HOW TO MAKE OR HOW TO PRODUCE ANYTHING

How To Make Your Own Laundry Detergent

2012-07-29T13:00:00.000-07:00

Learn how to make your own laundry detergent, and enjoy clean clothes for less.

Difficulty: Easy

Time Required: 10-15 minutes

Here's How:

Mix together two parts Borax, two parts Washing Soda and one part grated Fels-Naptha soap to create your own laundry detergent (You can make as much or as little as you'd like).
Use up to three level tablespoons per wash load.
Store the rest in a lidded container, out of the reach of children and pets.

- Recipe Courtesy of James77777

Tips:

Be sure to label your detergent container, so others will know what's inside. Include a list of the ingredients as an added safety measure.
Borax sells under the name 20 Mule Team, and can be found on the laundry aisle. You should be able to find Washing Soda and Fels-Naptha soap there too.
Having trouble locating Fels-Naptha soap on the laundry aisle? Check to see if it's in with the bar soap.
If the grocery store or discount store that you shop at doesn't stock these ingredients, try an international grocery store.
Zote, Ivory or castile soap can be used in place of Fels-Naptha.

What You Need

Borax
Washing Soda
Fels Naptha Soap
Read the rest here

Homemade Baking Powder Recipe

2012-07-29T12:52:00.001-07:00

Baking powder is a key ingredient in many cake, cookie and bread recipes; but that doesn't mean you have to pay someone else to make it. Here's how to make your own baking powder:

Prep Time: 2 minutes

Total Time: 2 minutes

Ingredients:

1 teaspoon baking soda
2 teaspoons cream of tartar
1 teaspoon corn starch (optional)

Preparation:

Mix the baking soda and cream of tartar together until well combined. Use immediately.
Yield: One tablespoon of baking powder.
To store baking powder: Add a teaspoon of corn starch to the mixture, and stir. This will absorb any moisture from the air, and prevent the baking powder from reacting before you need it. Store in an air-tight container.
Did You Know? Most commerically-produced baking powder contains aluminum--sodium aluminum sulfate to be exact. Make your own baking powder, and keep your baked goods aluminum-free.

How To Make Buttermilk Substitute

2012-07-29T12:49:00.001-07:00

Making a recipe that calls for buttermilk? Use this simple substitute, and you won't need to buy any:

Prep Time: 5 minutes

Total Time: 5 minutes

Ingredients:

Milk (just under one cup)
1 Tablespoon white vinegar or lemon juice

Preparation:

1. Place a Tablespoon of white vinegar or lemon juice in a liquid measuring cup.
2. Add enough milk to bring the liquid up to the one-cup line.
3. Let stand for five minute. Then, use as much as your recipe calls for.
Have heavy cream in the fridge? If so, you have everything you need to make real buttermilk

New How to Make Buttermilk

2012-07-29T12:45:00.003-07:00

Once you see how easy it is to make buttermilk, you'll want to make your own everytime. Here's how:

Prep Time: 10 minutes

Total Time: 10 minutes

Ingredients:

Heavy cream (avoid ultra-pasteurized)

Preparation:

1. Fill a jar halfway with heavy cream. Then, screw the lid on firmly (a canning jar works well for this purpose).
2. Start shaking the jar back and forth. After several minutes, the cream will thicken and turn into whipped cream. Keep shaking until the whipped cream is replaced with a yellow glob (butter) and a separate liquid (buttermilk).
3. Pour the buttermilk out of the jar, and use it in any recipe that calls for buttermilk.
To Use the Butter: Knead it under cold water for a couple minutes to remove any remaining buttermilk (it will spoil very quickly, if you don't). Then, salt (if desired), and store in the refrigerator until you're ready to use it.

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How To Make your Own Chocolate Lip Balm

2012-03-28T03:48:00.000-07:00

Chocolate Lip Balm

Prep Time: 10 minutes

Cook Time: 5 minutes
Total Time: 15 minutes

Ingredients:

1 small container; lip balm tube or a small tub with cap
3 tablespoons cocoa butter
5 chocolate chips
1 vitamin E capsule
1/4 teaspoon cooking oil

Preparation:

Melt the cocoa butter in the microwave in a small plastic mixing bowl. Do not overcook. Add the chocolate chips and stir until they are melted. Put into microwave for 10 seconds if needed. Wasting no time, add oil and cut open vitamin E capsule and squeeze into mixture. Stir well. Pour into container.

Note about supplies: Cocoa butter and vitamin E are found at your neighborhood pharmacy. Containers can be found at the craft store. All other ingredients can be found at your local grocery store.

How To Make Apple Cinnamon Lip Balm

2012-03-28T03:44:00.000-07:00

Apple Cinnamon Lip Balm. Fun teen craft and party activity using this easy lip balm recipe.The flavoring for this lip balm was designed for fall and holiday related events.

Prep Time: 10 minutes

Cook Time: 5 minutes

Total Time: 15 minutes

Ingredients:

1 small container; lip balm tube or a small tub with cap
4 tablespoons cocoa butter
3 drops cinnamon flavor oil
4 drops of apple flavor oil
1 teaspoon of honey
1/4 teaspoon cooking oil
1 vitamin E capsule

Preparation:

Melt the cocoa butter in the microwave in a small plastic mixing bowl. Do not overcook. Add the apple and cinnamon flavor oil and the honey. Mix well. Put into microwave for 5 seconds if it starts to harden while you are mixing. The apple and cinnamon oils give the lip balm flavor and the honey sweetens it.

Wasting no time, add cooking oil and cut open vitamin E capsule and squeeze into mixture. Stir well. Pour into container.
Note about supplies: Cocoa butter and vitamin E are found at your neighborhood pharmacy. Containers can be found at the craft store. All other ingredients can be found at your local grocery store

How To Mkae Your Own Candy Flavored Lip Gloss Recipe

2012-03-28T03:40:00.000-07:00

Candy Flavored Lip Gloss Recipe

how to :

2 tablespoons olive oil
1/2 tsp. honey
3/4 tsp. beeswax, grated
1/2 tsp. pure cocoa butter
1/2 tsp. candy flavored oil of your choice, taste and add more if you wish
1 vitamin E capsule

Heat olive oil, honey, grated beeswax and cocoa butter over low heat. As soon as it is melted, take away from heat and stir in the vitamin E and candy flavored oil. test for taste and adjust if necessary. Pour into containers.

How To Make Your Own Cocoa Lip Gloss Recipe

2012-03-28T03:37:00.001-07:00

Make your own chocolate flavored lip gloss using this recipe.

Materials Needed:

Powdered Cocoa Mix
Petroleum Jelly
Small Container

Instructions:
Put desired amount of petroleum jelly into a small glass bowl. Put it in a microwave for 30 seconds; take it out and stir. Continue doing this until the Vaseline is melted. Add the desired amount of cocoa powder (experiment!) and stir. Microwave for 30 more seconds and stir. Set it aside to cool.
Once it is cool enough to handle, spoon it into a small container (recycle old makeup containers or 35mm film containers, or look in stores that carry beads, crafts, or fishing tackle). Set it aside until the petroleum jelly gets firm, and then it is ready to use!
You can also use this recipe to make fruit lip gloss by using powdered juice mix instead of cocoa.

How To Make Vanilla Lip Gloss Craft Recipe

2012-03-28T03:33:00.000-07:00

Vanilla Lip Gloss Craft Recipe

Make Your own Vanilla Lip Gloss Craft Recipe and save money.Here is how:

1 Tablespoon Petroleum Jelly
1 Tablespoon Aloe Vera Gel
1 1/2 teaspoons Coconut Oil
1/2 teaspoon Vanilla

Heat ingredients together in a double-boiler and pour into jars. Cool and seal.

How to Make your own spray starch for free and save money

2012-03-27T08:54:00.000-07:00

How to Make your own spray starch, and enjoy crisp collars and pleats on the cheap. Here's step by step guide on how:

Prep Time: 5 minutes

Total Time: 5 minutes

Ingredients:

1 heaping tablespoon corn starch
1 pint cold water
1-2 drops essential oil (optional)

Preparation:

1. Combine the cornstarch and water in a bowl, and stir until the cornstarch is completely dissolved. (The mixture will be milky in color)
2. Add in a couple drops of essential oil for fragrance, if desired.
3. Then, transfer to a spray bottle, and use.

Tips:

1. For best results, shake before each use.
2. A little goes a long way, so use sparingly.

Did You Know?

Commerically-produced spray starch usually contains formaldehyde – yuck!
Starching clothes actually makes them last longer because dirt and perspiration sticks to the starch and not to the fabric

How to Create Progress Bars in Excel With Conditional Formatting

2012-03-27T08:48:00.000-07:00

Progress bars are pretty much ubiquitous these days; we’ve even seen them on some water coolers. A progress bar provides instant feedback on a given process, so why not bring some of that graphical pizzazz into your spreadsheet, using Excel’s Conditional Formatting feature?

Progress Bars in Excel 2010

“Bar-type” conditional formatting has been around since Excel 2007. But Excel 2007 would only make bars with a gradient – the bar would get paler and paler towards the end, so even at 100% it wouldn’t really look like 100%. Excel 2010 addresses this by adding Solid Fill bars that maintain one color all throughout. These are ideal for creating progress bars.

Creating The Bar

The first thing you have to do is enter a numeric value into the cell you’d like to format. You can either enter the value directly or use a formula. In our case I’ll just type it in.

Note how I made the column wider; you don’t necessarily have to do this, but it does help make the bar look more like a “bar” (and not just a colored cell).
Now click Conditional Formatting, select Data Bars and click More Rules.

In the New Formatting Rule dialog check the box that says Show Bar Only (so the number doesn’t appear in the cell). Under Minimum and Maximum, select Type as Number. Then, set the Value to the minimum (beginning) value of your scale and maximum (the top of your bar, the end of the process). We’ll just go for 0 and 100, but you could set this to anything that works for you.
Now let’s configure the Bar Appearance. Make sure the Fill is Solid Fill and select the color you’d like to use. When you’re done, the dialog should look similar to this:

Now click OK, and you’re done! At this point you should have a beautiful, crisp progress bar adorning your spreadsheet.

