Healthcare Dome

Skin Cancers

noreply@blogger.com (rebeilmarah) — Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:40:00 +0000

SKIN CANCER

>Numerous types of tumor arises in the skin.Most skin tumors are benign and do not spread(metastasis)to othr body areas.
>some skin tumors ate malignant or cancerous and tend to invade other body areas.

WORDS TO REMEMBER
SKIN = The membranous tissues forming the external covering or integument of an animal and consisting in vertebrae of the epidermis or dermis.

3 MAJOR TYPES OF SKIN CANCER

*BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (BCC)
*SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SCC)
*MELANOMA

RISK FACTOR;

*FAIR SKIN
*A HISTORY OF SUNBURN
*EXCESSIVE SUN EXPOSURE
*SUNNY OR HIGH ALTITUDE CLIMATE
*MOLES
*A FAMILY HISTORY OF SKIN CANCER.
*A PERSONAL HISTORY OF SKIN CANCER
* A WEAKNED IMMUNE SYSTEM
*EXPOSURE TO RADIATION
*EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN SUBSTANCES.

■BASAL CELL CARCINOMA■

> Slow -growing destructive skin tumo basal cell carcinoma.
>usually occur in person over age 40.
>it more prevalent in blond , fair-skinned males and most common malignant tumor affecting people.

CAUSES;

*PROLONG SUN EXPOSURE

*OTHER POSSIBLE CAUSE
>arsenic ingestion
>radiation exposure
>immunosuppression

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS;

*SMOOTH
*Pearly bump on the sun exposed skin to the head, neck or shoulder.
*small blood vessel maybe visible wthin the tumor.
*A central depression with crusting and bleeding (ulceration) frequently develop.
*often mistaken for a sore that doesn't heal.

DIAGNOSIS;

*INCISIONAL /EXCISIONAL BIOSPY
*HISTOLOGICAL STUDY

Note!
Treatment depending on the size , location and depth of the lesion.

CURETTAGE AND ELECTRODESICCATION= Good cosmetics result for small lesion.
TROPICAL FLUORUORACIL=used for superficial lesion.
MICROSCOPICALLY=Controlled surgical excision carefully removed the recurrent lesion until the tumor free plane is achieved.
IRRADIATION= used if tumor location requires it.
>for elderly and debilitated patient who might not withstand surgery.
*CRYOTHERAPY=With liquid nitrogen freezes and kill the cells.
*CHEMOTHERAPY= often necessary for persistent and recurrent lesion.

●SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA●

>Arising fron the keratinizing epidermal cell.
> grow rapidly and metastasize to adjacent lymph nodes if not removed

CAUSES;
Predisposing factor associated;
*over exposure to the sun
*ingestion of herbicides containing arsenic
*chronic skin irritation
*inflammation
*exposure to local carcinogen

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
*Commonly a well-defined,red scaling,thickened patch or sun exposed skin.
*may ulcerate and bleed
*lesion appear as a scaly ,reddened papule

DIAGNOSIS

EXCISIONAL BIOSPY

LABORATORY TEST

The size,shape,location and invasiveness of squamous cell tumor and condition of the underlying tissues determine the treatment method used.
Wide surgical excision.
electrodesiccation and curettage
radiation therapy
Chemotherapy

WORDS TO REMEMBER.!

☆ELECTRODESICCATION=drying up the tissue by high frequently electric current applied with a needle shape electrode.
☆CURETTAGE=Medical procedures to remove tissue by scraping or scooping.

●MELANOMA●

>cancer of melanocytes
>can benign whenever there is pigment.
>Developw from pigmented mole.

ABCD RULE FOR RECOGNIZING MELANOMA

A - (SYMMETRY) The two side of the pigmented spot or mole do not match.
B - (BORDER IRREGULARITY)= the border of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentation.
C - (COLOR)= The pigmented spot contain areas of different color [black,brown ,tans and sometimes blue and red]
D - (DIAMETER)= the spot is larger than 6mm in diameter.

