histories of the world

Biography James Watson

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Apr 2013 21:43:00 +0700

James Watson - DNA Inventor (Dioxyribo Nucleic Acid)
DNA (Dioxyribo Nucleic Acid) is an essential part of all living organisms because DNA is a repository of genetic information, it can be said that DNA is the recipe, scheme, systematics, manuals, maps, blueprints, designs, and unique biological information from living things . Just like every existing building blueprints respectively. AdalahJames DNA discoverer Francis Crick and Watson. James Dewey Watson co-discoverer of DNAdilahirkan in the Chicago area, Illinois on April 6, 1928. He is the only child of James D. Watson, a businessman, and Jean Mitchell. Entire childhood was spent in Chicago young Watson where he was for eight years at Horace Mann Grammar school and for two years at South Shore High School.

He then received a scholarship to go to college to the University of Chicago, and in the summer of 1943 they conducted experiments during four years of college. In 1947, he received his B.Sc. in the field of Zoology. Attention as a child in the push for serious birdwatching learn about genetics. In 1950 he was awarded a Fellowship for graduate study Zoology at Indiana University in Bloomington, where he earned his Ph.D. in the field of Zoology. While in Indiana, he was greatly influenced by genetics concepts HJ Muller and TM Sonneborn, also SE Luria, an Italian-born microbiologist who worked as staff at the Indiana Department of Bacteriology. Watson's thesis was prepared under the guidance of Luria, research on the effects of X-rays on bacteriophage cleavage.
From September 1950 until September 1951 he spent the first year as a postdoctoral Fellow at Copenhagen Merck National Research Council. That year he spent with the biochemist Herman Kalckar, also with a microbiologist Ole Maaløe. Once again he worked with bacterial viruses, attempting to study the DNA of the virus particles. During the spring of 1951, he went with Kalckar to the Zoological Station in Naples. Symposium at the end of May. He met Maurice Wilkins and saw for the first time X-ray diffraction pattern of crystalline DNA. It is very encouraging him to change the course of his research on the chemical structure of nucleic acids and proteins. Step in become possible when Luria, in early August 1951, in collaboration with John Kendrew help Watson conducted research at the Cavendish Laboratory, where he began work in early October 1951.

When I met Crick, they found common desire to solve the DNA structure. Their first serious attempt made in the late fall of 1951, with unsatisfactory results. Their second attempt at the beginning of March 1953 are based on experimental evidence and better appreciation of literature nucleic acids, and written in the proposal of complementary double-helical configuration.

At the same time, he conducted experiments to investigate the structure of TMV (tobbacco Mozaic Virus), using the technique of X-rays diffracted. The goal is to see whether the chemical sub-units that previously had expressed elegantly by experiments Schramm, is a regular spiral. This goal is achieved by the end of June 1952, when using the tube rotating anode X-ray that allows the demonstration yangmeyakinkan the virus helix formation.

From 1953 to 1955, Watson was at the California Institute of Technology as a Senior Research Fellow in the field of Biology. There he worked with Alexander Rich in X-ray diffraction study of the RNA. In the 1955-1956 he returned to the Cavendish, worked with Crick. During working together they published several papers on the general principles of virus construction.

Since the autumn of 1956, he has been a member of the Biology Department at Harvard. First as Assistant Professor, in 1958 as an Associate Professor, and a Professor since 1961. During this time, he conducted primary research on the role of RNA in protein synthesis. Among his collaborators during this period was Swiss biochemist, biochemist Alfred Tissieres and France, François Gros. A lot of experimental evidence that supports the concept of messenger RNA (Arnd / ARNm) he had collected. The main collaborators is a theoretical physicist Walter Gilbert, which makes Watson excited to learn about the experiment in the field of molecular biology. Watson did not get married during life.

James Watson and Francis Crick. James studied the DNA structure of their findings On October 25, 2007 James Watson resigned from his position as head of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This was triggered by remarks deemed racist or eugenic, associated with the inability of African nations to improve their lives and those blacks who considered incompetent. As a result of his statement, a number of academic institutions in the UK to cancel the invitation to him to speak in public and wearing his agency suspended him. Previous years, it has also been stated that a mother should be allowed an abortion if the unborn child is known to bring homosexual gene. He had also said there was the possibility of a link between skin color and "sexual lust" (Sexual Prowess), and between height and ambition. Other controversial statement is that ignorance (stupidity) is a genetic disease that should be treated medically.

Watson earned honors include:
 John Collins Warren Prize of the Massachusetts General Hospital, which is obtained with Crick in 1959
 Eli Lilly Award in Biochemistry in the same year
 Lasker Award, obtained with Crick and Wilkins in 1960
 Research Corporation Prize, obtained with Crick in 1962
 American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences
 Foreign membership of the Danish Academy of Arts and Sciences
 Watson is also a consultant to the President's Scientific Advisory Committee

References:
- Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson
- Http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/watson-bio.html (Translation)

Super human in the world

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 Apr 2013 19:12:00 +0700

• Michel Lotito
The 1950 birth dubbed Monsieur Mangetout (Eater of All). In the show he did, Lotito usual eating bicycles, televisions, a Cessna 150 up. Certainly not eaten all at once, but cut into pieces before. Cessna particular, he took time from the year 1978 - 1980 to spend.
Strangely, he never suffered from the negative effects of its own actions. Lotito is always the possibility of taking mineral oil and drinking plenty of water when eating 'weird menu' is. He also has a thicker wall of the intestine with a 2-fold compared to normal humans.

• Daniel Browning Smith
In the real world contortionist Daniel Browning Smith is the record holder in the Guinness Book of Records as much as 5 times. His expertise has been exhibited in many television channels, to films such as Men in Black 2 and CSI: NY.

• Daniel Paul Tammet
Perhaps Daniel Paul Tammet man with the most super brains in the world. He was great about mathematical calculations as well as learning a new language quickly. He holds the European record for memorizing and recounting pi to 22,514 points in just over 5 hours.
He also mastered a variety of languages such as English, French, Finnish, German, Spanish, Lithuanian, Romanian, Estonian, Icelandic, Welsh and Esperanto. Daniel even created a new language called Manti.
On another occasion, he was challenged by a television station Channel 5 for language learning Icelandic. Daniel were given only 1 week. Seven days later he appeared on Icelandic television and speak very fluent with the language. The people who saw it could only say, "He is not human."

• Ben Underwood
Ben was sentenced to blindness because of cancer at the age of 3 years. But he can still play basketball, bicycle, and a normal life. How could this happen?
Ben has sonar ability. He taught himself to use echo location of the reflection of sound objects. He could snap his fingers until he bounced off the object to go. Same ability as sonar on dolphins.

• Kevin Richardson
Wild animal handler, thus a suitable epithet pinned on Kevin. He could easily forge an intimate bond with wild animals. He was also able to spend time together without fear of sleep last night pounced.
Magic applies to lions, cheetahs, leopards, and hyenas. It could be with other animals. But so far the lion became his favorite animal.

• Claudio Pinto
If there is a super hero "human goldfish" Claudio Pinto may become the model. Indeed unique ability, he can bring out his most about 4 cm (95% out of their sockets).

• Liew Thow Lin
70-year-old Malaysian man has the ability to magnetically on the skin. He could make a variety of objects attached without falling.

• Humans are not Sleep (Thai Ngoc)
Thai Ngoc, known as Hai Ngoc, said he could not sleep at night after suffering from a fever in 1973, and has over 11,700 was spent sleepless nights. But I'm still healthy and can farm normally like others, "Ngoc said. Ngoc life at the moment taking care of 5ha of land at the foot of the mountain, busy with farming and taking care of pigs and chickens every day.

• Torture King (Tim Cridland)
Tim Cridland does not seem to feel pain like most people. He was amazing all the people by inserting a needle into his arm without pain. Scientific tests show that Tim can tolerate greater human pain than usual. He was also able to push the needle through him without luka.Tapi, to do so safely, he also studied human anatomy, because if he is pierced an artery could be fatal.

• People with Exceptional Dentistry Strong (Rathakrishnan Velu)
On August 30, 2007, on Independence Day Malaysia's 50th, Rathakrishnan Velu (or Raja Gigi known) broke his own world record for pull train with teeth, this time with 6 carriages attached, weighs 297 tons, and so far 2 , 8 meters in the Old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. Raja Gigi never learn techniques to strengthen one part of his body of teachers in India at the age of 14 years.

Bands and musicians phenomenal in the world

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 14 Apr 2013 13:01:00 +0700

Queen
Freddie Mercury will always be remembered as one of the best vocalists and has charisma. Cheerfulness and desire always to be followed by the audience, not owned by many other vocalists. Queen is a British rock band known for his musicality; multi track aransamen, harmony vocals, and a band that is able to perfectly invites audience participation to a choir, when performing live. As in the song Bohemian Rhapsody / Radio Gaga medley made, as many as 75,000 spectators were present simultaneously and bersamaaan sing the song as instructed Freddie, StadionWembley, 1985.

Sex Pistol
The British Punk band perform a concert entitled, "The Gig That Changed the World," Manchester's Lesser Free Trade Hall, 1976. Concert that opens the horizons of the other musicians to express their music according to their own grip make music. Sex Pistol is a response of the atmosphere and the music industry and pop that characterizes progressive era of 70s. They are changing the face of pop and rock music, so it can be enjoyed in different ways, without having to have a standard skill academy of music, and remains a resistance to literacy / culture. The concert was considered a myth or legend in the punk scene, only attended by 42 spectators, although hundreds of people claimed to be present at that time. But among the present, they are the founders of such bands, Joy Division, The Smith, The Fall, and The Buzzcock.

Guns n Roses
Guns N 'Roses (GNR) is a hard rock band from the United States that was founded in 1984 and officially in March 1985. GNR is a founding member Axl Rose is a former vocalist Ian Hollywood Rose Tracii Guns are also former LA Guns guitarist. The group was founded in Los Angeles, the United States had alternated personnel even Tracii Guns had to pull out of this group. Starting in 1983, when it joined with Poison after failing with his childhood friend, Steven Adler, together they form the Road Crew. Slash put an ad in a newspaper for a bassist, and after that he received a response from Duff McKagan. When Road Crew disbanded, Slash joined a local band, Black Sheep. Headed by Willie Bass, the band shared an agent with another band, known as Hollywood Rose.
In 1984, both the band opened for Christian metal band Stryper. After the show, Slash and lead singer Axl Rose were introduced to one another by a friend. The two quickly became friends, and after a few months, Slash and Steven Adler were invited to join with Axl Rose, Duff McKagan and Izzy Stradlin as the band, Guns N Roses.
The very top bands and famous in the '80s and '90s. First they soared through the 1987 album Appetite for Destruction With hits Sweet Child O'Mine, Paradise City, and Welcome To The Jungle and then release an acoustic album which was named GN 'R Lies with sweet hits Patiencedan then issued two Use Your Illusion albums simultaneously I and Use Your Illusion II, which also soared and exploded with some phenomenal hits such as Do not Cry, November Rain, Civil War, Knockin 'on Heaven's Door, and Estranged. Album The Spaghetti Incident? they separated in 1993 appears to be a sign of the end the triumph of GN'R. Album containing songs recycled from other artists this can not reap the benefits as previous albums. GN'R were in their heyday with the formation: Axl Rose - lead vocals, Slash - guitar, Izzy Stradlin - rhythm guitar, Duff McKagan - bass, Dizzy Reed - keyboards, and Matt Sorum - drums.
With personnel most famous Axl Rose - lead vocals, piano (1985-present), Slash - lead guitar (1985-1996), Izzy Stradlin - rhythm guitar (1985-1991), Duff McKagan - bass (1985-1998), and Steven Adler - drums (1985-1990), Dizzy Reed - keyboards, piano, percussion, backing vocals (1990-present), Matt Sorum - drums (1990-1997), and Gilby Clarke - rhythm guitar (1991-1994).

The Doors
Band from America which is a symbol of rebellion music, literature, and sex icon (Jim Morrison). At that time The Doors were asked to perform live in the program "Ed Sullivan Show", a show that takes place before the CBS television station came to them. CBS Party asks Jim to change the lyrics of the song Light My Fire at the "Girl, we could not get much higher" to "Girl, we could not get much better." Party band agreed, but in time Jim still sing the original lyrics, The current media censorship on things smelling provocation is high. Consequently Ed Sullivan angry and refused to shake hands with them. And Jim Morrison just said, "So what. We just did the 'Ed Sullivan Show. "

BOOMERANG
The band, which was founded in 1994 after a generation of rock band God Bless. Their consistency to stay on course parallel to the rock makes Boomerang God Bless.
Band has four members namely Roy Jeconiah, Hubert Limahelu Hendry, Martin and Andre Franzzy Farid. The band managed to release 13 albums. Boomerang is a phenomenal achievement in the top 10 Best Festival Rock All Indonesian version Zhelebour in 1993.

Koes Plus
Koes Plus is an old country band that formed in 1969. The popularity of this group began to soar early 1970s and is considered a pioneer of pop music in Indonesia. Koes Plus itself is a regeneration of the band band Koes Brothers.
Legendary band fronted by Tony Koeswoyo, Yon Koeswoyo, Yok Koeswoyo and Murry. However, in 1988 this group had the personnel reshuffle Koeswoyo Yon, Danang, Sonydan Seno.
Justin works Plussangat surprising achievement in 1974 when they managed to release 23 albums. In 1975 they also released six albums and in 1976 they released 10 albums. This is not a modest amount for a musician, because the average musician today can only issue one to two albums a year.
Hits like Koes Plus Why Do You Love Me and Sad Sunday Koes Plus is an example of hits that never timeless. This hits was re-recorded and sung by Willie Nelson danMarsyanda. This is the main reason why Koes Plus a phenomenal band in Indonesia.

GOD BLESS
Rock band, God Bless are in their peak around the 1970s. God Bless also had a golden opportunity to be the opening act in concert Deep Purpletahun 1975. in Jakarta.
This group is fronted by five macho men consisting of Ahmad Albar, Djusuf Lan 'Antono, Donny Fattah Gagola, Eternal Soesman and Yaya Moektio. Legendary rock band that has managed to put out six albums and three albums throughout their career.
Black Ants and Stage Plays are two of the many single hits God Bless the still frequently heard sung by another musician. God Bless alone was seen as a mecca for rock music in Indonesia. Although it has many new bands were born, but God Bless seems will never be replaced in the hearts of Indonesian rock music lovers.

Jimi Hendrix
Hendrix synthesized many styles in creating his musical voice and his guitar style was unique, later to be abundantly imitated by others. Despite his hectic touring schedule and notorious perfectionism, he was a prolific recording artist and left behind more than 300 unreleased recordings. With all of his popularity and musical influence he never won a Grammy. In 1992, Hendrix was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Bob Marley
He was the lead singer, songwriter and guitarist for the ska, rocksteady and reggae bands: The Wailers (1964 - 1974) and Bob Marley & The Wailers (1974-1981). Marley remains the most, Instant known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited for helping spread Jamaican music to the worldwide audience. Although he never won a Grammy in his lifetime, he was recently Announced as a 2007 Grammy Hall of Fame inductee.

The Who
The primary lineup was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They Became known for energetic live performances, are one of the Most Influential rock bands of the 1960s and '70s, and Recognized as one of the greatest rock and roll bands of all time. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990, their first year of eligibility. According to the New York Times, The Who have sold 100 million records yet were never Recognized by the Recording Academy.

