular disorders, nausea, weight control, premature wrinkles, stress

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Vitamin B1-benefits, deficiency symptoms & natural resources

2011-11-04T08:21:00.000-07:00

Do you know the benefits of vitamin B1? Do you know the symptoms of deficiency of vitamin B1? Do you know the names of vitamin B1 rich foods? Do you know the natural resources of vitamin B1? If yes, well and good but if you do not know, you must know the benefits, deficiency symptoms and rich foods of vitamin B1. So read up on…

Vitamin B1 sources

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Facts

Vitamin B1 RDA is 1.5 mg.
Vitamin B1 Supplemental Range is 50 mg – 200 mg.
Excess amount of vitamin B1 does not benefit or harm the human body but is simply excreted from the body.
Vitamin B1 or Thiamin helps burn carbohydrates for energy, so having optimal body uptake is important in a weight management program.
Vitamin B1 is extremely beneficial for our carbohydrate metabolism, organ muscles & body muscles.
Vitamin B1 improves energy, growth, learning capacity and circulation in our human body.
Vitamin B1 aids digestion, prevents constipation and prevents liquid retention.

Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B1

Beriberi, digestive disturbances, fatigue, irritability, mental depression, muscular weakness, nervousness, numb hands/feet, pains around heart and shortness of breath

Natural Resources of vitamin B1

Whole grains, brewers yeast, wheat germ, rice, milk and seeds

Therapeutic use of vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 is used for therapeutic use to cure the following:

Alzheimer’s, diarrhea, constipation, diabetes, indigestion, heart disease, congestive heart failure, stress, mental illness and nausea.

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Vitamin A-benefits, deficiency symptoms & natural resources

2011-11-03T04:31:00.000-07:00

Do you know the benefits of vitamin A? Do you know the symptoms of deficiency of vitamin A? Do you know the names of vitamin a rich foods? Do you know the natural resources of vitamin A? if yes, well and good but if you do not know, you must know the benefits, deficiency symptoms and rich foods of vitamin A. So read up on…

Vitamin A Facts

Vitamin A is fat soluble.
Vitamin A RDA is 5,000 I.U.
Vitamin A Supplemental Range is 2,000 I.U. – 20,000 I. U.
Vitamin A toxicity may occur in adults who take in excess of 50,000 I. U. per day for several months.
Vitamin A provides first line of defense against invading toxins since it establishes healthy skin and mucous membranes. Vitamin A is a part of the powerful anti toxicant group of nutrients. Beta-carotene & Vitamin A actually destroy carcinogens (cancer causing substances)
Vitamin A is extremely beneficial for our immune system, skin, eyes and cell growth & elasticity.
Vitamin A is essential for our night vision.
Vitamin A promotes growth & vitality, repairs & maintains body tissue and prevents premature aging and senility.

Natural Resources of vitamin A

Carrots, fish liver oils, liver, green leafy vegetables

Fish Oil Pills

Green Leafy Vegetables

Carrots

Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin A

Allergies, Loss of appetite, skin blemishes, soft tooth enamel, dry hair, rough dry skin, itching or burning eyes, night blindness, loss of smell, sinus, fatigue and susceptibility to infections

Therapeutic use of vitamin A

Vitamin A is used for therapeutic use to cure the following :

Acne, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, allergies, athletes foot, sinusitis, tooth & gum disease, cystitis, bronchitis, colds, psoriasis, migraine headaches and vision deterioration.

Hear and see the vitamin A benefits in this video

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What to pack in the hospital bag before moving to nursing home for delivery

2011-11-02T05:59:00.000-07:00

It is an important thing to pack your hospital bag well before going to nursing home for delivery. So you should keep certain things in maternity hospital bag to avoid problems.

Pack your hospital bag before moving to
nursing home for delivery

Things to carry to nursing home for delivery

5-7 comfortable and loose cloths and gowns
Cosmetic Kit - cream, brush, tooth paste, soaps, comb, hair ties, lip moisturizer, shampoo, lotion etc.
Important documents-hospital paperwork, medical details, case notes, insurance card, important phone numbers, pediatrician information etc.
Food - snacks, fruits, biscuits etc.
Sanitary napkins
Socks in case you feel cold after delivery
Towel, facecloth
Comfortable slippers
Pen and Paper
Coins for the telephone (in case of no cell phone)
A plastic bag to take dirty linen back home
Nursing Bras to facilitate breast feeding

Learn what to pack in hospital bag before moving to nursing home for delivery in this video

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Pregnancy tips- healthy guide for pregnant women

2011-10-27T18:13:00.000-07:00

If you are a pregnant woman and you want to know about pregnancy diet and fetal development. You want to know what to eat when pregnant or you want to get a pregnancy guide which tells you about do’s and don’ts during pregnancy. So if you have all these requirements, you should feel happy as you can find everything here as per your requirement of pregnancy tips. So go ahead and learn what to do know now when you are pregnant:

