BROADBAND

2010-03-17T19:19:00.000-07:00

Acupuncture Demonstration & Info, Alternative Medicine

2010-01-24T06:46:00.000-08:00

Wanni Operation UAV Video Of LTTE's 4KM² Eelam

2010-01-24T06:36:00.000-08:00

Celebrate World Space Week, Oct. 4-10

2010-01-23T07:56:00.000-08:00

Sunday Oct 4th – Community Wide Rocket Launch and Contest at 1:30pm. Details at the SciMath website.

Like rockets? Like to build and fly your own rockets? The Rocket Launch and Contest is open to all members of the community. You will need to build your own rocket prior to the event and have your own engines. Rockets will be judged on in the categories of Highest Altitude, Most Realistc, and Most Creative Design. There will be two categores for each contest: under 16 and over 16. We will be awarding rocket kits as prizes. Launch facilities are provided. Entry forms and safety rules are available at the website. Not a builder? Just come to see the flights! There is no charge for the event. The event is co-sponsored by the FHSU Science and Mathematics Education Institute and the Physics Club.

Wednesday Oct 7th – Times Talk over STS 128 Shuttle Launch. Talk will be held in the FHSU union Ballroom at 11:30am, featuring John Heinrichs and Paul Adams.

Thursday Oct 8th – Debate: Human Space Exploration: Worth our money or not? Debate will be held in Cody Commons at noon, featuring Doug Drabkin and Paul Adams, moderated by John Heinrichs.

Also – Take advantage of the Open Observatory Sessions on top of Tomanek Hall, on Wednesday October 5th and Thursday October 6th, from 9pm until 10:30pm weather permitting. These times are supported by the FHSU Astronomy Club, Physics Department, and FHSU Science and Mathematics Education Institute.

This is a Year of Science event.

MESSENGER Approaches Mercury

2010-01-23T07:55:00.000-08:00

Image of Mercury in color taken by MESSENGER. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington

Today, NASA’s MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging) spacecraft will make its third and final flyby of Mercury. At its closest point in the flyby, around 6pm EDT, MESSENGER will come within 142 miles of the planet’s surface. The probe will orbit Mercury in 2011, studying the planet in a year-long mission to study the planet in detail.

Tuesday’s flyover will observe specific points on the planet’s surface. The probe will photograph craters picked out in previous flyovers and measure Mercury’s magnetosphere and atmosphere, as well as the planet’s comet-like tail of trace gases. MESSENGER will also investigate the complex relationship Mercury has with the sun. For more information, see Space.com.

Rocky, Earth-like Exoplanet Found

2010-01-23T07:53:00.000-08:00

Artist's illustration of CoRoT-7b. Illustration Credit: ESO/L. Calcada

The discovery of the first exoplanet with a density similar to that of Earth was recently announced. While CoRoT-7b has a rocky surface similar to Earth, it is otherwise dissimilar. The planet has an orbit that is very close to its sun — about 1.6 million miles. Being this close, CoRoT-7b’s surface temperatures are scorching, with highs on the side facing its sun above 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, the planet is probably tidally locked due to its close location to its sun. This means that one side always facing its sun and the other side always in darkness. For more information, see ScienceNews.

Space Science in Action

2010-01-23T07:48:00.000-08:00

Malcolm and Stanley want to be astronauts. While waiting for their big call from NASA, they hone their space knowledge and skills by reviewing important concepts. Join them in their space suits, and learn about the Earth and space. This series goes beyond Space Science for Children. It covers topics more in depth, including black holes, light years, historical milestones in space exploration and much more. Fascinating NASA footage and hands-on investigations make learning about space a real adventure.

Reflectors

2010-01-23T06:51:00.002-08:00

Famous Projectors - 21% of population

Famous Reflectors - less than 2% of population

Reflectors
The rarest of the four types, reflectors (less than 2% of the population) are open to the world in every way. They take others in very deeply. Reflectors are often deeply disturbed due to lack of self-knowledge and adverse conditioning, but they can become very wise if they understand their openness and how to work with it. Reflectors that do not truly know themselves can be deeply disappointed in life. Before making major decisions, they need to wait out the cycle of the moon (approximately 28 days) because the movement of the moon through the wheel of the zodiac gives the Reflector access to his or her own inner wisdom. Reflectors need to understand more about their design and the Human Design System than any other type in order to successfully apply their Strategy.

