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How Much Weight Can a Standard Elevator Hold

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 14:10:29 +0000

The capacity of a standard passenger elevator varies, but generally falls between 1,000 and 6,000 pounds (about 454 – 2,722 kilograms), depending on the floor area of the elevator car. Freight elevators, of course, are designed to hold much heavier loads. A standard residential elevator, however, is generally not used for heavy loads and generally can carry up to 750 pounds (340kg).

Generally speaking, a standard elevator in a low-rise building can hold about 2,000 or 2,500 lbs (907 – 1,134 kg). The larger the building, the more capacity it the elevator will hold, however. In a mid-rise building, a standard elevator will have a capacity of about 3,000 to 4,000 lbs (1,361 – 1,814 kg); and in high-rise buildings, 4,000 lbs (1,814 kg) or more. This according to Edward A. Donoghue, managing director and secretary of National Elevator Industry Inc., a trade association representing elevator and escalator manufacturers, installers, and repairers.

Because of the dangers elevators can pose, regulatory bodies are usually set up to help ensure their safety. In the United States, floor-area based standards for elevator capacities are required by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). The ASME also stipulates the inside dimensions of an elevator car based on weight capacity and type and size of doors.

Statistically, a standard elevator is relatively safe. They are supported by steel cables. Each cable alone could support a fully loaded elevator car. The only elevator ever to fall because the cables failed happened in 1945, when the cables supporting an elevator in the Empire State Building were severed by bomber airplane.

But there can be dangers when a standard elevator is packed beyond its weight capacity. A tragic illustration of this occurred in 2006, when an Ohio State University student was killed after a dormitory elevator boarded by 24 students began to descend with the elevator doors still open. The student, who had been the last one in the elevator, was pinned between the elevator door and the lobby as he tried to exit the car.

The elevator in question was a passenger traction model. Assuming an average weight of 150 lbs (68kg) per student, the elevator may have been nearly 50 percent over its 2,500 lb (1,134 kg) capacity, causing its unexpected descent.

How Much Caffeine is in Chocolate

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 14:07:48 +0000

Chocolate is derived from the cacao tree, and is generally made into sweets in the Western world, although it may also be drunk or eaten in its bitter form or with spice added. It is one of the most popular flavors on earth for sweets, and ranges widely in both style and cost. High-end chocolates have seen an upswing in recent years, but traditional standbys still make up a large portion of candy sales throughout the United States and Europe. In addition to often having sugar added, however, many people have heard that there is caffeine present in chocolate, leading to concerns that it can keep people awake or make them agitated.

Although there are a number of stimulants in chocolate, the caffeine present is negligible, and so does not have much of an effect on energy or mood. The sugar present in chocolate is much more likely to create a surge in energy or to make people feel agitated, especially in sweeter chocolates. Sweet chocolates actually have lower cacao contents, and therefore have even less of the already small amount of caffeine found in the cacao bean. There are three other main compounds found in chocolate that can affect mood and energy: theobromine, tryptophan, and phenethylamine.

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Although phenethylamine does have a psychoactive effect, significant amounts don’t tend to reach the brain after ingesting chocolate. In spite of this, a widespread theory connecting chocolate to love was pushed in the 1980s, and persists to some extent. In truth, however, the phenethylamine is metabolized by an enzyme in the human body, MAO-B, so it ultimately has very little effect. Tryptophan, best known for its presence in turkey, is also present in moderate amounts in chocolate, but it has a calming effect, rather than an energizing effect.

Theobromine, one of the distinguishing alkaloids in chocolate, and the one which gives it its characteristic bitter taste, is in the methylxanthine class of chemicals. This is the same class that caffeine belongs to, and theobromine has some similar properties. There is roughly 20mg of theobromine in a gram of cocoa, which is not a negligible amount. Theobromine, like caffeine, acts as a diuretic, a vasodilater, and a heart stimulant. It is in fact responsible for many of the effects that people associate with caffeine in chocolate, and is responsible for poisoning in dogs and cats, which is why it is suggested that the animals not ingest chocolate.