Led Zeppelin
With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, Led Zeppelin are Regarded as one of the first heavy metal bands. However, the band's individualistic style draws from many sources and transcends any one genre. The band have sold more than 300 million albums worldwide, Including 111.5 million sales in the United States and they have had all of their original studio albums reach the U.S. Billboard Top 10, with six reaching the number one spot. Led Zeppelin are ranked # 1 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock. Rolling Stone magazine has described Led Zeppelin as "the heaviest band of all time" and "the biggest band of the '70s". But sorry, no Grammy for you.

Peterpan
If you do not know who it was Peter, then it is doubtful in recent years you lived in Indonesia. Because this band is phenomenal. The band formed in 2000 consisted of Ariel, Uki, Lukman, Reza and David. Five successful album they proclaim. Not only the songs are phenomenal, the personnel of this group is also very phenomenal.
After tripping cases act improperly and had to crouch in the hotel without cost, Ariel, the vocalist returned to join. Although the band's name has now been changed to NOAH, but charismatic vocalist was never destroyed.

Sukarno in the Eyes of the World

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 6 Apr 2013 11:57:00 +0700

Photo Stamps neighboring countries that have Soekarno picture:

In a superpower:

President Sukarno had just arrived at the airport of Washington DC, USA, during the day. Accompanied by representatives of the U.S. president, Richard Nixon, Bung Karno was greeted by U.S. forces shot 21 times with dignity. Bung Karno arrived in Washington in order to visit the U.S. for 18 days at the invitation of U.S. President Dwight David Eisenhower (Photo: May 16, 1956).

President Sukarno and U.S. President Kennedy, sitting together in an open car, while passing team honors at the U.S. Air Force Base, MD. Bung Karno came to the U.S. in order to trial the incidence of problems Cuba (Photos: 24 April 1961).

Joint former colonial countries
President Sukarno was guest of honor Japanese Emperor, Hirohito, and Prince Akihito. Bung Karno eaten lunch at a Japanese imperial palace in Tokyo (Photo: 3 February 1958).

Becoming a 1946 cover of Time magazine

Go International
President Sukarno Stood side by side with leaders of 4 Non Block after they finished a meeting. From left to right: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (Indian Prime Minister), Kwame Nkrumah (President of Ghana), Gamal Abdel Nasser (President of Egypt), Bung Karno, and Tito (president of Yugoslavia). Public fifth nation bloc's leaders meet that produce calls on U.S. President Eisenhower (U.S. President) and the Prime Minister of "the Soviet Union" / Russia, Nikita Khruschev, so they do diplomacy, negotiations back (Photo: 29 September 1960).

President Sukarno with the Prime Minister of France, Pompidou (Photo: 1965).

President Sukarno was talking with the President of Cuba, Osvaldo Dorticos Torrado (left) and Prime Minister of Cuba, Fidel Castro (right) in Havana, Cuba (Photos: May 9, 1960).

President Sukarno arrived at Karachi airport, Pakistan. Accompanied by the President of Pakistan, Iskander Ali Mirza, Bung Karno was visible salute, flanked by Indonesian flag and the flag of Pakistan (Photo: January 25, 1958).

Soekarno Blue Mosque in St. Petersburgh

In the Soviet Union communist country, Sukarno name is very well known. Not only regarded as a friend in the Cold War against the West axis, but also as a Muslim president who gave a "blessing" in the Muslim majority country hammer and sickle. It all started when the last president in 1955, visited the second largest city in Russia this. At that time, Sukarno was enjoying the beautiful city of St. Petersburg, founded by Peter the Great in the 17th century. From inside the car, Sukarno saw a glimpse of a building that is unique and second to none, he learned later, the mosque was used as an armory.

After two days enjoying the beauty of the city of St. Petersburg which was then still called Leningrad, Sukarno flew to Moscow for high-level talks to discuss the future of bilateral cooperation and various key positions in the escalating Cold War. In that meeting Sukarno threw his disappointment at the Soviet ruler Nikita Khrushchev iron curtain, he saw about a beautiful mosque. A week after the visit was over. A good news came from the center of power, the Kremlin in Moscow. A local government officials reported that the only mosque in Leningrad which has become post-revolution Bolshevic warehouses can be opened again for worship Muslims, without any conditions. The messenger also does not provide a shred of reason why it all happened. However, Muslims to this day are very grateful and believe that the people behind this Sukarno. So no wonder if the Muslims in St. Petersburg was dubbed the Blue Mosque mosque Sukarno.

Egypt Jalan Ahmad Soekarno

Relationship between the peak RI - Egypt, occurs when the two countries led by Ir. Sukarno of Indonesia and Gammal Abdul Nasser of Egypt. To note, the first President of Indonesia is known in Egypt by the name of Ahmad Sukarno. The addition of the name of Ahmad performed by Indonesian students in Egypt to strengthen Islamic nuances that attract people of Egypt that the President of Indonesia is Muslim, uniform with the name of the Vice President who initiated the name of Mohammad, Mohammad Hatta full. Both (Ahmad and Muhammad) are Islamic names.

Recorded, six times Soekarno menggunjungi ini.Selain pharaoh's country, his friendship with Nasser and activities both as an initiator in the Asian-African Conference, President Soekarno made a name so fragrant in the eyes of the government and the Egyptian people, so that his name immortalized as the name of the street in Egypt. Roads adjacent to the Sudan, Kit-Kat Regional Agouza Geiza. This road can be reached from the student area in al-Hay al-Asyir (Sector 10) Madinat al-Nasr (Nasr City) by riding the green bus number 109 and 167.

Morocco Jalan Soekarno

If no street in Jakarta called Casablanca, a city famous in Morocco, then in Morocco also contained the names of streets smelling Indonesia. Unmitigated name of the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, 'dicatut' a street name in Ibokota Morocco, Rabat. Apparently impressed with the figure of Soekarno Morocco. The street name was unveiled by the Bung Karno with King Muhammad V as his visit to Morocco on May 2, 1960. Over time the name was: 'sharia Al-Rais Ahmed Sukarno' is now well known as Rue Suokarno. The road adjacent to the central post office Morocco.

Sukarno chose the name, because Sukarno was the originator of the Asian-African Conference (KAA) in 1955. The name was chosen as a tribute to President Sukarno. As is known, the results of KAA is currently being felt by the participating countries, including Morocco itself. As a form of friendship the two nations, in Jakarta, we were met with a road Jalan Casablanca.

Pakistan Jalan Soekarno

Pakistan respected the Bung Karno. There are two places in Pakistan which he named after the Soekarno Square in Khyber Bazar Peshawar, and Soekarno Bazar, Lahore. Soekarno naming is not separated from the actions of the two countries. Pakistan is reluctant to Bung Karno. Even to this day still remember Pakistan military service that sends Bung Karno Navy patrolling the sea south of Pakistan during the conflict heats up between Pakistan and India in 1965. Conversely, the founder of Pakistan Quaid Azzam Ali Jinnah had asked the Netherlands to hold the entire plane stopped in Pakistan in 1947, when the Dutch wanted to invade Indonesia.

The Indonesian government also appreciated the services of Pakistani soldiers, who joined the group when it was an ally. Groups of hundreds of Pakistani soldiers had been ordered to attack when an ally Indonesia in Surabaya until November 1945. But they rebelled and chose to fight on the side of Indonesia. Of the total 600 Pakistani soldiers, as many as 500 people died in Surabaya. In August 1995, the Indonesian War Indenpendece Awards give medals to the Pakistan army.

Cuba Soekarno stamps

In 2008, the Cuban government issued a series of stamps Bung Karno with Fidel Castro and one of the Argentine-born Cuban guerrilla leader, Che Guevara. Historical and patriotic stamps worth it, issued to commemorate the diplomatic relations between the two countries, as well as with regard to the celebration of the 80th anniversary of Fidel Castro.

Bung Karno visited Havana, Cuba, on May 9 to May 14, 1960. He became the first foreign head of state government who traveled to Cuba after the 1959 revolution. At the airport, which is considered to participate Bung Karno inspired the Cuban revolution was welcomed by dignitaries Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticos addition, Prime Minister Fidel Castro Ruz, and the Governor of the National Bank of Che Guevara is also Minister of Foreign Affairs Dr. Raul Roa Garcia.

A brief history of Christopher Columbus

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 6 Apr 2013 09:50:00 +0700

Christopher Columbus

Alias
Italian: Cristoforo Colombo
Catalan: Cristofor Colom
Spanish: Cristóbal Colón
Portuguese: Cristóvão Colombo
Latin: Christophorus Columbus
Genoa: Christoffa Corombo
Born: before October 31, 1451
Place of birth: Genoa, Italy
Died: 20-Mei - 1506
Location of death: Valladolid, Spain
Cause of death: unspecified
Remains: Buried, Cathedral of Seville, Seville, Spain
Gender: Male
Religion: Roman Catholic
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Explorer
Nationality: Italy
Executive Summary: Rediscovering the New World
Father: Domenico Colombo (weaver and wool merchant)
Mother: Suzanna Fontanarossa
Brothers: Bartolomeo (young)
Brothers: Giovanni Pellegrino (young)
Brothers: Giacomo (young)
Sister: Bianchinetta
Wife: Perestello e Filipa Moniz (m. 1479, d January -1485 after childbirth)
Children: Diego Colon (b. 1480)
Girlfriend: Beatriz Enriquez (after death Filipa)
Children: Ferdinand (born 1488, with Enriquez)

Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa (located in Italy at this time) in 1451 to Domenico Colombo, middle-class wool weaver, and Susanna Fontanarossa. Although little is known about his childhood, it was clear that he was educated as he is able to speak several languages as an adult and have sufficient knowledge of classical literature. In addition, he studied the works of Ptolemy and Marinus to name a few.
Columbus first took to the sea when he was 14 years old and continued throughout his youth. During the 1470s, he went on many trips trading that took him to the Aegean Sea, Northern Europe, and possibly Iceland. In 1479, he met his brother Bartolomeo, cartographer, in Lisbon. He then married Filipa Moniz Perestrello and in 1480, his son Diego was born.
The family lives in Lisbon until 1485, when Columbus' wife Filipa died. From there, Columbus and Diego moved to Spain where he began trying to get a grant to explore the western trade route. He believes that because the Earth is round, a ship could reach the Far East and set up trade routes in Asia by sailing west.
For years, Columbus proposed his plan to the kings of Portugal and Spain, but he refused each time. Finally, after the Moors were expelled from Spain in 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to reconsider his request. Columbus promised to bring back gold, spices, and silk from Asia, the spread of Christianity, and explore China. He then asked to be the governor of the land and the sea admiral found.

Men and Myths
After five centuries, Columbus remains a mysterious and controversial figure who has been variously described as one of the greatest mariners in history, a visionary genius, a mystic, a national hero, the administrator fails, a naive entrepreneur, and a ruthless and greedy imperialist.
Columbus company to find a western route to Asia grew out of practical experience that long maritime career and varied, and of considerable reading in geographical and theological literature. He settled for a time in Portugal, where he tried unsuccessfully to get support for the project, before moving to Spain. After much difficulty, through a combination of luck and persuasiveness, he gained the support of the Catholic kings, Isabel and Fernando.
Widely published report of his voyage of 1492 made Columbus famous throughout Europe and secured for him the title of Admiral Ocean Sea and further royal patronage. Columbus, who never left the belief that he had reached Asia, led three expeditions to the Caribbean. But intrigue and his own administrative failings brought disappointment and political obscurity to his final years.

Agreement with the Spanish crown
After continued lobbying at the Spanish court and two years of negotiations, he finally succeeded in 1492. Ferdinand and Isabella had just conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula, and they received Columbus in Córdoba, in the Alcázar castle. Isabella turned Columbus down on the advice of his confession, and he was leaving town by mule despair, when Ferdinand intervened. Isabella then sent the royal guard to fetch him and Ferdinand later claimed credit for being "the principal cause why the islands are found".
Approximately half of the funding will come from private Italian investors, which Columbus had already lined up. Financially broke after the Granada campaign, the authorities left it to the royal treasurer to shift funds among various royal accounts on behalf of the company. Columbus was to be made "Admiral of the Seas" and would receive a portion of all profits. The term was unusually generous, but as his son Diego later wrote, rulers do not really expect him to come back.
In the "Capitulations of Santa Fe", King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised Columbus that if he succeeded he would be given the rank of Admiral Ocean Sea and appointed Viceroy and Governor of all the new land that can be claimed for Spain. He has the right to nominate three persons, from whom the authorities would choose one, for any office in the new lands. He will be entitled to 10% of all revenues from the new lands in perpetuity. In addition, he will also have the option of buying one-eighth interest in any commercial venture with the new lands and receive one-eighth of the profits.
Columbus was later arrested in 1500 and was dismissed from his position. He and his sons, Diego and Fernando, and then did a long series of court cases against the Castilian crown, known as colombinos pleitos, stating that the King had illegally reneged on its contractual obligations to Columbus and his heirs. Columbus family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego position as Viceroy, but reduced his powers. Litigation Diego back in 1512, which lasted until 1536, and further disputes continued until 1790.

Governor and arrest
Under terms of the Capitulations of Santa Fe, after the first voyage Columbus was appointed Viceroy and Governor of the Indies, which in practice entailed primarily the administration of the colony on the island of Hispaniola, whose capital was established in Santo Domingo. At the end of his third voyage, Columbus physically and mentally exhausted: his body wracked by arthritis and his eyes by ophthalmia. In October 1499, he sent two ships to Spain, asking the Court of Spain to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern. At that time, accusations of tyranny and incompetence on the part of Columbus also reached the Court.
Court appointed Francisco de Bobadilla, a member of the Order of Calatrava, but not as the aide that Columbus had requested. Instead, Bobadilla was given complete control as governor from 1500 until his death in 1502. Arriving in Santo Domingo while Columbus went, Bobadilla immediately met with complaints about all three Columbus brothers: Christopher, Bartolomé, and Diego. Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian, states: "Even those who loved him [Columbus] had to admit the atrocities that had happened."
Based on this testimony and without being given the opportunity to offer a defense, Columbus, upon his return, chained and imprisoned to await return to Spain.
On 1 October 1500, Columbus and his two brothers, also in chains, were sent back to Spain. Once in Cadiz, a grieving Columbus wrote to a friend at court:
Now seventeen years since I came to serve the prince with Enterprise Indies. They made me pass eight of them in discussion, and ultimately rejected as something of a joke. But I persist in it ... There I have placed under their sovereignty more land than there is in Africa and Europe, and more than 1,700 islands ... In seven years I, by the divine will, made that conquest. By the time I was entitled to expect rewards and retirement, I was incontinently arrested and sent home loaded with chains ... The accusation was brought out of malice on the basis of allegations made by civilians who rebelled and wanted to take possession of the land ... I beg your graces, with the zeal of faithful Christians in whom they have confidence Highness, to read all my papers, and to consider how I, who come from far to serve these princes ... now at the end of the day I have vandalized my honor and my property without cause, wherein is not justice or mercy.
A report recently discovered by Francisco de Bobadilla alleges that Columbus regularly used barbaric acts of torture to govern Hispaniola. Bobadilla, who has replaced Columbus as governor of the Indies at the time of the report, has been asked by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to investigate allegations of brutality made against Columbus.The 48-page report, found in 2006 in the state archives in the Spanish city of Valladolid, contains testimonies of 23 people, including enemies and supporters of Columbus, about Columbus and his brothers treatment 'colonial subjects during the reign of seven years.
According to the report, Columbus convicted a man convicted of stealing corn had his nose and ears cut off and then sell him into slavery. The testimony is recorded in the statement of claim that his brother Bartolomé Columbus survived the "defend the family" when both ordered a woman paraded naked through the streets and then cut out her tongue to show that Columbus was of lowly birth.
"The government Columbus' characterized by a form of tyranny," Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian who has seen the document, told reporters.
Other testimony from the accused periods Columbus systematic brutality against indigenous forced labor and engineering programs that reduce their population from millions to thousands in a little more than a decade. Priest Bartolomé de las Casas, the son of Pedro de las Casas priest who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, Columbus described the treatment of 'the natives in his History of the Indies:
Endless testimonies ... proves mild temperament of the natives and the Pacific ... But our job is to annoy, destroy, kill, dismember and destroy, small wonder, then, if they tried to kill one of us now and then ... Admiral (Columbus), it is true, blind as those who came after him, and he is very anxious to please the King that he committed irreparable crimes against India.
Under governor and subsequently Columbus, Hispaniola were enslaved natives were forced to work hard under brutal conditions in the mining camps and farming. According to Las Casas, up to one-third of male slaves died during any mining operation six to eight months. Mine are miles and miles away from the farm, and the people were enslaved and women only see each other every eight to ten months. This separation, along with grueling conditions, taking its toll on the natives:
So the husband and wife together only once every eight or ten months and when they met they were so exhausted and depressed on both sides. . . they cease to proliferate. As for the newly born, they died early because their mothers, overworked and hungry, had no milk to nurse them, and for this reason, while I was in Cuba, 7000 children died in three months. Some mothers even drowned their babies from sheer desperation .... In this way, husbands died in the mines, wives died at work, and children died from lack of milk. . . and in a short time this land which was so great, so powerful and fertile ... is uninhabited .... My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write .... "
De las Casas notes in the amount of striking genocide that took place under Columbus and Spain, wrote that when he first came to Hispaniola in 1508, "there are 60,000 people living on this island, including India, so that from 1494 to 1508, more than three million people have died from war, slavery, and the mines. Who in future generations will believe this? I myself write as a knowledgeable eyewitness can hardly believe it .... "
Columbus and his brothers lingered in jail for six weeks before busy King Ferdinand ordered their release. Not long after that, the king and queen summoned Columbus brothers to the Alhambra palace in Granada. There the royal couple heard the brothers request '; restored freedom and wealth, and, after much persuasion, agreed to fund Columbus fourth trip. But the door was closed Columbus role as governor. Furthermore Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres was to be the new governor of the West Indies.