Predominant negative feeling: Disappointment

Strategy: To wait out the moon cycle (28 days) and talk to others and listen and feel before making major decisions.

Projectors

2010-01-23T06:51:00.001-08:00

Projectors (21% of the population) are designed to work with and guide the energy of others, but this only flows smoothly when they are recognized and invited to share their unique abilities and traits. When recognized and appreciated, they will receive appropriate invitations, and they need to use their authority to discern whether which of these callings is correct for them. Without invitation, the projector may be rejected even when being helpful. Projectors need more knowledge of Design than Manifestors and Generators, because of their natural interests and the fact that they are systems analysts. When they are recognized for what they truly are, and incorporated into what they can facilitate, they will be able to express their capcitiy to recognize, appreciate, and guide others. If they attempt to act or to join in without an invitation, they tend to meet resistance.

Predominant negative feeling: Bitterness

Strategy: For the major decisions in life, (marriage, career, family, love, etc.) it is best to wait for an invitation. This is the signal of your being recognized. Do not instruct others how to appreciate you.

Some famous Projectors: Queen Elisabeth II, Mick Jagger, Joseph Stalin, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Osho, Napolean, Woody Allen, Salvador Dali, Rudolph Nureyev, Elizabeth Taylor, Fidel Castro, James Joyce, Barbra Streisand, Ulysses S. Grant, Henry Miller, Douglas MacArthur, Demi Moore, Nastasia Kinski, Courtney Love, Shirley MacLaine

Famous Projectors - 21% of population

Generators

2010-01-23T06:50:00.000-08:00

The majority of the population (70% of the population) are generators. They know what is right for them to do or say, by their responses to every opportunity or person. Their response comes from deep in their abdomen and is most often in non-verbal sounds: "unun", "ahunh", "mmmmm", “ahhhhhh". If they initiate things, they often get involved in situations, which are incorrect for them, and then get frustrated and quit. They meet resistance when they initiate.

There are two subcategories of generators, pure generators and manifesting generators. The main difference between them is that, after responding to something, manifesting generators can act more quickly than pure generators.

The predominant negative feeling: Frustration in the pure generator and frustration combined with anger in the manifesting generator.

Strategy: To connect through Response. This may involve waiting to act until you are clear about your response.

Some famous Pure Generators: Albert Einstein, Dalai Lama, Elvis Presley, Bill Clinton, Meryl Streep, George Harrison, Madonna, James Dean, Vladimir Lenin, Thomas Mann, Carl Jung, Judy Garland, Timothy Leary, Oprah Winfrey, Meg Ryan, Greta Garbo

Some famous Manifesting Generators: Frederic Chopin, Marie Curie, Hillary Clinton, Clint Eastwood, Sigmund Freud, Mahatma Gandhi, Steffi Graf, Marie Antoinette, Mikhail Gorbochev, Jimi Hendrix, Pope John Paul II, Janis Joplin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Nixon, Yoko Ono, Prince, Jaqueline Onassis

Famous Generators - 70% of population

Manifestors
A small minority of the population (approximately 8%) are manifestors. They are the only people designed to act alone. They can simply initiate and place things directly into action. Life turns out more harmoniously if they inform others about what they do. When they act without informing, they find little cooperation with their actions.

Predominant negative feeling: Anger

Strategy: To inform others and consider the impact of your actions.

For solar-plexus-defined manifestors, process your feelings so that you will externalize emotional clarity.