As for caffeine itself, there is very little actually found in chocolate. When compared to common vessels of caffeine, it becomes apparent that the quantity of caffeine found in chocolate likely has no major effect on most people. One ounce (30g) of milk chocolate, for example, contains 6mg of caffeine, as compared to 19mg of caffeine in one ounce (30g) of coffee. The amount of theobromine in a similar quantity of chocolate, on the other hand, is much, much higher. As theobromine has similar effects to caffeine, although not as intense, it is likely that most people who see a response to chocolate are reacting to the theobromine.

How Much Money Per Day Does the Average Person Live On

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 14:04:49 +0000

Over three billion people — more than half the world population as of 2010 — live on less than $2.50 US Dollars (USD) a day. More than 80% of the population lives on less than $10 USD per day. To put that in perspective, the average American spends about $7 USD a day on entertainment alone, and more than twice that on transportation.

The world’s billionaires (less than 500 people) account for about 7% of the world’s GDP. Low income countries (about 2.5 billion people) account for only 3.3% of the world’s GDP.

According to the World Bank, the poorest 20% of the world’s population accounts for 1.5% of the world’s total private consumption, while the richest 20% accounts for around 75% of global private consumption.

The world income gap is growing: in the 1960s, the 20% of the world’s people in the richest countries had 30 times the income of the poorest 20%. By 1997 that figure had risen to 74 times as much, and it continues to increase.

How Much Can I Expect to Pay for International Telephone Calls

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 14:01:04 +0000

Once upon a time, placing a telephone call to an international location was a very expensive endeavor. Fortunately, there are several options for international telephone calls today that are much more cost efficient, and require much less effort to connect. However, there are still several factors that can impact the final rate per minute that a caller will pay when making international telephone calls.

Today, making international telephone calls do not involve a great deal of manual switching, nor do they necessarily have to routed through underwater cables. Advances in technology allow for long distance telephone signals to be transferred through means of microwaves, satellite transmissions, and through the World Wide Web. All these new methods work in conjunction with the older wire technology, making it possible to place international telephone calls to and from just about every country in the world. It is the combination of these methods that often helps to determine the final rate per minute that the caller will pay.

For locations that can utilize Voice over Internet Protocol to make international telephone calls, the cost per minute is very low. This is especially true if both the originator and the recipient of the international telephone call are utilizing the Internet for making and receiving calls. In this scenario, the involvement of traditional telephone switches is either eliminated or kept at a minimum, depending on the two countries involved. The call is still direct dialed using dialing codes usually referred to as country codes, along with the local exchange telephone number. More and more companies are using Voice over IP as the means of offering low cost international calling to their customers.

However, Voice over IP is not necessarily available everywhere. This creates situations where a call may begin using Internet technology, but at some point hop onto a local phone switch and go through the usual process. In countries where telecommunications is nationalized, there may be access fees involved that will run up the cost per minute.

Most telephone service providers publish a listing of countries that may be dialed using their platform, along with the rate per minute that will be billed. Depending on the country of origin, the country of destination, and the type of technology involved with switching the call, the rate can be extremely low or somewhat expensive. However, it should be noted that rates for international telephone calls are still only a fraction of what they cost even ten years ago.

How Much Oil and Coal Are Left

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 13:58:21 +0000

In 1956, the geologist M. King Hubbert predicted that United States oil production would peak between 1965 and 1970. This turned out to be correct. Hubbert’s theory is called “Hubbert peak theory” or simply “peak oil.” According to the theory, oil production increases until it reaches a peak, at which point roughly half the original resource is remaining. Since Hubbert’s initial theory, experts have debated whether worldwide production of oil will also reach a peak. Some of the same debates have also centered around coal, with analysts wondering how much longer we can power our energy-hungry civilization with finite fossil fuels.