Ciung Wanara

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 5 Apr 2013 19:22:00 +0700

Who Ciung Wanara?

# Beginning of king's lineage galuh (Karang kamulyan ciamis) to 1 Wretikandayun (612-702 AD) blessed with children, among others:
1. Batara Guru Danghiyang Sempak Waja (ruler of Galunggung)
2. Rahiyang Kidul Resiguru Wanayasa / Jantaka (ruler of the southern denuh galuh)
3. Oil bath / Amara (heir to the throne Crown Prince galuh).

# Ruler Galunggung Danghiyang Batara Guru Sempak Waja, blessed with children, among others:
1. Raja Galuh (Karang kamulyan ciamis) to 4 Purbasora (716-723 AD)
2. Raja Saunggalah Demunawan brass.

KING GALUH (Karang kamulyan ciamis) TO 4 PURBASORA (716-723 AD).

Purbasora managed to become the king of Galuh the 4th with a way to seize the King Galuh 3 Bratasenawa. Then the son of Purbasora Wijayakusuma appointed senapati Galuh.

723 M yr galuh back throne were achieved / won by a distinguished descendant galuh legitimate heir, the Sanjaya putera of King Galuh to 3 Bratasenawa.

Galuh to 4 Purbasora king with his son is senapati galuh Wijayakusuma killed by Sanjaya

Then on the basis of an agreement between Sanjaya (the son of the king galuh to 3 bratasenawa) with Ruler Galunggung Danghiyang Batara Guru Sempak Waja (father of the king galuh to 4 purbasora) as the next ruler Galuh which is subordinate of sanjaya is the son of Senapati GALUH Wijayakusuma namely:

Premana DIKUSUMA

Premana dikusuma like king destitute of authority, because everything is fully in the hands of policy galuh Mangkubumi Sunda Tamperan Barmawijaya (son of Sanjaya).

Premana Dikusuma leave and hand over the affairs the kingdom galuh of Mangkubumi Tamperan Barmawijaya, then living as a hermit in the - / + and known around the mountain Padang with a degree Ajar Sukaresi & Bagawat Sajala-nets. Premana Dikusuma have a son who was named SURATAMA / Manarah who remained in the palace Galuh.

732 M yr Mangkubumi Sunda Tamperan Barmawijaya raised by her father (Sanjaya) as ruler / king of Sunda & Galuh region. Tamperan Barmawijaya thereby became the king ruler galuh Sunda well as supervisor of the king galuh Premana dikusuma.

Tamperan Barmawijaya as King rounder makes Padjadjaran Bogor palace as the seat of government and choose Karang kamulyan ciamis as the capital of the central government.

Tamperan barmawijaya want to marry the wives of Premana dikusuma, the Dewi pangrenyep & naganingrum (mother of suratama / Manarah). Then why fulfill his desire, tamperan barmawijaya sent people to kill Premana Dikusuma in his hermitage and succeed. Thereby Tamperan Barmawijaya managed to marry and have children Dewi pangrenyep, named Banga / Kamarasa. While Naganingrum prev Tamperan Barmawijaya marry, has been blessed with children of Premana dikusuma ie Suratama / Manarah.

Premana murdered on the orders Tamperan dikusuma Barmawijaya known by former senapati galuh bimaraksa (grandfather of naganingrum) database known as ki balangantrang. Then Ki Balangantrang tells his grandson (naganingrum) also grandson (suratama / Manarah) that Premana dikusuma killed on the orders tamperan barmawijaya.

Suratama / Manarah timeout learned that his biological father (Premana dikusuma) was murdered by her stepfather (Tamperan Barmawijaya) intend for revenge and out of the palace to meet his great galuh For (ki balangantrang). The journey within Suratama / Manarah using pseudonyms are:

Ciung Wanara

Ciung Wanara assume tamperan barmawijaya was like his own father, but after knowing that tamperan barmawijaya had killed his biological father, to be turned 180 degrees and desire for revenge.

Ciung Wanara aided by his great-grandfather (ki balangantrang) senapati former galuh gathering strength in commotion SUNTEN (- / + Sodong village farm village sari, districts rancah, counties ciamis).

At a party tradition of cock fighting, troops seized Ciung Wanara galuh palace and kill Tamperan Barmawijaya. However Ciung Wanara not have the heart to kill Banga / Kamarasa (son of Tamperan Barmawijaya) are already considered as his own sister.

Tamperan heard Barmawijaya (king of Sunda - galuh) died, Taraju Jawadwipa (maharaja island of Java) Sanjaya intend to demolish the forces Ciung Wanara, but reconciled by the king saunggalah kuningan demunawan, then made a deal with dividing each region and mutual respect, because the real war The civil war is to be avoided.

In the year 739 AD western Java then split into 3 areas:

1. REGION curry by

With Padjadjaran Bogor palace as the central government into the area of power KAMARASA or BANGA (son of Tamperan Barmawijaya) with a degree PRABU KRETABUANA YASAWIGUNA AJIMULYA (739-766 AD)

2. REGION GALUH

with Karang kamulyan ciamis as the central government was the domain SURATAMA or Manarah or Ciung Wanara (son of Premana Dikusuma) who holds PRABU JAYA Prakosa MANDALESWARA SALAKABUANA (739-783 AD)

3. REGION Galunggung & Kuningan

With the royal Saunggalah in Kunnigan as central government under the control of DEMUNAWAN (2nd son of god danghiyang chipped teacher Waja)

While Taraju Yavadvipa (maharaja island of Java) Sanjaya (father of tamperan barmawijaya) again reigns in the kingdom of Medang earth kingdom of Mataram Central Java.

history of the world

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 20:29:00 +0700

The history of the world is the history of humanity, over all the earth, beginning with the Paleolithic Era. Different from the history of Planet Earth (which covers the early history of geology and biology of the prehuman era), the history of the world consists of the study of archeology and written records, from ancient times. Notes ancient history begins with the invention of writing. However, the roots of civilization reach back to the period before the invention of writing. Prehistory begins in the Paleolithic Era, or "Early Stone Age," which was followed by the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, and the Agricultural Revolution (between 8000 and 5000 BC) in the Fertile Crescent. Neolithic Revolution marked a change in human history, as humans began the systematic breeding of plants and animals. Advanced agriculture, and most people graduating from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles as farmers in permanent settlements. Nomadism continues in many communities, particularly in remote areas with few species of cultivated plants, but the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming community which allows humans to expand into the larger unit, driven by advances in transportation.

Such farms are developed, agricultural grains become more sophisticated, and encourage the division of labor to keep food between growing seasons. Division of Labour subsequently led to the emergence leisured upper class and urban development. Complexity growth of human society requires writing and accounting systems. Many cities were developed on the edge of lakes and rivers, and by 3000 BC, some of the first prominent, well-developed settlements have emerged in Mesopotamia, on the edge of Egypt's Nile River, and in the valley of the Indus River. Similar civilizations probably developed along major rivers in China, but archaeological evidence for extensive urban development is less convincing.

The history of the Old World (Europe in particular, but also in the Middle East and North Africa) are generally divided into Antiquity, up to 476 CE, while the Middle Ages, from the 5th through the 15th century, including the Islamic Golden Age (c. 750 CE - c.1258 AD) and early Renaissance Europe (beginning around 1300 BC), the Early Modern period, from the 15th century to the 18's, including the Enlightenment, and the Late Modern period, from the Industrial Revolution to the present, including Contemporary History. Dalamsejarah West, the "real Fall of Rome" in 476 CE is generally taken as a signal of the end times and the early Middle Ages. In contrast, Eastern Europe saw the transition from the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire, which did not decrease until much later. In the mid-15th century, Johannes Gutenberg's invention of modern printing, menggunakanmovable type, revolutionized communication, helping end the Middle Ages and usher in the Scientific Revolution. In the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology, especially in Europe, has reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution.

In other places, including the ancient Near East, ancient China and ancient India, scheduled to open different history. In the 18th century, however, due to the vast world trade dankolonisasi, most civilizations is becoming increasingly globalized. In the last quarter-millennium, the rate of population growth, knowledge, technology, trade, environmental destruction and degradation of weapons has been greatly accelerated, creating opportunities and dangers now facing the human community planet.

Introduction to Islam

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 20:04:00 +0700

Islam emerged in the Arabian peninsula in the seventh Masihi period when Prophet Muhammad a revelation from God s.w.t. After the death of Rasullullah s.a.w. growing Islamic empire as far as the Atlantic Ocean in the west and Central Asia in the east. Gradually Muslims spread and there are many other Islamic kingdoms that emerged.

However, the emergence of Islamic kingdoms such Umaiyyah kingdom, the kingdom of Abbasid, Seljuk Turkish Seljuk empire, kingdom Uthmaniyyah Turkey Uthmaniyyah, Empires Moghul India, and the Sultanate of Melaka has to be among the strongest and greatest Empires in the world. A great place of learning science has realized one of the great Islamic civilization. Many experts in science, philosophy experts and so emerged from Islamic countries especially the Islamic Golden Age.

In the period of the 18th and the 19th Masihi, many Islamic regions fell into the hands of European colonizers. After World War I, Turkish Empires Uthmaniyyah the last Islamic Empires collapsed earth worship.

Islam is a doctrine revealed by God to Muhammad Rasullullah. SAW Rasullullah getting teachings from God delivered by God through the angel Gabriel in the form of revelation. Thus, since the fall of the first revelation is, the teachings of Islam began in the surface world, ranging from religious ordinances, social life, law and other science, technology and syaria `t` t islam syaria affecting human life on earth. So, no wonder if we can see a wide range of developmental science is now inseparable from the development of Islamic teachings. Therefore, in this article we are going to embark on a journey from the early formation of Islam.

Establishment of Islamic teachings actually began during the Prophet Adam (read `alaihisallam) which, according to history was created by God to make the caliph on earth, according to Al-Quran surah Al-Baqarah verse 30 which in translation means:

"Remember when your Lord said to the angels," Behold, I will make a caliph in the earth ". They said, "Do you want to make on the earth who will make mischief therein and shed blood, while we always praises thee and thy Cleanses?" The Lord said, "Verily I know what ye know not."

Prof. Quraish Shihab in his "Tafsir Al-Misbah" said the verse begins with the delivery of the decision of God to the angels about His plan made man on the earth. Submission to them is important because so many angels will be burdened concerning human task. Submission of this news indicates a process of giving responsibility to the person to perform a job, and the job exactly on earth. Logically, if we give a mandate to someone then we will give you a rule that there will be given the mandate to run well. Here begins an initial system is a milestone basis of Islamic teachings.

Prof Quraish Shihab also said in the same book, It should be noted that the word caliph of that paragraph was originally meant to substitute for a dating or who is coming after the previous. On this basis, one understands the word caliphate here in the sense that replaces God in His will enforce and implement the provisions of his, but not because God can not but intend to test man and give him respect.

Began an era in which the teachings of the Lord shall be delivered to the creation of his First Man charged with applying his teachings in order to be a Caliph on earth.

Along with the development time, the first true teachings of Islam is taught in doctrine or often we know and are familiar with the Godhead. This teaching is meant for humans on this earth knows there is only one (not that there are two, three, and so on) of the Creator is Allah SWT. Submission of the divine teaching begins from the time of Prophet Adam to Prophet Isa AS as "laailahaillallah" which means there is no god but Allah.

Just like a computer program, beginning with a program that is very fundamental and developed until such time as the program is perfectly achieved the best program. Islam, too, starting with a basic program in the form of the divine teachings up until his teachings that human life and even includes a guide of human life.

Thus, began a project final completion stage of development of Islamic religion are mandated by the last Prophet ie Muhammad SAW. This stage begins with the Apostolic Muhammad, who at that time was trying to leave Mecca Muhammad fled to Medina or due to a fluctuation of thinking about the trust that exists around the community at the time.

Dr. Hasan Ibrahim Hasan in his book titled "The History and Culture of Islam" says, he hated idols, so it never attend activities organized in the pilgrimage season. Likewise, he did not drink wine nor never eat animals slaughtered in the name of idols and never attended a nasty places. From this, the Prophet Muhammad was not interested in any religion professed by the arab community.

It makes solitude he always alone and think about it, maybe he thinks if all this does is desired by the Creator? That he may take and be Hanafiah, which embraced the teachings delivered by the Prophet Ibrahim about divinity. And even, to think that he tried to migrate and seek tranquility solitude as to keep away from the crowds in a cave, the cave of Hira. There he find peace and reflect on events that exist in the universe and think about the days after death. So every day Rasullullah SAW did this and even bring lunch to stay in the Cave of Hira is for 6 months until he reaches 40 years of age.

On Monday, exactly on time alone as meditated in the cave of Hira, on the 17th of Ramadan, there was an incident that made him a feeling of fear. In the event down to his first revelation delivered by the archangel Gabriel appears before him, and said in a commanding tone:

Read (Iqra ')!, Then he replied I can not read (Ma ana Biqari) then the angel Gabriel embraced his crouch and then release back until the third time that the angel Gabriel said:

Read with (call) the name of your Lord Who created. He created man from a clot. Read, and your Lord is the Most Generous, Who taught (the Man) by means of Qalam, He taught man what he did not know (Al-Quran Surah Al-`Alaq verses 1-5).