CAUSES;

*EXCESSIVE EXPOSURE TO SUN LIGHT
*SKIN TYPE
*HORMONAL FACTOR
*FAMILY HISTORY
*PAST HISTORY OF MELANOMA

DIAGNOSIS;

*SKIN BIOSPY WTH HISTOLOGIC EXAM
*PHYSICAL EXAM
*CHEST X-RAY
*LABORATORY TEST
*CT SCAN
*SURGICAL RESECTION
*REGIONAL LYMPHADENETOMY
*CHEMOTHERAPHY
*BIOLOGICAL THERAPHY

PREVENTION:

Avoid sun during middle of the day.
Wear sunscreen year round
Wear protective clothing
Avoid tanning bed
Beware of sun-sensitizing medication.
check ur skin regurlary

Tonsillitis

noreply@blogger.com (Sanjaya Kanishka) — Wed, 22 Oct 2014 02:31:00 +0000

Do have difficulty on swallowing, pain on the neck and fever?
Check and learn about tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of tonsil due to overwhelmed bacteria known as streptococcus.
*typically referred to as strep throat
strep throat is a contagious infection spread a close contact with an affected individual.

●causes

Adenoviruses that can cause a mild respiratory infection
influenza known as flu
respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) virus can cause respiratory tract and a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections.
Epstein-barr virus called human herpersvirus 4(HHv-4)

■symptoms

>fever
>ear pain
>loss of appetite
>difficulty of swallowing
>headache,coughing
>pain blister on the throat
>throat pain
>bad breath
>redness on tonsil
> tiredness
>loss of voice/changing of voice
>white pus-filled spots on the tonsil
>swollen of lymph nodes on the neck
>nausea and vomiting

●treatment

medication such pain reliever,anti-inflammatory,fever reducing medicine.
Amoxicillin and penicillin for antibiotic drug
Note
Taking medication without physicians prescription and recommendations must be avoided!

■home remedies

lime juice
Squeeze the juice of one whole lemon in a glassful of warm water,add four teaspoon of honey and a pinch of common salt.
Stir and drink it while the water is warm.

Bark of the babul tree( acacia arabica)
Boil the bark of babul in a water and let it simmer for 20 minutes. Let it cool and use it for gargle.

This is to stop the tonsil pain and speed recovery

Take a glass of milk with a pinch of turmeric powder and pepper powder and drink.. Do this every night for 3 days.

Fenugreek seeds
Boil the fenugreek seedbin the water for an hour and let it cool.. use it for gargle and do it once a day

●managing tonsillitis

avoid sour except fruits like lemon and oranges
avoid buttermilk and pickles
avoid spicy and hot foods
avoid acidic drink like cola and hot beverages such tea and milk
avoid talking to much
have some candies its help the throat

Note
Health is wealth and knowledge is power combined it... knowledge of health is powerful wealth!

Nose Bleeding

noreply@blogger.com (Sanjaya Kanishka) — Wed, 22 Oct 2014 02:08:00 +0000

What will you do ..When you wake up in the morning and suddenly your nose is bleeding?
Well this article will help you to understand some important tips on how to do some first aid and knowledge concerning nose bleeding.

Nosebleed!

>is a loss of blood from tissue lining and most occur in one nostril only.
>know as epistaxis in medical term
>a flow of blood from a rupture of blood vessels
> It is not a serious case and can handle easily if you have a proper knowledge
> tend to occur during winter and summer
> occur in any age but most common on age 2 to 10 years old and old aged people

●TYPES OF NOSEBLEED

Anterior Nosebleed
>Bleeding comes from the front of the nose.
>90 percent of nosebleed are anterior
Posterior Nosebleed
>bleeding comes from the artery in the back of the nose.
>elderly people often experience it.
>more complicated and need some medical intervention by an otolaryngologist ( an ears,nose and throat specialist)

CAUSES

very cold and dry air
irritation cause by allergies,colds and sneezing
blowing the nose very hard or picking the nose.
deviated septum
Chemical irritant
nose injury such as broken nose.
anti-coagulant such as warfarin(coumadin) or aspirin may cause or worsen nosebleed
high blood pressure

symptoms

Heavy bleeding from the nose.
dizziness due to excessive bleeding and loss of blood
palpitation
palor(pale)

TREATMENT

First Aid📌
Step 1
Sit the casualty down and advice them to tilt their head forward.