Some famous Manifestors: J. Edgar Hoover, Adolph Hitler, Hermann Hesse, Helmut Kohl, J. Krishnamurti, Richard Burton, Johnny Depp, Yogananda Paramahansa, Bette Davis, Jerry Seinfeld, B.F. Skinner, Susan Sarandan, Orson Welles

Famous Manifestors - 8% of population

The Four Types

2010-01-23T06:49:00.000-08:00

Endless possibilities lie within our genetics and yet, within that complexity, certain simple and useful generalizations can be made. The Human Design System groups people into one of four types: Manifestors, Generators, Projectors and Reflectors. Each type has an associated strategy that is simple to understand.

According to this system, when you do not behave according to the strategy of your type, this behavior creates friction or resistance from those around you. Over time this wears you down and causes you to feel that life is more difficult than it should be. Applying the strategy of your type eliminates undue resistance and keeps you healthy.

Also, each type suffers from a particular predominant negative feeling as a result of meeting resistance when they are not living according to their design. Applying the appropriate strategy reduces these uncomfortable feelings and results in a more pleasurable experience of life.

Treat your child according to his or her type

2010-01-23T06:48:00.000-08:00

Projector Children
Projector children need to be recognized and appreciated for what they are. They need to be invited to experiment, to explore and to experience a variety of things in life. Some projector children will not accept many of the invitations that are offered, and so parents must be prepared to experience many declined invitations for every invitation that the projector child accepts. Parents of projector children benefit especially from knowledge of their child’s design, in order to appreciate the child’s talents and vulnerabilities, and to help the child learn to differentiate between “good” invitations and those which are not "correct" for them to accept.

Generator Children
Generator children are naturally responsive and need to be encouraged to pay attention to their response. Generator children make non-verbal sounds that indicate a positive, a negative, or sometimes a neutral response to everything that they encounter. Teach your generator child to act only in response to being asked or presented with something, and to act only when the response is clearly positive or negative. Help him or her be aware of these responsive sounds and their associated meanings. Some sounds mean “yes” and other sounds mean “no”. Do not force a generator child to say the words “yes” or “no” in place of his or her natural grunts and groans. They can be taught to be polite after learning to attend to their natural response, but not before. Parents of generator children must be willing to take “no” for an answer when they ask their generator child a yes/no question. It is healthy for a generator child to be able to say “no”.

Manifestor Children
Manifestor children are the most difficult for parents. They are not naturally controllable because they know that they can ‘just do it’ themselves without help from anyone. Manifestor children need to be taught to ask permission. The parents need to not unreasonably deny the child’s requests so that trust builds between the parent and the child. Otherwise, the child will stop asking permission and just do what they want to anyway. These children need to be treated politely so that they learn to treat others politely in return. Help your manifestor child to understand that his or her actions have a strong impact on others. The child can then learn to inform those who will be impacted by his or her actions which, in turn, keeps relationships running more smoothly.

Reflector Children
The reflector child is the barometer for the whole family. If the reflector child is crying, someone in the family is sad or emotionally down. If the reflector child is laughing and skipping along, those around him or her are feeling good. The reflector child reflects everything that is in the environment around them. In school, they want to sit in the middle of the circle. It is their natural place. NEVER rush a reflector child to decide anything. They need a lot of time, a whole lunar month, before they can know if something is right for them or not. Parents need to learn patience to be able to allow this child the time he or she needs to reflect on things.

Children have the capacity to quickly grasp their design
Ra Uru Hu states: "I have been doing readings for many children. I have always been involved in teaching young people and as a parent am deeply concerned with the healthy development of my own children. Human Design and its basic truths and values are not limited to adults. Children have the capacity to quickly grasp their Design.

I have recorded a basic introduction to the Rave Chart and its Body Graph specifically for children. Ideally, this is best for children in their second Saturn quarter between 7.5 to 15 years old. The language and tone is geared to the middle of this age group. Give a child you know and love a special gift: their own Design and a guide to help them begin to explore it themselves".

Our Children are the Future

2010-01-23T06:43:00.000-08:00

The information contained in Human Design is really for people of all ages. When children are taught what they are at a very young age, and encouraged to live according to their true nature, they live a very different life than the kind of lives we (older folk) have lived.