This is the first commandment of God to Muhammad in order to introduce the teachings of Islam by "READING" all about the divine. This is an early milestone Islam began, the first revelation was used as initial introduction of the Islamic teachings on all aspects of life is by READING. After these revelations, the revelations down the other for about 22 years until Islam improved the final revelation that Al-Maidah verse 3. All these revelations are summarized in a book called Al-Quran Surah 114 composition.

So first article on the development of Islam in the early days, hopefully this article useful to you and open up our thinking about what is Islam. For the next article I will write about Islam on the Quran and Islamic culture itself. Wassalam.

Sources: Al-Quran, "Tafsir Al-Misbah" by Prof. M. Quraish Shihab and "History and Culture of Islam" Dr. Hasan Ibrahim Hasan.

Myths and Animal Behaviour

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 18:22:00 +0700

If you have a pet at home, be it dog, cat bird Atua. Did you know that animals can give a special message to you through their behavior? The animals are sometimes more sensitive than humans, especially if you treat them well. Sometimes animals have sharp instincts, even have a sixth sense that can read an event or situation.
There is a story sekitarabad to-12 in Japan. At that time the Japanese emperor happy to maintain a koi fish. One day the emperor saw a strange behavior in fish koinya. The fish were jumping like to get out of the pool. Then the emperor fish was taken out of the palace. Just emperor came out with his favorite koi fish, there was a very fierce earthquake, and revolved luckily survived because he was outside the royal courtyard. That was the beginning why koi fish called luck and expensive.
Here are some pets, whose behavior is analogous to an event carrying a sign:

Dog
Can you believe that animals have the instinct and the instinct to provide early warning to the owner of an event or situation? For example, if your dog howling at night, it could diisyarakatkan no evil spirits that would interfere with or who was passing in the area there. On the other khasus dogs howling at night can also mean there will be an event or disaster. If the dog snoring and tail folded down means there are spirits around you but it is not harmful creatures. Pranced dog behavior, tail lifted up the dog hair that blooms signify you're happy, it means there will be guests who came from far away that will provide sustenance.

Cat
If you like cats, you can also see in animal behavior. Moreover, the cat is believed to be the mysterious beast. If your cat meows with a great tone and long, then you have to be vigilant, because there will be people who menjahili you either directly or indirectly (read = used-to). Animals that one is supposed to ward off witchcraft coming. The power of witchcraft, and your cat will collide, it can be seen well from a superior who later, when the cat dies suddenly for no reason such as illness or accident means sipus lost after battling witchcraft coming. Your cat means to give up his life to be a shield for you. If I think I have to believe with this assumption because I myself also never had any personal experience with this.
Cat-butting behavior nyeruduk you, it means you will get sustenance. If your cat is often captured with other cats without cause, meaning there will be a fuss or quarrel at home or your home environment.

Bird
Birds can alert people about an event will occur. If doves sounds at night, it's a sign you will find a great disaster. But if the sound doves in the morning, then goodness will be with you step doves and if you die without a cause, it means you are willing doves into your shield, bird deaths caused by sudden people who want to do evil against you and keep your bird's life by sacrificing himself. Hence why the price is very expensive doves, because in addition to the sound of birds is also believed to have mystical elements that can protect.
If you have any around the house and loud crows, meaning there will be relatives of the sick or died. If you maintain an owl, be careful because the aura owls can invite spirits to come in your home. If you kept the goose, you probably are lucky, this animal is known to keep the house apart like dogs, they also like to give a warning out loud if there is a subtle form of attack such as witchcraft or spirits coming. Perhaps the belief, geese cries could expel spirits and like-kuntilanak Genderuwo!

Horse
If you have a horse, the horse is the most sensitive animals provide a warning for you. Horse suddenly whinnied fear, then you will find it difficult. If your horse breathed heavily, it was not because he was out jogging, especially if the horse is stable, and is not issued, the behavior of the horse as it signaled that he saw the dangerous spirits.

Weasel / grate
Lately a lot of people who keep ferrets / grate, you know that this type of animal can be protective for you, only if you are taking good care and give love to them. Elements of this type of animal aura stronger than animals Cats, Dogs and geese. In aura they can be protective for you. But you also have to be careful if you do not treat animals well and tend mentelantarkan or torturing them. Aura animals will turn gives you bad luck and lack of peace of your home. Even the aura that often hurt ferrets can invite evil spirits.

Butterfly
Sometimes none of you who like collecting certain types of butterflies. Maybe not strange yag or it is common knowledge that if a butterfly thought enters your home, you're coming of a special guest.

Snake
For those of you snake fancier, there are certain types of snakes uaranya able to invite the arrival of spirits, but there are also snakes are very cool aura that can make your heart at ease, especially small snakes. For those of you who like the kind of king cobra snake. Be aware that in addition to this highly dangerous snakes and venomous, the aura could make a bleak situation around you, and this is not good for fortune and success. Recommended if you maintain this kind of snake, also cultivate various crops cool aura. Regarding the discussion about plant uara you can read it here.

But however it is only the behavior of animals, sometimes to be believed, may not. Depending you react

8 Misteri unsolved

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 16:54:00 +0700

There are few things in this world that is still a mystery and until now still not be disclosed, what are some of the mystery that follows:

1. BIMINI ROAD:
The diver (diver) who would never see the form of the path beneath the North Sea island of Bimini in the Bahamas. Many people found the path created by nature. However, the arrangement of stones that raises further questions as too "neat". Some experts suspect that the road is part of the City of Atlantis (as written by Plato several centuries ago). And the Bimini Road is still a question: is the way it is made of natural or man? Who is the author?

2. LIGHT BULB Marfa:
It is also called "Ball of Light Ghost". Was first seen in 1880 in the western city of Marfa, Texas. The light was described as big as a basketball, floating man with a shoulder height. Usually white, yellow, orange, red, and sometimes blue or green. Balls that wont fly around a certain area, then disappear by itself. To this day, the light was still visible.

3. LOST MYSTERY Jimmy Hoffa:
Known as Labor leader of America's most influential people in the year 1950 - 1960, Jimmy Hoffa is a figure that has changed the face of American labor. Dated July 30, 1975, Hoffa disappeared in a Detroit parking lot and never found again. One theory is believed Hoffa was killed by Jack Anthony Giacalone, a New Jersey gang leader. The bodies mentioned Hoffa buried under the foundations of the Giants stadium, Detroit. When excavation in foundation stadium, Hoffa corpse was not found.

4. MOTHMAN:
Mothman is one of the well-known urban legend in the area of Virginia. Mothman is a creature depicted with wings and a tall man, with red eyes, sometimes appear without heads and red eyes in the chest. First discovered in the cemetery in Virginia in 1926.

5. JACK THE RIPPER:
Renowned as a mysterious killer in 1888, the identity of Jack The Ripper to this day has never been revealed. The victim is a prostitute who was murdered in a way that is reliable and mutilation perfect, make the police think Jack is a surgeon. Despite a lot of books, movies, and theories published, the identity of Jack the Ripper remains mysterious and not a single shred of evidence that could explain the actual identity.

6. The Babushka Lady:
If you have ever watched a recording assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas in 1963, look at the right corner of the tape. There was a veiled woman babushka (scarf made in Russia) who seems to record the incident. Oddly, the woman was never found. The FBI has asked her to hand over the tape to help the FBI find the killer American president. But she never showed up. Who is he? How could he stand so close to the car the President?

7. ZODIAC KILLER:
One of the most intelligent killer who was never caught up to this day is the Zodiac Killer. In 1960, the Zodiac Killer did the attempted murder of 7 people in Northern California. Five victims died, and two seriously injured. Initially, police seek identity of the killer adversity. A month after the first murder, the killer sent a letter to the police and claimed that he named the Zodiac Killer, and challenged the police to arrest him.
After the murder-7, Zodiac Killer suddenly disappeared.

8. Ogopogo:
Creatures similar to Nessy (long-necked, big bodied, and headed like a lizard) is a mysterious creature that appears in the Okanagan River, Canada. Many witnesses who managed to record images of these creatures. But no one has managed to catch it. Creatures who is also known by the name it has now become a mascot Naitaka Keilowa Park, Canada. And to this day, the mystery is never revealed.

history of development and world football champion's

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 12:50:00 +0700

Football History
Football is one of the most popular sports in Europe and America. It has a lively and interesting history in the world of sports. The earliest evidence of soccer being played as a sport discovered occurrence in China for centuries BC 2 and 3. In China, it was during the Han dynasty that people dribbled leather balls by kicking it into a small net. Fact recordings also support the fact that Romans and Greeks used to play ball for fun and frolic. Some facts showing Kyoto in Japan where kicking the ball is a popular sport.
1. China
In china, during the reign of Emperor Cheng-Ti (32 sb AD) that resembles a football game is already known. In the book Kong-Fu Conficus, relics of the Chinese army, shown pictures of people playing football. Type permianan at that time was called Tsu-Chu (Chu and Tsu = feet = Boal made of leather and it contains the lawn). Permianan Tsu-Chu can be played the king's yard.

2. Japan
In the XIV century in Japan resembling football permianan known as over here. Come permianan usually played by Japanese nobility, especially in the city of Nara. The players use Silk Come Come game can be played on each January.

3. Egypt
In ancient Egypt game resembling soccer was dimainakan. Proven on the relics of ancient Egypt in the form of relief, it is envisaged the people who were playing football.

4. Greece
In ancient Greece, young people like to play football. In those days the young man called Episkyros.

5. Italy
In medieval've played a game that resembled soccer as the Haspartum. Then the game was developed by sebutang Gioco del Calcio. Samapai now the game is still played by people of Fiorentina.

6. French
In 1930 in France, played a kind of game that resembles the game of football as the Choule. The game is played every Sunday afternoon after worship.

7. English
Some argue that in the UK, they play soccer comes from Greek (Episkyros) and from Roman (Hapartum). What is clear is similar game of football had been played in England since 2000 years ago, it was proved in the eleventh century skulls and invaders Vikings kick-kick like a crowded football game. By karana human skull is too hard, then replaced with the inflated cow intestines.

It is said that the early growth of modern soccer began in England. Some funny even mention the fact that the first ball used was the head of some robbers Denmark. It is said that during the Middle Ages, the old form of football is used to allow many ill practices such as kicking, punching, biting and gouging. The main objective is to bring the ball to the target. People grew so fond of the game that they would flock the field all day. Sometimes the competition grew fierce and the masses become so wild that there are violent incidents during the game. It is also said that soldiers admired the game so much that they lose their archery practice to watch.

King Edward III banned football in 1365 due to growing incidents of violence and military indulgence in sports. In 1424 King James I of Scotland also declared in Parliament-"playing man-Na in Fute ball" (No man shall play football)

When and where exactly to start football is a question that has no right answer to it. You can easily say that this popular game has been played for more than three thousand years. The birth of modern-day football should be credited to England. He is also known as association football, with Scotland and England became co-founder of the game of soccer systematically.

Soccer Modern History: 18th Century onwards
In 1815, major developments occurred that make soccer popular in the Universities, Colleges and Schools. One popular English School and Eton College came forth with a set of rules, known as the Cambridge Rules. Football was separated into two groups, several colleges and schools choose to Rugby rules that allow tripping, shin kicking and carrying the ball. These rules are exclusively prohibited by the rules Cambridge.

Modern history of football was established in 1863. In October 1863, eleven representatives from London clubs and schools met at the Freemasons Tavern to create common ground rules to control the match between themselves. The result of this meeting was the formation of the Football Association. In December 1863, Association Football and Rugby Football finally divided as supporters of Rugby School rules walked out.

Firmly establish basic football in 1869, the Football Association strictly prohibits any form of ball handling. Popularity of soccer growing rapidly in the late 1800s as the British sailors, merchants and soldiers introduced the sport to different parts of the world.

Italy, Austria and Germany attractive to Europe, while Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil adopted the sport in South America. FIFA was founded in 1904 and by the early 1930s, different leagues that operate from various countries. FIFA credited with organizing the first World Cup in Uruguay. Football history is rich with events, and the development of a growing craze around the world. You will find yourself amazed as you learn about the different time from this wonderful sport which has held the admiration and awe for more than 3000 years.

List of World Cup Champion From Time to Time
1. World Cup 1930,
Place Uruguay, Uruguay Champion, Top Score Guillermo Stabile (Argentina), Total Goals 8.

2. World Cup 1934,
Place Italian, Italian Champion, Top Score Edmund Conen (Germany), Oldřich Nejedlý (Czechoslovakia), Angelo Schiavio (Italy), each with four goals.

3. World Cup 1938
Place French, Italian Champion, Top Score Leonidas (Brazil), Total Goals 8.

4. World Cup 1950
Place Brazil, Uruguay Champion, Top Score Ademir (Brazil), Total Goals 9.

5. 1954 World Cup
Place Swiss, West German Champion, Top Score Sándor Kocsis (Hungary), Total Goals 11.

6. 1958 World Cup
Place Swedish, Brazilian Champion, Top Score Just Fontaine (France), Total Goals 13.

7. 1962 World Cup
Place of Chile, Brazil Champion, Top Score Garrincha (Brazil), Vava (Brazil), Leonel Sánchez (Chile), Drazen Jerkovic (Yugoslavia), Valentin Ivanov (USSR), Florian Albert (Hungary), each with a number of goals that same, namely 4.

8. 1966 World Cup
Place the UK, British Champion, Top Score Eusébio (Portugal), Total Goals 9.

9. World Cup 1970
Place Mexico, Brazil Champion, Top Score Gerd Muller (West Germany), Total Goals 10.

10. World Cup 1974
Place of West Germany, West Germany Champion, Top Score Grzegorz Lato (Poland), Total Goals 7.

11. 1978 World Cup
Place of Argentina, Argentina Champion, Top Score Mario Kempes (Argentina), Total Goals 6.

12. 1982 World Cup
Place Spanish, Italian Champion, Top Score Paolo Rossi (Italy), Total Goals 6.

13. 1986 World Cup
Place Mexico, Argentina Champion, Top Score Gary Lineker (England), Total Goals 6.

14. World Cup 1990
Place Italy, West Germany Champion, Top Score Salvatore Schillaci (Italy), Total Goals 6.

15. World Cup 1994
Place the United States, Brazil Champion, Top Score Hristo Stoitchkov (Bulgaria), Total Goals 6.

16. World Cup 1998
Place the French, the French Champion, Top Score Davor Suker (Croatia), Total Goals 6.

17. World Cup 2002
Place of South Korea - Japan, Brazil Champion, Top Score Ronaldo (Brazil), Total Goals 8.

18. World Cup 2006
Place German, Italian Champion, Top Score Miroslav Klose (Germany), Total Goals 5.

19. World Cup 2010
Hosts South Africa Spanish champions top scorer David Villa, Diego Forlan, Thomas Muller, Wesley Sneijder (5 goals each)

brazil? (Wait for the result 2014)

function on the internet today

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Mar 2013 20:58:00 +0700

Current Internet
Internet is maintained by bi-or multilateral agreements and technical specifications (protocol which describes the data transfer between the circuit). These protocols are established based on conversations Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which is open to the public. The agency issued a document known as RFC (Request for Comments). Some RFCs are Internet standards (Internet Standard), the Internet Architecture Board (Internet Architecture Board - IAB). Internet protocols are commonly used are IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, and SSL. Some of the popular services on the Internet that use these protocols is to email / mail, Usenet, Newsgroups, share files (File Sharing), WWW (World Wide Web), Gopher, session access (Session Access), WAIS, finger, IRC, MUD, and Mush. Among all of these, email / electronic mail and the World Wide Web more often used, and many other services are built upon them, such as mailing lists (Mailing List) and Weblog. The Internet allows the current service (real-time service), such as web radio, and webcast, which can be accessed around the world. Also through the Internet it is possible to communicate directly between two or more users through instant messenger programs such as Camfrog, Pidgin (Gaim), Trilian, Kopete, Yahoo! Messenger, MSN Messenger and Windows Live Messenger. Some of the popular Internet services are based on a closed system (Proprietary System), is like IRC, ICQ, AIM, CDDB, and Gnutella.