Step 2
Advice the casualty to breath through their mouth and pinch the soft part of their nose

Step 3
Reassure the casualty and advice them to pinch their nose for ten minutes

Step 4
After ten minutes has passed, ask the casualty to release the pressure ( this can be done for two further ten minutes period)

Step 5
If the bleeding continue after 30 minutes, contact the emergency service to arrange casualty 's removal to hospital

Home care!
place a covered ice pack on the bridge of the nose
avoid blowing your nose, bending down and strenuous activity for at least 12 hours after the nosebleed. .try to keep the head above level to your heart during this time of incident.

Medical treatment
nasal packing
antibiotic if nosebleed cause by infection such sinusitis
Cautery is a minor procedure that cauterise (burn) the blood vessel where the bleeding is coming from

PREVENTION

Avoid picking your nose or blowing hard
Stop smoking .. smoking lead nasal dryness or irritation
During winter and cold dry climate use humidifier in your home.
Use petroleum (Vaseline) or Over the counter nasal spray or a saline spray to keep your nasal passage moist.

Note
Doctor's advice is better than self treatment.. health is wealth and knowledge is power .. combine it
Knowledge of health is powerful than wealth!

Skin Tags

noreply@blogger.com (Sanjaya Kanishka) — Mon, 20 Oct 2014 01:22:00 +0000

Skin Tags

What are Skin Tags?

Skin tags are known as acrochordon, cutaneous papilloma, cutaneous tag. Fibro epithelial polyp, fibroma pendulum, papilloma colli , soft fibroma and templeton skin tag.

>a small and soft hanging in the skin
>have different colors pink,brown,red, or black can require biopsy to exclude the cause of skin cancer.
>not harmless or tumor but a benign
>most common in woman than man

●most typical area skin tag exist

armpit
eyelid
groin
upper chest
under the breast
neck

● Causes

obesity cause they have more skin folds and creases
pregnant woman
diabetic person
illegal steriod user
age factor

●treatment

surgical
cauterization =burning part of the body to removed or closed off a part of it.
cryosurgery= is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue (Shown in above image)
herbal remedies

>apple cigar vinegar
Take a cotton balls and dip in the cider vinegar and apply it on the skin tag area.

>Tea tree oil
Take a cotton balls and dip it to the oil and apply it to the skin tag. Do the process 2 times a day

>Castor oil
Few drops of castor oil and baking soda.make a thin paste out of the two ingredients and add few drops of citrus oil..dab a cotton ball in the mixture and apply it to the skin tag and place a band aid. Do this procedure for at least 2 to 4 weeks everyday

>vitamin E
Open the capsule and apply vitamin E directly to the skin tags and put bandage.. do the process for a few days.

Note!
Skin tags is harmless..So! no need to have tension. If you have a skin tag problem Just do have proper knowledge on how to get it off it..

Here is an Info graphic made by Naturasil for more info and facts.

Cluster Headache

noreply@blogger.com (Sanjaya Kanishka) — Sun, 19 Oct 2014 01:51:00 +0000

Cluster Headache

What is Cluster Headache ?

-A type of headache that is known as suicide headache
-recur in over a period of time
-Nocturnal attack pain started after one to two hours after bed
-experience an epidose one to three times a day during a period of time
-most common in man than woman

Symptoms of Cluster Headache
nasal discharge
tearing of the eyes
facial swelling
one sided pain
pale skin on the eyes
drooping eyelid

Cluster headache trigger (Causes)
alcohol consumption and smoking
drugs like histamine and nitroglycerin
stress
Changes of weather
Family history

Test and diagnosis

neurological examination
computerized tomography CT scan

magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI )

TREATMENT

●Acute treatment

* oxygen
* trip tans inject able from of sumatriptam (mitrix) treatment for migraine
note!
Uncontrollable high blood pressure and heart disease are not recommended to administer this drug
* zolmitriptan (zomig) nasal spray
* octreotide(sanodostatin)an inject able synthetic version of the brain hormone somatostatin
* local anaesthetic such as lidocaine
* dehydroergotamine

●Preventive treatment

*calcium channel blocker Verapamil
*corticosteroids
*Nerve blocker
* ergot available as tablet
* melatonin

●surgery

The above image shows the Deep Brain/ Hypothalamic stimulation , a surgical treatment for cluster headaches developed by Italian researchers

managing tips

* avoid taking alcohol
* avoid smoking
* have a an adequate rest and normal sleeping habit
* avoid stress
* Proper healthy diet

Information source

Mayo clinic

FIBROMYALGIA

noreply@blogger.com (rebeilmarah) — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 13:00:00 +0000

FIBROMYALGIA
a syndrome characterized by chronic pain in any of the various muscles and surrounding soft tissues.(such as tendon and ligaments).