According to the pessimists, we may have already reached worldwide peak oil production, or will reach it soon. This would eventually lead to irreversible increases in the price of oil, causing increases in the price of practically everything else, possibly leading to economic collapse, global depression, and other dire consequences, up to and including the dissolution of modern industrial civilization. They argue that we could run out of oil almost entirely in a few decades or less.

According to optimists, peak oil production will be reached between 2020 and 2030. The impact will be ameliorated by investments in alternative energy sources such as solar panels, solar thermal, wind, tidal, geothermal, and nuclear fission. Even space-based solar stations, biofuel-producing synthetic microbes, and nuclear fusion are oft-cited possibilities. These optimists argue that fears of peak oil are unfounded, and that more innovative extraction techniques will help bridge the gap. They believe oil is not likely to run out in less than 50 years, and possibly longer than a century.

Most experts agree that there is much more coal available than oil, and if oil runs out, we may switch to coal. Making coal even more useful are chemical processes that can convert it to liquid form. That way, coal could be used as a liquid fuel similar to today’s petroleum. Most experts agree that we have at least a couple hundred years worth of coal remaining, perhaps more.

How Much Caffeine is Consumed By the Average Person

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 13:55:10 +0000

Caffeine consumption is a daily occurrence for many people around the world. From the morning cup of coffee to tall glasses of iced tea for lunch and chocolate desserts after dinner, most of us have no idea how much caffeine we ingest each day. Here is some information about the use of caffeine that will help to put the average consumption into perspective.

The daily intake of caffeine varies somewhat from one country to the next. Much of this variance has to do with the rate of coffee and tea consumption within a given location. For example, coffee is easily the single most popular caffeine beverage among adults in many parts of the world. This accounts largely for how much caffeine is consumed on a daily basis by adults in the United States and Canada. In those two countries, the average consumption per adult is just under 250 mg. However, these figures pale in comparison to reports from Sweden and Finland, where the average daily caffeine intake of caffeine is cited as being in the range of 400 mg for adults over the age of twenty-one. In all instances, coffee is cited as the main source of this daily infusion of caffeine.

In other countries, coffee slips down the ladder as the main source of caffeine. In the United Kingdom and many other areas of the British Empire, tea is the beverage of choice and provides the major source for daily consumption of caffeine. Some studies indicate that the average caffeine intake for citizens of the UK is in the 300 mg range. While tea accounts for most of the presence of caffeine in the daily diet, coffee, soft drinks, and chocolate treats are gaining ground.

For children, it is often estimated that in countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom that soft drinks and sweets account for the main sources of caffeine in the diet. The breakdown of how much caffeine children consume on average is usually in the range of 150-200 mg per day. Along with soft drinks and sweets, other beverages such as sports drinks appear to be driving up the daily average of how much caffeine our children are taking in each and every day.

Some experts feel this is a clear indication of widespread caffeine addiction in our society. While many stimulants are recognized as being addictive, many people think little or nothing about caffeine. Being aware of how much caffeine surrounds us and choosing to limit our daily intake is the first step toward avoiding a potentially addictive situation, while still being able to enjoy all the foods and drinks we love.

How Much Does it Cost to Own a Dog

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 13:53:07 +0000

If you want to own a dog, and you’re not independently wealthy, it’s a good idea to evaluate costs, of both financial and your time. To be a responsible owner of a pet, you really need to decide if you are prepared to meet these costs. Even if you’re offered a free puppy, dogs are not free. When you own a dog responsibly, you agree to take on a variety of costs.

First off, you have basic care and feeding if you own a dog. There is inexpensive dog food, but some dogs may require special diets, and overall, most dogs fare better on pricier dog food with better ingredients. Expect to pay about $30-50 US Dollars (USD) a month for food for a medium sized dog.

When you own a dog, you’ll need a few things immediately. These may include a dog crate, especially if the dog is untrained. These can cost about $50-150 USD, depending on the size of the animal. You’ll need a leash, food bowls, bedding, and fencing for any outdoor areas. Young dogs frequently need behavior training too. If you’re not experienced at training a dog, you may need to take classes. A class at a Parks and Recreation Center may charge about $50-150 USD, and if you use dog behavior classes at a dog trainer facility, this can cost about $1000 USD.