MAKING LIQUID SOAP

2012-03-21T07:02:00.000-07:00

MAKING LIQUID SOAP

By Ellen Peacock of Ellen’s Essentials, © October 2003

http://www.ellensessentials.com/

Making liquid soap is truly an art. It’s hard to find a recipe that works. Most recipes end up watery, thin and cloudy. That is not a problem for some, but we like our soap thick and we want it as clear as possible! However, after many semi/un-successful tries at making liquid soap I finally gave up. It just wasn’t meant to be. Try as I might, my soap was always cloudy or runny or both. So, we simply quit. I had enough liquid laundry soap already! Of course, most soap makers are the determined sort and I decided to try again. With books, tablet and calculator in hand I headed for a quiet corner to read. I wrote down tidbits of what I learned as I went. Taking notes was a big help. The information is just too complicated to carry around in my head.

What did I learn?

To begin with, our soap was cloudy. I was not adding enough lye to

neutralize the fatty acids. Fatty acids can cause the soap to cloud up. Superfatting and soap clarity are not friends. So, I used as close as I could possibly get to the exact amount of KOH recommended for the oils I chose to use. Next I found I wasn’t cooking the soap long enough. Cooking/Heat helps speed up the chemical reaction. Paste for liquid soap needs to be cooked until it reaches that clear Vaseline stage. If it’s not cooked to that stage it can still be clarified, by cooking the liquid soap until it clears. It’s time consuming and not very efficient clarify the soap by cooking after it’s diluted. And, I was over diluting my soap. I added way too much water at the end of the cook. When figuring out how much water to dilute your soap with, the amount of water you add to the oils in the lye solution must be considered. Since soft oils soaps start gelling back up at 30%, we settled for a 29% dilution ratio for our soft oils soaps, but we were adding way too much. Originally we calculated we should add approximately 7 pounds (112 ounces) of water to 3 pounds of Vaseline stage soap gel. WRONG!!!! If we take into account the 33 mounces of water we added to the oil in the lye solution, we would add about 79 ounces of water instead of 112. Otherwise we end up with water thin soap and it takes a really long time to boil off 33 ounces of water! With by making the above changes, we are much happier with our finished liquid soaps.

A LIQUID SOAP RECIPE THAT WORKS!!!

33 oz. Sunflower Seed Oil

14 oz. Coconut oil

11 oz. KOH

2 oz. Potassium Carbonate

33 ounces distilled water

(Yes, we know that when you run this recipe thru the lye calculators that it

appears to be lye heavy but, it’s just right.) Be sure and use all the recommended safety gear when you make soap.. goggles, gloves long sleeved shirt, long pants and shoes, etc. We use a crock pot to make our soap. A crock pot is just easier and more efficient than the double boiler method. We’ve also heard of putting the soap in a oven proof pot and cooking it in the oven. The crock pot still seems like the most efficient way. Potassium Carbonate? What’s that for? Potassium Carbonate makes the soap easier to stir. I’m for anything that makes the process of making liquid soap easier. Especially the stirring! Add the oils to the crock pot. Don’t bother heating the oils up. It’s not going to make a big difference. You’re going to be cooking this soap. In your lye mixing container, add the KOH and Potassium Carbonate to the 33 ounce of water. Once the lye and potassium carbonate are dissolved, add the lye water solution to the oils. Stick blend the mixture until it has traced. Put the lid on your crock pot and set it on low. Check the soap paste and stir often. 20 minute intervals worked for us. If the soap seems to have separated, just stir it until it comes back to trace. Cook the soap for 2.5 to 3 hours in the crockpot. Don’t forget to give it a stir! When the soap has reached the vaseline stage turn the crock pot off but leave the lid on to retain keep the soap hot. In a large pot on the stove heat 79 or 80 ounces of water to boiling. Adjust the heating element to low. Carefully add the soap paste to the hot boiled water. Stir it a bit and put the lid on. And turn the heat off. Let the soap sit and dissolve. It may take some time to dissolve the soap. When the soap starts to cool, heat the soap solution back up and stir the soap and put the lid back on. Repeat as necessary until the soap is diluted. You may add more water to the soap to thin it out more if you’d like. Let the soap cool all the way down. Put some of the soap in a clear container and look at it. Sometimes we get impatient waiting for that Vaseline stage and we’re not sure if we’ve reached it or not so we dilute the soap anyway and it’s not exactly clear. If for some reason your is not as clear as you’d like cook the diluted soap longer. Our soap was clear and the pH tested at 10. If you’d like the pH lower than 10 you can add buffering agents, boric acid or citric acid. I’m not going to go into borax, boric acid or citric acid though.. I’m satisfied with a 10

How To Make Soap

2012-03-21T06:50:00.000-07:00

The intention here is to provide the basic data on how to make soap from the most basic materials. There are many fancier soap recipes which make better soaps, as long as you have all the ingredients. The first write-up assumes you can just go to a store and buy the ingredients. The second only assumes you have some animals you will be butchering and that you have been burning wood fires and cleverly saved the ashes.

Basic Method

[A. This first write-up is taken from Hulda Clark’s book, "The Cure for All Diseases," pages 529-530.]

A small plastic dishpan, about 10" x 12"

A glass or enamel 2-quart saucepan

1 can of lye (sodium hydroxide), 12 ounces

3 pounds of lard

Plastic gloves [really; use eye-protection too]

Water

1. Pour 3 cups of very cold water (refrigerate water overnight first) into the 2-quart saucepan.

2. Slowly and carefully add the lye, a little bit at a time, stirring it with the a wooden or plastic utensil. (Use plastic gloves for this; test them for holes first.) Do not breathe the vapor or lean over the container or have children nearby. Above all _use no metal_The mixture will get very hot. In olden days, a sassafras branch was used to stir, imparting a fragrance and insect deterrent for mosquitoes, lice, fleas and ticks.

3. Let cool at least one hour in a safe place. Meanwhile, the unwrapped lard should be warming up to room temperature in the plastic dishpan.

4. Slowly and carefully, pour the lye solution into the dishpan with the lard. The lard will melt. Mix thoroughly, at least 15 minutes, until it looks like thick pudding.

5. Let it set until the next morning, then cut it into bars. It will get harder after a few days. Then package. If you wish to make soap based on olive oil, use about 48 ounces. It may need to harden for a week.

Liquid soap

Make chips from your home-made soap cake. Add enough hot water to dissolve. Add citric acid to balance the pH (7 to 8). If you do not, this soap may be too harsh for your skin.

Basic Method When There Are No Stores!

[This write-up was taken from one done by Marietta Ellis concerning the soap-making practices of colonial America, with the tense mainly changed from the past into the present.] Saponification is a very big chemical word for the rather complex but easy to create soap making reaction. Saponification is what happens when a fatty acid meets an alkali. When fats or oils, which contain fatty acids are mixed with a strong alkali, the alkali first splits the fats or oils into their two major parts fatty acids and glycerin. After this splitting of the fats or oils, the sodium or potassium part of the alkali joins with the fatty acid part of the fat or oils. This combination is then the potassium or sodium salt of the fatty acid. As we said at the start, this is soap.

Soap Making Takes Three Basic Steps

1.Making of the wood ash lye.

2.Rendering or cleaning the fats.

3.Mixing the fats and lye solution together and boiling the mixture to make the soap.

First Let's Make The Lye

In making soap the first ingredient required is a liquid solution of potash commonly called lye. The lye solution was obtained by placing wood ashes in a bottomless barrel set on a stone slab with a groove and a lip carved in it. The stone in turn rested on a pile of rocks. To prevent the ashes from getting in the solution a layer of straw and small sticks was placed in the barrel then the ashes were put on top. The lye was produced by slowly pouring water over the ashes until a brownish liquid oozed out the bottom of the barrel. This solution of potash lye was collected by allowing it to flow into the groove around the stone slab and drip down into a clay vessel at the lip of the groove. Some colonists used an ash hopper for the making of lye instead of the barrel method. The ash hopper, was kept in a shed to protect the ashes from being leached unintentionally by a rain fall. Ashes were added periodically and water was poured over at intervals to insure a continuous supply of lye. The lye dripped into a collecting vessel located beneath the hopper.

[Use whatever you have available or can make.]

Now The Fats Are Prepared

The preparation of the fats or grease to be used in forming the soap is the next step. This consists of cleaning the fats and grease of all other impurities contained in them. The cleaning of fats is called rendering and is the smelliest part of the soap making operation. Animal fat, when removed from the animals during butchering, must be rendered before soap of any satisfactory quality can be made from it. This rendering removes all meat tissues that still remain in the fat sections. Fat obtained from cattle is called tallow while fat obtained from pigs is called lard. If soap is being made from grease saved from cooking fires, it is also rendered to remove all impurities that have collected in it. The waste cooking grease being saved over a period of time without the benefits of refrigeration usually become rancid, so this cleaning step is very important to make the grease sweeter. It will result in a better smelling soap. The soap made from rancid fats or grease will work just as well assoap made from sweet and clean fats but not be as pleasant to have around and use. To render, fats and waste cooking grease are placed in a large kettle and an equal amount of water is added. Then the kettle is placed over the open fire outdoors. Soap making is an outside activity. The smell from rendering the fats is too strong to wish in anyone's house. The mixture of fats and water are boiled until all the fats have melted. After a longer period of boiling to insure completion of melting the fats, the fire is stopped and into the kettle is placed another amount of water about equal to the first amount of water. The solution is allowed to cool down and left over night. By the next day the fats have solidified and floated to the top forming a layer of clean fat. All the impurities being not as light as the fat remain in water underneath the fat. You may have observed this in your own kitchen. When a stew or casserole containing meat has been put in the refrigerator, you could see the next day the same fat layer.