Pregnant woman

Pregnancy Tips or Pregnancy Guide

Pregnancy do’s

Fetal Development

You should eat a variety of healthy foods.
You should see your doctor regularly.
You should drink extra fluids, especially water.
You should do mild exercise. Walking is best. Ask your doctor to suggest you exercise which is good for you and your baby.
You should get all essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals and iron everyday. Ask your doctor to suggest you pregnancy diet.
You must get enough sleep.
You should gain a healthy amount of weight & check with your doctor to know how much weight you should gain during pregnancy.
You must wash hands especially after handling raw meat or using the bathroom.
You must ensure that health problems are well treated and kept under control.
You must ask your doctor before stopping any medicines or taking new medicines.
You should always wear a seat belt. The lap strap should go under your belly, across your hips. The shoulder strap should go between your breasts and to the side of your belly. Ensure that it fits snuggly.
You should get a flu shot if your baby’s due date is between March and July. Pregnant women can get very sick from the flu and may need hospitalization. Ask your doctor for the flu vaccine.

Pregnancy don’ts

Do not smoke and do not drink alcohol. Smoking & drinking keeps your baby away from getting the required nourishment and there’s the risk of miscarriage, premature delivery or infant mortality.
Do not come in contact with toxic substances and chemicals such as cleaning solvents, lead, mercury, insecticides and paint. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to paint fumes.
Protect yourself and your baby from food borne illness which can cause serious health problems. Handle, clean, cook, eat and store food properly.
Don’t eat fish with lots of mercury including swordfish, king mackerel, shark and tile-fish.
Avoid contact with rodents including their urine, droppings or nesting material.
Don’t take very hot baths or use hot tubs or saunas.
Do not use scented feminine hygiene products.
Avoid X-Rays unless otherwise advised by the doctor.

See these videos to know the diet plan when you are pregnant

So follow the tips given here for healthy pregnancy and keep yourself and your baby safe, healthy and happy.

Health benefits of fruits and vegetables according to their colors

2011-10-14T08:02:00.000-07:00

Do you know which fruit and vegetable contains what nutrients to keep us healthy? Do you know that the different colors of the fruits and vegetables have different benefits for our health? Do you know how to decide the vegetable and fruit diet? If you want to know more about the health benefits of fruits and vegetables, read up on…

include different colors fruits and vegetables in your diet

Vegetable and fruit diet is very important for our health

Eating vegetables and fruits of different colors is very beneficial for health. There is the secret of health in the colors of the vegetables and fruits. There are certain nutrients in the colors which keep us healthy and strong. Let us know the different colors which have important nutrients for our body.

White Color: There are certain fruits and vegetables like banana, onion, cucumber, garlic, mushroom etc. in this color category. These white color fruits and vegetables lower the levels of cholesterol and shed out the toxins from our body. These kinds of fruits and vegetables contain potassium in abundance which regulates the blood pressure.

Green Color: Spinach, green chilly, fenugreek, peas, cabbage, grapes and green onion etc. come into this category. These kinds of fruits and vegetables keep our eyes and heart healthy and strong. These fruits and vegetables save us from the dangers of cancer. These kinds of fruits and vegetables have vitamin C in abundance which strengthens our immune system.

Red Color: Tomato, Apple, Carrot, Watermelon and Strawberry etc. come in this category. These kinds of fruits and vegetables contain Lycopene, Ellagic acid and Hesperidin which protect us from prostate cancer, tumors, high cholesterol and abnormal blood pressure.

See the list of different colors' fruits and vegetables and their benefits in this video

I hope you really benefitted a lot from this healthy information. It’s time to share this knowledge with others because knowledge increases by sharing.

Workout Routines or Tips to workout in a gym

2011-09-25T07:08:00.000-07:00

In this age of technology, people like to workout in a gym rather than working out at home. If proper care is not taken, there is a possibility of damage to human body. So we must take care of certain things while working out in a gym. You can find following workout routines or workout tips useful to keep your self fit n fine.

Workout Routines or Tips to workout in a gym

You should prefer a gym which balances the fat in your body than a gym which arouses the wish of losing fat fast.
Take care of cleanliness in the gym otherwise you may fall prey to infection. Do not use the towels of gym. Keep your own clean towels with you.
When you exercise, there is a deficit of water and salt. Keep Electral (Oral Rehydration Powder) powder with you. Drink this Electral on each interval of 15 minutes.
If you continuously workout on a particular part of body, there is a possibility of getting hurt so keep the balance in mind.
Before starting to workout on equipment, wipe the gym equipment clean because there may be the sweat of other person on the equipment which may cause infection.
Listen to good workout songs while working out on equipment. You will not feel tired.
While doing weightlifting exercise, estimate your strength potential. Do not lift the weights more than your capacity.
Do not exercise too much to get the benefits too early.
Do not eat anything after working out at least for half an hour. Take Juices, broken wheat Sprouted cereals etc. after the workout.

Learn how to lose weight fast in this video

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Benefits of almonds, cashews, walnuts and peanuts

2011-09-24T18:22:00.000-07:00

If you eat fruits, it’s well and good but you cannot ignore another variety of fruits called dry fruits or nuts. Nuts or dry fruits are extremely beneficial for our health and we must include the nuts or dry fruits in our daily diet. The nuts contain protein and nutritious elements for our human body. In this article you will know the heath benefits of almonds, cashews, walnuts and peanuts. So let’s see how beneficial the nuts or dry fruits are:

Health benefits of Almonds

almonds benefits a lot

Almonds are the essential eatable fruit for mind and brain. Almonds contain Magnesium, Calcium and Potassium in high quantities. Almonds also contain anti-oxidants and vitamin E which saves us from heart ailments. Almonds are quite useful in controlling the obesity, cholesterol, high blood pressure etc.