Don’t forget the cost of puppy or young dog damage on your house and furniture. Until a dog is properly trained, they may urinate on your rugs, floors or furniture, and they may chew up items you need. If you have carpet, you may have to invest in several carpet cleanings $100-200 USD, before a dog is reliably trained. Most puppies aren’t considered fully reliable until they are about six months to a year old, and small dogs, because of small bladders may always be slightly unreliable.

So initially, even if you don’t pay a cent to acquire a dog, you can expect to pay anywhere from $600 USD a year in food, about $100-200 USD for basic dog supplies, and anywhere from $50 to over $1000 USD for behavior training, plus about $200 USD in cleaning. Additionally, check with your local animal control department regarding the cost to license your dog. The first year’s costs could be about $950-$2000 USD for basic care alone.

This is just the beginning if you own a dog. You must provide veterinary care when you own a dog. This includes vaccinations, dental checks, yearly examinations, and spaying or neutering. Don’t forget flea treatment medication (about $10-15 USD per month), plus heartworm medication, about $10 per month. Minimal vet care including a yearly teeth cleaning, exams, vaccination, flea treatment and heartworm meds will cost about $500-1000 USD. Moreover, any dog can be prone to accidents, injury, ingesting a dangerous substance, which means you may have to be prepared to pay for emergency care, which can easily exceed $1000 USD in a single visit.

As dogs age many of them develop health conditions that require more frequent vet visits. Some get diabetes, some get cancer, and some develop heart or respiratory conditions. These conditions can dramatically increase average vet care bills.

The cost of time in raising an animal is significant. While it may seem like a great idea to own a dog, consider what to do when you vacation or how much time you actually spend at home or with your dog. If you are hardly ever home and you can’t take your dog with you to work, then the cost to the dog may be too great. Dogs are by nature social creatures, and will be better behaved when they get greater interaction with you. If you haven’t got time to take Rover or Spot for a walk each day, groom them, play with them and treat them well, then maybe the cost to the dog is too significant.

Over the lifetime of the dog, you can expect to pay about $1500-3000 USD per year for all care needs, and more as a dog ages and needs greater health care. You may also want to consider if you rent whether you will have a more difficult time finding a new home if you move, and what type of pet deposits you may need to pay in order to keep your animal.

How Much Television Should My Child Be Allowed to Watch

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 13:51:15 +0000

How much television your child is permitted to watch may not seem like a huge concern. However, healthcare experts agree that as childhood obesity rates continue to rise, there is a direct link between obesity rates and inactivity. Children in many schools throughout the United States, and other parts of the world, are faced with fewer opportunities for physical activity while in school. This means parents must accept the responsibility of keeping their kids active.

As if inactivity weren’t enough of a concern, media overload is also an issue for many families. Children are inundated with advertisements and programming that portrays mixed messages. Depending on how much television a child watches, they can view literally thousands of acts of violence before they ever go to kindergarten. If you are concerned with how much television your child should be watching, you will need to take an active role in monitoring it.

In today’s world, the recommendations for how much television a child should watch is measured in screen time. This means that any screen, be it computer, television, or video game, is all considered the same. For every hour a child sits in front of a screen, that’s one hour they are remaining sedentary and one hour they are not getting any physical exercise. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that children over the age of two should be limited to no more than two hours of screen time per day, while children under the age of two should be permitted none.

This particular guideline is established for health reasons, and while it’s probably a very accurate guideline, it can be difficult to maintain – especially for older children. As a parent, you should use your best judgment and take into consideration how much physical activity your child gets. When trying to evaluate how much television and screen time your child is allowed, don’t apply computer time for homework to their time limit. If you feel your child is spending an excessive amount of time on the computer doing homework, monitor their usage and talk to their teacher if it’s a genuine problem.