Finally The Soap Making Can Begin

In another large kettle or pot the fat is placed with the amount of lye solution

determined to be the correct amount. This is easier said than done. We will discuss it more later. Then this pot is placed over a fire again outdoors and boiled. This mixture is boiled until the soap is formed. This is determined when the mixture boils up into a thick frothy mass, and a small amount placed on the tongue causes no noticeable "bite". This boiling process could take up to six to eight hours depending on the amount of the mixture and the strength of the lye.

Soft and Hard Soap

Soap made with wood ash lye does not make a hard soap but only a soft soap. When the fire is put out and the soap mixture allowed to cool, the next day reveals a brown jelly like substance that feels slippery to the touch, makes foam when mixed with water, and cleans. This is the soft soap the colonists had done all their hard work to produce. The soft soap is then poured into a wooden barrel and ladled out with a wooden dipper when needed. To make hard soap, common salt is thrown in at the end of the boiling. If this is done a hard cake of soap forms in a layer at the top of the pot. As common salt may be expensive and hard to get, it is not usually wasted to make hard soap. Common salt is more valuable to give to the livestock and the preserving of foods. Soft soap works just as well as hard and for these reasons the colonists, making their own soap, did not make hard soap bars. In towns and cities where there were soap makers making soap for sale, the soap could be converted to the hard soap by the addition of salt. As hard bars it will be easier to store and transport. Hard bars produced by the soap maker were often scented with oils such as lavender, wintergreen, or caraway and were sold as toilet soap to persons living in the cities or towns. Hard soap is not cut into small bars and wrapped as has been familiar. Soap made by the soap makers is poured into large wooden frames and removed when cooled and

hard. The amount of soap a customer wants can be cut from the large bar. Soap is sold usually by the pound. Small wrapped bars were not available until the middle of the 19th century [nor maybe shortly after the end of the 20th].

Difficulties in Making Soap

The hardest part is in determining if the lye is of the correct strength, as we have said. In order to learn this, the soap maker floats either a potato or an egg in the lye. If the object floats with a specified amount of its surface above the lye solution, the lye is declared fit for soap making. Most of the colonists felt that lye of the correct strength would float a potato or an egg with an area the size of a modern quarter above the surface. To make a weak lye stronger, the solution can either be boiled down more or the lye solution can be poured through a new batch of ashes. To make a solution weaker, water is added [more data to be added here on how to determine the correct strength of lye]. A Pennsylvania Dutch recipe once carefully warned that a sassafras stick was the only

kind of implement suitable for stirring the mixture [see Hulda Clark comment above re sassafras] and the stirring must be done always in the same direction [?].

Not Always Done Down On The Farm

Soap making as a trade had grown in direct proportion with the growth of the colonies. Even in the very early days there were tradesmen making and selling soap, who were called soapboilers. Since tallow was the main ingredient for both soap and candles, many tradesmen were producers of both. These tradesmen were called chandlers.

Potash and Pearlash Trade

Soap making and the manufacture of potash and pearlashes were closely related

trades of colonial America. Pearlash, purified potash, because of its many\ industrial uses, was an important item of export for the colonies. Pearlash, in addition to soap making, was used for making glass both in the colonies and in Europe....Potash is the residue remaining after all the water has been driven off from the lye solution obtained from the leaching of wood ashes. Pearlash is then made from thepotash by baking it in a kiln until all the carbon impurities were burned off. The fine, white powder remaining was the Pearlash....

How to Make Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite)

2011-05-03T06:31:00.000-07:00

Sodium Hypochlorite is prepared by reacting dilute caustic soda solution with liquid or gaseous chlorine, accompanied by cooling.

Sodium Hypochlorite is commonly produced either through a batch process or through a continuous process.

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID: HOW TO MAKE LIQUID BLEACH PRODUCTION

2011-05-03T06:30:00.000-07:00

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID: HOW TO MAKE LIQUID BLEACH PRODUCTION: "HOW TO MAKE LIQUID BLEACH PRODUCTION"

LIQUID AIR FRESHENER (LIQUID DEODORANT)

2011-05-03T05:48:00.000-07:00

LIQUID AIR FRESHENER
(LIQUID DEODORANT)

Introduction: This is a liquid mixture used to refresher the air. It is a deodorizer. The material replaced a bad odour with a good scent.

Raw materials:

1. Active Ingredients: These are strong and good smelling perfumes. The perfumes must be heavy or oily to last long when used. Examples are

a. Citronella, H & R and super.
b. Lavender, Rose, Vanilla etc
c. Xalang, Pears, One man show etc.
These perfumes can be used separately or blended in twos, threes or more.
2. Emulsifiers: They help blend oil perfumes into water which is the major solvent.
Genapol, Calcel, Empicol, Sodium lauryl sulphate and liquid detergents are used.
3. Diluents: Diluents help keep the ingredients stable in the system. Ethanol, Butanol, Isopropanol (IPA) or secondary butanol can be used.
4. Antiseptics: They kill germs. Some of these germs cause smell to occur. Cetrimide, irgasan, paraben are very good types. These materials are however optional.
5. Water: Water is the major solvent. Water is used to dissolve the other materials needed. The water must be clear and clean.

Equipment & Tools:

1. Mixer:- This can be manual or motorized. The mixing tank can be plastic or stainless steel. This is to prevent rusting.
2. Storage Tanks:- Plastic or stainless steel types should be used.
3. Filling and sealing Unit:- This can be automatic or manual. It fills and seals the containers and the cartons. This is however optional as the process here can be handled manually as the case may be.
4. Measuring Device:- Weighing Scale and measuring cylinder are needed.
5. Others: These includes laboratory tools, personal protection equipment and other miscellaneous tools.

Packaging Materials:

They include plastic and glass bottles of 20mls, 50mls, 100mls, 500mls, 1000mls, and 4 litres. They will need to be labeled and put in good cartons or laminates.

Production Process:

1. Formulations
20 Litres Batch
a. Perfume (e.g Xalang) - 400g (about ½ Litre)
Genepol (Emulsifier) - 200g (about 1/5 Litre)
I.P.A. (Diluent) Optional - 100g (about 1/10 Litre)
Water - 19.30 Littres
Total - 20 Litres.

20 Litres Batch – Volume Measurement

b. Perfume citronella or H & R - ½ Litre
Liquid Detergent - ¼ Litre
Water - 19 ¼ Litres
TOTAL - 20 Litres

Toilet Clean Batch - 5 Litres

c. Rose perfume - ¼ Litre
Hydrochloric Acid (cetrimide) - ¼ Litre
Empicol - ½ Litre
Water - 5 Litres
Total - 6 Litres

Notes:

1. Any good perfume can be used.
2. Two perfume can be equally mixed.

Processing Method

1. Mix the perfume with the emulsifier.
2. Mix this till well blended. It may turn white.
3. Add dilute (i.e IPA) and any other additive needed as required.
4. Add the required water and mix slowing but steadily till product is fully blended and pack as needed.

Note:

1. A good liquid detergent can be used to replace Genepol or empicol weight for weight.
2. Hydrochloric acid is a germ killer.

TOILET CLEARNERS FORMULATIONS

(A) Toilet Cleaner Batch 20 litres

Rose perfume or others) 1/10 litre

Hydrochloric Acid (or Cetrimide) ¼ litre

Empicol (or Liquid Detergent) 1 litre

Soda Ash (or STPP) ½ kg

Natrosol 5TSP

Colourant (e.g Blue) 2 TSP

Water 13-15 litrers

Total 20 litres

Note:

1. Any good perfume can be used
2. Two perfume can be equally mixed
3. STPP is sodium Tripolyphosphate
4. TSP is Tablespoonful, tsp is teaspoonful.

(b) 20 litres batch Toilet Cleaner

Jasmin perfume 1/10 litre (100ml)

Sulphonic Acid ½ litre

Hydrochloric Acid ¼ litre

Soda Ash 1kg

Natrosol 5TSP

Colourant (green) 2tsp

Water 18 litres

Total 20 litres
Note:

1. A good liquid detergent can be used to replace Sulphonic Acid.
2. Hydrochlooric Acid is a germ Killer and stain remover
3. Natrosol is a thickner
4. Use only water soluble colourants
5. Empicol is a foaming agent and emulsifier to help the ingredients to mix well.

PROCESSING METHOD

1. Measure out the ingredients in separate containers
2. Place the water in the mixer (bowl or tank) and add the soda ash (or STPP) and mix till fully dissolved. (about 20 minutes)
3. Add the empicol, detergent or sulphonic acid and mix slowly to avoid excessive foaming.
4. Add the perfume and mix till well blended (if not well blended, add ¼ litre empicol or others to blend well). (About 10 minutes).
5. Into a ½ litre cup of water, put the 5TSP natrosol and mix well (about 10 seconds) and immediately add this mixture into the main product and continue mixing till the product becomes thick (about 10 minutes).
6. Add the Hydrochloric acid or cetrimide and mix well (about 5 minutes)
7. If colourant is needed, add as the last item and mix to blend (about 3 minutes)
8. Pack product as needed in the market.

HOW TO MAKE LIQUID BLEACH PRODUCTION

2011-05-03T05:45:00.001-07:00

LIQUID BLEACH PRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION:
Bleach is a mixture or a single compound used to remove minor stains from white fabrics, ceramics, metals and related surfaces.
RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS:
• Caustic Soda – It is a wetting agent here.
• Soda Ash – It helps to soften water and also cleans materials
• Sodium Hypochlorite – It is the bleaching agent that removes stains in materials
• Water – It helps to put all the materials in solution for easy use.

EQUIPMENT / TOOLS REQUIREMENTS:
• A mixer –m Manual or motorized. It should be low speed (200-500rpm).
• Filter Unit: (Manual or automatic)
• Filling / Packaging Unit – Used to fill the bottles. (It can be done manually or otherwise).
• Storage tanks, measuring devices, etc.
• Factory Wears/protectors.

PACKAGING MATERIALS:
Bleach can be packed in ½litre, 1litre, 5litres plastic or metal jerry cans. The cans should carry well made labels with he relevant information such as brand name, maker, instruction for use, etc. smaller packs like ½litre and 1litre can in turn be packed in cartons as needed by the users.
SPACE:
A standard room size space is enough for a small beginner to take off.