Health benefits of Cashews

Cashews are tasty with nutrients

Cashews contain calcium, iron, folic acid, zinc, fat and carbohydrate. Cashews provide strength to the human body and it helps in prevention of bacteria causing dental problems. Cashews also contain magnesium and protein which strengthens the bones and muscles.

Health benefits of Walnuts

Break the walnuts and open the source of health

Walnuts contain fiber, vitamin B, magnesium which keeps our ski and hair healthy. The walnuts have antioxidants which strengthens our immune system. Walnuts contain Omega-3 fatty acid which protects us from asthma and skin diseases.

Health benefits of Peanuts

Pea nuts are really helpful

Peanuts are the good source of antioxidants. Peanuts contain calcium and vitamin D which are helpful for the development of bones. Peanuts contain vitamin E in abundance which prevents the cancer and heart ailments.

See the health benefits of almonds in this video

I hope you found this information about dry fruits or nuts useful. If you really found this information useful and healthy, share this information with others. Share this post now.

Health benefits of Chlorophyll

2011-05-31T19:18:00.000-07:00

Health Benefits of Chlorophyll

Liquid Chlorophyll

Benefits of chlorophyll

Green plants use carbon-dioxide in the air, water and minerals from the soil and sunlight to produce food. This process is called photosynthesis. Sunlight is actually absorbed by the green substance found in leaves called chlorophyll. Liquid Chlorophyll is extracted from the purple-flowered variety Alfalfa plant. Alfalfa means “Father of All Foods”. The Alfalfa plant spreads its roots 100 feet deep, under the soil. That is why it can absorb all the high quality minerals and nutrients such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, other elements. Chlorophyll is rich in Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E. Furthermore, it also contains trace elements, minerals and 8 essential enzymes. One tablespoon of Liquid Chlorophyll is equivalent to 1 kg of vegetable consumption. It gives energy to those people who feel stressed and tired. Liquid Chlorophyll is good for cleansing-refers to detoxification and eliminating impurities from our body, balancing-balances the acid and alkaline in our body and nourishing-provides nutrients for healthy blood to increase the oxygen level and red blood count. It is helpful for those who suffer from constipation, bad breath, body odor, respiratory problems, anemia, sore throats etc.

Where to get chlorophyll from?

If you want pure & natural liquid chlorophyll, send an email to: devsir@info-daddy.com with subject line as “Chlorophyll Requirement”. We’ll send the pure liquid chlorophyll to your address upon realization of payment from your side.

Wishing you a healthy mind, body and soul !!!

Lemon Juice & Water benefits for skin and hair

2011-05-17T21:00:00.000-07:00

Are you looking for the information about lemon juice benefits, lemon water benefits, lemon juice or lemon water benefits for skin and hair etc.? If yes, read up on to know the benefits of lemon juice and drinking lemon water.

Lemon Juice is good for skin

Lemon is extremely beneficial for skin and hair. We can get glowing skin and stop hair loss by using lemon juice or lemon water. We can get rid of wrinkles, pimples, bad body odor and baldness by lemon juice or lemon water. Lemon makes an excellent body cleanser, toner and moisturizer. So we must drink lemon water or lemon juice daily to keep our skin glowing and hair shiny. Lemon juice is also useful in weight loss. Let us see how lemon can keep our skin glowing and hair shiny.

Drink Lemon Water Daily

Lemon Juice benefits for Skin

Get Glowing Skin by Lemon Juice

Whey mixed with lemon juice is an excellent tonic to maintain youth and beauty. We should drink one glass of fresh whey mixed with 1 lemon juice daily to keep our body fresh and energetic.
We can improve our digestion by drinking 1 glass of lemon water early in the morning on an empty stomach. If we drink lemon water daily early morning, constipation can also be removed.
Drinking lemon juice daily brings glow on the skin and removes wrinkles and dark circles from face
Fill a bucket with water and squeeze one lemon in that water. Now take bath with this lemonade water. This bathe improves blood circulation and brings radiance on our skin. This lemonade water also works as de-odorant and removes bad odor of sweat from or body.
Boil one glass of water and then squeeze one lemon in that boiled water. Mix one tea spoon glycerin in this lemonade water. After half an hour, apply the mixture of water, lemon and glycerin on face, hands and legs. Let this paste dry for some time and then go for sleep. When you wake up, wash your face, hands and legs. You will get a glowing skin after some days.
Mix one lemon juice, 2 tea spoons rose water and 2 tea spoons glycerin. Apply this mixture on face and body. This works as an excellent body lotion. It will give radiance and natural glow to your skin.
Mix one lemon juice with one tea spoon glycerin and I cup spinach juice. Apply this mixture on face daily to get rid of wrinkles.
Mix one lemon juice into 2 table spoon honey. Apply this mixture on your face and body daily to get rid of wrinkles. This mixture softens the skin also.
Mix lemon juice with carrot juice and cucumber juice. Apply this paste on face and other body parts daily. You will get rid of pimples and you will get radiant skin in some days.
Mix lemon juice with milk cream. Apply this mixture on face before going to sleep. It is an excellent cleanser. You will see positive result in 2 weeks. You will get younger skin.