They learn to love themselves and to move through life with greater ease than most of us have ever known. They do not have to go through the de-conditioning process that is so difficult for adults.

The first seven years of life are extremely important

Human Design is really for people of all ages
From the moment of birth, all children are being intentionally and unintentionally conditioned by parents, siblings, relatives, teachers, leaders, friends, acquaintances and strangers. Young children are very vulnerable. They look to adults for understanding, acceptance and guidance. The first seven years of life are extremely important. It is during this time that the patterns of their lives are established.

As adults, each of us has many deeply ingrained habits learned from a lifetime of conditioning. Our habits are difficult to resist and the older we get the more difficult it becomes. The process of de-conditioning, of unlearning behavior and attitudes that contradict our true nature, can seem long and difficult.

At this point in time, adults are mainly the ones who are being educated about their Human Design. Through adults, children can be educated and raised in accordance with their true nature. Imagine how amazing it would have been to have had this information when you were growing up. Think how incredible it would have been to have been conditioned in a way that did not contradict what you really are.

Parenting is not easy, even with the best of tools
We all see the world through the eyes of our own conditioning and this clouds our perception, not only of ourselves but of our children as well. To see your children through the eyes of a Human Design chart is an extraordinary experience. It clears the veils of preconceptions and allows you to raise your child in a way that honors his or her true nature and strengths.

Knowing your own design and that of your children allows for unalterable, genetically-driven family dynamics to be revealed. Seeing what cannot be altered in the family dynamics, you are freed from trying to change the unchangeable and can focus on alternative approaches to problem-solving. Seeing each family member’s design, in the context of the whole family, everything begins to make sense: why little Johnny plays so quietly when he is alone and starts bouncing off the walls as soon as you have visitors. It explains why you may feel like exploding when Jimmy feels angry, even though you are not usually an angry person, and why you feel Judy's sadness so deeply that it is almost unbearable for you, but you don't with your other children.

What can the Human Design System do for you?

2010-01-23T06:42:00.000-08:00

We lead busy lives full of pressure and tension. We are in a hurry. We do more than is healthy or wise. We rush into things or get forced into situations because we can't say no. We feel guilty, inadequate, afraid, angry and frustrated. We have so many conflicts in our lives. We feel pushed and pulled in so many directions. This is no way to live life.

Life is meant to be enjoyed and to have beauty in it. Wouldn't it be incredible not to feel frustrated and angry? Wouldn't it feel wonderful to feel comfortable and relaxed inside ourselves? Wouldn't it be exhilarating to actually feel fulfilled in our lives?

The Human Design System can bring about such a transformation. It is not a band-aid or a quick fix. It empowers you with very specific information about your genetic makeup so that you can re-gain trust in yourself to know how and when to act, what decisions will work best for you, and what is most important in your life.

Basic truths about yourself

2010-01-23T06:41:00.000-08:00

You can get your picture, this bodygraph of yourself, for free. All it takes is your birth data – your exact time and place of birth. See this for yourself. There are those who can help you interpret it. Everything about you is in that picture. A person who knows Human Design could speak for a week about what is contained in that one picture, and yet it will take only a few short sentences to give you your type, your strategy, and what it is you’ve always been seeking. The bodygraph is a mirror and through it you will recognize yourself. It depends on how much you want to know.

Science is trying to unravel the secrets of our genetic code, but only in a general ‘one size fits all’ model. Human Design can be specific as to your personal genetic formula. This information is presented in a bodygraph with nine centers, which represent your mind, your emotions, your heart, and your intuition, and the rhythms and patterns, which govern your movement through life.

Human Design can give you a strategy for living your life authentically, as your self. It can tell you why you’re with the people you’re with. It can tell you what you’ve always been seeking and where you have been conditioned to be other than yourself. It’s not about changing who you are, but recognizing who you’ve always been.

You will come to understand basic truths about yourself that Freud and Jung could never tell you. They couldn’t tell you, they didn’t know. They didn’t have this tool. Can you imagine how Freud or Jung would have felt if they had a map of their own unconscious? That map is included in your bodygraph.