Fibro =fibrous tissues(latin)
Myo= muscle(greek)
algos=pain(greek)

CAUSES:
Unknown but is believed to involve psychological, genetic,neurobiological and environmental factor.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

*Fatigue
*sleep disturbance
*joint stiffness
*depression & anxiety
*abnormal pain
*dry eyes/ mouth
*nocturnal sweating

TREATMENT
*medication
*self care

MEDICATION/DRUGS:
*PAIN RELIEVER
*OPIOIDS
*ANTI- DEPRESSANT DRUGS

Breast Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (rebeilmarah) — Mon, 26 May 2014 15:41:00 +0000

BREAST CANCER

>which is characterized by the growth of malignant tumors in the glandular tissues on the breast.
CAUSES;

HIGH RISK
*have long menstrual cycle. Began menses early or menopause late.
*family history of breast cancer
*have never been pregnant
*have had unilateral breast cancer
*were expose to low-level ionizing radiation.
*estrogen therapy
*high -fat diet
*obesit
*Fibro cystic disease of the breast
*have had endometrial or ovarian cancer

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
>Breast cancer occur more often in the right and often in the upper outer quadrant.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS.;

*a lump in the breast (a hard stony is usually malignant)
*a change in symmetry or size of the breast.
*change in breast skin(thickening scaly skin around the nipple.dimpling,edema)
*unusual drainage or discharged
*itching,burning, erosion or retraction.
*edema

DIAGNOSIS;

*MAMMOGRAPHY
*NEEDLE BIOPSY
*SURIGAL BIOPSY
*UTRASONOGRAPHY
OTHER TEST;
*BONE SCAN
*COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
*MEASUREMENT OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE LEVEL.
*LIVER FUNCTION STUDIES
*LIVER BIOPSY CAN DETECT DISTANT METASTASIS

TREATMENT;

■SURGERY;

*MASTECTOMY=surgical removal of all or part of the breast.
*LUMPECTOMY=surgical removal of tumor in the breast
KINDS OF MASTECTOMY
*SIMPLE MASTECTOMY=remove the breast but not the lymph nodes.
*MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY=remove the breast and the auxillary lymph nodes.
*RADICAL MASTECTOMY= remove the breast, pectoralis major and minor and the axillary lymph nodes.

■RADIATION THERAPY

■CHEMOTHERAPY,TAMOXIFEN,AND PERIPHERAL STEM CELL.

> THE COMMON USED ANTI NEOPLASTIC DRUGS
*CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE
*FLUORUORACIL
*DOXORUBICIN
*VINCRISTINE
*PACLITAXEL
*PREDNISONE
>COMMON DRUGS COMBINATION
USED IN BOTH PRE MENOPAUSAL AND POST MENOPAUSAL.
*CYCLOPHOSPHAMID,METHOTREXATE AND FLUORUORACIL (CMF)

■PRIMARY RADIATION THERAPY.;
*used or after tumors removal
*effective for small tumors in early stage

■OTHER DRUGS;
>breast cancer patients may also receive;
*estrogen
*progesterone
*androgen
*anti androgen

Note;

Every woman must be aware and conscious on our health particularly our breast.. do some self examine at least once a month

Leukemia

noreply@blogger.com (rebeilmarah) — Mon, 26 May 2014 15:28:00 +0000

LEUKEMIA=Cancer that start in blood-forming tissues such the bone marrow and cause large number of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood stream.

>LEUKEMIA comes from the Greek word LEUKO means white
AIM means blood.

TYPES OF LEUKEMIA

■ACUTE=which is rapidly progressing disease that result in the accumulation of immature,useless cell in the marrow and blood.

■CHRONIC=Progress more slowly and allow more mature,useful cell to be made.
note: Acute leukemia crowds out the good cell more quickly than chronic leukemia.

TYPES OF AFFECTED BLOOD CELL;

●LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
>if the cancerous transformation occur in the type of marrow that makes lymphocytes.

●MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA
>if the cancerous change occur in the type of marrow cell that go on to produce Red blood cell other types of white cells and platelets.