Lemon Juice benefits for hair

Mix lemon juice with Amla (Indian Gooseberry) powder. Apply this mixture on your hair & scalp. Bathe after 30 minutes. It stops the graying of hair and dandruff.
According to weather, mix two table spoons lemon juice with cold or warm water. Apply this mixture in the roots of the hair. It stops the hair fall, hair loss and dandruff.
Mix 2 tea spoons lemon juice with coconut water and camphor. Apply this mixture into the roots of the hair. After one hour, wash your hair with the mixture of Amla and Reetha (soapnut). It will stop your hair loss, hair fall and graying of hair.
Mix lemon juice with pulp of ripe banana. Apply this on your scalp. You will get rid of baldness.

So I hope you enjoyed this beautiful post about lemon juice benefits or lemon water benefits. Now you should share this post with others to let them know the benefits of lemon juice or lemon water.

Praying for your glowing skin and shiny hair

---devsir

Healthy Living Tips

2011-05-14T19:21:00.000-07:00

Healthy Living Tips

Are you looking for the information about healthy living tips, healthy diet, how to stay healthy and happy etc? If yes, you are at right place here. You will get tried and tested tips for healthy living here so read up on to know more about healthy living and staying happy.

Healthy Living Tips

How to stay healthy and happy in today’s life?

Following is a list of tips to live healthy and happy life. Follow the tips and stay healthy and happy.

Take Sun Rays daily. The energy received from sun rays soothes our mind, body and soul.

Do Yoga regularly with Surya Namaskaar. Our muscles stretch when we do yoga and thus endorphins and serotonin release from mind which cause a relief to the mind. Walking is also very good. We get good thoughts and we feel relaxed after walking.

Always be engaged in some interesting activities. Meet friends. Read good books. Listen to melodious songs. These all activities have a positive impact on our health.

A melodious song has very medicinal effects. Listening melodious songs soothes our brain. We feel energetic after listening to the songs of our choice. So we must listen to music daily.

Sometimes, we must let the tears flow out. Psychologists believe that weeping alleviates the pain. We become stress free after weeping. This is why weeping is one of the activities involved in psychotherapy. If we feel to weep in some conditions, we should let the tears flow. It soothes our mind, body and soul.

Do not give up whatever the circumstances may be. Never lose hope in difficulties. There is a solution for every problem. Think about the solutions of problems and do not run away from the problems. Running away from problems will bring more problems so try to find out the causes and solutions of problems. You will certainly get the way to come out of the difficult situations.

Always smile and laugh in life. If you are habitual of smiling and laughing, no problem can bother you for long. Laughing gives us strength and it improves our nervous system. Laughing has extremely positive effects on human body. We must laugh daily. That’s why we see laughing clubs in our society now-a-days. Scientists have proved that laughing causes the release of endorphins in our brain which makes us happy from within.

We should dress smartly. We feel happiness when we are dressed in a good way. Good dress gives a positive impact to our personality. We feel confident by wearing sober and comfortable clothing.

Our lifestyle and foods should be balanced, disciplined and good. We should take a breakfast which gives us energy and keeps us fresh all day long. We should not take junk foods. We should take fresh fruits, green vegetables, sprouted grains etc.
We must consume bran mixed grains or gram, millet, maize, Barley etc. in our daily meals. These grains are very powerful. We must drink plenty of water to keep ourselves fresh and fully hydrated.

Also read my earlier article “how to live a happy and healthy life” to know more tips for healthy living.

I hope you really liked the tips for healthy living in this article. If you have really found this article useful, share it with others so that they can also be live a healthy and happy life.

See the healthy living tips in this video

Wishing for your good health!!!

---devsir

World Health Day 2011 & 2012

2011-04-06T18:46:00.000-07:00

World Health Day 2011

Each year World Health Day is celebrated on April 7. Each World health day has a main theme. The theme for World Health day 2012 is
"Aging and Life Course"
Ageing and health - to which each and every one of us can relate - is the theme of this year's World Health Day. Using the slogan "Good health adds life to years", campaign activities and materials will focus on how good health throughout life can help older men and women lead full and productive lives and be a resource for their families and communities. World Health Day is celebrated every year on 7 April with the sponsorship of the WHO (World Health Organization).