Freud and Jung speculated about a collective unconscious that we all participated in, but had no idea what a person’s private unconscious really looked like. If you had the time and money to go through years of therapy, dream interpretation, and stumbling around in the dark, you might arrive at some idea of what was moving beneath your own consciousness. They could have seen it in a moment if they had this knowledge. You can see it now. There are those who can help you interpret it or you can learn it for yourself.

A powerful system of knowledge that can simplify your life

2010-01-23T06:35:00.000-08:00

The Human Design System is a new, unique and powerful system of knowledge. It provides not only a framework for understanding human life itself, but very specific knowledge about each individual: their health, their personal psychology, their vulnerabilities, as well as their talents, strengths, and gifts.
In its practical application, it instills confidence in those who experiment with the information it provides. It simplifies life and helps to restore a sense of purpose and meaning often lost in our modern lives.

FORMAT OF DISSERTATION

2010-01-23T06:34:00.000-08:00

It is the very first page of dissertation. The title is a concise statement identifying actual variables or theoretical issues under investigation and the relation between them. A title should be in minimum possible words that adequately describes the contents of research work/study all the words in the title are to be chosen with great care and the association with one another properly sequenced. This is also important for indexing the study. The title does not contain any abbreviation, chemical formulae, proprietary names and jargons etc.

The title should be written on the top in bold letters, followed by full name of trainee in the order of first, middle, initial and last name alongwith the highest academic degree. Then full name of Supervisor is mentioned under whom the entire research work/study has been completed together with his/her highest academic degree. At the bottom the name of department and institution is to be given, where research work/study has been conducted. The date of submitting Dissertation is given at the lowest end of the title page.

ii. Supervisor’s Certificate
It is placed after the acknowledgement and is numbered in the Roman numeral.

iii. Dediction
It is an optional section, in which trainees normally dedicate their Dissertation to their parents, brother, sister, teachers, friends, spouses and/or children. The dedication is written in the center of a separate page in one or two lines and numbered in Roman numerals.

iv. Acknowledgement
This section is designed to offer thanks or appreciation to the efforts of individuals or organizations for help, advice or financial and material assistance extended by them during the research work/study. The trainees should not forget to mention the names of there colleagues, statisticians, the computer operator and spouse, if applicable, as well as the supervisor. This is the best place to show gratitude and appreciation. Technical help and other contributions like financial and material support are acknowledged in a separate paragraph. This section is placed after the dedication on a separate page and numbered in Roman numerals.

v. Table of Contents
It is an important section of part I that contains the main headings of the text in the dissertation, annexes and page numbers in Arabic and Roman numerals. Sub-headings are also used where necessary. Table of contents is written on separate page(s) and numbered in Roman numerals.

vi. List of Tables
All the tables of dissertation are listed together with titles and page numbers in this section. It is written on separate page(s) and numbered in Roman numerals.

vii. List of Figures / Graphs / Illustrations
All the figures, graphs and illustrations drawn for the dissertation are listed with titles and page numbers in this section. It is written on a separate page and duly numbered in Roman numerals.

viii. List of Abbreviations
A list of all the abbreviations used in the dissertation along with full words is written on separate page(s) and numbered in Roman numerals. Only standard abbreviations are used in the dissertation.

2) Sections of Part II:

i. Structured Abstract
It is the first section of the dissertation. The abstract is a brief account of the dissertation, summarizing the information given in each major section. It is different from the conclusion and identifies the basic contents of the dissertation. It is written in past tense, emphasizing on important aspects of the dissertation. The abstract is around 250 pages words written under the following headings:

introduction

objectives

main outcome measures,

study design

setting

subjects

methods

results

conclusions.

At the end of abstract, three to ten (3-10) key words are identified and written. Selected key words should be from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), List of Index

ii. Introduction
It is second section of the dissertation that presents the specific problem under study and reflects:

The importance of the topic selected

The rationale of the study and discusses the background.