TYPES OF LEUKEMIA

■ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC (LYMPHOCYCTIC)LEUKEMIA (ALL)
>abnormal growth if lymphocyte precursor(lymphoblast)
>most common types of leukemia among young children, although adult get it as well.
Following are the subtypes of leukemia.
*PRECURSOR B ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC LEUKEMIA
*PRECURSOR T ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC LEUKEMIA.
BURKITTS LEUKEMIA.
Tx;

●SYSTEMIC CHEMOTHERAPHY/ DRUGS;
>vincristine
>prednisone
>high dose cytarabine
>L-asparaginase
>AMSA
>daunorubicin
>intrathecal methotrexate or cytarabine

●RADIATION THERAPHY
>testicular infiltration

■CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL)
>Progressive disease that common in elderly.
>controllable spread of abnormal,small,blood and bone marrow.
>most are men and adult age 50 above.
>hardly affect children
>incurable
>aggressive form of CLL is the B cell prolymphocyte leukemia.

CAUSES;
*UNKNOWN
*SUSPECTED CAUSES.;
>hereditary factor
>still undefined chromosome abnormalities.
>immunologic defect.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS;
*EARLY STAGES;
>Fatigue
>malais
>fever

*ADVANCE STAGE.;
>severe fatigue
>Weight loss
>Liver and spleen enlargement
>bone tenderness
>Edema for lymph node obstruction.
>anemia
>pallor
>weakness dyspnea
>tachycardia
>palpitation
>bleeding and infection.
Tx;

●SYSTEMIC CHEMOTHERAPHY
>Alkylating agents
>chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide
>steroids(prednisone)=when autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia.

●RADIATION TREATMENT= to removed organ cell.

■ACUTE MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA (AML)
>common among adult than children.
>affect male than female.

FOLLOWING ARE SUBTYPES OF ACUTE MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA(AML)
>ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC
>ACUTE MEGAKARVOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA.

CAUSES.,

*combinations of viruses ( viral remmant have been found in leukemia cell)
*genetic
*immunologic factor
*exposure of radiation
*certain chemical.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS;

*Sudden onset high fever
*accompanied by thrombocytopenia
*abnormal bleeding nose bleed,gingival bleeding,purpura,ecchymoses,petechiae
*easily bruising
*prolong menses
*pallor
*dyspnea
*anemia
*Fatigue
*malaise
*tachycardia
*palpitation
Tx;
* combinations of IV claunorubin and cytarabine
*combination of >cyclophosphamide
>Vincristine
>prednisone
>high dose cytarabine
>etepisode
>mitoxantrone

■CHRONIC MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA(CML)
>characterised ny the abnormal overgrowth of granulocyte
>most common in young and middle-aged

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS;

*anemia
*weakness
*fatigue
*decrease exercises tolerance
*pallor
*dyspnea
*tachycardia
*headache
*thrombocytopenia= decrease number of platelets.
*retinal hemorrhage
*nose bleed
*ecchymoses
*hemanal hemorrhage
*melena
*hepatosplenomegaly known as (HSM)= Enlargement of both liver.

DIAGNOSIS;

*White blood cell abnormalities
*hemoglobin often below 10g/dl
*hematocrit low (less than 30%)
*platelets count:thrombocytosis (more than 1 million/ul)
*serum uric acid level greater than 8mg/dl
*bone marrow aspirate or biospy
*computed tomography scan CT
Tx:
*aggressive chemotherapy
*oral agent.
>aspirin to prevent strokes
>busulfan
>hydroxyurea
*local splenic radiation
*leukapheresis
*allopurinol

Kidney Stones

noreply@blogger.com (rebeilmarah) — Fri, 09 May 2014 17:08:00 +0000

KIDNEY STONES

>Kidney stones is hard, Crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract.
>known as Renal calculi.

WORDS TO REMEMBER
NEPHROLITHIASIS the presence of kidney stones (calculi) in the kidney.
UROLITHIASIS the disease condition resulting from formation of calculi in the urinary tract.
URETERO LITHIASIS for a presence of a calculus or calculi in one or both ureter.

CAUSES

Predisposing factors;

●DEHYDRATION Resultant decreased urine production concentrates calculus-forming substances.