World health day history
In 1948, the WHO (World Health Organization) organized the First World Health Assembly. The Assembly declared 7^th April of each year as world health day and this world health day came into effect from 1950. Each year World Health Day is celebrated to show World Health Organization's founding. The world health day is considered as an opportunity by the WHO to draw a worldwide attention to the subject of major importance of global health each year. Every year WHO organizes and arranges regional, local and international events on 7^th April concerned with a particular theme. You can find the themes of world health days since 1995 in reverse chronological order as following:

Themes of World Health Days

2012: Aging and Life Course
2011: Anti-microbial resistance: no action today, no cure tomorrow
2010: Urbanization and health: make cities healthier
2009: Save lives, Make Hospitals Safe in Emergencies
2008: Protecting health from the adverse effects of climate change
2007: International health security
2006: Working together for health
2005: Make every mother and child count
2004: Road safety
2003: Shape the Future of Life: Healthy Environments for Children
2002: Move for Health
2001: Mental Health: Stop Exclusion, Dare to Care
2000: Safe Blood Start with Me
1999: Active Aging Makes the Difference
1998: Safe Motherhood
1997: Emerging Infectious Diseases
1996: Healthy Cities for Better Life
1995: Global Polio Eradication

World Health Day 2011 Slogan

The theme or slogan for world health day 2011 is “Antimicrobial resistance and its global spread: no action today, no cure tomorrow”

As it is clear from the theme of world health day 2011 that WHO wants the governments and stakeholders to implement the policies and practices needed to prevent and counter the emergence of highly resistant microorganisms.

When resistant microorganisms cause an infection and that infection fails to respond treatments of antibiotics and antimicrobial medicines, the infection can result in prolonged illness and ultimately in death. This is also known as “Drug Resistance”. So this year WHO wants a global support and commitment to safeguard antimicrobial medicines for future generations.

Today on April 7, 2011(world health day 2011), WHO will bring a six-point policy package to combat the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

So let us all join hands together to help WHO in the mission and keep in our minds
“Antimicrobial resistance and its global spread: no action today, no cure tomorrow”

I hope you found all the information as you required about world health day 2011, world health day 2011 slogan, antimicrobial resistance etc.

See and hear the speech about world heath day 2011 in this video

Now it’s time for you to share this useful article with your friends and family.
Wishing this world a good heath

---devsir

Foods that look like body parts they're good for

2011-02-26T19:58:00.000-08:00

Have you ever wondered to know that there are some foods that look like body parts they’re good for. Here is the list of these foods that look like body parts they're good for and their benefits.

Almond and Eyes:

Almond looks like eye

Almond shaped eyes

An almond and a human eye look similar and almond is very beneficial for the health of the eyes. Almond contains vitamine E which is an essential nutrient for healthy skin, hair and eyes. Almond is also rich source of monounsaturated fat and helps in lowering cholesterol level. Almonds also have selenium which is an antioxidant and thus reduces the process of aging. Almonds also help in reducing dark circles and sunken eyes

Mix almond powder with honey and rose water. This almond and honey pack is best for glowing and fairness. You can also apply it under your eyes to get rid of ugly dark circles. Add few drops of lemon juice to this pack and you can get an excellent remedy to remove blackheads.

Heart shaped apple

Apple and Heart

An apple and a human heart look similar and see how apple is beneficial for heart:

Apple lowers the level of cholesterol and hence it is beneficial for the heart.

Apples protect the cardiovascular system due to their antioxidant factors.

Dietary fibre in apples helps to keep LDL cholesterol levels in control. Eating two apples a day can lower cholesterol level to as much as 16%.

Flavonoids in apples help to deal with inflammation and clumping of blood platelets. They also regulate blood pressure and production of fat in the liver. They help to lower the risk of heart disease and even if the heart disease has occurred, Flavonoids can help to improve the health of the heart.

Apples are best in reducing the risk of heart disease, says a new study of more than 34,000 women. In this study, flavonoid-rich apples were found to be one of three foods (along with red wine and pears) that decrease the risk of mortality for both coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among post-menopausal women, The findings were published in the March 2007 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Oysters and Females’ private part look alike.

Oysters have often been called aphrodisiacs. A study presented to the American Chemical Society revealed that oysters contain two amino acids that raise levels of the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen. Estrogen improves libido of women.

A banana, chilly and a man’s instrument look alike

Chilies

Chilies contain a chemical Capsaicin which increases circulation to get blood pumping. It also stimulates nerve endings. So men feel superb turned on.

Bananas

Bananas contain potassium, which is very useful for muscle strength. Men feel a superb sensation in their instruments

Some more foods that look like body parts they are good for:

Ginger is beneficial for liver

Walnut is beneficial for human brain

I hope you have found this article useful where you learnt about foods that look like body parts they are good for. Now it's time to spread knowledge. Share this article with your friends, relatives and family.

"Enjoy Life"

Importance of health, wellness and fitness in our life: Only healthy people can enjoy the pleasures of life

2011-02-26T03:32:00.000-08:00

Importance of health, wellness and fitness in our life: Health is very important in our life because if we are not healthy we cannot enjoy our life to the fullest. Only healthy people enjoy the life to the fullest. I can justify the above statements. Read the following lines:

Bad sexual life due to erectile dysfunction

Just imagine if you are sick or ill, do you like anything? You lose interest in everything be it any eatable, any literature or any other thing. You just think about how you can be healthy soon. Suppose if you get an offer to sleep with Mallika or any other beautiful girl and you have an erectile dysfunction. What will happen? You cannot enjoy the opportunity. In the same way if you have diabetes, you cannot relish the tasty dishes. If you have any kind of serious illness, the doctor proscribes many things which you really love. If you have knee pain or other forms of joint problems, you cannot enjoy the adventurous sports like para gliding, skyiing, water sports. If a thief snatches your bag, you cannot enjoy the moment of catching the thief by running, chasing and catching on your own if you have a bulging tummy. There are so many things which we cannot enjoy if we are not healthy. You cannot impress your girlfriend by your great fit n sporty look if you are not fit n fine. So we must take care of ourselves and we must try to keep ourselves healthy and fit.