PRODUCTION METHOD:
(a) FORMULATION: 10 Litres Batch 100 Litres Batch
Sodium Hypo chlorite -0.5kg 5kg
Soda Ash -0.5kg 5kg
Caustic Soda -0.2kg 2kg
Water -8.7kg 87.5litres
Perfume -50mls 500mls
TOTAL -10LITRES 100 LITRES

Note: Bleach has a life span of about 2 years only.

METHOD: Mix all the ingredients except perfume in a suitable container. Keep for about 8-12 hours. Mix again very well. Keep for another 2-3 hours or when the materials clearly separates, decant the liquid portion, add perfume and pack as bleach. Filter press can be use to filter the product after the second mixing immediately.

PRODUCTION OF WHITE DISINFECTANT:

As earlier discussed, this disinfectant is based on PHENOLS or CRESOLS. It is a very powerful disinfectant used in heavily soiled areas such as Farms, Toilets, Hospitals etc.

FORMULATION I:
The formulation given below, is widely used all over the world as it meets all pharmaceutical requirements and regulatory bodies like NAFDAC. Usual precaution are however necessary.

20 Litres Batch

Sodium Stearate - 5kg
Cresol liquid (or Phenol) - 10litres
Distilled water (or others) - 5 litres
TOTAL - 20LITRES

It may be necessary to add more water and sieve after boiling. Kg can be used as parts.

PROCESSING:

Mix the sodium stearate, the cresol and water. Boil till the mixture dissolves. You may leave the mixture to stand for about one hour before boiling to see if dissolution can occur. If it does just warm the solution almost to boiling and pack. If not boil till all dissolves or for say 30 minutes. Pack when cold. You may need to filter.

FORMULATION II:

This is the commonest formulation among small scale manufactures. It is easy to make but profit is lower due to the use of phenol (disinfectant) concentrate.

20 Litres Batch Disinfectant Germicide

White Germicide Concentrate - 5 litres
Pine Oil - 2 litres
Genapol (or empicol) - 40mls (8TSP)
White Colourant Powder (optional) - 40g (8TSP)
Water - 12 litres
Total - 20 Litres

PRODUCTION METHOD:

1. Mix the concentrate with the genepol (or empicol) and add the pine oil. Then mix to fully blend. If not fully blended i.e. not homogeneous add a little extra genepol (about 1-2TSP).
2. When fully blended, add the need water and mix.
3. Add the white colourant if the colour is not whitish enough and mix till homogeneous.

Note: (I) Manual operation may take up to 50 minutes but mixing in a low speed mixer will be about 20 minutes for a small batch of less than 200 lites.
(II) The exact quantity of concentrate will depend on the quality of the one
in use. It may be more or less. Ask the supplier.

QUANTITY PARAMETERS:

Test in an approved laboratory for quality.

Note: This product, like other disinfectants require registration with NAFDAC

HOW T MAKE INSECTICIDE PRODUCTION

2011-05-03T05:44:00.000-07:00

INSECTICIDE PRODUCTION
INDRODUCTION:
Any compound or miture that is capable of getting rid of insect pests is known as an insecticide. Most insecticides are in liquid form. However there are solid (powder) types.
SCOPE OF USAGE:
Insects such a Tse-tse fly, Housefly, Mosquito, Bedbug etc are disease vectors and hence must be checked. Insecticides are mostly used to kill or knock them down in homes, offices, churches, mosques, factories, farms and other places of human endeavour.
RAW MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS:
Permethrin, Pyrethrin, Camphor, Vapona-DDVP are active ingredients that are safe for use.
Carriers or medium include water, kerosene, butane, etc as solvents, others are powders such as Talc, Clay, Kaolin, Petroleum Jelly, Calcium Carbonate etc. Additives (optional) are colourants, perfumes, buffers etc.
EQUIPMENT/TOOLS REQUIREMENTS:
• Mixer – manual or motorized (This can be powder or liquid mixer)
• Weighing scales & factory tools.
• Storage tanks, Boilers, Fillers etc.
• Protective wears including gas chambers.
PACKAGING MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS:
The liquids are packed in pressurized metal cans or in plastic or metal bottles for dispensing by use of spray gun.
The powders are packed in plastic jars or bottles as needed.
In pressurized cans, butane should be included as a carrier gas. The cans or bottles carry instructive labels and are in turn packed in cartons or film palettes.
SPACE:
If open space with cover if available, should be preferred. If not the factory must be very well ventilated to reduce health risk. A big room or two can do for cottage beginner.
PRODUCTION METHOD:
FORMULATION: LIQUID TYPEE: 20 LITRES BATCH
Camphor 0.2 kg (i.e. 200g)
Vapona (DDVP) 0.1 kg (i.e. 100g)
White Spirit (or kerosene) 19.6 litres
Perfume (optional) 0.1 litres (i.e. 100mls)
TOTAL 20 LITRES
Note: Perfume is used to deodourise the kerosene where in use.
Vapour Type; 100 Litres Batch
Vapona or DDVP - ½ - ¾ (litre) (500mls)
Pyrethrin - ¼ - ½ kg (500 mls)
Butane - 15 – 20 litres
White Spirit - 78 – 80 litres
TOTAL - 100 LITRES
This is mixed in a pressurized mixer and transferred to a special pressure filling and corking machine where the product is packed by the machine. This mixing takes about 20 minutes.
Powder Type: 50 kg Batch
Permethrin - 1 part (kg)
Camphor powder - 1 part (kg)
Calcium carbonate - 48 (kg)
Total - 50 litres
The powders are mixed in a ribbon (powder) mixer and filled as required into bottles or sachets. This mixing should be done for at least 30 minutes.
Candle Type: 10 kg Batch about 500 sticks
Permethrin - 0.1kg (100g)
Camphor powder - 0.1kg (100g)
Dibutylpthalate (DBP) - 0.05kg (50g)
Candle wax - 9.7kg
Total - 10KG

PROCESSING METHOD:
1. Set the candle mould to receive the product.
2. Melt the wax in a separate pot or tank heater
3. Remove the heat and add the other ingredients
4. if colour is needed, add at this stage. Colour must be oil soluble, in this batch ITSP is ok.
5. Mix all the ingredients quickly and well, then pour in the cavities of the candle mould.
6. Allow solidifying – about 60 minutes and bring out the sticks for packaging. This operation must be made with the operator wearing a RESPIRATOR and in an open space or a fumed cupboard.

MODERN SOAPS,DETERGENT & DISINFECTANTS TECHNOLOGY-HOW TO PRODUCE STANDARD LAUDARY (BAR) SOAP

2011-05-03T05:41:00.000-07:00

DISINFECTANTS

FORMULATION 1

BROWN DISINFECTANT/ANTISEPTIC STANDARD FORMULATION

Chloroxylenol Crystals - 1 part (kg)

Isopropanol (IPA) - 4 parts (litres)
Pine Oil - 3 parts (litres)
Genapol (or empicol) - 1 part (litre)
Water (with caramel) - 15-16 parts (litres)
Total - 25 litres
Adjust with IPA to clearity, if not clear brown colour.
PRODUCTION METHOD:
1. Mix chloroxylenol with IPA to dissolve the chloroxylenol.
2. Add pine oil and mix
3. Add Genapol and mix
4. Measure out the water needed in a separate container and add brown colourant to taste. This can be caramel or other safe brown colourant soluble in water.
5. Add the coloured water and mix. Adjust to clearity if necessary by adding IPA or ethanol in drops till mixture is clear. That is clear brown colour like Detol.

PRODUCTION METHOD:

FORMULATION II: This formulation is now common with small scale operators because it is easy to use and the materials are commonly available. Use is made of chloroxylenol concentrate which has the appearance of the disinfectant but it is very “heavy”
30 litres Batch formulation
Chloroxylenol liquid (concentrate) - 12 litres
Pine Oil - 3 litres
Isopropanol – IPA - 4 litres
Empicol (or Genepol) - 40 mls(8TSP)
Caramel (optional) - 40 mls (8TSP)
Water - 10 mls (8TSP)
TOTAL - 30 LITRES
PROCESSING METHOD:
1. Mix the chloroxylenol, pine oil and empicol in a mixer till they are fully blended. If not increase empicol by 1-2 TSP.
2. Mix water with the caramel colour if needed and add the mixture to no. 1 above. Mix well. The mixture may turn white.
3. Add IPA little at a time as you mix. Continue this process till the product turns
from white to golden brown stop and pack. If the 4 litres of IPA above is not enough to clear the white colour, you can add more IPA.
Note: The exact quantity of concentrate depends on the quantity of the one in use. You may need to use more than 12 litres in the case above if the quality is low. Ask the supplier.
Quality parameters: see the white disinfectant

COLD WATER STARCH PRODUCTION

2011-05-03T05:39:00.001-07:00

COLD WATER STARCH PRODUCTION

Introduction: Cold water starch is a modified starch used to stiffen textile and other related fabric. It is simply used in cold (room temperature) water or directly on the material to be treated.
Types: There are two types, namely the powder and the liquid. However, the liquid is also found in aerosol pack.

Uses:

1. Landry and dry cleaning
2. Textile finishing (cloth, bandages, rug towels) etc
3. Fishing and other nets finishing
4. Paper smoothening (in paper production)
5. Printing finishing (Anti-set-off powder)
6. Gluing and gumming (labeling, binding & gumming)

RAW MATERIALS REQUIRMENTS:

1. Cassava starch or other modified starch, dextrin, polyvinyl aalcohol, polyvinyl acetate, soda ash, borax, formalin, Isopropanol (IPA), water and soluble colourants and perfumes. The exact materials for use depends on the type to be made.

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:

1. Dryer such as flash dryer of other drying equipment. Flash dryer is the best option as it is most efficient.
2. Roller mills with heater (this is noptional)
3. Planetary or Ribbon blender
4. Filling and sealing machine. This can be powder, liquid or aerosol type.
5. Pulverisers or grinders
6. Weighing scale and other measuring devices
7. Laboratory tools. Thermometers, viscometers etc.
8. Personal protective gadgets. Coverall, mask gloves, boots, earplugs etc.