●INFECTION
>In tissue provide a site for calculus development.
>Ph changes provide a favorable medium for calculus formation ( especially for magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi )
>may promote destruction of renal parenchyma.

●OBSTRUCTION
> Can result from urinary stasis.
>allow calculus constituent to collect the adhere forming calculi.
> promotes infection which in turn compound obstruction.

●METABOLISM FACTOR
>Predispose to renal calculi include ;
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Overactivity of the parathyroid gland characterized by muscular weakness.
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS = Medical conditions that involves an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of kidney to appropriately acidity the urine.

ELEVATED URIC ACID (Usually with gout)

EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF VITAMIN D OR DIETARY CALCIUM.
Some of the factors that have been associated with the increased incidence of kidney stones include.
>family history of kidney stones.
>insulin resistance.
>History of disorder such as hypertension primary hyperparathyroidism , gout .
>long standing acidosis.
>structural abnormality of the urinary tract
> consumption of drugs such as triamterene, indinavir and acetazolamide.

TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES

●CALCIUM STONE

>made of calcium compounds especially calcium oxalate .
>conditions that cause high calcium level in the body.
>hyperparathyroidism increase the risk of calcium.
>high level of oxalate also increase the risk of calcium.

● URIC ACID STONES

> A waste product normally passed out of the body in the urine.
Note
You are more likely to have uric acid stone if u have.;
*low urine output
* a diet high in animal protein such red meat.
* Ab increase intake of alcohol.
*GOUT
*inflammatory bowel disease

●STRUVITE STONES

>they can also be called infection stone if they occur within kidney or urinary tract infections (UTIs)
>sometime called STAGHORN CALCULI if they grow large.
>can be serious because they are often large stones and may occur With infection.
>it can be treated by antibiotic or removal of the stone. Woman are more affected than men due to the higher risk of urinary tract infections.

●CYSTINE STONES

>Made of chemical called cystine
>cystine stone are more likely to occur people whose families have conditions that result in too much cystine in the urine.
(CYSTINURIA)
>can prevented or dissolved with medicine but this maybe difficult and not effective.
>removal of stone can be done it cause blockage in the urinary tract.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

*PAIN
>cramping in their side.groin or abdomen
*HEMATURIA(blood in the urine)
*restlessness
*feeling of vomiting
*fever and Chill.

DIAGNOSIS;

KIDNEY -URETER-BLADDER X-RAY reveal most renal calculi.
CALCULUS ANALYSIS show mineral content.
EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY confirms the diagnosis and determines size and location of calculi
KIDNEY ULTRASONOGRAPHY An easily performed noninvasive ,nontoxic test,detect obstructive change such as unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis.
URINE CULTURE of midstream specimens may indicate urinary tract infections.
URINALYSIS
A 24-HOUR URINE COLLECTION is evaluated for calcium oxalate,phosphorus and uric acid excretion level.
SERIAL BLOOD CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS detect hyperparathyroidism and show an increased calcium level in proportion to the normal level of serum protein.
BLOOD PROTEIN LEVEL determine level of free calcium unbound to protein.
BLOOD CHLORIDE AND BICARBONATE LEVEL may show renal tubular acidosis
INCREASED BLOOD URIC ACID LEVEL may indicate gout as the cause.
TREATMENT
> Renal calculi are smaller than 5mm in diameter ,treatment usually consists of measure to promote their natural passage.

■Antimicrobial therapy ( varying with cultured organism ) for infection
Analgesic such as MEPERIDINE for pain
Diuretic drugs to prevent urinary stasis calculus formation

■PROPHYLAXIS to prevent calculus formation includes
low calcium diet for absorptive hypercalciuria.
parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism
ALLOPURINOL for uric acid calculi.
daily administration of oral ascorbic acid to acidify the urine.