Before writing introduction in the dissertation, the trainee should study relevant literature retrieved from published papers. Relevant articles are selected, which improve the understanding of the topic. Only pertinent references are cited but not extensively reviewed in this section. Rationale of the study should be mentioned at the end of introduction.

DISSERTATION WRITING

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General Information:
Dissertation is a detailed discourse on a subject especially submitted for a higher degree in a University (Oxford Dictionary). The CPSP dissertation is a document that contains relevant details of the research work conducted by the fellowship trainee relating to the problem selected. The objective of writing a dissertation is to develop skills in fellowship trainees for:

collection and compilation of data,

analyzing and reviewing relevant literature available on the subject (both national and international),

developing medical writing habits as an art for writing scientific articles in medical journals.

The other advantages of writing a dissertation include:

Cultivating an inquiring mind

Encouraging in depth study of common problems afflicting our people

Generation of scientific data locally

Keeping abreast of new developments locally and abroad

Understanding the fundamentals of research

Rules and Requirements
To prepare a dissertation acceptable to the CPSP, the rules and requirements prescribed below must be followed while writing.

Approval:

The research work or study must be started after receiving the approval of synopsis / research protocol from RTMC, CPSP.

The research work or study must be planned in such a way that the entire study, including dissertation writing, is completed during the training period.

The topic and research methodology must be the same as laid down in the synopsis/research protocol approved by the RTMC, CPSP.

Patients in the photograph(s), if included in the dissertation, must not be identifiable or the photographs must be accompanied with a written consent of the patients. Colored photographs are to be preferred.

Photomicrographs, if included in the dissertation, must have internal scale markers and symbols, arrows or letters in contrast to the background.

If tables, figures, diagrams, photographs, photomicrographs or any other type of illustrations are reproduced from published literature, they must be properly acknowledged in the dissertation.

Only standards terms and abbreviations must be used if needed in the dissertation. When using for the first time, a full word or phrase, together with its abbreviation in bracket (except for standard measurement units), must be mentioned. A list of all abbreviations used in the text must also be attached in the dissertation.

The information about patients such as names, initials or hospital numbers must be kept confidential, especially in illustrative material.

Contents:

It is essential that a minimum of one third contents of the dissertation should be from the trainee’s own research work or study.

The statistical tests mentioned in the dissertation must have proper references to enable an assessor or reader to verify the reported results. Statistical terms, abbreviations and symbols must be defined. Any computer program, if used, must also be specified.

The illustrations in the dissertation must be accurately drawn, on separate pages and numbered serially. Each figure / diagram must have a legend. Free hand lettering is not accepted.

Measurement, units of length, height, weight and volume mentioned in the dissertation must be in metric system i.e., meter, kilogram and liter.

Format:

Each section of the dissertation must be started on a new page.

The section in part 1, from "Dedication" upto the list of "Abbreviation", should be serially numbered in Roman number while the rest should be serially numbered in Arabic numerals.

The Dissertation must contain 15,000 to 20,000 words i.e., about 80-100 A4 size pages, typed or computer-printed with double space, on one side of each page.

It must have 4-cm margin, at all 4 sides of each page.

All pages must have serial numbers at upper right hand corner.

It must not contain any typographical errors or spelling mistakes.

The font size should be 12.

Font should be New Times Roman or Arial or Verdana.

Language:

The writing of dissertation must be planned in such a way that continuity of the theme is maintained.

It must be written in trainee’s own words and style. The language must be simple, direct and precise. Verbosity must be avoided.

Direct quotations must be minimally used. If quoted, these must be given within inverted commas with full acknowledgment.

The statements, other than trainee’s own, must be supported with reference citation.

The trainee, who plagiarizes or copies someone else’s Dissertation, will Research Methodology, Biostatistics & Medical Writing Workshop be liable for a punitive action by CPSP, which may include debarring him/her from appearing in FCPS examination for lifetime.

Each table must be typed or computer-printed with double space, on a separate page. It must be numbered consecutively, in order of citation and inserted at the appropriate place in the text. Symbols and abbreviations, if used, must be explained in the footnote of each table.