PACKAGING MATERIALS:

Cold water starch can be packaged in sachet, bottles and spray cans depending on the type. Cartons are also needed for bulk packaging. Sizes of packs should depend on market demand. However, 20g, 25g, 30g, 50g sachets are in the markets 0.5 litres, 1 litre and 4 litres packs for the liquid type can be found. The aerosol type include 250mls, 450mls, 500mls etc. The packs are well labeled with the appropriate information like maker, quantity, registration etc.

Space: The standard requirement is a minimum of four rooms excluding a cloakroom. However, a cottage scale can start with a room or two. Bigger scale will require bigger space.

Labour: A skilled hand can produce up to 1 ton of the product per day if the system is automated. Far less will be make if operation is manual. Except about 250kg of finished and package product for manual operation by one hand.

Production Process: There are three or four stages of making cold water starch depending on where you start from some of these stages can be omitted by a small scale to save cost.

1. Cold water starch powder
(a) Modification of raw starch methods

i Dry method: Here the roller mills are heated to above 1000C. The raw starch mixed with ash is fed into the rollers. The starch gells as it rolls over the hot cylinders of the rollers. The gelled starch now in cakes or flakes are collected and grinded in the pulveriser. Perfume and colorant may be added at this stage.

Roller formulation: 50kg batch
Cassava (or other) starch - 49.5kg
Soda ash (optional) - 0.5kg
Total - 50 kg

This mixture is rolled in the hot cylinder of the rolers

Pulveriser formulation: 50 kg batch

Gelled starch mixture - 50 kg
Colourant (optional) - 1 TSP
Total - 50kg

The mixture is grinded

The grinded starch is now packed in the required sachets and cartons for sale. This method is expensive because of the cost of the rollers.
ii. Wet method: Here the mixture as in roller formulation above is boiled with some water to gell. The gelled starch mixture is dried in the flash dryer then pulverized as in the pulveriser formulation above.

Boiler formulation: 50 kg batch

Cassava (or other) starch - 49.5kg
Soda Ash (optional) - 0.5 KG
Water (to form sturry) - 20 kg
Total - 70 kg
Note: while boiling, the product must be in constant mixing. The gelled starch is collected and dried in the chosen dryer. This is to remove the water used during boiling. The dried starch, now in cake form is placed in the pulveriser and grinded with or without colourants and perfumes. The product is then packaged as required in the market. This is also expensive because of the dryer.

iii. Dextrin method: This method is most suitable for micro and small scale entrepreneurs. It eliminates the use of roller mills, flash dryer and pulverisers.

(b) Cold water starch powder: 50 kg Batch
Dextrin - 49.5 kg
Soda ash light - 0.5 kg
Perfume (optional) - TSP
Colourant (powder) - 1 tsp (optional or blue)
Total - 50 kg

Note: TSP means tablespoonful. Tsp means teaspoonful.

PROCESSING: The materials as above simply measured out and mixed manuallym if batch is below 100kg or in ribbon mixer for bigger batches. When homogeneous, it is packed as required.

(c) Cold water starch powder: 50 kg Batch
Dextrin or gelled starch - 20kg
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) - 10kg
Water - 20kg
Formalin - 200 g
Perfume (optional) - 1 TSP
Total - 50 kg Apr.

PROCESSING:

(1) Gel local cassava starch with hot water: This can ba done by mixing the raw starch with equal amount of cold (ordinary) water. The mixture is the mixed with about 4 to 5 times quantity of boiling water (1000C) and properly mixed till homogeneous.

(2) The gelled starch or dextrin is mixed with the water in the formulation above. When smooth, the other ingredients (PVA, formalin etc) are then added and mixed well for feeling into the appropriate bottles for sale.

Note: The use of cassava starch here instead of dextrin ensures very good profit without changing the desired quality.

(3) Cold water starch Aeroslo. 50 kg Batch

Dextrin or gelled starch -10 kg

Polyvinyl Acetate - 10 kg

Isopropanol (IPA) - 2 kg

Water -28 kg

Formalin - 200 g

Total - 50 kg. Apr.

Note: Colourant and or perfume may be added as in other processing. Mix all other ingredients together except IPA. When homogenenous, add IPA and mix very well. Pack or fill into the aerosol cans with theaerosol filling machine. The IPA guarantees the spray ability of the product and its fast drying. For better spraying IPA can be increased if desired.

QUALITY PARAMETERS:

1. Product should stiffen cotton fabric well compare with accepted brands in its market.
2. Odour must be well controlled. Use good fragrance.
3. Spoilage. This is especially for the liquid type. However if the powder type is not well dried, it can also decay. Use good preservative (formalin) to avoid bad odour in the liquid types.
Consult a good chemical consultant or a public analyst for detailed quality control tests and analysis.

TOILET CLEARNERS FORMULATONS:

(A) Toilet Cleaner Batch 20 litres

Rose perfume (or others) - 1/10 litres

Empicol (or Liquid Detergent) - 1 litre

Soda Ash (or STPP) - ½ KG

Natrosol - 5 TSP

Colourant (e.g. Blue) - 2 tsp

Water - 13-15 litres

Total - 20 litres

Note:

1. Any good perfume can be used
2. Two perfume can be equally mixed
3. STPP is sodium Tripolyphosphate
4. TSP is Tablespoonful. Tsp is teaspoonful.

(b) 20 litres Batch Toilet Cleaner
Jasmine perfume - 1/10 litres (100ml)
Sulphonic Acid - ½ litre
Hydrochloric Acid - ¼ litres
Soda Ash - 1 kg
Natrosol - 5 TSP
Colourant (green) - 2 tsp
Water - 18 litres
Total - 20 litres

Note:
1. A good liquid detergent can be used to replaced Sulphonic Acid.
2. Hydrochloric Acid is a germ killer and stain remover
3. Natrosol is a thicker
4. Use only soluble colourants
5. Empicol is a foaming agent and emulsifier to help the ingredients to mix well.
PROCESSING METHOD:
1. Measure out the ingredients in separate containers.
2. Place the water in the mixer (bowl or tank) and add the soda ash (or STPP) and mix till fully dissolved. (about 20 minutes)
3. Add the empicol, detergent or sulphonic acid and mix slowly to avoid excessive foaming.
4. Add the perfume and mix till well blended (if not well blended , add ¼ litre empicol or others to blend well). (About 10 minutes)
5. Into a ½ litre cup of water, put the 5 TSP natrosol and mix well (about 10 second) and immediately add this mixture into the main product and continue mixing till the product becomes thick (about 5 minutes)
6. Add the Hydrochloric acid or cetrmidie and mix well (about 5 minutes)
7. If colourant is needed, add as the last item and mix to blend (about 3 minutes)
8. Pack product as needed in the market.

Hand wash liquid detergent-Car wash liquid-LIQUID SOAP/DETERGENT PRODUCTION

2011-05-03T05:37:00.000-07:00

LIQUID SOAP/DETERGENT PRODUCTION

Stage 1

Production Method.

1. Formulations
(a) C.M.C. Solution 100 litres 10 litres
C.M.C. Powder 1-1 ½ kg 100 g(20 TSP)
Glycerine 2-3 kg 250g (50 TSP)
Water 9-5 litres 9.5 litres
Total 100 litres 10 litres

C.M.C. is carboxylmethylcelluose sold as Antisol, Baravis, Wallocell etc.
Mixing: Mix C.M.C. powder and glycerine in a small separate container. Place the water needed in another,(bigger) container. Add the C.M.C./Glycerin mixture into the water as it is stirred. Add gradually, while stirring. Continue stirring after addition of the cmc mixture till the solution thickens. Leave or keep for about two hours to fully dissolve. Finally mix again and store for use. If the cmc solution is to store for more than 5 days add ¼ kg of formalin to the quantity above (i.e 100 litres)

Stage 2

(b) Soda Solution
Caustic soda powder 1kg
Soda Ash Powder 1kg
Water 50kg (litres)
Total 52kg (or litres)

Mixing: Place the whole water in a plastic or stainless stell tank. Add the caustic soda and the soda ash into the water and mix till the whole salts are fully dissolved. This will be noticed by the solution turning clear from milky colour. The salts can also be mixed separately in 25 litres of water a piece. The two solutions are then mixed together.

Note: Allow to cool to room temperature before use

Stage 3

(a) Industrial Detergent
Soda solution 50 litres
Sulphonic Acid (good grade) 10 litres
TOTAL 60 LITRES

Mixing: Place the soda solution in a plastic or stainless tank, add the sulphonic little at a time and turn, till all the sulphonic is added. Mixing should be slowly here as the product may foam heavily. This can be diluted and packed for use. Though it is very strong but light in viscosity.

Caution:

(1) Caustic soda is very corrosive. Wear rubber or plastic hand gloves.
(2) Make this detergent in a tall tank, for instance do not charge more than 100 litres of this detergent into 240 litres capacity tank. The bigger the container, the more space available.
(3) Turning i.e stirring should be very slowly here. Vigorous turning will cause excessive foaming.
(4) If foaming is excessive, stop turning and allow to stand and turn when the foam has gone down, turn again and pack as desired.

(d) General purpose detergent

Industrial Detergent 60 litres
CMC Solution 40 litres
Colorants (e,g yellow) 1 tsp or QS
Perfume (e.g lemon) 3 TSP or QS
Total 100 litres
Note: tsp means teaspoonful, TSP means tablespoonful, Q.S means as required.
To get thicker detergent, use more CMC solution and less industrial detergent.
(e) Domestic liquid detergent
Industrial detergent 20 litres
C.M.C. Solution 40 litres
Colour (e.g green) 1
Perfume 4 TSP
TOTAL 60 LITRES

(f) Hand wash liquid detergent

Industrial detergent 20 litres
Good sodium silicate (optional) 20 litres
Water 10 litres
Colour (e.g green) 1 stp
Perfume 4 TSP
TOTAL 50 litres

Mixing: for (d) and (e) the ingredients are measured into a mixing tank and mix well to blend. The product is tested for foaming and viscosity before it is packed. If foaming is low, increase industrial detergent by about 5 per cent (i.e 3-4 litres). To increase the viscosity adds more CMC Solution.
For (f), mix sodium silicate and water first, then add the industrial detergent and other materials and mix. In the absence of good sodium silicate use CMC Solution.
Note: if sodium silicate is not suitable, the final product will turn milky or very cloudy. Use liquid detergent grade of sodium silicate. Many other detergent can be formulated from industrial detergent. Obtain the users specification to guide you on what he wants.