■SURGICAL TREATMENT
▪URETEROSCOPY
▪SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY
▪URINE EXTRAVASATION
NATURAL TREATMENT
▪Lemon juice ,olive oil and raw apple cider vinegar.
Procedure
>Mix 2 oz of organic olive oil with 2 oz of organic lemon juice.
>drink it straight and follow with a 12 ounce of glass of purified water.
>wait 30 minutes
>squeeze the juice of 1/2 lemon into 12 ounce of purified glass of water.add 1 tablespoon of organic raw apple cider vinegar and drink.
>repeat the procedure every hour.
▪UVA URSI
>common folk remedy for kidney disease
>infection in the kidney but it may also help reduce pain and cleansed the urinary tract.
>500 mg 3X a day
▪DANDELION ROOTS
>Great kidney tonic and cleaner
>500 mg 2x a day
▪KIDNEY BEANS
>remove bean from inside the pod then boil the pods in purified hot water for 6 hours. Strained through cheese cloth ,cooled and taken throughout the day for one day to ease kidney stone pain.
▪HORSETAILS
>Drink up to 3-4 cups of horsetails tea daily.
>2 grams of the herb in capsule form daily.
>effective natural remedy for kidney stones
▪POMEGRANATE
▪MAGNESIUM
>300 MG of magnesium oratate is recommended daily for prevention and reduction of stones.
▪ORGANIC CELERY
>Celery in vegetables and celery seed are great urine promoter and kidney tonic.
>regular use of celery seed,as a spice or as a tea may prevent kidney stones.
▪BASIL
>Basil tea can be taken throughout the day for overall kidney health
>take one teaspoon each of basil juice with raw honey for 6 months.

SOURCES;

WEbmd
Healthplus24
Global healing center
Thiola.com
kidneystones101.com

Lung Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (rebeilmarah) — Mon, 05 May 2014 09:38:00 +0000

LUNG CANCER;

>cancer that form in the tissues of the lung, usually in the cell lining air passage.
>develop within the wall or epithelium of the bronchial tree.

☆LUNGS☆

>refer to the two spongy organ in your chest that inhale oxygen and exhale or release carbon dioxide.

CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER;

Inhalation of carcinogenic pollutants by susceptible host.
Question; who is most susceptible?
Answer;smoker
*smoking is one cause of having lungs cancer.
*exposure to carcinogenic industrial.
*air pollutants such as;
>asbestos
>uranium
>nickel
>iron oxides
>chromium
>arsenic
>radioactive dust
>Coal dust

words to remember
CARCINOGENIC=refer to the ability to cause the development of a cancer.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS;

*early stage no symptom
*late stages;
With epidermoid and small cell.
>smoker cough
>hoarseness
>wheezing dyspnea
>hemolytic= expectoration of blood.
With adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma
>fever
>weakness
>weight loss
>anoxia
>shoulder pain
>hemolytic

WORDS TO REMEMBER
EPIDERMOID=Is a benign cyst usually found of the ski
ADENOCARCINOMA=cancer develop in glandular tissues.

TYPES OF LUNG CANCER

●SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER=occur almost exclusively in heavy smoker and less common than than non small cell lung cancer.

A picture of lungs effected by Small cell lung cancer

● NON SMALL CELL LUNGS CANCER= is an umbrella term for several types of lungs cancer that behave in similar ways.

RISK FACTOR
*Exposure to secondhand smoker
*smoker
*exposure to radon gas
* exposure to asbestos and other chemical
*family history of lungs cancer

DIAGNOSIS;

*CHEST X-RAY
*SPUTUM CYTOLOGY=requires a specimen coughed up from the lungs and tracheobronchial tree.
*COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (CT)=scan of the chest may help to delineate the tumor size.
*BRONCHOSCOPY=can locate the tumor site.
*NEEDLE BIOSPY= uses biplane fluoroscopic visual control to detect peripherally located tumor.
*TISSUE BIOSPY
*THORACENTESIS =allow chemical and cytologic examination of pleural fluid.

COMPLICATION.;

■SHORTNESS OF BREATH
>Block the major airway.
>also cause fluid to accumulate around the lungs, making it harder for the affected lungs to be expand fully when inhale.
■COUGHING UP BLOOD
>cause bleeding in the airway which can cause you to cough up blood. (HEMOPTYSIS)
■PAIN= advanced lung cancer that spread to the lining of the lung or to another area of the body such as bone
■FLUID IN THE CHEST
>cause shortness of breath
■METASTASIS
>cancer spread to other parts of the body.