You might choose to limit how much television your child watches and then set separate limits for computer and video games. Most kids will accept these limits and will be able to find other, more productive ways to entertain themselves. If your child is resistant to screen time limits, try to determine where their resistance is coming from. If they have been entertaining themselves for hours each day with cartoons and video games, they may not know how to find other things to do. Help them find activities they enjoy that get them physically and mentally active.

Television, computers, and video games shouldn’t have to be taboo in your home, but they also shouldn’t run your lives. Helping your kids to see that will help them lead healthier, more productive lives.

How Much Does it Cost to Raise a Child in the United States

How Much Bacteria Live in Our Bodies

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 13:47:51 +0000

It may be startling, but according to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) of Maryland, we each house two to five pounds (1.0 to 2.26 kilograms) of live bacteria inside our bodies. Bacteria come in good and bad varieties, or more to the point, can be helpful or harmful. While the vast amount of attention is given to bad bacteria because of their potential for creating illness, humans share a necessary symbiotic relationship with many types of helpful bacteria. Some are crucial to our very survival.

HHMI reports that the largest concentration of bacteria in the human body is found in the intestines. Species numbering in the thousands create trillions of silent passengers functioning en masse. The relationship between the different strains of bacteria and the human body is a dynamic one, constantly adjusting to changing conditions.

Probiotics, or the study of treatment through helpful bacteria, is gaining more attention as infections increase from overuse of antibiotics. One familiar example of probiotics is the promotion of yogurt containing live bacterial cultures for easing diarrhea associated with antibiotics. The helpful bacteria in this case are of the lactobacilli strain. Though it is clear through research that helpful bacteria can have a positive effect, as a treatment regimen, their effectiveness is less than sufficient to replace antibiotics, given our current state of knowledge. However, the medical community believes a replacement is exactly what’s needed.

One of the problems with treatment through probiotics is that bacteria within us are not well understood. For example, a dormant or neutral bacterium might become harmful if triggered by conditions that cause it to multiply or change. Bacteria can interact with human cells, causing cell receptors to “grow extensions” to which the bacteria can adhere. Complicating matters, scientists report that at least 50% of these strains cannot be grown in a lab because of the difficulty in creating a suitable environment that simulates the human gut.

Bad bacteria have given rise to some of our most notorious diseases, including cholera, typhoid and scarlet fever. Yet other types of bacteria help to keep us alive and healthy. As scientists come to understand the complicated relationship between bacteria and the human body, they hope to find more natural solutions to disease prevention and treatment.

How Much Should I Tip for Valet Parking

postman1 — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 13:45:40 +0000

Tips are generally customary when you valet park your car in the US. There is some argument about when and how much to tip a valet, however. Some suggest a larger tip if you have a nice car and want to keep it safe. On the other hand, some feel that the parking fee that some valet parking establishments assess constitute the tip.

Emily Post, the maven of good manners, suggests tipping two US dollars (USD) when a valet returns a car. When valet parking is free, a tip is definitely expected. You should probably at least factor in a $2 USD tip for the valet although some people tip $5 USD or more.

Many still argue that the valet should also be tipped when he takes the car. The idea is that a few extra bucks will induce him or her to park the car with greater care. This may be a wise idea if you have a very expensive car.

Sometimes you’ll park your car yourself but have a valet return the car for you. In these situations the standard $2 USD tip is applicable. It is not necessary to tip a garage attendant when parking your own vehicle, however. A simple rule for calculating the tip of a valet may be to tip $2 USD any time the valet drives the car. Therefore, free valet parking offered at restaurants or other businesses might mean tipping two times.

When visiting a foreign country, it is wise to look up the local tipping customs. Country-specific travel guides often have this information readily available. Tipping is not customary in some Asian countries and many European countries. In fact, in some places tipping the valet is viewed as an insulting gesture. However, in many countries where tipping was once thought rude, it is now expected exactly for things like free valet parking or in high-end hotels. Knowing appropriate tipping practices ahead of time can save you the embarrassment and anxiety about whether you should or shouldn’t. It will also make sure that the workers are properly compensated.