Special Cases:

If the trainee wishes to change the supervisor, he must intimate the original supervisor in writing that he/she is applying for a change of supervisor and submit documentary evidence with full justification(s) to RTMC.

The trainee must obtain approval in writing from RTMC, CPSP for changing the supervisor originally approved by the CPSP. The Supervisor must endorse the certificate annexed at "B", before the dissertation is submitted to RTMC, CPSP.

In case the trainee, who has already acquired a Fellowship from CPSP, desires to appear for FCPS in any other specialty, he/she may submit a fresh Dissertation or his/her 2 published papers on the chosen specialty in JCPSP or journals listed in Index Medicus as the main author.

Esssential Components

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Title page: The complete title of the manuscript, the name of the authors with their highest qualifications, the department or institution to which they are attached, address for correspondence with telephone numbers and
fax number, if possible.

Abstract/Structured: All original articles should have a structured abstract. Usually the limit ranges from one hundred fifty to two hundred fifty words. The abstract should be in structured form and should have headings of objective, design ,settings, subjects, interventions (if applicable),main outcome measures results and conclusions.

Key Words: Below the abstract give few key words, which should not more than ten. These key words are used in cross-indexing the article and are usually published with abstract. Use terms from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) which are standard medical headings given in the list of index medicus, e.g Glomerulonephritis, Paraplegia, Infertility. If suitable
MeSH terms are not yet available for recently introduced terms, present term may be used.

Introduction: This should describe the purpose of the article and the Research Methodology, Biostatistics & Medical Writing Workshop rationale for the study. It should neither review the subject extensively nor should it have data or conclusions of the study.

Material: Material refers to the subjects and apparatus

= SUBJECTS: are patients or person on whom study was done their age, sex, mean age, and standard deviation, and other relevant characteristics should be given.
= APPARATUS: refers to the main device used to measure the observation, this may be a laboratory equipment, surgical procedure, questionnaire, or a clinical method e.g. a laboratory instrument for Hemoglobin estimation, a procedure to remove the stone from bile duct, a questionnaire developed to know the effect of poverty on nutritional status or clinical criteria to asses the severity of pain

Method: METHOD is the procedure of data collection. Mention the study design, place where study was conducted, procedure of data collection. Mention the name of statistical test and software program wherever
applied.

RESULTS must be presented in the form of text, tables and illustrations. The contents of the tables should not be repeated in the text. Instead, a reference to the table number must be given.

DISCUSSION should emphasize the present findings and comparison should be made of variations or similarities with other works done in the field .The detailed data should not be repeated in the discussion. It must be mentioned whether the hypothesis in the article is true, false or no conclusions can derived.

COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE

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There are five essential components of an original/research article
1. Abstract/Summary
2. Introduction
3. Material & Method
4. Result
5. Discussion.

These can be remembered with the help of the acronym, IMRAD that stands for :
= I = Introduction,
= M = Material & Method
= R = Result,
= A = And
= D = Discussion.

Key words are included with structured abstract. Additional components are acknowledgement (which is optional) and the References. Hence the manuscript of all research articles should contain the following sections:-

FORMAT OF SYNOPSIS

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TITLE: Should reflect the objectives of the study. It must be written after the whole synopsis has been written so that it is a true representative of the plan (i.e. the synopsis).

INTRODUCTION: Should contain brief background of the selected topic. It must identify the importance of study, its relevance and applicability of results. It must clearly state the purpose of the study.

OBJECTIVES: Objectives are statements of mentions. They inform the reader clearly what the researcher plans to do in his/her work. The must identify the variables involved in research. Objective should start with an action verb and be sufficiently specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time bound (SMART).

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: May be required in some synopses. It is definition of a term specifically telling how it will be measured for e.g.:

Morbidity: this encompass a number of aspects viz. prolonged hospital stay, severe pain, immediate complications, long term sequelac. A research must define how a vague term will be measured.