STAGES OF LUNGS CANCER

●STAGE I
>limited to the lungs and hasn't spread to the lymph nodes.
>tumor size is smaller than 2 inches (5cm)across.
●STAGE II
>this stage may have grown larger 2 inches .
>cancer nag also have spread to the nearby lymph nodes.
●STAGE III
>tumor at this stage may have grown very large and invaded other lung as well.
>smaller tumor accompanied by cancer cells in lymph nodes farther away from the lungs.
●STAGE IV
>spread beyond the affected lung to the lungs or the distant areas of the body.
Tx;

■SURGERY
*unless the tumor is non resectable or other conditions rule out surgery.
*Excession is the primary treatment for stage I , stage II or selected stage III.
*may include partial removal of lungs.

WEDGE RESECTION=is a surgical procedures to remove triangle-shaped slice of tissue.
>Removal of tumor
SEGMENTAL RESECTION=surgical procedures to removed a parts or organs or glands.
LOBECTOMY=surgical excision of a lobe.
RADICAL LOBECTOMY.
PNEUNONECTOMY=excision of lungs tissues; it maybe total,partial or of a single lobe.

■RADIATION
*recommended for stage I, stage II and stage III
*generally, radiation therapy is delayed until 1 month of surgery to allow the wounds to be heal.
*high dosage radiation therapy or implants radiation.

■CHEMOTHERAPY

*combination of
>fluoruoracil
>vincristine
>mitomycin
>Cisplatin
>vindesine
*promising combination for treatment small cell carcinomas include
>cyclophosphamide
>doxorubicin
>vincristine
>etoposide with cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and doxorubucin.

■LASER THERAPY
Laser energy involves direction od laser energy through a bronchoscope to destroy the local tumor.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
Comprehensive supportive care and teaching a cancer patient can minimize complications and speed recovery from surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

Note;
Proper knowledge and awareness lead us to be healthy and fit..God bless u all!

image source : www.howcancerkills.com
www.nytimes.com
http://www.thetahealth.com/small-cell-lung-cancer/#.U2dbdPmSyGE

Anatomy and Physiology of Heart

noreply@blogger.com (rebeilmarah) — Mon, 05 May 2014 08:47:00 +0000

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HEART;

POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR VIEW!

DEFINITION:

HEART is hollow muscular organ that pump the blood through the circulatory system of rhythmic contraction and dilation.

PHYSIOLOGY;

As the heart beats or contract, the blood makes continuous round trip..in and out of the heart through the rest of the body, and then back to the heart..only to be sent out again..
>the amount of work that a heart does is almost too incredible to believe.
>In one day it pushes the body's supply of 6 quarts or so of blood through the blood vessels over 1000 times, meaning that it actually pump about 6000 quarts of blood in a single day.

●MAIN PARTS OF HEART ON ANTERIOR VIEWS;

(1) AORTA =the major systemic artery arises from the left ventricle.
>The largest artery in the body.
>Aorta begin at the top of the left ventricle, the heart's muscular pumping chamber.
>The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve.
>Three leaflets on the aortic valve open and close with each heartbeat to allow one way flood of the blood.

FUNCTION.;
>Carries and distribute oxygen rich blood to all arteries.most major arteries branch off from the aorta.

(2) SUPERIOR VENA CAVA OR VENAE CAVAE.;
>Is a vein in the body that carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.
>commonly referred to as the PRECAVA.

(3)PULMONARY ARTERY.
>The artery that carries blood with the low level of oxygen from the right ventricle of the heart of the lung.

(4)LEFT ATRIUM
>The right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
>upper chamber of each half of the heart.

(5)RIGHT ATRIUM
> The right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from venae cavae and conaey sinus.

(6)RIGHT VENTRICLE
>The chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pump it into the pulmonary trunk.

(7)LEFT VENTRICLE
>The chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pump it into the aorta.

(8)INFERIOR VENA CAVA
>Receives blood from lower limps and abdominal organ and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart.
>formed from the ilium union of the two iliae veins.

(9) DESCENDING AORTA
>The descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aorta.

COMMON HEART DISEASE.
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
CORONARY MICRO-VASCULAR DISEASE
CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE
HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
INFLAMMATORY HEART DISEASE
ORGANIC HEART DISEASE
PULMONARY HEART DISEASE

NOTE!
Healthy heart requires healthy way of living with proper diet and exercise and yoga.

Image source : Deviant-art user : CyjanekPotasu

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noreply@blogger.com (rebeilmarah) — Mon, 05 May 2014 08:04:00 +0000

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