Internet Culture
A large number of Internet users and growing, have realized the Internet culture. The Internet also has a great influence on science, and worldview. Through keyword-driven search engines such as Google, users worldwide have easy access to the Internet on a variety of information. Compared with books and libraries, the Internet represents (Decentralization) / knowledge (knowledge) information and data in the extreme. The development of the Internet has also influenced economic development. Various sale and purchase transactions that previously could only be done by face-to-face (and some very small by mail or telephone), is now very easy and is often done via the Internet.

Transactions over the Internet is known as e-commerce. Related to governance, the Internet also fueled the growth of government transparency in the implementation of e-government as Sragen which succeeded in delivering enhanced scalability by leveraging the Internet to the area of transparency of public funds and trimming the bureaucracy, so that residents in the area on the stretcher so profitable as the civil servants could also be improved kesejahterannya as regional income rises sharply.

Codes of conduct for Internet
Just as a community, the Internet also has a certain order, which is known as Nettiquette or in the Indonesian language known as netiquette. For in Indonesia besides social order also imposed regulations on the Internet (UU ITE).

Moral issues and legislation
There are communities vacillation on the Internet that culminates in some controversial material in it. Copyright infringement, pornography, identity theft, and hate speech (hate speech), is a common and difficult to maintain. By 2007, Indonesia still has Cyberlaw, whereas academic draft bill Cyberlaw been discussed since 2000 by the Directorate General of Post and Telecommunication and the Ministry. Extant laws related to information technology and telecommunications are the Telecommunications Act of 1999. Internet is also blamed by some people for being a cause of death. Brandon Vedas died of drug use that goes beyond the spirit of friends chatting IRCnya. Shawn Woolley committed suicide because of an addiction to online games, Everquest. Brandes was stabbed killed, and eaten by Armin Meiwes after answering an ad on the Internet.

Internet Access
Countries with the best Internet access, including South Korea (50% instead of the population has access jalurlebar - Broadband), and Sweden. There are two common forms of Internet access, the dial-up, and jalurlebar. In Indonesia, as a developing country where access to the Internet and PC penetration is high enough on the Internet capacity is cheap and inexpensive netbooks, only operator in Indonesia less fair in pricing and there is even one of the operators who deliberately create a "trap trap" in order that the Internet users to pay for more expensive air-million million dollars!!, the other about 42% of Internet access through public facilities such as wireless Internet cafe, cybercafes, etc. hotspot. Other public areas are often used for Internet access are on campus and in the office.

Besides using a PC (Personal Computer), we can also access the Internet via mobile phones (HP) to use facilities called GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). GPRS is a wireless communication standard (wireless) that has a connection speed of 115 kbps and supports the wider application (graphics and multimedia). GPRS technology is accessible to support the facility. Pen-setting of GPRS on mobile Depending operators (Telkomsel, Indosat, XL, 3) is used. Internet access charges calculated by the amount of capacity (per-kilobite) downloaded.

terrible accident happened in the world of all time

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 10 Mar 2013 15:13:00 +0700

RMS Titanic
RMS Titanic was a passenger liner that sank super Britain in the North Atlantic Ocean on April 15, 1912 after hitting an iceberg on its maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York City. The sinking of the Titanic resulted in the death of as many as 1514 people in one of the disasters of the deadliest peacetime maritime history. Titanic was the largest ship in the world on its maiden voyage. One of the three Olympic-class ocean liner operated by the White Star Line. The ship was built in 1909 to 1911 by Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. The ship is capable of carrying 2224 passengers.
The passengers consisted of a number of the richest people in the world, and more than a thousand emigrants from the United Kingdom, Ireland, Scandinavia, and other countries who are looking for a new life in North America. The ship was designed as comfortable and as luxurious as possible, with well equipped gymnasium, swimming pool, library, upscale restaurants and luxury cabins. This ship also has a cutting-edge wireless telegraph operated for the purpose of passenger and vessel operations. Although Titanic has advanced safety equipment such as watertight compartments and watertight doors that can be operated from a distance, the ship did not have enough lifeboats to accommodate all passengers. Due to safety regulations ancient sea, the Titanic had only a lifeboat that can only accommodate 1178 passengers - one-third of the total passengers and crew.
After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, the Titanic stopped at Cherbourg, France and Queenstown (now Cobh), Ireland before sailing west to New York. On 14 April 1912, four days after shipping, exactly 375 miles south of Newfoundland, the ship hit an iceberg at 23:40 (ship time; UTC-3). This resulted in a collision rather swipe Titanic hull plate inward in some places on the starboard side and ripped five of sixteen water-tight compartments. For two and a half hours later, the boat slowly filled with water and sank. The number of passengers and crew were evacuated into lifeboats, most have been released in a state of half-full. Many men in disproportionate numbers - nearly 90% in Year Two - abandoned because officers were loading the lifeboats comply with the protocol "women and children first". Just before 2:20 pm, Titanic broke and bow down with a thousand people on board. The people in the water died within minutes due to hypothermia because of contact with a very cold ocean. 710 passengers safely removed from the boat by the RMS Carpathia a few hours later.
The calamity was received with shock and outrage over the number of casualties and the failure of regulation and operation happens. Public inquiry in Britain and the United States pushing a major overhaul marine safety. One of the most important legacy of this disaster was the establishment of the International Convention for the Safety of Passengers at Sea (SOLAS), which still governs marine safety until now. Many survivors lost all their wealth and possessions and being poor, many families, especially families of the crew of Southampton, loses its main source of income. They all helped by a flood of sympathy and charitable donations from the community. Some of the men who survived, especially the head of the White Star Line, J. Bruce Ismay, denounced as a coward for abandoning ship when passengers are still on it, and they were ostracized by the public.
Wreck of Titanic still on the sea floor, slowly crushed in the depths of 12,415 feet (3.784 m). Since it was rediscovered in 1985, thousands of artifacts taken from the seabed and exhibited in various museums around the world. Titanic has become one of the famous ship in history. Its existence continues to be remembered by a number of books, films, exhibitions, and memorials.
Survivors and the dead
The number of victims of the sinking of Titanic was not clear due to several factors, including differences in the passenger list, which includes names of people who canceled their trips at the last minute, and the fact that the number of passengers using aliases for various reasons and counted twice in the list of victims. The death toll is estimated between 1490 and 1635 people. The number at the bottom of the report obtained by Great Britain Board of Trade about this disaster.

Category passengers	Number of passengers	Survivors	The death toll	Percentage of survivors	The percentage of dead
Children, Class Two	24th	24th	0	100%	0%
Children, First Class	6	5	1	83.4%	16.6%
Children, Class Three	79th	27th	52	34%	66%
Men, crew	865	192	693	22%	78%
Men, Class Two	168	14th	154	8%	92%
Men, First Class	175	57th	118	33%	67%
Men, Class Three	462	75th	387	16%	84%
Women, crew	23	20th	3	87%	13%
Women, Class Two	93	80th	13th	86%	14%
Women, Class A	144	140	4	97%	3%
Women, Class Three	165	76th	89th	46%	54%
Total	2224	710	1514	32%	68%

Less than a third passenger survived the Titanic disaster. Some of the survivors died shortly afterwards; injuries and the impact of exposure to cold water resulted in the death of a few survivors on board the Carpathia. This represents a striking difference in levels of survivors of various classes of Titanic passengers. Although only 3 percent of the class of women who died, 54 percent of women killed in the third grade. Similarly, five of the six children first and all of second grade children survived, but 52 of 79 third-grade children were killed. The last survivors are still alive, Millvina Dean from England, who at the age of nine weeks became the youngest passenger on the ship, who died on May 31, 2009 at the age of 97 years.

The shuttle Columbia
The shuttle Columbia (NASA aircraft code: OV-102) is a first space shuttle orbiter in NASA's fleet. First mission, STS-1 took place from 12 Apriluntil 14 April 1981. On February 1, 2003, the plane exploded in the 28nya mission, STS-107, killing the entire crew of seven persons, namely Rick D. Husband (commander), William C. McCool (Pilot), David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla (India-The first American in space), Michael P. Anderson, Laurel B.Clark and Ilan Ramon (the first Israeli man in space)
Throughout its history, Columbia has conducted 28 flights, spent a period as long as 300.74 days in space, Completing 4808 orbits, and flew 201,497,772 miles, Including the last mission.

Chernobyl

Tanggal26 In April 1986, the world witnessed the worst accident in the history of the world. Chernobyl disaster known as socio-economic catastrophe in peacetime. 50% of the area of Ukraine affected. More than 200,000 people had to be evacuated and resettled while 1.7 million people were directly affected by the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident. Deaths related to Chernobyl victims, including people who died from cancer years later, is estimated at 125,000 inhabitants. Total costs including recovery, resettlement, and compensation to victims is estimated at $ 200 billion.

Cost of a new steel shelter for the Chernobyl nuclear embed spend up to $ 2 billion alone. The accident was officially attributed to power nuclear plant in violation of procedures and planting ignore security requirements that have been set.

Prestige

13 November 2002, a tanker ship "Prestige" loaded with 77,000 tons of fuel oil one of the 12 tanks exploded when the storm hit Spain. Fearing that the ship exploded, then the captain called for help on Spanish rescue workers, expecting the ship can be towed to the nearest port.

However, for fear of jeopardizing the case was rejected by the local government of Spain. Do not want to lose the sense, the captain also asked for help from the Portuguese and French, but for a long time, the captain was forced to bite her toes being rejected and asked to stay away from their waters.

The storm got worse and the ship split in half, removing as much as 20 million gallons of oil and polluting the sea. Who suffered total losses plus cleaning the sea is 12 Billion U.S. Dollars

Chernobyl accident of 1986 On 26 April 1986, reactor # 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near the town of Pripyat, Ukraine, exploded. The explosion happened at 1:23 in the morning when the neighboring town of Pripyat residents were tertidur.suatu nuclear leak disaster, and there is also a mention as the collapse of container planting nuclear accident of Chernobyl. The accident was officially attributed to power plant operators who violated procedures and standards necessary for safety requirements. the incident occurred on April 26, 1986.Yes, Chernobyl was a disaster that has been called the biggest socio-economic concerns throughout history. 50% of the area of Ukraine that affected. More than 200,000 people had to be evacuated and resettled while 1.7 million people were directly affected by the disaster. Deaths attributed to Chernobyl, including people who died from cancer years later, is estimated at 125,000 inhabitants. Two workers were killed instantly. 40 hours later, the residents of Pripyat were ordered to evacuate, and never come back, at the time, many people have suffered varying degrees of radiation poisoning. In 2003, the United Nations Development Programme launched a project called the Chernobyl Recovery and Development (CRDP) for the recovery of the affected areas.The program launched its activities based on Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident report recommendations and was initiated in February 2002. The main goal of the CRDP's activities is supporting the Government of Ukraine to mitigate long-term consequences of social, economic and ecological disaster of Chernobyl, among others. CRDP works in the four most Chernobyl-affected areas in Ukraine: Kiev Oblast, Zhytomyrska Oblast, partially Kiev, Rivne Oblast Chernihivska and Oblast.

Metrolink CALIFORNIA

12 September 2008 was the worst rail accident within California history, 25 people were killed when a Metrolink train collides with train Union Pacific Los Angeles. The main causes of accidents due to the Metrolink that strap in one (red signal). Loss of about 500 million U.S. dollars.

World Philosophers and thoughts

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 9 Mar 2013 19:51:00 +0700

Socrates

In ancient Greece, Socrates has an outstanding reputation as a great philosopher. One day a man met him, and asked,

The man: "Do not you know what I just heard about your friend?".

Socrates replied: "Wait, before you say anything, I want you to pass a little test.'s Called three filter test.".

The man: "Three filter? '.

Socrates went on: "Yes, yes, before you say to me about my friend, it's good to take a moment and filter what you would say. Which is why I call it a test three sieves. Sieve first is the Truth. Did you really believe what you are going to tell me is true? "

The man said: "No, actually I just heard about it and ..."

Socrates: "Okay, so you do not know whether it's true or not. Now we try the second filter. Filter of Goodness. Would you tell me about my friend something good?" .

The man replied: "No, on the contrary ..."

Socrates continued: "So, you want to say something bad about him, but you're not sure if it's true. You can still pass this test, because there is still one more filter: filter Kegunaan.Apakah something you tell me about my friend going to be useful to me ? "

The man: "No, not really."

Socrated concluded: "Well, what would you say is not true, either, or even useful, why are you telling me?"

Socrates (470-399 BC):
Sick of material goods and the common understanding of a successful life. He is looking for sophia, philosophy. Despite knowing that only one thing is that he does not know anything, he was respected for his ability in debate with rhetorical arguments break and defects of debate opponents who felt he knew everything.

Aristotle
Aristotle (Greek: 'Aριστοτέλης Aristotle), (384 BC - 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote a variety of different subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethnic, biology and zoology. Along with Socrates and Plato, he is considered to be one of the three most influential philosophers in Western thought. Aristotle was born in Stagira, a town in the Chalcidice, Thracians, Greece (formerly including central Macedonia region) in 384 BC. His father was the personal physician of King Amyntas of Macedonia. At 17 years old, a student of Plato Aristotle. Later he rose to become a teacher at Plato's Academy in Athens for 20 years. Aristotle left the Academy after Plato's death, and became a teacher of Alexander of Macedonia. When Alexander came to power in 336 BC, he returned to Athens. With the support and assistance of Alexander, he then set up its own academy, called the Lyceum, which he led until the year 323 BC. Political changes with the fall of Alexander made himself should return escape from Athens in order to avoid unfortunate fate as Socrates once experienced. Aristotle died shortly after the evacuation. Aristotle strongly emphasized empiricism to emphasize knowledge.
Although most of the science that developed was more of a description of the things that make sense (common-sense explanation), many theories that persist even almost two thousand years. This happens because these theories are considered reasonable and in accordance with the idea of society in general, although it later turned out that these theories are all wrong because it is based on false assumptions.
It can be said that Aristotle was very influential on Western thought and religious thought in general. Alignment of Aristotle with Christian theology by St. Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, with Jewish theology by Maimonides (1135-1204), and the theology of Islam by Ibn Rusyid (1126-1198). For medieval man, Aristotle is not only regarded as an authoritative source on logic and metaphysics, but is also considered a major source of knowledge, or "the master of those who know," as he later said by Dante Alighieri.
Birth:
384 BC Stagira, Chalcidice
Died:
322 BC (aged 61 or 62) Euboea
Era:
Ancient philosophy
Tradition:
Peripatetic school
Aristotelianism
The main interest:
• Physics
• Metaphysics
• Poetry
• Theatre
• Music
• Rhetoric
• Politics
• Governments
• Ethics
• Biology
• Zoology
Important ideas:
• Golden mean
• Reason
• Logic
• Passion
Influenced:
• Parmenides
• Socrates
• Plato
• Heraclitus
• Democritus
Affect:
• Alexander the Great
• Avicenna
• Averroes
• Maimonides
• Albertus Magnus
• Thomas Aquinas
• Duns Scotus
• Ptolemy
• Copernicus
• Galileo
Aristotle (384-322 BC; founder of the philosophical school of Lyceum):
Very sensitive to the historical development of ideas, especially about common sense, and try to avoid extreme patterns in philosophy. Giant Western thinkers while developing controls most branches of science in his day and left a lasting influence in the philosophy and science in the future. Logic science is still taught in universities today. In metaphysics he rejected the separation of the forms of Plato through the analysis-analysis of the matter, patensialitas, substance, and the world in general teleological. In ethics and social philosophy, he is known to maintain the doctrine of the "middle" in human action in which he emphasized the virtues and moral responsibility, especially in certain situations where "the decision lies in the perception".