Car wash liquid
Industrial Detergent - 20 litres
CMC Solution - 30 litres
Good Sodium Silicate - 10 litres
Colourant - 1 tsp
Perfume (Optional) - 3 TSP
TOTAL - 60 LITRES

Shampoo

Material Hair Other
Industrial Detergent 20 Litres 20 Litres
CMC Solution 28 litres 30 litres
Glycerine (Conditioner) 2 Litres -
Thymol, Menthol or Camphor 5 tsp -
Colourant 1 tsp 1 tsp
Perfume 4 TSP 4 TSP
TOTAL 50 Litres 50 LITRES

Processing: Mix just as in domestic detergent. If menthol or camphor is to be used, melt in a separate container before adding into the shampoo. Mix well to blend.

Quality parameter.

a. Should foam very well. 1 TSP in a 4 litre bucket should produce foam that should not collapse in 5 minutes.
b. It should clean very well in minute.
c. It must not be harsh on hand, articles or fabrics
d. It should soften or blend with oil on equal proportion.
e. The product should meet NAFDAC and SON Specifications.
f. A good liquid detergent soap will show a faint yellow (or light green when blue or red litmus paper is dipped into it (orange is fair)
If colour is deep Red or deep Blue, the detergent soap will be too harsh to the body.

HOW TO PRODUCE POWDERED DETERGENT

2011-05-03T05:33:00.001-07:00

HOW TO PRODUCE POWDERED DETERGENT

A. INTRODUCTION:

Detergent like soap is used in wide range of cleaning activities. It is employed at home, office, factories, hospitals, farms etc. The major deferent between detergent and soap is that detergents have the advantage of retaining its efficiency in hard water.
Nowadays soap can also be powder or liquid as found in detergents. These liquid or powder soap are differentiate by the use of word SYNTHETIC for detergents.

B. RAW MATERIALS (ALL TYPES) FUNCTION

1. Vegetable Oil (e.g PKO)- To form soap
2. Fat - To form soap
3. Sulphonic Acid - To form soapless soap
4. Hydrogen peroxide - To help in breaking dowetergent
5. Sodium Silicate - Hardener and Bristleness
6. STPP or TSP - Water softener (optional)
7. Sodium Sulphate - Hydration (Removing water) (ptional)
8. Sodium perborate - Cleaning Material (bleach)(optional)
9. Tinapol - Brighter (Like blue dye)
10. Caustic Soda - To form soap and detergent
11. Soda Ash - Basing agent (Neutralizer) (optional)
12. Urea - To Neutralize (optional)
13. Colourant - To impact colour
14. Perfume - To impact scent
15. Sodium - Foam Booster (optional)
16. Water - To solubilize Solids

C. EQUIPMENT / TOOLS FUNCTION

1. Reactor(s) (Mixer/Heater)
(Stainless steel or Plastic) For Boiling
2. Storage Tanks (Stainless Steel
or plastic) For various purposes
3. Drying Chamber For drying (Oven, Rotary or Flash)
4. Pulveriser (Grinder) or sieve For Grindings/sieving
5. Filling machine (optional) For Filling
6. Packaging Machine (optional) For Sealing / Packaging
7. Weighing scales For Various Weighing
8. Hydrometer For Guaging of Solutions

D. PACKAGINGS:

The product is packed in a paper packets, polythene bags, plastic cans etc which in turn will be put in bigger cartons. Packaging should carry brand name, quantity, manufacturer and any other relevant instructions.

E. FORMULATIONS:

Many formulations are available for use. The producer however must consider the factors in choosing one of them adopt.

VIZ:

1. Cost of production materials
2. Availability of these materials
3. Ease of production process
4. End user requirements (Quality)
It is important to mention that a combination of soap type and synthetics detergent type formulations have been adopted when the process is cheaper. Use in made of oils, sulphonic acid and caustic soda as the basic materials.

PRATICAL PRODUCTION PROCESS:

1. Making of solution: Measure out in the container of your choice as below

(a) Caustic Soda Solutions: (N.B. Caustic Soda is corrosive)

Caustic Soda - 1 part
Water - 4 parts

Note: This means that to every one part of caustic soda pearls add 4 parts of water (e.g 1 milk cup of caustic soda plus 4 cups of water). Mix well till the colour (milk) is clear. Do not touch with bare hand or body.

(b) Soda Ash Solution: Treat as in caustic soda solution

Soda Ash light - 1 part
Water - 4 parts
Mix these two materials till Soda Ash is fully dissolved.

(c) These two solutions (a) and (b) are kept for use.

CAUTION:

Use rubber or plastic hand glove anytime you are producing to avoid direct body contact with caustic soda. Caustic soda is corrosive. Avoid body contact.

IMPORTANT NOTES:

1. The formulation given above if carefully followed and good materials are used given s a good and affordable detergent that will guarantee the investor good return on investment.
2. Do not hesitate to make further inquiries where in doubt or were further explanation is needed.
3. Use plastic containers for storage, measurement and mixing to avoid corrosion and rusting.
4. Ordinary mild steel will corrode and rust easily but can however be used where reduction of cost for a start is absolutely necessary.
5. Prepare each solution on a separate container.
6. Store all materials properly.

POWDERED DETERGENT (synthetic) FORMULATIONS

Alkyl Benzene sulphonate (ABS) or D.D.B.S. - 20 parts (kg)
Soda Ash (Light) - 40 parts
STPP - 26 parts
Sodium Metasilicate - 8 parts
CMC - 2.0 parts
Colourant (optional) - Q.S. (50g for 20kg DDBS)
Tinapol - Q.S.[100g “ “ “ ]
Papain (enzyme) to remove stains - Q.S.[100g “ “ “ ]
Water - 15 parts (or kg)
Total about 100kg

Q.S. means sufficient quantity (usually 0.05 – 0.2%)

PROCESSING:

Add all the materials into a low speed mixer except ABS. Mix very well. Add the ABS or DDBS kg by kg as you mix. Let the mixture set then strain through a fine mesh (About 200 ms) DDBS and Idet 10 are brand names of ABS.
Dry in a low temperature spray dryer set under 600c or less.

Other Formulation

Idet 10 - 45 parts(kg)
STPP - 35 parts
Soda Ash Light - 16 parts
CMC - 2 parts
Colourant - 0.1 part
Tinapol - 0.2 part
Papain (optional) - 0.2 part
Water - 15parts

PROCESSING:

Treat as in No. 1 above. Detergent of No. 1 is harder than detergent No. 2 yet cheaper in production cost.

Note: This is the modern synthetic detergent made without vegetable oil. It foams more and easily removes stains from fabrics. It is replacing the oil base detergent.

MODERN SOAPS,DETERGENT & DISINFECTANTS TECHNOLOGY-HOW TO PRODUCE STANDARD LAUDARY (BAR) SOAP

2011-05-03T05:31:00.000-07:00

INTRODUCTION:
Soap are metallic salts of higher fatty acids (found in oils/fats) resulting from a reaction called saponification. Basically it is a simple reaction represented by a base (Alkalis) and an acid (oil).
RAW MATERIALS:
SODAS: Caustic Soda, Caustic Potash, Soda Ash, representing some of the sodas that are used in soap making. (Alkalis).
OILS:
The oils range from palm kernel oil (P.K.O) to groundnut oil, cotton seed oil, coconut oils, palm oil and many other vegetable oils. Some other oil resources such as lard, tallow, etc can also be used to produce soaps. Note: mineral oil cannot be used.
Apart from sodas and oils other ingredients, which help to increase the quality and quantity of soaps are also used. These include Rosin, Sodium Silicate, STPP, Salt, Sodium Sulphate, Kaolin, Calcium Carbonate, etc.
OTHERS:
Other additives include perfumes, colorants, antiseptics, bleach, etc depending on types of soap to be made.
SOLVENT:
Water is the major solvent used to dissolve the solid components.
TYPES OF SOAPS:
There are many types of soaps:
Hard Soaps: These types of soap are obtained from caustic soda (sodium hydroxide). Examples are key soap, duck soap, happy day soap and much other laundry soap in the market. It properly made, they are hard and tend to last longer than other types of soap that are soft.
Soft Soaps: these are soaps obtained from caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). They are very soluble in water. Examples are Imperial leather soap, Joy soap, Lux soap and many more. They are mainly toilet soaps.
Medicated Soap: These are toilet soaps that contain medicinal substances that can kill germs. They are used for skin and body protection from germs by many people. The medicinal chemicals that are used to make medicated soaps include: mercuric iodide, phenol, iodide, cetrimide etc. There are many medicated soap in the market they include:- Carat, Antisol, Roberts, skin guard soaps etc.
Transparent soap: Toilet soaps that do not have any types of colour are known as transparent soap. One can see through the soap bar of a transparent soap. They are made by washing toilet soaps in alcohol to remove the colours available.

Some of them contain glycerol. Examples are Voxe soap, etc. One needs sophisticated equipment to produce them.

Soda Soap: This is hard and harsh soap locally produced using palm oil or PKO and caustics soda. Occasionally filler such as calcium carbonate, starch or kaolin is added to increase yield. It is very popular soap type among the ordinary people at the grass root of the economy. The soap is usually not branded but occupies a good positioning the local soap market.

SPACE REQUIREMENT:
The minimum of one or two standard rooms of not less than 3mx4m each will be needed. This should be properly secured for raw materials, equipment and other items of value. (Reserved for more discussion). However any other open shaded space can be used where better space is not available (at least for a start).