Couple enjoying a good sexual life because of good health.

So to enjoy the real pleasures of life we must be fit and fine, we must be healthy and mentally strong. If we are healthy, we can earn well, impress a girl, we can give a killer performance in bed and we can live longer.

So if you are agree with me and now you have decided to be fit and fine, learn how to live a happy and healthy life or how to be healthy. Click here to learn how to be healthy or how to live a healthy and happy life.

Some quotes about health:

“As I see it, every day you do one of two things: build health or produce disease in yourself.”

Adelle Davis (1904 - 1974)

“Every patient carries her or his own doctor inside.”

Albert Schweitzer (1875 - 1965)

“Happiness is nothing more than good health and a bad memory.”

Albert Schweitzer (1875 - 1965)

“Fitness - If it came in a bottle, everybody would have a great body.”

Cher (1946 - )

“Health is not valued till sickness comes.”

Dr. Thomas Fuller (1654 - 1734)

Human Anatomy and Physiology:glands and hormones,glands and their functions, glands in human body, diagrams with parts

2011-01-02T09:03:00.000-08:00

Human Anatomy and physiology Diagram

with Parts Name

If you are looking for anatomy and physiology, you have landed at a right place. In this article, you will find information about meaning of anatomy and physiology, what is anatomy and physiology, human anatomy and physiology, glands and hormones, glands and their functions, glands in human body etc. So read ahead and get knowledge about anatomy and physiology.

What is anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia , from ἀνατέμνειν ana: separate, apart from, and temnein , to cut up, cut open) is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology through common roots in evolution

Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. It is a subcategory of biology. In physiology, the scientific method is applied to determine how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical function that they have in a living system. The word physiology is from Ancient Greek: φύσις, physis , "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia , "study of".

Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. In Human Physiology we have molecular physiology, cell physiology, endocrine physiology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology etc.

In Applied Human Physiology we have Space Physiology, Sports Physiology, Exercise Physiology, High Altitude Physiology, Environmental Physiology, Clinical Physiology etc.

The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Physiology is closely related to anatomy; anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Endocrinology

Endocrinology is concerned with the actions of special chemicals, called hormones, in the body. A hormone, which comes from the Greek word meaning a distant messenger, is a biologically active chemical secreted by a specialized organ in the body (called gland) which circulates in the blood stream and has effect on a distant target organ in the body. Hormones are secreted by the so-called ductless glands to distinguish them from glands that put their products into the bloodstream but into a duct, such as a sweat gland or digestive glands.

Glands in human body

There are several ductless glands, including the thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, suprarenal glands or adrenals, pituitary body or hypophysis, pineal body, gonads (ovaries and testes), and pancreatic islets.

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland that wraps around the windpipe. When signaled by the pituitary the thyroid produces hormones that speed up or slow down metabolism. The four parathyroid glands, situated around (or sometimes within ) the thyroid , regulate calcium levels in the blood. The thymus glandis situated below the thyroid and is believed to play a major role in the functioning of the immune system.

Two adrenal glands sitting on top of each kidney produce hormones controlling our response to stress. The hormones made in the adrenal cortex fight inflammation and help control blood-sugar and mineral levels. A gland located in the central lower portion of the brain is called the pituitary. It is known as the "master gland" because it signals other endocrine glands to turn on and off. Another small gland in the brain is called thepineal gland; it may work with the pituitary in regulating body temperature, motor activity, sleep, and mood.

The gonads consist of the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, whereas the testes produce testosterone and other androgens. All these hormones are responsible for sexual characteristics and reproduction. The pancreas is about 4 to 6 inches long; it lies behind the stomach and extends transversely from the concavity of the duodenum to the spleen. In addition to secreting digestive enzymes, it produces such hormones as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels. Specialized cells in the kidney, the intestines, and other organs also secrete hormones. The kidneys produce hormones that maintain normal blood pressure and regulate production of red blood cells.