Efficacy: These can by measured

i. Time taken in relieve of symptoms which may be pain, fever cough heartburn etc.
ii. Taking into account number of side effects.
iii. Time taken for complete recovery student is requirement to specify how he/she will measure efficacy.

HYPOTHESIS: A hypothesis is a statement showing expected relation b/w 2 variables. A hypothesis is needed in the following study designs:

i. All interventional studies
ii. Cohort
iii. Case control
iv. Comparative cross sectional.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

STUDY DESIGN: Mention the name of the appropriate study design.

SETTING: Name and place where the research work is to be conducted.

DURATION OF STUDY: How long will the study take with dates.

SAMPLE SIZE: How many patients will be included. If there are groups how many per group?

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Type of sampling technique employed.

SAMPLE SELECTION:
Inclusion criteria: on what bases will patients be inducted in the study.
Exclusion criteria: On what bases will patients be excluded from the study.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE: A detailed account of how the researcher will perform research; how s/he will measure the variable. It includes:

Identification of the study variables
Methods for collection of data
Data collection tools (proforma/questionnaire)

DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE: Relevant details naming software to be used, which descriptive statistics and which test of significance if and when required, specifying variables where it will be applied.

REFERENCES:
In Vancouver style (for detail refer to page 132).

DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT:
The researcher must attach, as an annex, the proforma or questionnaire with the help of which he/she intends to collect data. The proforma/ questionnaire must match the objectives and must not contain irrelevant sections like inclusion and exclusion criteria etc.

FORMAT OF SYNOPSIS

2010-01-23T06:25:00.000-08:00

Before starting to work on Dissertation/Article, the FCPS trainee has to send a Synopsis to RTMC and get it approved. The synopsis is a brief out line (about four A-4 size pages or 1000 words is the maximum limit) of your future work.

A synopsis must have the following headings.

wireless broadband usa

2009-12-05T22:17:00.000-08:00

Wireless Broadband USA (WBUSA) was founded to respond to the federal government mandate "to provide Broadband Internet service to all Americans by 2007."
WBUSA has developed a "turnkey" package of technology and services that will make this goal a reality. This package will enable entrepreneurs to enter into, or expand, an existing Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) business.
WBUSA has the business plan that will succeed, the technology you need, the financing sources that understand your business, and the ongoing support to ensure your success.

Broadband Usage in USA

2009-12-05T22:10:00.000-08:00

Nielsen//NetRatings, the global standard for Internet audience measurement and analysis, reports that in 2003 the United States had 39 million, or 13 percent of Americans, connecting via broadband in the U.S. Broadband users at-home grew 49 percent year-over-year, while narrowband users declined 12 percent during May 2003 (see Table 1).
Despite higher growth rates for broadband, there were nearly twice as many narrowband users as broadband users in the U.S. Narrowband users then outweighed broadband users with 69.6 million users.

what is new at broadban usa .gov

2009-12-05T22:02:00.000-08:00

On November 10th, RUS and NTIA posted summaries of comments filed by existing service providers in response to BTOP and BIP infrastructure applicants' Public Notice filings of proposed funded service area(s). You can view these summaries by going to the Application Database.

Tuesday, November 10, 2009
Press Release: NTIA and RUS Streamline Programs to Bring Broadband, Jobs to More Americans: Agencies Plan to Consolidate Final Two Funding Rounds, Seek Comment on Program Enhancements.

Tuesday, November 10, 2009
Federal Register Notice: Rural Utilities Service (RUS) and National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) Joint Request for Information: RUS and NTIA released a joint Request for Information (RFI) seeking comment on further implementation of the Broadband Initiatives Program (BIP) and the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP). Comments must be received by November 30, 2009. The input the agencies expect to receive from this process is intended to inform the second round of funding.

Friday, November 6, 2009
NTIA Awards Grants for Broadband Mapping and Planning: NTIA announced that it has awarded grants to fund broadband mapping and planning activities in Alabama, Idaho, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming under NTIA's State Broadband Data and Development Grant Program. The program, funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, will increase broadband access and adoption through better data collection and broadband planning