LIST OF IMPOTENT RAW MATERIALS:
The raw materials for laundry soap making includes:
A. Vegetable oils: High quality grade
i. PKO (mostly used, cheapest)
ii. Palm oil (usually boiled to remove the red colour)
iii. Coconut oil
iv. Animal fat (most expensive). Best for toilet soap
v. Factory fat sludge (fatty acid) can be used in place of P.K.O.

B. Caustic soda and or caustic potash
C. Soda ash, Industrial Grade or Dense.
D. Sodium silicate,(Hard and Glassy)
E. Perfumes, strong and oily like Citronella, Rose, Jasmine etc.
F. Colourants, Clean type (Yellow R, Red G, Green G, Blue, White etc)
G. Sodium Sulphate, Industrial Grade
H. Kaolin, Washed Kaolin (Calcium Carbonate is ok too)
I. Water, Clean and clear.
The selection is usually based on targeted quality. The safest thing to do in purchasing raw materials is buy from reputable suppliers (see list of raw materials dealers or contact the resource person)

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS:
The equipment required includes:
A. A heater: Stove for type under consideration, firewood can also be used as source of heating. Boilers are also needed for big operation.
B. A mixer: Manually operated. This can be ladle and plastic bucket or drum. It can also be automated which will need electricity.
C. Moulds made of wood, plastic or metal. Moulds are also called soap boxes.
D. Cutting Machine: This can be manual or motorized. There is the extruder type, which moulds and stamps the soap. Tableting machine cuts and stamps too.
E. Stamper: Manual or motorized type.

All equipments needed can be locally fabricated at very good cost. There are wooden
F. Hydrometer: To measure SG of solutions
G version cutters and tampers in the market.. Storage tanks: Plastics preferred because it is cheaper than stainless steel. Hand Groves: Nose mask, overalls, Boot, Eye goggles. Caps and other PPEs.
H. Storage racks: This is a storage shelf or table.
I. Working Table: For operations
J. Miscellancous tools as may be needed.

PACKAGING MATERIALS:

Currently laundry soaps are packed cartons both in bars, or tables and in various sizes. There are 30 or 50 pieces in bars and there are 50 to 100 pieces in tables of either 100g or 200g or more. These cartons should be strong, printed in colours if affordable. The cartons should carry:-
(a) Brand name
(b) Manufacturer
(c) Quantity packed
(d) Other sales information
Note that innovativeness is the sole of business. Other packaging materials can also be used to promote sales. For instance, there is a laundry soap that is packed inplastic film now in the market. It looks very beautifull.

PRODUCTION ESTIMATES:

Laundry (Bar) soap
For a production capacity of 20 cartons of 100g each, about the following raw materials will be needed.
(a) 100 litres of PKO @ N12,500.00
(b) 12kg of Caustic soda @ N01,200.00
(c) 8kg of soda ash or sulphate @ N00,400.00
(d) 5kg of sodium silicate @ N00,250.00
(e) 3 sachets of colour @ N00,150.00
(f) 100mls of good perfume @ N00,200.00
(g) Water needed for 12kg of Caustic soda will be about 45 litres(please guage at 1275sg).
Remember to add the cost of water if you buy it for use here.

Note that buying more quantity brings the prices of these items down.
At the present wholesale prices of N1,000.00, N950.00 is recommended. This gives revenue of N19,000.00 minus N14,750.00 (cost of materials) i.e =N3,250.00. This gives approximately 30% gross profit margin. Note that cost of package etc has been deducted. This capacity can be scaled up or down depending on available fund. If you make and sell more soap you will make more money.

Note that 20 cartons can be mixed in 1 hour at a rate of 5 cartons every 15 minutes. Taking 6 effectives working hour a day and 24 working days in a month, N680,000.00 is realizable monthly in this business.

PRODUCTION PROCESS
Caution: Caustic soda is very corrosive to the skin. Handle it and other chemicals with rubber or plastic hand gloves only.

HOW TO MAKE:
1. Caustic soda solution: Measure out as below using a cup or bucket as needed.
Caustic soda 1part
Water 3½ part
Mix and guage with hydrometer at 1275 – 1250. s. g.
This means that to every measure of caustic soda, add 3 and half measure of wateer e.g. 1 cup of caustic soda or 1 bucket of caustic soda to 3½ cups of water or buckets of water.
2. Soda Ash Solution
Soda Ash (Dense) 1 part
Water 3½
Mix and guage with hydrometer at 1275 S.G. following the same procedure and method as in caustic soda above.
3. Sodium Sulphate: (option) sodium sulphate 1 cup, water 3 cups.(no need to guage)

FORMULAR FOR PRODUCTION: (about 1 carton of soap of 100g each)

P.K.O - 2parts or 4litres
Colourant - 1teasoopnful
Caustic soda solution - 1part or 2litres
Soda Ash Solution(and or sulphate) - ½ part or 1litre
Sodium Silicate - 4-5 tablespoonfuls
Perfume (eseetronells) - 2-3 table spoonfuls

SOAP MAKING: SEMI-HOT METHOD.

1. Measure out the oil needed into the mixer, add the colourant and heat or warm. Mix after heating. Note that the oil should not be too hot.
2. Add the caustic soda solution and mix (cover and leave for about 3 minutes if necessary) i.e if reaction does not occur immediately.
3. Add the Soda Ash solution and or sodium sulphate solution and mix.
4. Add all other ingredients at this stage and mix till soap paste is smooth.(about 2 minutes).
5. Transfer into the mould, previously line with nylon and allow to stand for about 8 hours.
6. Remove from the mould into cutting table and cut, then stamp or tablet as required.
7. If full boil method is used soap could be grinded before tabulating (cutting will not be necessary). Full boil is suitable for large scale only.
8. Pack soap as required for sale.
Note keep all solution not used and use them with the new batch of solution. i.e. mix any left over of caustic soda solution with a newly prepared one, guage (at 1275) and use. Same applies to Soda Ash etc. We recommend a batch of not more than 5 cartons at a time at the manual level and leave either oil or the caustic soda cold. And the other just warm to touch (especially for beginners as they gain experienced more can be handle).

Another formulation for 1 carton of soap (100grm each).

P.K.O. - 2parts or 4 litres
Colourant - 1teaspoonful
Caustic soda solution - 1part or 2litres
Soda Ash Solution - ¼ part or 1litre
Kaolin or calcium carbonate - ¼ part or 1kg
Sodium Silicate(optional) - 4-5 tablespoonfull
Perfume - 2-3 tablespoonfull
This batch will yield about 108-110 tables of 100g each. The yield here is more.
Kaolin or calcium carbonate can be increase up to 1 and half kg as desired.
As a small-scale soap production business the semi-hot methods is
recommended.

MAKING SOAP:-
The hot oil is placed in the mixer and the require quantity of colourant is added
and mixed. The kaolin or calcium carbonate is added and mix well. Caustic soda
solution is then added and mixed. The solution thickens. Soda Ash solution
required is also mixed. All other materials are then added and soap paste is
thoroughly mixed to give a smooth paste. The paste is at once poured into the
mould previously lined with polythene sheets.
The moulds are covered and left undisturbed for another 4-6 hours or still the
soap block hardens.
Note: Foaming of soap can be greatly increase by adding one table spoonful of
Sulphonic Acid to every 2 litres of P.K.O. for soap making.

FINISHING THE SOAP:

The soap block in turn is cut in the cutting tables. The tablet or bars are
stamped with stamper and left in the shelf at least 24 hours before they are
packed into cartons for sale. If the cutter and mould are well made there should
be little or no off cut.

HOW TO PRODUCE 20-24 MILK CUP-SIZE OF SODA SOAP (Local soda)
Soda soap:

Oil (Palm or PKO) - 10 litres (10 jugs)
Kaolin or calcium carbonate - 4-5 kg
Caustic soda solution - 5 litres (5 jugs)
Colour (optional) - 1 teaspoonful
Measure out 10litres of PKO or Palm Oil and add kaolin (or others) mixes with 5 litres of caustic soda solution made as above. Note: that colour may also be added if desired. Add colour to the oil before adding soda solution. The mixture is poured into oil coated or polythene line milk cups and allow solidifying for at least 6 hours. The products are carefully removed for sale.

QUALITY TIPS ON RAW MATERIALS:

The following raw materials if not good are usually responsible for poor quality products.
(a) PKO or other oils: Should smell clean odour of the plant seed. Offensive odour indicates rancid (spoilt oil). Taste should not be sour or sweet. Colour should be golden.
(b) Sodium silicate: should be glassy on drying. It should not easily mix with cold water.
(c) Perfume: this should be very oily and heavy. Odour should be very strong and typical. It should last long on touch (or after touch)
(d) Sulphonic acid: use for detergent and some times soap should be hot to touch. It should be foam excessively in water. It has an acidic odour.
(e) Hydrogen peroxide: (for detergents). It should foam in dropping on a sooth or rough surface. It foams in dirty water and turn the skin whitish on contact.

Caution: handle all chemicals with plastic gloves only.

Toilet & Medicated Soaps Formulations

S/N Raw Material Toilet soap Medicated soap
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Vegetable Oils (eg. P.K.O)
Caustic soda solution (1275/1250)
Soda Ash solution (1275)
Sodium silicate
Glycerin (and or cetyl Alcohol)
Petroleum Jelly
Colorant
Perfumes
Chloroxylenol/or pink oil
Cetrimide/or 1 rgasan 20 parts
10 parts
2 parts
1 part
1 part
1 part
2-3 TSP
2-3 TSP
-
- 20 parts
10 parts
2 parts
1 part
½ part
½ part
2-3 TSP
2-3 TSP
1/8-1/5 part
1/8-1/5 part

Note:

1. Only one antiseptic material such as chloroxylenol, pine oil, 1rgasan, cetrimide, phenol, carbolic Acid, etc can be used up to 0.5% required (in medicated soap).
2. TSP means Tablespoonful.