Glands and Hormones and their Functions in Human Body

GLAND	HORMONE	FUNCTION
THYROID	Thyroxine, triiodothyronine	1. Regulates metabolism in body cells. 2. Stimulates passage of calcium into bones from blood.
PARATHYROIDS	Parathyroid hormone.	Regulates calcium in the blood
ADRENALS	Cortex : Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), Cortisol (glucocorticoid), Medulla : Androgens, estrogens, and progestins Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)	1. Regulates the amount of salts in the body. 2. Regulates the quantities of sugars, fats, and protein in cells. 3. Maintains secondary sex characteristics sympathomimetic.
PANCREAS:Islet cells	Insulin and Glucagon	Insulin: Regulates the transport of glucose to the body cells, Glucagon: Increases blood sugar by causing conversion of glycogen to glucose.
PITUITARY:Anterior lobe & Posterior lobe	Growth hormone (GH; somatotropin), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), Gonadotropins, Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL), Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH),Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin), Oxytocin	1. Increases bone and tissue growth. 2. Stimulates production of thyroxine and growth of the thyroid gland. 3. Stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex, especially cortisol. 4. Promotes gonadal growth and function, such as stimulation of follicular growth or of androgen formation. 5. Stimulates growth of eggs and ovarian hormone secretion. 6. Promotes ovulation; male hormone secretion (ICSH). 7. Promotes growth of breast tissue and milk secretion. 8. Increases pigmentation of the skin. 9. Stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules. 10. Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.
OVARIES	Estradiol & Progesterone	1.Develops and maintains female secondary sex characteristics. 2. Prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy.
TESTES	Testosterone	Promotes growth and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

Share the knowledge about anatomy and physiology

I hope you have found the useful information about meaning of anatomy and physiology, what is anatomy and physiology, human anatomy and physiology, glands and hormones, glands and their functions, glands in human body etc. So now it’s time to share this useful article with your friends. Add this to favorites and link to this article from your website or social network.

Enjoy the knowledge

eye anatomy and physiology: layers of the posterior globe,diagram, parts in eyes

2010-12-28T06:15:00.000-08:00

Human Eye Diagram with parts

If you are looking for the detailed information about eye anatomy and physiology, you have landed at a right place. In this article, you will find the information about human eye anatomy and physiology, parts of the eye, eye diagram, human eye exam etc.

Eye is the spherical hollow organ of vision that consists of eyeball and optic nerve. The area of the eye including lids and other accessory organs of the eye; the contents of the orbit. The optic nerve or second cranial nerve is the sensory nerve of sight. The nerve arises from the ganglion cells in the retinawhich converge to form the optic nerve. The nerve passes backwards and medially and runs through the optic canal, to enter the cranial cavity and thence to the optic chiasma. The optic nerve has three coverings, similar to the meninges of the brain. The outer one is tough and fibrous and blends with the sclera, the middle covering is delicate like the arachnoid matter and the inner one is vascular.

When the fibers reach the optic chiasma half of the fibers converge to reach the opposite side of the optic tract. By means of this arrangement of fibers each optic nerve is related to both sides of the brain. The visual center lies in the cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain. The eyeball is the organ of sight. It is contained in the bony orbit, and protected by appendages such as the eyelids, eyebrows, conjunctiva, and the lacrimal apparatus.

Six muscles move the eye, four straight and two oblique. These lie inside the orbit passing from the bony walls of the orbit to be attached to the sclerotic coat of the eye behind the cornea. The straight muscles are the superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles of the eye. These move the eye upwards, downwards, inwards and outwards respectively. The oblique muscles are the inferior and superior. The superior oblique moves the eye downwards and outwards. The movement of the eyes are combined, both eyes move to right or left, up and down, etc., the nerves supplying these muscles are the motores oculi--the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves.

THE Eye Globe

The eyeball is generally described as a globe or sphere, but it is oval, not circular. It is about an inch in diameter, transparent in front, and composed of three layers:

1. Outer fibrous, the supporting layer.

2. Middle, vascular

3. Inner nervous layer.

The sclera is the tough outer fibrous coat. It forms the white of the eye and is continuous in front with a transparent window-membrane, the cornea. The sclera protects the delicate structures of the eye and helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball. The anterior one quarter is called the cornea; it is composed of clear tissue permitting light rays to pass through. The anterior one quarter of the globe has a different curvature than the posterior three-quarter section and because of its shape, it also bends these light rays. The posterior three quarters of the globe is formed by a white, opaque tissue known as the sclera. This outer layer of the globe is firm and forms the casing for the vital internal structures.

The internal contents of the globe can be divided into two main areas: the anterior portion --the joining of the cornea with the sclera at the limbus, and the posterior portion, extending from the limbus posterior to the optic nerve. It contains the neuroretinal and vascular elements that are essential to seeing clearly.

The anterior chamber is a space bounded by the cornea anteriorly and the iris posteriorly, with the crystalline lens behind the central iris hole, which is known as the pupil. The anterior chambers filled with a solution known as theaqueous humor. The aqueous humor is constantly changing, being formed in the posterior chamber and flowing between the back surface of the iris through the pupils and into the anterior chamber. It then filters out from the eye through a sieve like structure in the angle where the iris is attached to the cornea and then into collector channels that flow back into the venous drainage from the globe. This sieve like structure is known as the trabecular meshwork.

The posterior portion of the globe begins with a small posterior chamber bounded by the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface ( hyaloid membrane) of the vitreous humor. In this posterior chamber are thecrystalline lens, the lens capsule, and the zonular fibers that hold the lens in place. The aqueous humor is formed in the posterior chamber and flows between the zonular fibers and the posterior and anterior surface of the lens throughout the pupil and into the anterior chamber.