Pythagoras
Pythagoras (582 BC - 496 BC, Greek: Πυθαγόρας) was a Greek mathematician and philosopher who is best known through his theorem.
Known as the "Father of Numbers", he gave an important contribution to philosophy and religious teaching in the late 6th century BC. The life and teachings are not so clear due to the many legends and stories made about him.
One of the relics of the famous Pythagoras Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs (the sides of the elbow). Although the facts in this theorem has been widely known before the birth of Pythagoras, but Pythagoras theorem is credited to because he was the first to prove this observation mathematically.
Pythagoras and his students believed that everything in this world dealing with math, and feels that everything can be predicted and measured in cycles beritme. He believes the beauty of mathematics because all natural phenomena can be expressed in numbers or comparative numbers. There is a legend that says that when students Hippasus found that, the hypotenuse of a right triangle isosceles right-angled to the side of each one, is irrational, another Pythagorean disciples decided to kill him because they could not refute the evidence presented Hippasus.
Pythagoras (586-500 BC; founder of a secret fraternity community):
The key to understanding the universe lies in the numbers, because everything is numbers.

Thales (+ 585 BC):
"Everything is full of gods" (naturalistic cosmology). Water is the first principle (unity / diversity behind the monistic world).
Thales of Miletus ( pron.: / θ eɪ l i ː z / ; Greek : Θαλῆς , Thales ; c. 624 BC - c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor , and one of the Seven Sages of Greece . Many, most Notably Aristotle , regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition . According to Bertrand Russell , "Western philosophy begins with Thales." Thales attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was tremendously Influential in this respect. Almost all of the other pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in Attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world-without reference to mythology. Those philosophers were also Influential, and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations Became an essential idea for the scientific revolution . He was also the first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses, and as a result has been dubbed the "Father of Science", though it is argued that Democritus is actually more deserving of this title.
In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem . As a result, he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and is the first known individual to Whom a mathematical discovery has been Attributed.

Anaximander (611-546 BC +; founder Astronomy):
A monistic naturalistic metaphysicians who believe that the first substance is "the Infinite": primitive unity of all substance.
Anaximander (pron:. / Ə ˌ æ n ɨ ks nd ər m æ /, Greek: Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros .., c 610-546 BC c) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia, Milet in modern Turkey. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of the school where he counted Anaximenes and arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.
Little is known of his life and work today. According to available historical documents, he was the first philosopher known to have written his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of men.
Anaximander was one of the earliest Greek thinkers at the start of the Axial Age, the period from about 700 BC to 200 BC, in which the same revolutionary thinking appeared in China, India, Iran, the Near East, and Ancient Greece. He was an early proponent of science and tried to observe and explain different aspects of the universe, with particular interest in its origins, claiming that nature is governed by law, such as human society, and everything else that upsets the balance of nature does not last long. Like many thinkers of his time, Anaximander contribution to philosophy relate to many disciplines. In astronomy, he tried to describe the mechanics of celestial bodies in relation to the Earth. In physics, the postulation that the limited (or apeiron) was the source of everything that led Greek philosophy to a new level of conceptual abstraction. Knowledge of geometry allowed him to introduce the gnomon in Greece. He created a world map that contributed greatly to the advancement of geography. He was also involved in the politics of Miletus and sent as a leader of one of the colonies.
Anaximander stated that "unlimited" (apeiron) principle give rise to all the phenomena of nature. Carl Sagan claimed that he was doing most of recorded scientific experiments awal.Anaximander, Praxiades son, born in Miletus during the third year of the 42nd Olympiad (610 BC). According to Apollodorus Athens, Greek grammarian of the second century BC, he was sixty-four years during the second half of the 58th Olympiad (547-546 BC), and died shortly afterwards.
Building a timeline of his work is now impossible, since no document provides chronological references. Themistius, a fourth-century Byzantine orator, said that he is "the first of the Greeks are known to publish a written document on nature." Therefore, its text will be among the earliest written in prose, at least in the Western world. At the time of Plato, philosophy is almost forgotten, and Aristotle, his successor Theophrastus and some doxographers provide us with a little information behind. However, we know from Aristotle that Thales, also of Miletus, Anaximander precedes. It is debatable whether Thales is actually the teacher of Anaximander, but there is no doubt that Anaximander influenced by the theory of Thales' that everything comes from water. One thing that is not debatable is that even the ancient Greeks considered Anaximander derived from Monist school that began in Miletus to Thales followed by Anaximander and finished with Anaximenes. Third-century Roman rhetoric Aelian described him as the leader of the Milesian colony to Apollonia on the Black Sea coast, and hence some have inferred that he was a prominent citizen. Indeed, Various History (III, 17) explains that philosophers sometimes also deal with political issues. It is very likely that the leaders of Miletus sent him there as a legislator to make a constitution or simply to keep the loyalty of the colony.

Siddharta Gautama (563-483 +; founder of the Buddhist religion and philosophy):
The four noble truths:
(1) Life is dukkha (suffering), (2) The cause of suffering is tanha (craving / desire and attachment to him, that it appears ego), (3) Suffering can be overcome by cutting the rope attachment, (4) This can be done Kindness by following the Eightfold Path, namely:
(1) Samma-ditthi (meaning true);
(2) Samma-sankappa (mean correct);
(3) Samma-vaca (right speech);
(4) Samma-kammarta (correct behavior);
(5) Samma-ajiva (working properly);
(6) Samma-vayama (right effort);
(7) Samma-sati (true memories) and
(8) Samma-samadhi (contemplation right). Everything is interconnected and in a state of flow.
Gautama Buddha or Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध, Pali: Siddhattha Gotama), also called Shakyamuni [note 1], is an ancient sage of Shakya republic [note 2], on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is also known as "Buddha" or most often simply as "Buddha."
Buddha means "awakened" or "enlightened one." "Buddha" is also used as the title for the first wake up in the era. In the Buddhist tradition, Siddhartha Gautama regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammasambuddhas, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, [note 3] Gautama Buddha is also described as Shakyamuni Buddha, Sakyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Sakya") or "The Awakened One of the Shakya Clan."
Gautama taught the middle way than severe asceticism found in the Sramana movement (rejection) is common in the region. He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kosala.
When Gautama birth and death are uncertain: most historians in the early 20th century as his date around the year 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BC. [Note 4] However, at a specialist symposium on this question was held in 1988 in Göttingen, most of the experts who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death, with others supporting earlier or later date. This alternative chronology, however, has not been accepted by all other historians.
Gautama is the primary figure in Buddhism, and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him handed down by oral tradition, and first committed to writing about 400 years later.

Lao Tse (+ the 6th century BC; founder of Taoism):
Emphasizing simplicity and harmony of the rhythm of the universe. Happiness is only achieved by living in harmony with the Tao, which is an impersonal source of all things, as well as the changing nature spontaneously. Credited with main ideas Tao Te Ching (The Way of Life).

Laozi (see the other names and spelling variations, China: 老子, English pronunciation: / ˌ l dz aʊ ʌ /. Fl-6th century BC) was a philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching (often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of philosophical Taoism (pronounced as "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist philosophy, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones".
According to Chinese tradition, Laozi lived in the 6th century BC. Some historians argue that he actually lived in the 5th-4th century BC, concurrent with the Hundred Schools Thought and Warring States Period, while some others argue that Laozi is a synthesis of some historical figure or that he is a mythical figure.
A central figure in Chinese culture, both nobility and common people claim Laozi in their lineage. He was honored as the ancestor of the Tang imperial family, and was given the title of Táishāng Xuanyuan Huangdi, meaning "Supreme Mysterious and Primordial Emperor". Throughout history, Laozi's work was embraced by various anti-authoritarian movements.

Democritus (460-370 BC +; founder of Greek atomism):
Everything that exists is made up of space and tiny particles of infinite, undivided, called atomic material. Differences objects are different shapes, the movement and position of the atoms. Matter is eternal and energy stored in the system.

Democritus (Greek: Δημόκριτος, Demokritos, "chosen people") (. Ca. 460-370 BC ca) was an Ancient Greek philosopher born in Abdera, Thrace, Greece. He was an influential pre-Socratic philosopher and pupil of Leucippus, who formulated an atomic theory for the universe.
Contribution exactly difficult to separate from those of his mentor Leucippus, as they are often mentioned together in texts. Their speculation on atoms, taken from Leucippus, bears a passing resemblance to the partial and the nineteenth-century understanding of atomic structure that has led to some regard Democritus as more of a scientist than other Greek philosophers, however, their ideas rested on very different bases . Largely ignored in ancient Athens, Democritus was still known to his fellow northern-born philosopher Aristotle. Plato is said to have not liked it so much that he wished all his books burned. Many consider Democritus as "the father of modern science".

Plato (429-437 BC; founder of the philosophical school of Academia in Athens):
Reality consists of two layers: the physical world that is always changing and can not be known and the world akali (ideas / forms) are eternal, immutable and knowable. Philosopher goal is to reach the world for him to gain knowledge about the second-pengada pengada like forma triangle, beauty (as opposed to earthly imitations of these forma) and justice (as opposed to the system is not perfect, like the one that impose the death penalty on Socrates).
Plato (pron:. / Pl eɪ t oʊ /, Greek: Πλάτων, Platon, "broad" 424/423 BC [a] - 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of AN Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars doubt extracted from his writings. I mention the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues, thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in some fashion, this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and reference texts of Plato. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a variety of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. Plato is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.

Epicurus (341-270 BC, founder of the Epicurianisme):
Epicurianisme is a way of putting life as the ultimate goal of human pleasures and achievements encourage the maximum with the minimum of suffering by pressing desires are "unnecessary", build friendships, and eliminate the fear of the gods and death.
Epicurus (Greek: Ἐπίκουρος, Epikouros, "allies, comrades", 341 BC - 270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters of Epicurus's 300 written works remain. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy comes from later followers and commentators.
For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy is to achieve a happy life, calm, marked by Ataraxia-peace and freedom from fear-and-aponia absence of pain and to live an independent life surrounded by friends. He taught that pleasure and pain is a measure of what is good and evil, death is the end of the body and the soul, and it should not be afraid, the gods do not reward or punish humans, the universe is infinite and eternal, and events in the world ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space.

Tulius Marcus Cicero (106-43 BC; Roman orator and statesman who has a great interest in philosophy):
In political theory, he is known for his belief in human rights and human brotherhood. In the field of ethics, he is interested in the teachings of the Stoics.
Marcus Tullius Cicero (pron:. / S É ª s É ¨ r OES /, Classical Latin: [markÊŠs tul.ljÊŠs to ª to> ro Ë], January 3, 106 BC - December 7, 43 BC, sometimes anglicized as Tully) was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, orator, political theory, consuls and constitutionalist. She comes from a family of wealthy city knight, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman orators and prose stylists. His influence on the Latin is so great that subsequent historical prose in not only Latin but Europe until the 19th century is said to either a reaction to or a return to the style. According to Michael Grant, "Cicero's influence on the history of European literature and ideas greatly exceeds that of any other prose writer in any language." Cicero introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanity, qualities, quantities, and important materials) distinguished himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited to launch the 14th century Renaissance. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zielinski, "is above all things Renaissance revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him from the rest of the classic era." Tops Cicero authority and prestige come during the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, and its impact on the leading Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, David Hume, and Montesquieu are substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still is one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.
Although he was a great orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was the most important achievement. It was during his consul Catiline conspiracy that attempted to overthrow the government through the attack on the town from outside forces, and Cicero suppress rebellion by running five conspirators without trial. During the second half of the 1st century BC chaotic marked by civil war and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed back to the traditional republican government. After the death of Julius Caesar Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the subsequent power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was banned as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and subsequently murdered in 43 BC.

Lucretius (99-55 BC +; spreading the teachings of Epicurus atomism):
Following Epicurus in materialism unconditionally and even further to reject religion with all the crimes that result.
Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 99 BC -. Ca 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His work is known only epic poem De rerum natura about the philosophical beliefs of Epicureanism, and translated into English as On the Nature of Things or "On the Nature of the Universe".
Almost nothing is known about the life of Lucretius. Jerome tells how he was driven mad by a love potion and write poems between fits of madness, ultimately committed suicide in middle age, but modern scholarship suggests this account is the possibility of discovery. The De rerum natura is a major influence on the Augustan poets, especially Virgil (Aeneid and Georgics in his book, and to a lesser extent in his Eclogues) and Horace. It almost disappeared during the Middle Ages, but was rediscovered in a monastery in Germany in 1417, by Poggio Bracciolini, and plays an important role in the development of atomism (Lucretius was an important influence on Pierre Gassendi) and the efforts of the various figures of the Enlightenment era to build a new Christian humanism.

Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD; emperor of Rome 161-180 AD):
His work entitled aphorisms (wise expressions) contains reflections that show the effect of the general tone of Stoic Epictetus. His teachings are about the individual's sense of self enough to face hostility, duties and obligations of the universe.
Marcus Aurelius (Latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, 26 April 121 CE - 17 March 180 AD), was Roman Emperor 161-180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus death 'on 169. He was the last of the Five Good Emperor, and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.
During his reign, the Empire defeated a revitalized Parthian Empire in the East, Aurelius' general Avidius Cassius sacked the capital of Ctesiphon in 164. In central Europe, Aurelius against Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians with success during Marcomannic War, with the threat of Germanic tribes began to represent a difficult reality for the Empire. A revolt in the East led by Avidius Cassius failed to gain momentum and pressed immediately.
Marcus Aurelius' Stoic tome Meditations, written in Greek while on campaign between 170 and 180, is still revered as a literary monument to a philosophy of service and duty, describing how to find and preserve the balance in the midst of conflict by following nature as a source of guidance and inspiration.

Plotinus (205-270; largest neo-Platonic):
Convinced that reality comes from a source that is transcendent and ineffable called the One. The One is beyond there, and everything comes from Him through emanation from. The first emanation is Nous (mind), the second one with Soul of the World appear human souls, and the third is the material.
Plotinus (/ pl aɪ n ɒ t ə s /, Greek: Πλωτῖνος) (ca. 204/5-270 CE) was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system theory there are three principles: One, Mind, and Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is the Platonic tradition. Historian of the 19th century invented the term applied to him and Neoplatonism and influential philosophy in Late Antiquity. Many biographical information comes from Porphyry on Plotinus 'introduction to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads. His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Gnostic metaphysicians and mystics. Porphyry reported Plotinus was 66 years old when he died in the year 270, the second year of the reign of Emperor Claudius II, thus giving us the birth of her teacher as about 205. Eunapius reported that Plotinus was born in Lycopolis Delta; "Lyco-" from the Greek word for "wolf" (Greek: λύκος, Lykos). It is the same root that gives rise to the Lyceum of Aristotle (the wolf) in Egypt, which has led to speculation that he may have been a genuine Egyptian Roman, Greek, or Hellenistic Egyptian descent.
Plotinus had an inherent distrust of materiality (an attitude common to platonism), holds the view that the phenomenon is a poor image or mimicry (mimesis) of something "higher and understood" [VI.I] which is "more right part of the original Being". This distrust extended to the body, including himself, but was reported by Porphyry that at one point he refused to have his portrait painted, probably for the same reason many do not like. Likewise Plotinus never discussed his ancestors, childhood, or the place or date of birth. From all accounts the personal and social life exhibited the highest standards of moral and spiritual.
Plotinus studied philosophy at the age of twenty-seven, around the year 232, and traveled to Alexandria to study. There, she was dissatisfied with every teacher he met through an acquaintance suggested he listen to ideas Saccas Ammonius. Upon hearing Ammonius lecture, he declared to his friend, "this is the man I was looking for," and began to study hard under his new instructor. Besides Ammonius, Plotinus was also influenced by the works of Alexander of Aphrodisias, Numenius, and various Stoics.