OTHER SOAP FORMULATION

Medicated Soap

P.K. Oil 20 parts
Caustic Soda Solution 10 parts
Sodium Silicate 2 parts
Carbolic Acid 0.8 part
Colour 2-3 TSP
Perfume 2-3 TSP

Toilet Soap (Alao Vera)

P.K. Oil 20 parts
Caustic Soda Solution 10 parts
Soda Ash 2 parts
Sodium Silicate 1 part
Glycerin/or cetyl/Alcohol 1 part
Alao Vera gel 2 parts
Colour 2-3 TSP
Perfume 2-3 TSP

Processing of Toilet or Medicated Soaps

1. Treat P.K.O. or other oils needed as in the case of laundry nsoap above.
2. Prepare Caustic Soda & Ash solution as in the case of laundry soap above.
3. Mix the Oil with the colour needed.
4. Add caustic soda solution and mix till soap is formed (about 3 minutes)
(If not formed, cover for about 3 minutes)
5. Now add all other remaining ingredients as contained in the particular formular in used and mix to blend well.
6. Pour soap paste into previously prepared mould and leave to harden (about 12 hours)
7. Cut and mould soap from the mould into the desired shape and sizes.

Note: Automatic machines can be used here for modern packaging.
8. Pack soap are required in sachets, packets and cartons for sale.

HOW TO PRODUCE 20-24 MILK CUP – SIZE OF SODA SOAP

1. Caustic Soda Solution
Caustic Soda - 2kg (or 2 plastic Jugs)
Water - 7kg (or 7 plastic jugs)

Mix well and guage at 1275 or a littler less
Note: Jug here refers to 1 litre capacity plastic jug

2. Palm Oil – This should be boiled (If the red colour is not desired) till colour is greatly reduced.

SODA SOAP

Oil (palm or p.k.o.) - 10 litres (10 Jugs)
Caustic Soda Solution - 5 litres (5 Jugs)
Colour (optional) - 1 teaspoonful
Measure out 10 litres of PKO or Palm Oil and mix with 6 litres of caustic soda solution made as above. Add 4-5kg of kaolin or calcium carbonate if it is desired and mix very well to smoothness.
Note that colour may also be added if desired. Add colour to the oil before adding soda solution.
The mixture is poured into oil coated or polythene line milk cups and allow to solidify for at least 12 hours. The products are carefully removed for sale.

SCOURING POWDER
Calcium carbonate - 1 PART
Soda Ash - ¼ part
Powder Soap - ¼ part

Mearsure out these materials and mix thoroughly and pack as desired.

Note: Powder soap can be sodium lauryl sulphate, detergent or others.

PRODUCTION OF CHAIN LUBRICANT AND MOULD RELEASE AGENT

2011-05-03T05:24:00.000-07:00

PRODUCTION OF CHAIN LUBRICANT AND MOULD RELEASE AGENT.

INTRODUCTION: These products are used mainly in the manufacturing industry. Chain lubricants are used in bottling companies like breweries, soft drink and pharmaceutical firms where chain conveyors carry bottles. It prevents breakage of glass bottles. Mould release agents are used in plastic metal and other related moulding companies. The agent is used to ensure that the product being moulded does not stick to the mould itself.

RAW MATERIALS:

Chain Lubricant Mould Release Agent

1. Industrial liquid Detergent Pine oil

2. Glycerine Palm kernel oil

3. Sodium silicate (good grade) Mineral oil (Thick)

4. Water Diesel (optional)

5. Colourant (optional) Oil colourant (optional)

6. Propylene Glycol (PPG)

EQUIPMENT / TOOLS:

1. Low speed mixer (or manual mixer).
2. Weighing scale or measuring device (cylinder)
3. Storage Tanks - plastic preferable
4. Filling and sealing machine
5. Miscellaneous tools.

PACKAGING MATERIALS: These are industrial product packaging is in plastic or metal drums of 50 litres, 100 litres or 200 litres, are desirable with appropriate information such as brand name, maker and direction for use.

CHAIN LUBRICANT PRODUCTION:

50 Litres Batch

(a) Industrial liquid Detergent - 10 litres

(b) Sodium silicate (original type - 5 litres

© Glycerine or PPG - 5 litres

(d) Water - 30 litres

TOTAL 50 Litres

PROCESSING METHOD:

The processing is simple. Measure out all the ingredients in the formulation and mix in a manual or motorized mixer. Mixing takes about 30 minutes.

MOULD RELEASE AGENT:

50 LITRES BATCH

(a) Pine Oil - 25 litres

(b) Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) - 10 litres

(c) Thick Mineral Oil - 15 litres

TOTAL 50 Litres

PROCESSING METHOD:

Measure out all the materials in the formulation above and mix in a manual or motorized mixer till mixture is smooth. This will take about 20-30 minutes.

Note: In both case colourant can be added (2 teaspoonfull each) oil type for mould release and water type for chain lubricant.

HOW TO MAKE CUTTING OIL

2011-05-03T05:21:00.000-07:00

CUTTING OIL

INTRODUCTION:

Cutting oil is used to lubricate and cool during cutting, filling and sawing. Lathe machines, woodwork machines and other equipment use it in cutting and filling.

RAW MATERIALS:

1. Oleic Acid
2. Spindle oil
3. Potash
4. Butanol
5. TEA
6. Mineral oil etc.

FORMULATION:

Spindle oil 10 parts e.g. 20 litres
Oleic Acid 1.2 parts e.g 2.4 litres
Butanol 0.7 parts e.g 1.4 litres
TEA 0.05 parts e.g. 0.1 litres
Potash 4.5 parts e.g 9.0 KG
TOTAL 16.3 PARTS 32.5 LITRES

EQUIPMENT:

As in penetrating oil or other lubricants

PRODUCTION: Requires good skill.

The oleic acid is first mixed with the potash to form soap. The spindle oil is then added to soften the soap formed. Butanol and TEA are added to blend with the product. This operation takes about 50 minutes for a batch of about 100 litres and less for the batch above (i.e. 32.5 litres).

Quality Parameter:

Test as in penetration oil.

PRODUCTION OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID

Introduction: ATF is a lubricant in the automation gear system. It is an oily liquid lubricant that comes in reddish or orange colours mainly. There are some in neutral colour. It is packed in plastic and metal cans as required by the major consumers.

USAGE:

Modern cars and other vehicles are fast turning to automatic gear system. The use of ATF will therefore continue to be oon the increase. In Nigeria, presently two out of every four road worthy vehicles are of the automatic gear system. This means that the market here in Nigeria is very big and will continue to grow. Other auto based machines use ATF.

RAW MATERIALS:

1. Neutral oils: These are synthetic base oils used as lubricant and for other purpose. Good ones are polyalphaolefin oil (PAO) and sulfolene.
2. Paraffin oils: They include mineral oil, technical white oil, and transformer oil among others.
3. Fuel oils: they include diesel, kerosene, and white spirit.
4. Glycols: Propylene glycol, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, etc are used as antirust and heat suppressants.
5. Colorant: Oil red, green, orange, yellow, blue can be used.

Equipment & Tools:

1. Low speed mixer (about 300 r.p.m) or manual mixer can also be used
2. Storage tanks of plastic or stainless steel
3. measuring cylinder or other device
4. filling & sealing unit (optional)
5. personal protective equipment (PPE)
6. Other tools like laboratory testing tools etc as affordable.

Packaging Materials:

1. Bottles and jars of ½ litre, 2 litres, 4 litres, 20 litres, etc
2. Labels or prints on bottles
3. Cartons or film laminates.

a. Production Methods

Formulation: 20 litres Batch

A. Synthetic Base oil (e.g sulfolene) 8 litres

Polyalphaolefin oil (PAO) 6 litres

Mineral oil (Technical) 4 litres

Glycerin 2 litres

Red oil colorant ½ tsp or QS
TOTAL 20 litres

Note:

(a) This formulation is a high quality one but it is also expensive. Colour can be other types or optional.
(b) Neutral base oil (e.g. PAO) 10 litres
Mineral oil 8 litres
1 ransformer oil or diesel 2 litres
Colorant (oil type) QS
TOTAL 20 LITRES

(c) Base oil (Neutral) 14 Litres
Diesel 4 litres
D.O.K. 1 ½ Litre
Propylene Glycol ½ litre
Colourant (oil type) Q.S.
TOTAL 20 LITRES

Note: D.O.K. means deodorized kerosene. In cheaper formulation, propylene glycol can be omitted to reduce the cost. However, the quality is also reduce. Formulation (A) is better than (B) and B is also better than (C). tsp means teaspoonful, while TSP means tablespoonful. If PAO is replaced with petrochemical base oil, a good and cheap local version of ATF is obtained as in C.

(B) Processing

The processing method is very easy. The materials needed are measured out and mixed in a stainless or plastic tank. The speed should not be higher than 300 r.p.m. the mixing may take about 10-20 minutes if the quantity is between 20 litres and 500 litres. Higher quantity may just take a little more time. The well mixed product is packed as desired by the market.

© Quality Parameters

Product should meet API and SAE specifications. These includes 20 – 39 sec. in Zham. No. 4. Flash point not below 660C. Boiling point, not below 2120C.

The product should be able to reduce operating temperature extend bearing and bushing life span and inhibit corrosion.

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MAKING LIQUID SOAP

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See Also:

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID: HOW TO MAKE LIQUID BLEACH PRODUCTION

LIQUID AIR FRESHENER (LIQUID DEODORANT)

HOW TO MAKE LIQUID BLEACH PRODUCTION

HOW T MAKE INSECTICIDE PRODUCTION

MODERN SOAPS,DETERGENT & DISINFECTANTS TECHNOLOGY-HOW TO PRODUCE STANDARD LAUDARY (BAR) SOAP

COLD WATER STARCH PRODUCTION

Hand wash liquid detergent-Car wash liquid-LIQUID SOAP/DETERGENT PRODUCTION

HOW TO PRODUCE POWDERED DETERGENT

MODERN SOAPS,DETERGENT & DISINFECTANTS TECHNOLOGY-HOW TO PRODUCE STANDARD LAUDARY (BAR) SOAP

PRODUCTION OF CHAIN LUBRICANT AND MOULD RELEASE AGENT

HOW TO MAKE CUTTING OIL