The large posterior globe has three layers: the scleral opaque shell in the choroid that contains blood vessels of varying caliber, and the neuroretina, which contains nine layers of neural and glial cells and whose outer half receives oxygen from blood vessels and capillaries of the choroid. The inner layers receive oxygen from the retinal circulation and retinal artery. The central cavity of the posterior position of the globes filled with vitreous gel. This gel is transparent and transmits rays of light that have been bent by the curvature of the cornea and crystalline lens to form an image on the retina.

The choroid or middle vascular coat contains the blood vessels, which are theramifications of the ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid. This vascular coat forms the iris with the central opening or pupil of the eye.The pigmented layer behind the iris gives it color and determines whether the eye is blue, brown, grey, etc. the choroid is continuous in front with the iris and just behind the iris this coat is thickened to form the ciliary body, thus the ciliary body lies between the choroid and the iris. It contains circular muscle fibers and radiating fibers; contraction of the former contracts the pupil of the eye.

Together these form the uveal tract, consisting of iris, ciliary body and choroid coat.

Retina, eyelids and orbit

The retina is the inner nervous coat of the eye, composed of a number of layers of fibers, nerve cells, rods and cones, all of which are included in the construction of the retina, the delicate nerve tissue conducting the nerve impulses from the retina to the optic disc, the point where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. This is a blind spot, as it possesses no retina. The most acutely sensitive part of the retina is the macula, which colors just external to the optic disc. And exactly opposite the center of the pupil. Once the image has been formed on the retina, it is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, which exits through the sclera at the scleral optic nerve foramen. The optic nerve is similar to a tract in the brain and, if cut does not regenerate like peripheral nerves.

The eye lids act like curtains that protect the globe, constant blinking removes dust and grit from the surface of the cornea and conjunctiva by moving the tear film across the palpebral tissue to the inner corner of the lids and down into the lacrimal punctum, canal sac and duct. The quick reflex of the lids protects the globe from approaching objects. The lids also protect the eyes when one sleeps by preventing the cornea from drying, the lids are covered externally byskin, and internally by a soft mucous membrane . The conjunctiva, which joins the loose mucous membrane, covers the globe up to the limbus and the edge of the cornea. The mucous glands secrete mucus that lubricates the membrane and helps entrap dust particles, which roll up into a mucous wall and can usually be found as dried secretion in the inner corner of the palpebral fissure.

The orbit is a long, conical space surrounded by bone in which the eyeball, fat, muscle, and nerves are present. The fat of the orbits cushions the eyeball and permits the extraocular muscles to contract and relax, thereby, moving the globe to different directions of gaze. Nerves and blood vessels supply these muscles, and the eyeball passes through the fat in this cone.

I hope you have found the useful information about human eye anatomy and physiology, parts of the eye, eye diagram, human eye exam etc.

See how a human eye works in this video

So now share this with your friends and spread the word about this useful article.

Peelings Are Beneficial

2010-11-01T09:45:00.000-07:00

If you eat the apple after peeling it, you remove the nutritious elements of the apple. Eating an apple without peeling it is beneficial for health.

The peelings of an apple contain minerals, vitamins and fibers. It doesn’t contain cholesterol. If you peel an apple, the apple loses its vitamin C. An apple helps in removing body weakness with its iron, arsenic, and phosphorous. Pectin is found in the peelings of the apple which helps in maintaining a low level of cholesterol and blood sugar.

Boil the peelings of an apple in water and then keep the water for cooling. Wash your eyes with the cooled water to get rid of the eyes irritation. The peelings of the juicy fruits like orange and lemon cannot be eaten but these can be used in food preparation. The chemicals present in these fruits lessen the danger of Cancer. Pectin present in these fruits helps in indigestion.

So next time you peel an apple, lemon or orange, keep the above benefits in mind.

Skin Care Tips:how to get glowing skin

2010-11-01T09:14:00.000-07:00

Basically, there are 3 types of skin- Dry Skin, Oily Skin and Combination Skin. The Combination Skin type requires the most care. Please read ahead to find the skin care tips:

Dry

Do not use soap-based cleansers, toners, astringents, and drying masks.

Use a moisturizer. Moisturizer helps remove dryness. You can choose any brand you prefer. You don't need different products for various body parts, though you may prefer a lighter formulation for your face.

Cleansing, exfoliation and hydration of skin starts in the shower. So apply moisturizer after a bath. Do not use extremely hot water to wash and bathe. This increases dryness.

Oily

Astringents, toners, and other oil-cutting products may be useful to control overproduction of oil. Overproduction of oil causes breakouts.

But to prevent overproduction of oil, do not let your skin to be over dry. Over dryness causes arid and peeling skin. A recently launched new relevant product called Tazorac gel is available in the market. You should get a doctor's prescription to use this gel. The gel is quite effective in controlling oil production.

Use a moisturizer only when and where you need it. Ensure that moisturizer is water-based, oil-free, and non comedogenic.

Combination

This skin type requires most care because this type requires everything well balanced. Luckily, for most combo-skin types, the oiliness is centered in the T-zone area. In T-zone area, everyone has a higher concentration of sebaceous glands. Use a water-based, oil-free, noncomedogenic moisturizer, but only in the areas where you need it.