Augustine (354-430; First Christian philosopher):
God as a supreme being who created everything out of nothing, and even waktupun not exist before the creation. Evil is not created by God as intrinsically evil does not exist. Human knowledge can only come through enlightened mind. But since Adam slipped into the earth, then man can only be free from sin if the grace to restore power to do good.

Augustine of Hippo (pron:. / Ɔ ː ɡ ʌ n ɨ st / or / ɔ ː ɡ ə st ɪ n /, Latin :: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, 13 November 354 - 28 August 430 ), also known as St. Augustine, St. Austin, or St. Augoustinos, is the Father of the Church whose writings are considered highly influential in the development of Western Christianity and philosophy. He was Bishop of Hippo Regius (now Annaba, Algeria) of the Roman province of Africa.
According to his contemporary, Jerome, Augustine "established more ancient faith." In the early years, he was heavily influenced by Manichaeism and afterward by the Neo-Platonism of Plotinus. After his conversion to Christianity and baptism in 387, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and different perspectives. He believed that the grace of Christ is indispensable to human freedom, and he framed the concepts of original sin and just war.
When the Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Catholic Church as a spiritual City of God (in a book of the same name), distinct from the City of earthly matter. His mind was greatly influenced the medieval worldview. Augustine's City of God is closely identified with a segment of the church who hold to the concept of the Trinity as defined by the Council of Nicea and the Council of Constantinople.
In the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion, he is a saint, leading Doctor of the Church, and the patron Augustinians. Memorial celebrated August 28, the day of his death. He is the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, sore eye reduction, and a number of cities and dioceses. Many Protestants, especially Calvinists, consider it as one of the theological fathers of Reformation due to his teachings on salvation and divine grace. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he was also considered sacred, his feast day is celebrated on June 15. He brings additional title Blessed are the Orthodox, both as "Blessed Augustine" or "St. Augustine the Blessed."

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274):
Trying to build a synthesis between Aristotelian philosophy and Christian thought in which the truths of faith and the ratio of support and complement each other. Known as the "five-way" proving the existence of God. Distinguish between objects metaphysical essence (what it) and existence (the fact that there is). According to human laws should be based on the eternal law, which rules out Budi Divine manage the universe.

Thomas Aquinas, OP (. Pron: / ə kw aɪ n ə s / ə-kwy-nəs, 1225 - March 7, 1274), also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was Italian Dominican priest, and highly influential philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition , where he was also known as the "Dumb Ox", "Angelic Doctor", "Doctor communis", and "Doctor Universalis". "Aquinas" is Demonim from Aquino: Thomas comes from one of the noble families of the kingdom of Naples, his parents held the title "Prince of Aquino" and "Countess of Teano." He is a prominent supporter of classical natural theology, and the father of Thomism. His influence on Western thought is quite large, and much of modern philosophy was conceived in the development or rejection of his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory.
Thomas was held at the Roman Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood, and indeed the highest expression of both natural reason and speculative theology. The study of his works, according to the papacy and magisterial documents, the core of required courses for those seeking ordination as a priest or deacon, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (Catholic philosophy, theology, history , liturgy and canon law). His most famous works are his Summa Theologiae and Summa Contra Gentiles. One of the 35 doctors of the Church., He is considered the greatest theologians and philosophers of the Church Pope Benedict XV declared: "This Order (Dominica) ... acquired new luster when the Church declared the teachings of Thomas to be her own and that Doctor, honored with praise Special of the Pope, the master and patron of Catholic school. "

Force Warrior and legendary Greatest Throughout History

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 8 Mar 2013 20:44:00 +0700

Talking about the history of the world, not apart from the name of the war because war is a result of the side effects of ego strength, in war there must be forces or knights in it. In the history of war, the world has created a variety of forces and formidable warrior, but there are only a few of the best. And here is the most powerful force the greatest warrior and legendary in the history of the world.

1. Apache
Apache (from the Zuni word meaning enemy (disputed)) is the collective name for a number of cultural communities in North America, which tells the same language. Now this term includes the Navajo tribe. Apache tribes moved south from the northern United States rather recently. The characters are well-known Apache Geronimo, Cochise and Mangas Coloradas. U.S. Army found that they are a powerful tribes with a reliable strategy.
Apache tribe formerly living in southeastern Arizona and southwestern Mexico. Main groups are Arivaipa Apache, Chiricahua, Coyotero, Faraone Gileno, Llanero, Mescalero, Mimbreno, Mogollon, Naisha, Tchikun and Tchishi. They are a powerful tribes and led a number of battles, continued hostile to whites. The defeat was the first for the Apaches in 1886, when the Chiricahua Apache people were deported to Florida and Alabama, in military custody. Now living as Apache tribe of 11,000 diArizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma.
Apache as ninja from America. operate by way of sneaking behind enemies and slit throats enemies. With primitive weapons were mostly made of wood and bone. Another skill they are using guns knives and throwing axes.

2. Mamluk
Mamluk or Mameluke (Arabic Mamluks (single), Mamalik (plural)) is a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served for Islamic caliphs and Ayyubid Sultanate in the Middle Ages. They eventually became the most powerful army and also founded the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. After embracing Islam, will be trained as a Mamluk horsemen. They must comply with Furisiyyah, a code of conduct that included values like courage and generosity, and also the doctrine of war tactics riding, horsemanship, archery and also finesse treat wounds and injuries.
Mamluk soldiers live in their own community only. Period field is filled with games like archery and combat proficiency offerings. Intensive and rigorous exercise for new members will also ensure that free Mamluk Mamluk culture is eternal.
After finishing the exercise, Mamluk army liberated but they should be loyal to the caliph or sultan. They got a hold command of the caliph or sultan. Mamluk army always deployed to resolve disputes between local tribes. Local authorities such as the Mamluk emir also have their own troops but smaller than the Caliph or Sultan Mamluk army.
At first, the status of the Mamluk army is not to be inherited and boys Mamluk soldiers barred his father's footsteps. In some areas such as Egypt, Mamluk army began a relationship with the local government and eventually got extensive influence. Over time, they became a powerful military caste, and often defeating the Crusaders. More than once, they seized power from the sultan of their own, for example, the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt 1250-1517.

3. Aztec
The Aztec or Aztec people of Central America are of central Mexico with a rich mythology and cultural heritage. In the language of Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec tribe, "Aztec" means a person who comes from Aztlán ". Tribe Aztec also refer to themselves as Mehika or Meshika or Mexica, Stocking origin of the name" Mexico ". Use of the name Aztec as a term that refers to those who have economic, customs, religion, and language Mexica initiated by Alexander von Humboldt. Aztek is one of several cultures, referred to generally as "nahuas" follow their language. When the Aztecs get to the Anahuac valley, they are regarded by others as the most nahuas not civilized, so they decided to learn, and take away from the other clans, they learned a lot from the old Toltec (which is often confused with the older Teotihuacan culture. Tribe Aztec incorporate some traditions are mixed with their own traditions. therefore they have some creation myths, one of which describes the four eras before the world today, all of which ended in disaster. fifth Era will be endless due to the sun's sacrificial hero. tale is linked to the old city of Teotihuacan, which was destroyed when the Aztecs arrived. myth else the world as creation twin gods, Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl. Tezcatlipoca lost his foot in the world and all creation process overview describes the god Tezcatlipoca without legs and expose the bone. Quetzalcoatl was also known as White Tezcatlipoca.
According to legend, they wandered into the Lago de Texcoco in Central Mexico from somewhere in the north that are recognized as Aztlán. They are guided by their god Huitzilopochtli. When they arrived at an island in the middle of the lake, they saw an eagle eating a snake while perched on a nopal cactus, the picture according to the prophecy that told them to make a new settlement there. The Aztecs made their city known as Tenochtitlan. The site, at the present time is the center of Mexico City. Eagles legendary bird that was also present in the Mexican flag.
Notorious Aztecs in battle. They usually dress like an eagle or jaguar animal. They use a very primitive weapons like clubs and bows very effectively. Aztec Cuachicqueh are special forces who vowed not to retreat when the enemy comes. They were eventually defeated by the Spaniards with modern weapons are much better.

4. Spartan
Spartan army was the military force in the city-state of Sparta, which is one of the strongest city-state in ancient Greece. This force is one of the core state perdaban Sparta, the main goal of each population is a powerful warrior. Carry out military training for its residents since their childhood, forces Sparta became one of the most feared fighting force in the history of the world. In its heyday in the 6th century BC and the 4th, it is generally considered that "one Spartan soldiers as valuable as some soldiers from other countries." At the end of the 6th century BC, Sparta recognized by countries other strong cities. Kroisos king of Lydia allying with Sparta, and later, the Greek cities of Asia Minor asked for his help in the Ionian Revolt. In the second Persian invasion of Greece led by the Persian king, Xerxes, Sparta was appointed as leader of the Greek community on land and sea. Because of this, the Spartan army played a crucial role in the invasion dispel, especially at the Battle of Thermopylae and the Battle Plataia. However, thereafter, the alleged conspiracy Pausanias Persian and Spartan reluctance to go too far from home, causing Sparta withdrew from communion Greek troops, and thus the army leadership fellowship awarded to Athena who also was on the rise. Athena accepted the position and will continue our determined effort to attack Persia. Meanwhile, the result of this retreat, Sparta became inclined isolationist.
Isolationist tendency was further reinforced by the presence of a revolt by some of its allies and a major earthquake in the year 464 BC, followed by a large-scale rebellion by the Helot Messenia. At the same time, Athens grew stronger and started to become a major force in Greece. This eventually led to the clash between Athens and Sparta, and the two fought in the Battle of Peloponnesos First and Second Peloponesos War, which damaged many areas in Greece. Sparta suffered some shock defeat in this war, including for the first time the entire unit surrendered at the Battle Sphakteria Sparta in 425 BC. Nevertheless, Sparta eventually be the winner in this war, especially as aided financially by the Persians. Under the leadership of admiralnya, namely Lysandros, Peloponnesos fleet funded by the Persians had conquered the cities of Athens allies, and a landslide victory in a naval battle in Aegospotami eventually forced Athens to surrender. The defeat of Athens makes Sparta as having Palong dominant force in all of Greece.

10 Best Fighter Throughout History

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 8 Mar 2013 11:24:00 +0700

History
aircraft Heavier than air was first flown by the Wright Brothers (Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright) using its own aircraft design called the Flyer, which was Launched in 1903 in the United States. In addition to the Wright brothers, there were several other aircraft inventor who invented airplanes include Samuel F Cody who perform the action on the field Fanborough, England in 1910. As for the aircraft that is lighter than air flight was much Earlier. First flight using a hot air balloon found a French national named Joseph Montgolfier Montgolfier and Etiene occurred in 1782, then refined a German named Ferdinand von Zeppelin by modifying the cigar-shaped balloon that is used to carry passengers and goods in 1900. In the following year master Zeppelin air balloon freight to ship disaster Zeppelin on trans-Atlantic trip in New Jersey roomates 1936 marked the end of an era Zeppelin though still used before World War II. After Wright era, many aircraft are modified both designs, shapes and aircraft engines to meet the transportation needs of larger commercial air. Aircraft made in 1949 named Bristol Brabazon. Until now the world's largest passenger plane made by Airbus industrie of European A380.

Best Fighter Throughout History

• P-51D Mustang
Manufacturer: North American Aviation
Power Plant: 1600 hp Packard-built Merlin 61 piston engines
Top Speed: 437 mph
Armament: Six wing-mounted .50-caliber machine guns
Equipped with external tank allowing the Mustang to fly as far as 2,000 miles, making it the only fighter capable of protecting allied bombers for long-range attacks.
Mustang do their job very well on its appearance in 1944, the rate of accidents and deaths can be reduced by 75%. In fact, P51S Americans destroyed nearly 5,000 enemy aircraft in Europe making it a U.S. fighter who scored the most in operation in Europe.

• F-15C Eagle
Manufacturer: McDonnell Douglass
Power Plant: Two Pratt & Whitney F-100-PW-100 afterburning turbofans
Top Speed: Mach 2.5
Armament: One 20-mm cannon, four AIM-7F Sparrow and four AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles.
There is no other fighter in history to approach the capabilities Eagle type. F-15 is much better than the F-4 for the acceleration, maneuverability and handling.
Fact, the reputation of the F-15 during operations in Operation Liberation of Iraq, Saddam Hussein's air force refused to air. They know the F-15 will easily destroy them in an instant in the air.

• F-22 RAPTOR
Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin
Power Plant: Pratt & Whitney F-119 PW-100
Top Speed: Mach 2.5
Armament: One 20mm cannon, six AMRAAM and two AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles
Because virtually invisible to radar and completeness of the weapons the F-22 Raptor, a fighter USA's fourth generation, with great innovation and greatly feared. However, all accompanied by a comparable production costs of the F-15 and F-16. With that, for levels of deadly, productivity, Raptor makes a pretty good score,

• Sea Harrier FA2
Manufacturer: British Aerospace
Power Plant: Rolls Royce Pegasus mk 104 or 106 turbofan
Top Speed: 736 mph
Armament: Two 30-mm Aden cannon, plus two AMRAAM and four Sidewinder missiles, two Harpoon or Sea Eagle anti-ship missiles.
With more capability in terms of strategy, can emerge from unexpected places, SEA Harrier deserves a rank to be feared. The unique design and simple to produce a good coating airstrikes. Although deadly, low-speed maneuverability and high-flying him unable to attack by ground forces. Despite this aircraft has been removed from frontline operations is still noteworthy.

• MiG 15 & F-86 Sabre his match

- MiG 15
Manufacturer: Mikoyan Gurevich Design Bureau
Power Plant: Klimov VK-1 turbojet
Top Speed: 668 mph
Armament: One 37mm N-37 cannon and two 23mm NR-23 cannon

- F-86 Sabre
Manufacturer: North American
Power Plant: General Electric J47 engine
Top Speed: 685 mph
Armament: Six .50-caliber machine guns and eight 5-inch rockets
Compared with the fighter now, both are less intense and primitive, but some of the units have been fulfilling their duties very well. Both F-86 Sabre and the MiG 15 was the aircraft that was created at the right time throughout the history of aviation.
Both are designed mencotek typical German broom wing and engine design of Britain, so to innovation MiG and Sabre considered seimbang.Keduanya produced huge quantities, but the MiG step ahead for the category of productivity due to a simpler design. Both have a similar record of flying. The result? They are inseparable: MiG 15 and F - 86 balance.

• F-4 Phantom
Manufacturer: McDonnell Douglass
Power Plant: Two J79 Spey turbojet afterburning engines
Top Speed: 1.485 mph
Armament: Four AIM 7 Sparrow and four AIM 9 Sidewinder missiles.
Produced by the number of lots, the F-4 Phantom has an excellent operating history. But this aircraft deserved third place in terms of speed, long life and off.
Phantom is the basis for the testing of missile technology, and aircraft holds the record for speed 5 times for over 13 years before being defeated by a fighter who occupy the top list of the top 10.

• Sopwith Camel
Manufacturer: Sopwith Aviation Company
Power Plant: Clerget rotary engine
Top Speed: 112 mph
Armament: Two Vickers .303 machine guns
Recorded throughout operasionalny least has dropped 1.200 enemy aircraft, Sopwith Camel eligible inserted into one of the best fighter of all time. The design is solid, less attractive anyway, but everyone agrees that deserve the title of best fighter of all time.

• Me 262 Schwalbe
Manufacturer: Messerschmitt
Power Plant: Two Junkers Juno 004s
Top Speed: 540 mph
Armament: Four 30mm MK-108 cannons
To achieve a score of absolute innovation. Be the first to jenisny, Me 262 inspired fear and awe, making it one of the most feared.
However, because aircraft are difficult to make and this is the famous problematic machine, very few production aircraft, the history, the plane was only in operation for two years. Nevertheless, to 262 remain in the record books as being the first true fighter jet into a fully operational aviation legend and the best fighter of all time.

• Supermarine Spitfire
Manufacturer: Supermarine Aviation Works
Power Plant: Rolls-Royce Merlin V-12 piston engine
Top Speed: 369 mph
Armament: Eight .303 Browning machine guns; later version, four 20mm cannon
Used in all regions of Britain during the conflict during World War II, the Spitfire became a symbol of the era of British victory.

Most Mysterious Heritage World

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 8 Mar 2013 00:45:00 +0700

Monumental Instructions for the Post-Apocalypse

On a small hill in the northeast arid regions Hartwell, Georgia USA, the monument stands a strange and mysterious world.

But look at the architecture, the monument was not created during ancient times.

Known as the 'Georgia Guidestones', this stone structure tingginya16 five feet, weighing 20 tons.

Has four rectangular granite stone pillars and above, with each pillar carved on the instructions and directions of the eight "greatest cultural languages" such language hieroglyphs from:

Arabic, Chinese, Russian, English, Spanish, Hindi, Hebrew and Swahili - with instructions that the human survivors of major disasters can rebuild a new civilization on this planet and did not leave behind and forget the history of their ancestors.

The four pillars shaped like a plus sign (+ plus) and has a range of about 5 meters so there is a fitness center pillar Commandment again written on the walls, and on top of granite overlain by a rectangular-shaped book.

On the four sides of the new granite lay it on top, there are clues to the "language of the old culture" that has been lost in the world, namely:

Sanskrit language (Sanskrit), Ancient Greek (Classical Greek) and Babylonian Cuneiform and Ancient Egypt (in the form of symbols) or Egyptian Hieroglyphic.

Are the instructions in eight languages associated with doomsday prediction? It is still not clear.

The building was founded by a group Mansonic, Freemasons, Illuminati, the pagans and the supporters of the other satanic groups.

Looks they have made this site but on the flat top of the highest in the field they are the epitome of class.

So as if all the cultures of the world and all this comes from, subject and started from a single source, namely those groups who want to establish a New World Order (NWO).

Evidently they intend to teach this ideology, and will continue in subsequent human culture.

Was not clear to whom the order is directed. More obscure, who built this strange monument? There is only one person who knows, but she does not want to talk. (Map location)

Lake Michigan Stonehenge (United States)

Initially, a group of researchers using sonar to look for shipwrecks at the bottom of Lake Michigan, the results are astounding.

Instead, they found the ancient Stonehenge-like structure 40 feet beneath the surface of the water near the island of Beaver Island.

Some of the stones in a circle and one appears to show carvings of a mastodon.

Allegedly, antiquities was built 10,000 years ago, possibly coinciding with the post-Ice Age presence of humans and mastodons

Be in the area of Michigan in the United States already has petroglyph sites and standing stones.

Underwater wonders Alexandria (Egypt)

These ruins are believed to be the city of Alexander the Great, where the palace of Cleopatra is.

The sinking of the city was estimated to occur 1,500 years ago due to a devastating earthquake.

Along with the setting of the palace, also drowned artifacts that adorn the palace and other buildings of Cleopatra's palace.

City ruins found in the sea floor, was deliberately not appointed to the mainland.

The local government plans to make the location of the ruins of magic under the sea as water attractions.

5 Most Cruel Doctorate In World History

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 8 Mar 2013 00:26:00 +0700

Josef Mengele

Employees as well as German SS Nazi doctor, Josef Mengele probably the most recognizable name in this list. He was recognized as the "Angel of Death" or even "Pretty Devil," Mengele was the main doctor responsible for determining custody is best to keep the labor force, and are too weak and need to be killed. Not only Mengele chose the fate of millions, he is well known for his deep extensive human experiments. At Auschwitz, Mengele was very interested to learn more about heredity and often percubaan the twins. It is said that free he brought 10 than they are, put them to sleep and then used chloroform to kill them, and dissect each one to compare the body. He also did percubaan are two twins sewn together with their blood vessels to create conjoined twins. In addition to these experiments, he also did experiments on how to swap the color of the dye is injected into the eye with iris, amputating body experts and cuba to embed on their return, and female sterilization.

Shiro Ishii

Shiro Ishii was a microbiologist Jepun and doctorate. He was Leftenan General of Unit 731, which is a unit of biological warfare during the China-Jepun. Although recognized as pushy and selfish, Ishii excelled in school and was placed in the Army Hospital to-1 in Toyko. People who watched he was very impressed, and he received perubatan post-graduate education at Universiti Empires Kyoto. In 1942, Ishii commences about germ warfare tests by using bombs, firearms, and others. He tested germs POW in China in the civil mahupun. He did at times use a weapon on the battlefield. In any case, human experiments Ishii load into his own hands, and it is said that free tens of thousands of people died, exposed his deep weapon Anthrax, cholera, the plague, and others. He also did percubaan in others such as forced abortions, simulated heart attack, stroke, hypothermia, and frostbite, and even vivisections.

John Bodkin Adams

John Bodkin Adams is a general doctor who has a life of murder and deception. It is said that free since 1946-1956, more than 160 patients died suspiciously. Out than those who died, 132 than they leave money or other valuables in their wills for him, which is later found to be fraudulent and written by Adams himself. Killing the patient, Adams often used ubat prescription or ubat painkiller given to excess, which in turn kills pesakit. He found suspicious and eventually brought to court after many saw that free many patients were tenat rapidly and quickly. She also sued for fraud, when he signed and wrote pesakit be without Notices. The case was, however, setting up a double effect in legal terms, that is when a doctor will provide treatment in the hope of relieving pain, but it will also shorten the life.

Carl Clauberg

One rather than two doctoral actions of Nazi Germany in the list, Carl Clauberg is one than many doctors who conducted experiments on Nazi concentration camp a lot, especially Auschwitz. After receiving the rank of chief doctors and studying gynecology, he became a professor of gynecology at the Universiti Königsberg. After being a Nazi in 1933, Clauberg, in 1942, approached Heinrich Himmler and suggested a mass sterilization experiments on women. Himmler agree and assigned Clauberg nombor Block 10 in back. Clauberg really want to find a cheap and easy way to sterilize women. Often he uses asid liquid is injected into the woman's uterus. The women whose ovaries were damaged have them removed and then dihantar to Berlin to study further. Sometimes patients are killed so that an autopsy will be performed. It is said that free 300 women were doing percubaan on during this time. Clauberg finally arrested, released, and arrested again, but died before trial.

Harry Howard Holmes (Herman Mudgett)

Harry Howard Holmes, born Herman Mudgett was, was the first serial killer to be hanged in the United States. He went to the University of Michigan Medical School in 1884 to become a doctor. He often stole the corpse of Makmal schools and those with less effort, and later indict that free people have been killed accidentally. Through this, he was able to gather basic insurans than he spends on each person. After he graduated, he moved to Chicago. Here, he assured Tempatan pharmacy workers to justify him taking over ownership of a hotel. At the hotel, he experimented with the body, often chose women to be prey and strangle to death. The bodies were dissected, removed their flesh to be a model framework. He then sold the body to conduct the school.

The emergence of Internet History

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 7 Mar 2013 23:48:00 +0700

At first the Internet is a computer network established by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969, through a project called ARPANET ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrated how the computer hardware and software based on UNIX, we can make communication within an infinite distance telephone lines.
ARPANET project designing a network, reliability, how much information can be transferred, and eventually all of the standards that they set into the embryo development of a new protocol which is now known as TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).
The initial purpose of the project was built for military purposes. At that time the Department of Defense of the United States (U.S. Department of Defense) create a system of computer networks to connect computers scattered in areas vital to tackle the problem in case of nuclear attack and to avoid centralized information, which in the event of war can easily be destroyed.
At first ARPANET only 3 sites linking it the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they form an integrated network in 1969, and in general the ARPANET was introduced in October 1972. Not long after the project is growing rapidly in all regions, and all universities in the country wants to join, thus making it difficult to set the ARPANET.
Therefore ARPANET split widened two, namely "MILNET" for military purposes and the "ARPANET" new smaller for non-military purposes, such as universities. Combined both networks eventually known as the DARPA Internet, which then reduces to the Internet.

List of important events

1957 Soviet Union (now Russia) launched space vehicle, Sputnik.

1958 In the aftermath of the "defeat" in the United States space launch vehicles, established an agency within the U.S. Department of Defense, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which seeks to enable the United States to improve the science and technology of the country. One aim is to computer technology.

1962 J.C.R. Licklider wrote an article about a vision in which computers can be connected to one another globally so that each computer is able to offer access to programs and data. In this year also the RAND Corporation began research on this idea (a distributed computer network), which is intended for military purposes.

Early 1960s the theory of packet-switching can be implemented in the real world. The mid-1960s ARPA developed the ARPANET to promote "Cooperative Networking of Time-sharing Computers", with only four host computers can be connected up to the year 1969, the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Santa Barbara , and the University of Utah.

1965 The term "Hypertext" issued by Ted Nelson.

1968 Network Tymnet made.

1971 Members of the ARPANET grew to 23 pcs computer node, which consists of computers belonging to U.S. government research and university.

1972 A working group called the International Network Working Group (INWG) are made to improve computer network technology and also developed standards for computer networks, including the Internet. The first speaker of this organization is Vint Cerf, known as the "Father of the Internet"

1972-1974 Several commercial database services such as Dialog, SDC Orbit, Lexis, The New York Times DataBank, and others, register itself to the ARPANET through a dial-up network.

1973 ARPANET outside the United States: This year, members of the ARPANET grew further with the entry of several universities outside of the United States of the University College of London from the UK and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway.

1974 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish detailed specifications of protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in the article "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection".

1974 Bolt, Beranet & Newman (BBN), pontraktor for ARPANET, opened a commercial version of ARPANET which they refer to as Telenet, which is the first public packet data service.

Already in 1977 there were 111 pieces of computers connected to ARPANET.

1978 Protocol TCP split into two parts, namely the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP / IP).

1979 The first Usenet discussion group created by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin, a graduate of Duke University and the University of North Carolina United States. After that, the use of Usenet has increased drastically.
In this year also, emoticon proposed by Kevin McKenzie.

Early 1980s, personal computers (PCs) endemic, and was part of many human lives.
This year recorded the ARPANET has a membership of up to 213 hosts connected.
Services BITNET (Because It's Time Network) started, by providing e-mail, mailing lists, and File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
CSNET (Computer Science Network) was established this year by scientists and experts in the field of computer science from Purdue University, University of Washington, RAND Corporation, and BBN, with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF). These networks provide e-mail and several other services to scientists without having to access the ARPANET.

1982 The term "Internet" was first used, and TCP / IP was adopted as the universal protocol for the network.
Name servers began to be developed, allowing users to connect to a host without having to know the path toward definitive host.
This year there were more than 1000 pieces belonging to an Internet host.

Introduced in 1986 the domain name system, which is now known as DNS (Domain Name System) that serves to uniform naming system on the network address of the computer.

POP music history of the world

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 7 Mar 2013 23:33:00 +0700

Pop music or popular music is the name for streams music heard by a wider audience and mostly commercial.
Pop music was first developed in the United States in 1920 where the recording was first made by Thomas Edison's invention.
Popular music refers to any of a number of musical genres "having wide appeal" and is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. This is in contrast to both art music and traditional music, which are typically disseminated academically or orally smaller, local audiences. Although popular music sometimes known as "pop music", the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music is a generic term for music of all ages that appeals to popular tastes, whereas pop music usually refers to a specific musical genre.
History
Pop Music History since 1920
Ragtime music in the United States since 1890
Ragtime music or chopped-Pig, is American music influenced by ethnic African-American and European classical music. This music became famous in the mainland United States around 1890 to 1920. This music has a faster tempo or rhythm syncopation with dominance, but some are a bit slow paced.
Usually music is played specifically with piano-style chopped pork, and the pianist and creators such as Scott Joplin (1868-1917), James Scott (1885-1938), and Joseph Lamb (1887-1959).
Blues music in the United States since 1895
Blues music was born out of ethnic African-Americans in the Mississippi Delta peninsula at the end of the nineteenth century around 1895 and continues today. Music is born out of the lives of the slaves who worked as a laborer in the African American race, at which time they work or rest their steady afternoon sad songs (blues) melodies typical African race, and of course with the lyrics slaves oppressed at that time. At first the only blues song sung without instrumental accompaniment, and then use the new meraka stringed guitar as an accompaniment instrument.
Later this blues music influenced the development of jazz, country, and rock. Note that the rhythm and blues music is very strong melodies with African race. Sometimes the poem arise stories about their plight as slaves and farm workers, and of course greatly influenced the development of urban and rural America, where the race to dominate African blues style.
Blues musicians and blues creator, the average black American, is where WC Handy (1873-1958) was the father of the blues. Songs Aunt Hagar's Children and the Saint Louis Blues were published respectively in 1914 and 1921.
Pop music in the United States from 1920
After World War I ended (1918), the new music was born on the American continent called the Popular Music. Music is primarily a dance floor music at that time became very popular and loved by people all over the world.
Latin American music born since 1857
Any works creator at the time with latin influences are, among others, George Bizets Hababera of the opera Carmen (1875), Scott Joplin's Mexican Serenade, Solace (1902); Maurice Ravels Rapsodie Espagnole (1907) and Bolero (1928).
Pop music latin dance latin began known, ie since 1920 as well. Tango Dance balroom be one of the famous dance in 1920 in America and Europe, where the song Tango that had minor scales and melancholic, as well as an aggressive step dance. After 1930 and 1940 it developed into one of popular music in the world, with figures such as Xavier Cugat, Perez Prado, and others. Rhythm that developed at the time was Rhumba, Samba, Conga, Salsa, Mambo, and others.
Country Music since 1920
Country music is often equated with cowboy music (cattle herders). Music is born in country recording violin with John Carson recorded "Little Log Cabin in the Lane" by Okeh Records in 1923. Then the birth records by Columbia in 1924 "Old Familiar Tunes". As is known steel guitar entered country in 1922, where Jimmie Tarlton met with Hawaiian guitarist Frank Ferera on the west coast of America.
Beginning in 1927, for 17 years Carters recorded some 300 old-time ballads, traditional songs, country songs, and others. Later in the 1930's and 1940's cowboy song become popular in all the movies Hallywood. And in 1939 beat Boogie-woogie became famous.